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6
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Matrices
Chapter at a Glance ................................................................................................................................................ 11
Determinants
Chapter at a Glance ................................................................................................................................................ 32
Application of Derivatives
Chapter at a Glance ................................................................................................................................................ 109
Linear Programming
Chapter at a Glance ................................................................................................................................................ 128
Integration
Chapter at a Glance ................................................................................................................................................ 151
Application of Integrals
Chapter at a Glance ................................................................................................................................................ 172
Differential Equation
Chapter at a Glance ................................................................................................................................................ 189
Vector Algebra
Chapter at a Glance ................................................................................................................................................ 208
3D Geometry
Chapter at a Glance ................................................................................................................................................ 226
Probability
Chapter at a Glance ................................................................................................................................................ 243
01
MATRICES
Chapter 01
Matrices
MATRICES 11
Chapter at a Glance
A matrix is an ordered rectangular array of numbers or functions.
A matrix having m rows and n columns is called a matrix of order m n .
aij is a column matrix.
m1
Aij aij is a scalar matrix if aij 0, when i j , aij k , ( k is some constant), when i j.
nn
ka k aij
m n
k aij
mn
A 1 A
A B A 1 B
A B B A
A B C A B C , where A, B and C are of same order.
k A B kA kB, where A and B of same order, k is constant.
k l A kA lA, where k and l are constant.
n
If A aij and B bij , then AB C C jk , where c jk aij b jk
mn n p m p
j 1
Solved Examples
Example–1 1 1
a21 2 3 1 ,
Consider the following information regarding the 2 2
number of men and women workers in three 1
factories I, II and III a22 2 3 2 2 ,
2
Men workers Women workers
1
I 30 25 a31 3 3 1 0 ,
2
II 25 31
1 3
III 27 26 a32 3 3 2
2 2
Represent the above information in the form of a
Hence the required matrix is given by
3 2 matrix. What does the entry in the third row
1 5 / 2
and second column represent? (NCERT)
Sol. The information is represented in the form of a A 1 / 2 2 .
Example–6 Example–8
a 2 0 1 0 2 1 1 8 10
x y z
a 1 1 5 1 So 1 0 1 2 5
a b c
a 2 1 and a 1 5 3 4 9 22 15
a 1 and a 4 which is not possible 2x a 2y b 2z c 1 8 10
x y z 1 2 5
Example–11
3 x 4a 3 y 4b 3 z 4c 9 22 15
1 1 1 1 3 2 x a 1 ; x 1; 3x 4a 9
If A 2 0 3 , B 0 2 and
2 y b 8 ; y 2; 3 y 4b 22
3 1 2 1 4 z 5 ; 3z 4c 15; 2 z c 10
1 2 3 4 x 1 ; a 3 ; y 2; b 4 ;
C . Show that
2 0 2 1 z 5 and c 0
AB C A BC . (NCERT) 1 2 5
Hence, A
1 1 1 1 3 3 4 0
Sol. We have AB 2 0 3 0 2
Example–13
3 1 2 1 4
1 2 3
1 0 1 3 2 4 2 1
If A 3 2 1 , then show that
2 0 3 6 0 12 1 18
3 0 2 9 2 8 1 15 4 2 1
A3 23 A 40I O. (NCERT)
2 1
1 2 3 4 Sol. We have
AB C 1 18
2 0 2 1 1 2 3 1 2 3
1 15
A2 A. A 3 2 1 3 2 1
4 4 4 7 4 2 1 4 2 1
35 2 39 22
19 4 8
31 2 27 11
1 12 8
Therefore, 14 6 15
1 1 1 7 2 3 1
1 2 3 19 4 8
A BC 2 0 3 4 0
4 2
So. A AA 3 2 1 1 12 8
3 2
3 1 2 7 2 11 8
4 2 1 14 6 15
4 4 4 7
63 46 69
35 2 39 22 .
69 6 23
31 2 27 11
92 46 63
Clearly AB C A BC .
Now. A3 23A 40I
Example–12 63 46 69 1 2 3 1 0 0
69 6 23 23 3 2 1 40 0 1 0
2 1 1 8 10
If 1 0 A 1 2 5 , Find A. 92 46 63 4 2 1 0 0 1
3 4 9 22 15 63 46 69 23 46 69 40 0 0
69
6 23 69 46
23 0 40 0
Sol. Since the product matrix is a 3 x 3 matrix and the
premultiplier of A is a 3 x 2 matrix. Therefore, A is 92 46 63 92 46 23 0 0 40
a 2 x 3 matrix. 0 0 0
x y z 0 0 0 O .
