Mapeh reviewer for 2nd mastery

MUSIC
 african music could hardly be separated from African dance
 African musicians who play their musical instruments also have to
move their body
 Sound recording is not enough to be able to understand and appreciate
African music
 One should do filming to be able to get good understanding of African
music
 African music is also incorporated in latin American. The reason for
this influence is the transportation of African slaves to the americans by
European settlers
African and latin music- have a wide variety of styles that is why they are
well-loved and popular all over the world
vocals form of African music-maracatu
-blues
- soul
-spiritual
- call and response
Latin American music- ballad
-bossa nova
-tango
-jazz rock
-hip-hop
-rock
-reggae
Afro-latin American music- can be traced during the European colonization
and slave trade in Africa
Different regions of latin America- Caribbean island
-mexico
-central and south americans
Latin America- is compromised of different regions such as the Caribbean
islands, Mexico, and central and south Americas which are
of diversified cultures of the Europeans, moors, Mexican
and other tribes in africa
 European countries contributed religions and languages like Spanish
and Portuguese
Afro-latin music- is identified by their rhythms, which they adapted from
the elements of Moorish music and the other African
and Caribbean music in the slave trade from 1550-
1880
 Enslaved moors of north America in 1776 were prohibited from playing
drums,but in the congo square in the new orleans , Caribbean slaves
were free to play their drums for recitation and entertainment and also
for communication
 “talking” drums are what they call to their drums because they can
somewhat imitate human voice, relaying current and timeless messages
which are their history, struggle and revolting joy
18th and 19th centuries- African music started through the spread,
development and canonizing of rhythm in the Caribbean, and during this
period another art containing a rich mix of musical cultures was born in
north America
Jazz- the combination with harmony, instruments, and musical syncopation
 Habanera and bolero from cuba
 Samba and bossa nova in brazil
 Tango in Argentina
CHARACTERISTCS OF AFRO-LATIN AMERICAN MUSIC
 Conversation-a performance of voice interaction as an answer to the
first chant
  Improvisation- nonscripted ways of singing which allow for sincere
conversations. It is a framework where the artist has freedom in
creating the musical mood
 The voice as an instrument- it is the manipulation of freely controlled
piece where they can change the tone of voice, its tempo, creation of
moods and even changing the range and voice power
 The instrument as a voice- the instrument serves as a singer along with
the performer
African music- is a rich and diverse cultural heritage that exists in
hundreds of different languages. The music in Africa always has the
technique of “call and response” in which a person leads by singing a
phrase and followed and answered by group of singers.
Maracatu- is the ceremony of the coronation of the black kings in 1674 in
recife.
-is a combination of music processional ceremony, theater and
dance
Maracatu nacao- the designation of the king
Baque or toque- is considered as the rhythmic pattern used in maracatu
Toada- the singing part of maracatu
-it begins with singing a song by the leader and with a response in\
chorus by subordinate
VOCAL FORMS OF AFRICAN MUSIC
Blues- this is the gloomy folk music o African American origin, which is
naturally in a twelve order.
-this was developed in rural areas in the united states by the end of the
19th century and became popular upon the migration of the African
American in the cities in the 1940s
-gave birth to rock and roll, and rhythm and blues
-Bobby McFerrin’s
Soul-this is the kind of music that combines the basics of rhythm and blues
and blues and gospel music, which was popularized by the African
Americans
-the performers associated with this kind of music are Aretha Franklin,
Marvin Gaye, Otis Redding and James Brown
Spiritual- this kind of music always has a Christian or religious theme. It is
monophonic in nature and in a cappella which is the origin of the
blues
-provides comfort and eases the boredom from one’s daily
activities
-an expression of spiritual devotion and a desire for freedom from
bondage
Call and response- this is a sequence of two different phrases usually played
by two or more musicians.
-it is a direct response from the first phrase or a
Commentary response
LATIN AMERICAN MUSIC AND JAZZ MUSIC
- The rhythm and styles of latin American music are
influenced by the united states and other countries in
Europe like spain and Portugal
Latin music is the combination of four musical elements
- musical styles
- cultural backgrounds
- language
- geography
Musical styles include -tango
-bossa nova
-merengue
-salsa