Let A
a b c 0 0 0
MATRICES 15
Example–14 6 3
In a legislative assembly election, a political group Therefore A B ' 1 1
hired a public relations firm to promote its 9 4
candidate in three ways: telephone, house calls, and
1 4 5 1
letters. The cost per contact (in paise) is given in
Now A ' 4 2 , B ' 3 3 ,
matrix A as.
cost per contact 7 0 2 4
40 Telephone 6 3
A 100 House call So A ' B ' 1 1
50 Letter 9 4
The number of contacts of each type made in two Thus A B ' A ' B '
cities X and Y is given by
(iii) We have
Telephone House call Letter
5 3 2 5k 3k 2k
1000 500 5000 X . Find the total kB k
B 1 3 4 k 3k 4k
3000 1000 10, 000 Y
spent by the group in the two cities X and Y . 5k k
Sol. We have Then kB ' 3k 3k
40, 000 50, 000 250, 000 X 2k 4k
BA
120, 000 100, 000 500, 000 Y 5 1
340, 000 X k 3 3 kB '
720, 000 Y 2 4
So the total amount spent by the group in the two
Example–16
cities is 340,000 paise and 720,000 paise, i.e.,
Rs.3400 and Rs.7200, respectively. 2
Example–15 If A 4 , B 1 3 6 , verify that
5
1 4 7 5 3 2
If A and B 1 3 4 , verify AB ' B ' A ' . (NCERT)
4 2 0
that 2
(i) A ' ' A, Sol. We have A 4 , B 1 3 6
5
(ii) A B ' A ' B ',
2 2 6 12
(iii) kB ' kB ', where k is any constant.
Then AB 4 1 3 6 4 12 24
Sol. (i) We have 5 5 15 30
1 4
1 4 7 2 4 5
A A ' 4 2
4 2 0 7 0 AB ' 6 12 15
12 24 30
1 4 7
A ' ' A 1
4 2 0
Now A ' 2 4 5 , B ' 3
Thus A ' ' A
6
(ii) We have
1 2 4 5
1 4 7 5 3 2
A and B B ' A ' 3 2, 4 5 6 12 15 AB '
4 2 0 1 3 4
6 12 24 30
6 1 9
A B Clearly AB ' B ' A ' .
3 1 4
16 MATRICES
Example–17 1
Thus Q B B ' is a skew symmetric matrix.
2
2 2 4
3 3 1 5
Express the matrix B 1 3 4 as the sum 2 0
2 2 2 2
1 2 3
3 1
of a symmetric and a skew symmetric matrix. Now P Q 3 1 0 3
2 2
(NCERT)
3 1 3 5 3 0
2 1 1 2 2
Sol. Here B ' 2 3 2
2 2 4
4 4 3
1 3 4 B
1 1 2 3
Let P B B '
2 Thus, B is represented as the sum of a symmetric
4 3 3 and a skew symmetric matrix.
1
3 6 2
2 Example–18
3 2 6
By using elementary row operations, find the
3 3
2 2 inverse of the matrix A
1 2
2
.
3 3 7
3 1 Sol. In order to use elementary operations, we may
2
write A IA .
3 1 3
2 1 2 1 0
or A, then
3 3 3 7 0 1
2 2 2 (Applying R2 R2 3R1 )
3 1 2 1 0
Now P ' 3 1 P
2 0 1 3 1 A
3 1 3 (Applying R1 R1 2 R2 )
2
1 0 7 2
1 0 1 3 1 A
Thus P B B ' is a symmetric matrix.
2
1 7 2
Also, let Q B B ' Hence A1 .
2 3 1
0 1 5 Example–19
1
1 0 6
2 0 1 2
5 6 0
Find the inverse of A 1 2 3 using
1 5
0 2 2
3 1 1
elementary row operations: (NCERT)
1
0 3
2 0 1 2 1 0 0
5 Sol. Write A IA, i.e., 1 2 3 0 1 0 A
3 0
2 3 1 1 0 0 1
1 5 (Applying R1 R2 )
0 2 2
1 2 3 0 1 0
1
Then, Q ' 0 3 Q 0 1 2 1 0 0 A
2
3 1 1 0 0 1
5 3 0
2 (Applying R3 R3 3R1 )
MATRICES 17
1 2 3 0 1 0 Applying C 1
C2
0 1 2 1 0 0 A
1 0 2 0 1 0
0 5 8 0 3 1 2 1 3 A 1 0 0
(Applying R1 R1 2 R2 ) 1 3 1 0 0 1
1 0 1 2 1 0 Applying C 3
C3 2C1
0 1 2 1 0 0 A
1 0 0 0 1 0
0 5 8 0 3 1 2 1 1 A 1 0 2
(Applying R3 R3 5 R2 ) 1 3 1 0 0 1
1 0 1 2 1 0 Applying C 3
C3 C2
0 1 2 1 0 0 A
1 0 0 0 1 1
0 0 2 5 3 1 2 1 0 A 1 0 2
1 1 3 2 0 0 1
(Applying R3 R3 )
2 1
Applying C3 C3
2
1 0 1 2 1 0
0 1 2 1 1
0 0 A
1 0 0 0 1 2
1 2 1 0 A 1 0 1
0 0 1 5 3
2 2 2
1 3 1 1
(Applying R1 R1 R 3 ) 0 0
2
1 1 1 Applying C
1
C1 2C2
1 0 0 2 2 2
0 1 2 1 1
0 0A
1 0 0 2 1 2
0 0 1 5 3 1 0 1 0 A 1 0 1
2 2 2
5 3 1 1
(Applying R2 R2 2 R 3 ) 0 0
2
1 1 1 Applying C
1
C1 5C3
1 0 0 2 2 2
0 1 0 4 1 1
3 1 A
1 0 0 2 1 2
0 0 1 5 3 1 0 1 0 A 4 0 1
2 2 2 5
0 3 1 1
1 1 1 0
2 2 2
2 2
1 Applying C C2 3C3
Hence, A 4 3 1 2
5 3 1 1 1 1
2
2 2 2 1 0 0 2 2
0 1 0 A 4 3
1
Example–20 0 0 1 5 3 1
Using elementary column operations find the 2 2 2
0 1 2 1 1 1
inverse of the following matrix: A 1 2 3 . 2 2 2
1
3 1 1 Hence A 4 3 1 .
5 3 1
0 1 2 1 0 0
Sol. Write A = AI, i.e., 1 2 3 A 0 1 0
2 2 2
3 1 1 0 0 1
18 MATRICES
Example–21 Example–23
a b p q r 0 2 0 3a
Assertion: For A and B , If A and kA , then the value
c d a b c 3 4 2b 24
AB and BA both exist. of k , a, b are respectively.
Reason: Matrix multiplication is only possible if (a) 6, 12, 18
the number of columns of first matrix is equal to
(b) 6, 4,9
the number of rows of second matrix.
(a) Both Assertion and Reason are correct and (c) 6, 4, 9
Reason is the correct explanation for Assertion. (d) 6,12,18
(b) Both Assertion and Reason are correct but Ans. (c)
Reason is not the correct explanation for Assertion. 0 2
(c) Assertion is correct but Reason is incorrect. Sol. The given matrix is A
3 4
(d) Assertion is incorrect but Reason is correct.
Ans. (d) 0 2
Now, kA k
a b p q r 3 4
Sol. Given A and B
c d a b c 0 2k
Since, for the multiplication of two matrices to 3k 4k
exist, the number of columns of first matrix must Also, it is given that
be equal to the number of rows of second matrix. 0 3a
Here, order of A is 2 2 and order of B is 2 3 . kA
2b 24
Therefore, AB exists but BA does not exist as
0 2k 0 3a
number of columns of B are not equal to the
number of rows of A. 3k 4k 2b 24
Hence, Assertion is incorrect and Reason is correct. On equating corresponding elements, we get
2k 3a, 3k 2b and 4 k 24
Example–22
k 6, a 4, b 9
Choose the incorrect statement.
(a) A matrix A 3 is a scalar matrix of order 1 Example–24
3 1 4
1 5 1
4 1 4
MATRICES 19
25
40 50 20 100 7000
50
(ii) (b)
25
25 40 30 100 6125
50
2 1 3 a 4 3b 2a 2 b 2 2
1. If A and, then check whether AB and
A and B
4 5 1 8 6 8 b 2 5b
BA are defined or not. 13. Find non-zero values of x satisfying the matrix
0 0 5 2 x 2 8 5x x 2 8 24
equation: x 2 4 4 x 2 .