Also of other genre such as- reggae

 - jazz
- rock
- latin pop
different instruments used in latin American music
-bombo
-chajchas
-zamponas
-charango
-quena
-cajon
-maracas
-claves
Bombo-it is a dual headed drum made from deep tree trunk with patches
made up of calf or goat skin
-it is played by using two sticks
Chajchas-it is a rattle made up of dried hooves from sheep, llama or goat and
is worn with a wrist cloth bracelet
Zamponas- it is a panpipe-type of reed made of pieces of bamboo that are
tied together
Charango- this is a 10 string guitar made from the shell of an armadillo
Quena- it is a flute made of bones or bamboo that has a vertical notched reed
Cajon- it is a rectangular box made of wood and played and used as a drum.
- It is used by tapping its front part while the musician sits on it
-also known as “beatbox”
Maracas-these are instruments made of gourd- like coconut shells with
beans, seeds, or small pebbles placed inside
-they are played by shaking
Claves- these are a pair of hardwood sticks played by striking them together
VOCAL AND DANCE FORM OF LATIN
 cumbia
 tango
  cha-cha
 bossa nova
 paso doble
 reggae
 rumba
 foxtrot
cumbia-it is a type of dance and music similar to salsa and uses instruments
like accordions, guitars, and percussions
tango-this is a lively and spirited dance of two peoples. It is passionate kind
of dance that shows expression and connection and is performed in a
traditional or modern style
cha-cha-this is a latin American ballroom dance with a fast basic pattern of
three steps with a shuffle. It also has a fast rhythmic pattern
bossa nova- this is a style of music that was derived from samba, which is an
original Brazilian music. It gives more emphasis on percussion and melody
paso doble- it is spains traditional couple dance. It uses music that is
traditionally played in bull fighting
reggae-this is a Jamaican form of music and dance with strong accented and
supplementary beats. In the 1960s it was known as the “ska” and is variation
of rhythm and blues. The most popular artist of this genre was Bob Marley
rumba- this is the kind of song and a dance which originated from cuba. It
has percussive rhythm and a combination of cuba’s musical and dance
traditions
foxtrot-it is a ballroom dance of two quick slow steps and two quick steps
and is executed alternately in 4/4 time signature
jazz- is a type of music of African American origin.
-it started in the early 20th century with the syncopated beats,
improvised sounds, and a regular and forceful rhythmic pattern.

Instruments that are used in jazz are:

 woodwind instruments
 piano
 brass instruments
(sometimes it uses guitar and violin for swing, jazz, bebop, and dixeland)
Different types of jazz music
 ragtime
 big band
 bebop
 jazz rock
ragtime jazz-is a popular American music in 1890 until 1915
-it has a steady syncopation and melody with a two-four time \
signature
Big band- this type become popular in the late 19th century. It commonly
uses ragged rhythm, which is syncopated in beat and also performed in a
larger group
-one of the popular musical trends produced by African Americans
in the United States of America
ragtime artist- use an occasional harmony and note that we call blues
Bebop-it was introduced by Dizzy Gillespie and Charlie Parker in the 1940s
-it is performed in a smaller group rather than a larger ensemble of
Musicians.
-the focus of this kind of music if for the solo musician to show
Brilliance and harmonic knowledge.
Bebop – it replaced jazz in popularity and pushed it into more
knowledgeable tone to capture audience interest
-this is marked as the start of transition from pop music to music as
an art
Jazz rock- is sometimes also called as “jazz fusion”
-it is the music that is produced when funk and r&b are combined
Jazz musicians- are well known to be highly talented in improvising and
modifying techniques in playing musical instruments
(commonly used instrument for jazz rock are wind and brass instruments)
Popular modern music- also known as “pop music” is an ample and
imprecise category of modern music not defined by artistic considerations
but by its potential audience or prospective market.
Popular music- is commonly preferred by a certain group of people
Age bracket and location- are some of the factors that determine what type
of music is popular among certain people.
Pop music- is composed with the deliberate intent to appeal to the majority
of its contemporaries
The following types of popular music
-ballad0
-rock and roll
-alternative music
-disco
Ballad-is a light, simple narrative poem of folk origin, composed of short
stanzas and adapted for singing. It is a simple song, especially one of
sentimental or romantic character, having two or more stanzas all sang the
melody
-one of the song example is composed by neocolours band “maybe”
Martin Nievera- is well known for his ballads such as “ikaw ang lahat sa
akin” “be my lady” and “each day with you”
Rock and roll- started with pride in 1950s, the characteristics of which are
simple melodies with accented beats.
-considered a combination of white country music, rhythm and
blues and if it is of twelve bar structure with music of guitar,
drums, and bass.
-one of the best example is the “jail house rock” sang and
Performed by the “king of rock and roll” Elvis Presly
Ramon “rj” jacinto- a guitarist, singer,composer and filipino music icon
Alternative music- started in the late 1980s and early 1990s. It is a do-it-
yourself type of music of different musical bands.
-its definition refers to its distinction from typical rock
music, which is express by distorting the guitar sound
in a different and a defiant attitude
R.E.M and Nirvana- the most popular bands of alternative music
“smells like teen spirit”- sang and performed by nirvana
Disco- derived from the word “discotheque” which refers to nightclubs
people frequent in the 1960s and 1970s.
Disco music- is music for dancing or for encouraging to dance.
-is usually played and enjoyed in nightclubs where songs are
Mixed by DJs
ARTS
David Hockney-one of britain’s living artist, turning his index finger into a
paintbrush and his tablet computer into canvas
 the years around the turn of the 20th century into the 21st century
witnessed the greatest worldwide transformations in the realm of art.
These were the years many artist of the world put their faith in new
technology, believing it to be the way forward, and the means of
moving positively rom one century to next
Nam June Paik- one of the first artists to devote time and work with a new
technology
-was fascinated by television sets, their styles and designs
and their impact on people
TV Buddha- one of the best works of Nam June Paik
-an instillation in which he observed how in ancient times
Sculptures of buddha were carved out of mountainsides
-the piece seems to be saying that television is our new form of
meditation and worship, separating us from the everyday
world and hypnotizing us into mindless state
digital art- it is the art that makes use of computer
-it is used as an essential part of the creative and/or presentation
Process
Computer- permit artists to save progress stages of a work and to create an
Infinite number of variations.
 Artist are excited about the “trial and error ”capability for “seriation”
producing a series of images from a single image.
Computer- allows artists to manipulate scale and image; they can look at a
work at normal size, zoom in for close work or work in layers.
-enables the artist to “see” design operations that involve
repeating and varying images in fascinating and unbelievable
ways
Morphing- can show the interspaced steps between two images

Design and operations that can be used in computer:

 Cut and paste
 Shrink
 Fragment
 Make transparent
 Distort
 Crop
 Toggle
 Blur
 Superimpose
 Duplicate
 Enlarge
 Rotate
 Texturize
 Pixelate
 Trace edges
 Move
 Ripple
 Flop
 Twirl
 Layer
Pixel- size can be manipulated as well creating effects similar to weaving
and mosaics.
Sophisticated visual effects- can be achieved by using range of special tools
or apps
Examples of digital arts;
 Mobile phone-photos and videos
  Digital photography (point and shoot dslr camera)-in creating photo art
 Digital printing and imaging
 Computer generated images
 Videos (tv and film)- in making advertisements, films, documentary
and games
Digital cameras- are capable of taking videos everywhere these days. They
are built into tablets, laptops and even mobile phones
-are a boon to many ordinary photographers
-they are pocket size, light and compact
Camera phones- are one of the most sought-after gadgets of the digital
camera market
(Mobile phones have built in digital screens that offer instant playback,
adjustments, and review captured of images and videos)
Computer generated images (CGI)-can be defined as any image that is
created with the use of a computer based processor or program.
Computer generated images-are used in situations where without the use of
computer, images would be impractical to produce
Photography- is easier than making a painting and almost as flexible as a
sheet of paper