2. Identify the type of matrix A 0 5 0 3 x 10 6 x
5 0 0
Section–C (3 Marks Questions)
3. If A and B are two matrices of the order
14. If A and B are symmetric matrices, then show that
3 m and 3 n, respectively and m = n, then find the
(i) AB – BA is a skew symmetric matrix.
order of matrix (5A – 2B). (ii) BA – 2AB is neither symmetric nor skew
2 3 1 3 2 1 symmetric matrix.
4. If A ,B ,C 2 ,
1 2 4 3 1
4 6 8 a 1 x
D , then which of the sums 2
5 7 9 15. If the matrix A 2 3 x y.
2
A + B, B + C, C + D and B + D is defined? 0 5
5
5 x
5. If A and A A ' then find the relation (i) The order of the matrix A
y 0
(ii) The number of elements
between x and y.
(iii) Elements a23 , a31 and a12
4 4 8 4
Section–B (2 Marks Questions)
16. Find A, if 1 A 1 2 1 .
6. On using elementary column operations 3 3 6 3
C2 C2 2C1 in the following matrix equation
cos sin
17. If A and A1 A ', then find the
1 3 1 1 3 1 sin cos
2 4 0 1 2 4 , what do we get?
value of .
7. Prove that Sum of two skew-symmetric matrices is 18. Find the values of a, b, c and d, if
always skew symmetric matrix.
a b a 6 4 a b
If A is a symmetric matrix, then prove that A3 is a 3 .
8.
c d 1 2 d c d 3
symmetric matrix.
1 3 2 1
9. Construct A matrix A aij
22
whose elements aij 19. Find the value of x, if 1 x 1 2 5 1 2 O
15 3 2 x
are given by aij e2ix sin jx
3 1 1 2 1 1
0 a 20. If X and Y , then find
10. If A , then find the value of A
16
5 2 3 7 2 4
0 0
(i) X + Y.
1 2 3 1 7 11
11. If , then find the value of k. (ii) 2X – 3Y
3 4 2 5 k 23
(iii) a matrix Z such that X + Y + Z is a zero matrix.
MATRICES 21
obtain A3. 1 3 2
28. If A 2 0 1 , then show that A satisfies
cos x sin x
23. If P x , then show that 1 2 3
sin x cos x
A3 4 A2 3 A 11I O.
P x .P y P x y P y .P x .
29. If possible, using elementary row transformation, find
2 3 8
24. Solve for x and y x y O the inverse of the following matrices
1
5 11
2 1 3 2 3 3
(a) 5 3 1 (b) 1 2 2
Section–D (5 Marks Questions) 3 2 3 1 1 1
1 2 4 0 2 0 2 3
25. Let A ,B ,C , 2
1 3 1 5 1 2
30. Let A , then show that A 4 A 7 I O.
1 2
a 4, b 2, then show that: Using this result calculate A5 also.
(a) A B C A B C
(b) A BC AB C
(c) (a b) B aB bB
(d) a(C A) aC aA
T
(e) AT A
T
(f) bA bAT
T
(g) AB BT AT
(h) A B C AC BC
22 MATRICES
0 0 1 4 1 0 2 0 1
8. If A ,B ,
(a) 4A 1 2 2 3 1 x
(b) 3A 1
15 x
(c) 2A C 2 and D such that 2 A 3B C D,
(d) A 1
1
x y 2 x z 4 7 then x
4. If , then the values of
x y 2 z w 0 10 (a) 3
x, y, z and w respectively are (b) 4
(a) 2, 2,3, 4 (c) 6
(b) 2,3,1, 2 (d) 6
(c) 3,3, 0,1 1 2 2
(d) None of these 9. If A 2 1 2 is a matrix such that A2 A, then
2 a 2 b
i 2 j
5. If A aij , where aij , then A is equal
2 2 2 the values of a and b respectively are
to (a) 1, 2
9 25 (b) 2, 1
(a)
8 18 (c) 1, 2
9 25 (d) 2,1
(b)
4 9 cos x sin x T
10. If A , the AA is
9 25 sin x cos x
(c) 2 2 (a) Zero matrix
8 18 (b) I 2
9 15 1 1
(c)
(d) 2 2 1 1
4 9 (d) None of these
MATRICES 23
1 a b
15. If A and A2 , then:
11. If A 4 and B 1 2 1 , then AB ' is equal b a
3 (a) a 2 b 2 , ab
to, (b) a 2 b 2 , 2ab
1 4 3 (c) a 2 b 2 , a 2 b 2
(a) 2 8 6
(d) 2ab, a 2 b 2
1 4 3
1 2 1 1 2
(b) 4 8 4 16. If f x x 2 4 x 5 and A , then f A is
4 3
3 6 3
equal to
1 4 3 0 4 2 1
(a) (b)
(c) 2 8 6 8 8
2 0
1 4 3
1 1 8 4
(c) (d)
1 4 3 1 0 8 0
(d) 2 8 6
1 4 3 cot t sin t
17. If R t , then R s R t equals
sin t cot t
3 4 (a) R s t
12. If is the sum of a symmetric matrix B and a
1 1 (b) R s t
skew symmetric matrix C, then C is
5 5 (c) R s R t
1 2 1 2 (d) None of these
(a) (b)
5 0 5 1
2 2 2 0 1
5 3 18. If A 2 1 3 , then A2 5 A 6I
0
2 1
2 1 1 0
(c) (d)
5 0 5 1 1 1 5
2 2
(a) 1 1 4
x y 2 y 1 4
3. Write the element a23 of a 3 3 matrix A aij 13. If , then write the value of
2 y z x y 9 5
i j
whose elements aij are given by aij
2
. x y z. (AI 2013C)
(Delhi 2015) 2 x 1 2 y x 3 10
14. If , write the value of
0 y 2 1 0 26
4. The element aij of a 3 3 matrix are given by
x y . (AI 2012C)
1
aij 3i j . Write the value of element a32 .
2 x x y 3 1
15. If , then find the value of y.
(AI 2014C) 2 x y 7 8 7
(Delhi 2011C)
5. For a 2 2 matrix A aij , whose elements are
cos sin
2 16. If A , then for what value of , A
i 2 j sin cos
given by aij , write the value of a21 .
4 is an identity matrix? (Delhi 2010)
(Delhi 2012C) x y 1 7 1
17. If , then find x. (Delhi 2010)
6. For a 2 2 matrix, A aij whose elements are 2 y 5 4 5
i 3 y x 2 x 5 2
given by aij , write the value of a12 . 18. If , then find y.
j 3 7 3 7
(Delhi 2011)
7. If a matrix has 5 elements, then write all possible (AI 2010C)
orders it can have. (AI 2011)
1 0 1 1
19. If A B and A 2 B , then find
x y z 1 4 1 1 0 1
8. If , find the value of x y.
2 x y w 0 5 A. (AI 2020)
(AI 2014) 20. If A is a square matrix such that A 2 I , then find the
3 3
a 4 3b 2a 2 b 2 simplified value of A I A I 7 A.
9. If , write the value of
8 6 8 a 8b (Delhi 2016)
a 2b. (Foreign 2014)
1 0 1 1
x. y 4 8 w 21. If 2 1 3 1 1 0 0 A, then write the order
10. If z 6 , write the value of
x y 0 6 0 1 1 1
x y z . (Delhi 2014C) of matrix A. (Foreign 2016)
a b 2a c 1 5
11. Find the value of a if
2a b 3c d 0 13
28 MATRICES
2 2 2
28. If matrix A and A pA, then write the (AI 2017)
2 2 2 0 1
value of p. (AI 2013) 40. If A 2 1 3 , find A2 5 A 4I and hence find
3 3 1 1 0
2
29. If matrix A and A A, then write the a matrix X such that A2 5 A 4I X O
3 3
value of . (AI 2013) (Delhi 2015)
1 3 y 0 5 6 41. Three schools A, B and C organized a mela for
30. If 2 , then write the value of
0 x 1 2 1 8 collecting funds for helping the rehabilitation of flood
victims. They sold handmade fans, mats and plates
x y . (Delhi 2013C, AI 2012)
from recycled material at a cost of ₹ 25, ₹100 and ₹ 50
each. The number of articles sold are given below.