Point-and-shoot cameras- also referred to as “compacts” are designed for

very simple operation.
-these cameras include autofocus and other automatic functions
And settings, and a built in flas
-point-and-shoot camera is aptly named
-are by far the best selling type of separate cameras today
Operators- need not be versed in photographic technique and terminology to
take a picture
DIFFERENCE OF POINT-AND-SHOOT AND DSLR
point-and shoot:
 Controls are all automatic; for example auto focus
 Single permanent lens
 Lower resolution
 Compact;can easily slip into ones pocket
 Affordable; a lot cheaper
DSLR( digital single-lens reflex)
 Manual or automatic control options
 Removable, interchangeable lenses
 Higher resolution
 Bulkier
 Expensive
(photography is something to everyone)
Photography- first became truly popular when photographers no longer have
to be personally responsible for processing their pictures.
Manny Fajutag-a filipino amateur photographer was sent to London to
receive an award for the picture he chanced upon seeing in Sibuyan Island,
Romblon using his only simple point and shoot camera.
BASIC CONCEPTS OF DIGITAL PHOTOGRAPHY:
 Train on the use of the digital camera
 Proper handling of digital camera
 Pay attention to the subject
 Capture photos from unique angles
 Be active
 Join a photography club
Camera’s metering mode-are for calculating the proper lightning and
exposure
ISO settings- refers to the camera’s sensitivity to light
Shutter- is a part of the camera that regulates the length of time or exposure
that light is allowed to fall on a digital camera sensor. The faster the subject
is moving the faster the shutter should be
Aperture- also referred to as f/stop is the setting that controls the size of the
opening of the lens that allows light into the camera. The smaller the
aperture number the larger the opening
Depth of field- another important thing to learn in photography
-the area of the image that appears sharp
 a large f-number such as f/32(which means smaller aperture) will bring
both foreground and background objects in focus. On the other hand, a
small f-number such as f/1.4 will isolate the foreground to the
background (which makes the foreground objects sharp and
background blurry
proper handling of digital camera- one key to achieve quality photos starts in
a way the photographers uses and handles the digital camera.
-always ensure a steady camera before
taking any shot.
Pay attention to the subject- making pleasing pictures has to do with the
composing or working on the frame and knowing how the “rule of thirds”
works. Avoid placing your object at the intersection of thirds, as it may
result to dead center image
Capture photos from unique angle-great picture are taken in many ways.
One way has to do how the camera is handled and moved.
Tilt shot-is a shot in which the camera angle is deliberately slanted to one
side. This is commonly used for dramatic effects to portray feelings of
uneasiness, disorientation, intoxication, etc
Soft focus shot- is shot that gives the appearance of blurring while retaining
sharp edges. Use as an effect to eliminate blemishes, and in general produces
a dreamlike images
Framing shot- focuses on the image where you, the photographer, want it
Backlighting shot- refers to a shot where the source of light used to expose
the film comes from behind the subject
Eye-level shot- is where you are in the same height and angle as the subject
Panning shot- refers to where the camera follows the subject from left to
right or right to left, blurring the backgrounds and shows speeds
Freeze-frame shot- captures fast movement using ordinary camera or video
gear. This shot reveals interesting structures not visible to the naked eye
A high-angle shot- looks down on the subject
Bird’s eyeshot- is an elevated view of an object from above, with a
perspective as though the observer were a bird
Zoom shot- is where the camera moves in on the subject
Close-up or macro shot- helps you see really close to the subject
Wide-angle- or panoramic shot makes for some amazing shots that capture a
sweeping view of your subject
Be active-find out how else the camera can make pictures according to plan
Join a photography club- a photographer must not only learn from his/her
own experiences. Learning from others would also help improve one’s skills
as a photographer
TO BE A GOOD PHOTOGRAPHER WE NEED:
 FOCUS
 RESOURCEFULNESS
 PERSEVERANCE

PS. REVIEW YOUR BOOK FOR PICTURES OF INSTRUMENTS AND

SO ARE THE PICTURES TAKEN BY PHOTOGRAPHERS AS IT MAY
BE PART OF THE EXAM