cos sin sin cos
31. Simplify: cos sin
sin cos cos sin Article/School A B C
Mats 50 40 50
2 3 1 3 4 6
32. If , find x. (Delhi 2012) Plates 20 30 40
5 7 2 4 9 x
33. Find the value of x y from the following equation: Find the funds collected by each school separately by
x 5 3 4 7 6 selling the above articles. Also, find the total funds
2 (AI 2012)
7 y 3 1 2 15 14 collected for the purpose. Write one value generated
by the above situation. (Delhi 2015)
MATRICES 29
then find the values of a and b. (Foreign 2015) 51. If , then find x. (AI 2010C)
0 4 6 4
44. In a parliament election, a political party hired a public
relations firm to promote its candidates in three ways- 1
telephone, house calls and letters. The cost per contact 52. For the matrices A 4 , and B 1 2 1 ,
(in paise) is given in matrix A as 3
x 3 0 2 5
A (Delhi 2010)
a skew-symmetric matrix? (AI 2013C) 1 3
59. If A and B are symmetric matrices, such that both AB 67. Find the inverse of the following matrix using
and BA are defined, then prove that AB - BA is a skew 1 2 2
symmetric matrix. (AI 2019) elementary operations A 1 3 0
(Foreign 2014)
Find Answer Key and Detailed Solutions at the end of this book
MATRICES
Please share your valuable
feedback by scanning the QR code
DETERMINANTS 31
TABLE OF CONTENT
02
DETERMINANTS
32 DETERMINANTS
Chapter at a Glance
Determinant of a matrix A a11 11 is given by a11 a11
a a12 a a12
Determinant of a matrix A 11 is given by A 11 a11a22 a12 a21
a21 a22 a21 a22
a1 b1 c1 a1 b1 c1
Determinant of a matrix A a2 b2 c2 is given by (expanding along R1 ) A a2 b2 c2
a3 b3 c3 a3 b3 c3
b2 c2 a2 c2 a2 b2
a1 b1 c1
b3 c3 a3 c3 a3 b3
For any square matrix A, the A satisfy following properties.
A ' A , where A ' transpose of A .
If we interchange any two rows (or columns), then sign of determinant changes.
If any two rows or any two columns are identical or proportional, then value of determinant is zero.
If we multiply each element of a row or a column of determinant by constant, k , then value of determinant is multiplied
by k .
Multiplying a determinant by k means multiply elements of only one row (or one column) by k .
If A aij , then k. A k 3 A .
33
If elements of a row or a column in a determinant can be expressed as sum or two or more elements, then the given
determinant can be expressed as sum of two or more determinants.
If to each element of a row or a column of a determinant, the equimultiples of corresponding elements of other rows or
columns are added, then value of determinant remains same.
x1 y1 1
1
Area of a triangle with vertices x1 , y1 , x2 , y2 and x3 , y3 given by x2 y2 1
2
x3 y3 1
Minor of an element aij of the determinant of matrix A is the determinant obtained by deleting ith row and j th column
and denoted by M ij .
i j
Cofactor of aij is given by Aij 1 M ij .
Value of determinant of a matrix A is obtained by sum of product of elements of a row (or a column) with corresponding
cofactors.
For example. A a11 A11 a12 A12 a13 A13
If elements of one row (or column) are multiplied with cofactors of elements of any other row (or column), then their
sum is zero. For example, a11 A21 a12 A22 a13 A23 0 .
a11 a12 a13 A11 A21 A31
If A a21 a22 a23 , then adj A A12
A22 A32 , where Aij is cofactor of aij .
a31 a32 a33 A13 A23 A33
A adj A adj A A A I , where A is square matrix of order n .
A square matrix A is said to be singular or non-singular according as A 0 or A 0 .
DETERMINANTS 33
Solved Examples
Example–1 0 4 6 4 6 0
2 3 5
5 7 1 7 1 5
2 4
Evaluate 2 0 20 3 42 4 5 30 0
1 2
(NCERT) 40 138 150 28
By interchanging rows and columns, we get
2 4
Sol. We have 2 2 4 1 4 4 8. 2 6 1
1 2
1 3 0 5
Example–2 5 4 7
x 4 (Expanding along first column)
Find x if 0.
2 2x 0 5 6 1 6 1
2 3 5
x 4 4 7 4 7 0 5
Sol. We have 0
2 2x 2 0 20 3 42 4 5 30 0
2 x 2 8 0 x 2 40 138 150 28 Clearly 1
Hence, Property 1 is verified.
Example–3
Example–6
1 2 4
2 3 5
Evaluate the determinant 1 3 0 .
Verify Property 2 for 6 0 4 .
4 1 0
1 5 7
(NCERT)
(NCERT)
Sol. Note that in the third column, two entries are zero.
2 3 5
So expanding along third column C3 , we get
Sol. 6 0 4
1 3 1 2 1 2 1 5 7
4 0 0
4 1 4 1 1 3 Expanding along first row, we have
4 1 12 0 0 52 2 0 20 3 42 4 5 30 0
Example–4 40 138 150 28
0 sin cos Interchanging rows R2 and R3 , we have
Evaluate sin 0 sin . 2 3 5
cos sin 0 1 1 5 7
Sol. Expanding along R1 , we get 6 0 4
0 sin 0 sin cos Expanding the determinant 1 along first row, we
cos sin sin 0 have
sin sin cos cos sin sin 0 5 7 1 7 1 5
1 2 3 5
Example–5 0 4 6 4 6 0
2 3 5 2 20 0 3 4 42 5 0 30
Verify Property 1 for 6 0 4 40 138 150 28
1 5 7 Clearly 1
(NCERT) Hence, Property 2 is verified.
Sol. Expanding the determinant along first row, we
have
DETERMINANTS 35
Example–7 Example–10
a b c bc a a
Show that a 2 x b 2 y c 2 z 0 Prove that b ca b 4abc
x y z c c ab
(NCERT) (NCERT)
a b c bc a a
Sol. We have a 2 x b 2 y c 2 z Sol.: Let b ca b
x y z c c ab
(By property 5) Applying R1 R1 R2 R3 to , we get
a b c a b c 0 2c 2b
a b c 2x 2 y 2z b ca b
x y z x y z c c ab
=0+0=0 (Using Property 3 and 4) Expanding along R1 , we obtain
Example–8
ca b b b
Using properties of determinants, prove the following 0 2c
c ab c ab
1 1 p 1 p q
b ca
2 3 2 p 1 3 p 2q 1. 2b
c c
3 6 3 p 1 6 p 3q
Sol. 2c a b b bc 2 b b c c ac
2 2
1 1 p 1 p q 2 a b c 2 cb 2 2 bc 2 2 b 2 c 2 bc 2 2 abc
L.H.S. 2 3 2 p 1 3 p 2q 4 abc
3 6 3 p 1 6 p 3q
Example–11
Applying R2 R2 2 R1 and R3 R3 3R1 , we get
yz x y
1 1 p 1 p q 2
Prove that z x z x x y z x z
0 1 1 p
x y y z
0 3 2 3 p
yz x y
1 2 3 p 3 3 p 11 1 R.H .S .
Sol. L.H.S. = z x z x
Example–9 x y y z
Show that the following determinant vanishes Applying R1 R1 R2 R3 , we get
ab bc ca 2x y z x yz x yz
bc ca ab zx z x
ca ab bc x y y z
ab bc ca
Taking x y z common from R1 , we get
Sol. bc ca ab
2 1 1
ca ab bc
x y z z x z x
Applying C1 C1 C2 C3 , we get
x y y z
a b b cca b c c a
Applying C1 C1 2C3 , C2 C2 C3 ,
bccaab ca ab
0 0 1
ca a bb c a b bc
x y z zx zx x
0 bc ca
x y 2z yz z
0 c a a b 0 C1 0
0 ab bc
36 DETERMINANTS
x y z z x y z z x 6 4
M 12 42 4 46;
1 7
x y 2 z
1 2
A12 1 46 46
x y z z x y z x y 2 z
2
6 0
x y z z x = R.H.S. M 13 30 0 30;
1 5
Example–12 1 3
Find the area of the triangle whose vertices are A13 1 30 30
(3, 8), (-4, 2) and (5, 1). 3 5
M 21 21 25 4;
(NCERT) 5 7
Sol. The area of triangle is given by 2 1
A21 1 4 4
3 8 1
1 2 5
4 2 1 M 22 14 5 19;
2 1 7
5 1 1
2 2
1 A22 1 19 19
3 2 1 8 4 5 1 4 10
2 2 3
M 23 10 3 13;
1 61 1 5
3 72 14 sq. units
2 2 2 3
A23 1 13 13
Example–13 3 5
Find minors and cofactors of all the elements of the M 31 12 0 12;
0 4
1 2
determinant A31 1
31
12 12
4 3
Sol. Minor of the element aij is M ij 2 5
M 32 8 30 22;
6 4
Here a11 1. So M 11 Minor of a11 3 M12
3 2
Minor of the element a12 4 A32 1 22 22 and
0 4 3 4
Cofactor matrix of A
Sol. We have M 11
5 7
0 20 20;
1 2
11 3 4 ' 3 1
A11 1 20 20 adj A 4
1 2 2
DETERMINANTS 37
Example–16 Example–18
3 1 Solve the following system of equations by matrix
Show that the matrix A satisfies the method.
1 2
3x 2 y 3z 8
equation A2 5 A 7 I O. Using this equation,
2x y z 1
find A1.
4x 3y 2z 4
3 1
Sol. A (NCERT)
1 2 Sol. The system of equations can be written in the form
L.H.S. A2 5 A 7 I AX = B, where
3 1 3 1 3 1 1 0 3 2 3 x 8
5 7
1 2 1 2 1 2 0 1 A 2 1 1 , X y and B 1
8 5 15 5 7 0
4 3 2 z 4
5 3 5 10 0 7 We see that
8 15 7 5 5 0 0 0 A 3 2 3 2 4 4 3 6 4 17 0
O R.H .S
5 5 0 3 10 7 0 0 Hence, A is non-singular and so its inverse exits.
A2 5 A 7 I O Now
Pre-multiplying by A 1 on both sides, we get A11 1, A12 8, A13 10
A AA 1 5 AA 1 7 IA1 O A21 5, A22 6, A23 1
1
AI 5I 7 A O A31 1, A32 9, A33 7
A 5I 7 A1 O 7 A1 5I A 1 5 1
1
1 0 3 1 Therefore A 8 6 9
1
7 A 1 5 17
0 1 1 2 10 1 7
2 1 1 2 1 1 5 1 8
7 A 1 1
A 7 1 3 1
1 3 So X A B 8 6 9 1
1
17
Example–17 10 1 7 4
Solve the system of equations:
x 17 1
2 x 5 y 1 , 3x 2 y 7 y 1 34 2
i.e.,
(NCERT) 17
z 51 3
Sol. The system of equations can be written in the form
AX B , where Hence x 1, y 2 and z 3.
2 5 x 1
A , X and B Example–19
3 2 y 7
1 2 5
Now, A 11 0, Hence, A is non-singular
If A 1 1 1 , find A1. Hence solve the
matrix and so has a unique solution.
2 3 1
1 2 5
Note that A1 following system of equations:
11 3 2 x 2 y 5z 10, x y z 2, 2 x 3 y z 11
Therefore,
1 2 5 1 2 5
X A 1 B Sol.
Here, A 1 1 1 A 1 1 1
1 2 5 1 2 3 1 2 3 1
11 3 2 7
11 3 2 1 2 5 3 2
x 1 33 3
i.e. 4 2 25 27 0
y 11 11 1
A1 exists.
Hence, x 3, y 1
Now, A11 4, A12 1, A13 5,
38 DETERMINANTS
A21 17, A22 11, A23 1, A31 3, A32 6, A33 3 Now we find adj A
4 17 3 A11 11 6 7, A12 0 3 3,
adjA 1 11 6 A13 1 , A21 1 2 3, A22 0,
5 1 3
A23 2 1 3 , A31 3 1 2,
11
A adj A A32 3 0 3, A33 1 0 1
A
4 17 3 7 3 2
1
1 11 6 Hence, adjA 3 0 3
27 1 3 1
5 1 3
Thus,
The given system of equations can be written as
7 3 2
1 2 5 x 1 1
1
A adj A 3 0 3
AX B where, A 1 1 1 ; X y and A 9
1 3 1
2 3 1 z
Since, X A1 B
10
B 2 7 3 2 6
1
11 X 3 0 3 11
9
1 3 1 0
A 1 exists. So, system of equations has a unique
solution given by X A1 B x 42 33 0
1
x 4 17 3 10 Or y 18 0 0
1 9
y 1 11 6 . 2 z 6 33 0
27
z 5 1 3 11 9 1
1
x 27 1 18 2
1 9
y 54 2 27 3
27
z 81 3 Thus x 1, y 2, z 3
x 1, y 2, z 3 Example–21
Example–20 6 4 6
The sum of three numbers is 6. If we multiply third The value of 1 2 4 is:
number by 3 and add second number to it, we get 11. 3 2 3
By adding first and third numbers, we get double of (a) 14 (b) 0
the second number. Represent it algebraically and (c) 122 (d) 2
find the numbers using matrix method. Ans. (b)
(NCERT)
6 4 6
Sol. Let first, second and third numbers be denoted by
Sol. We have, 1 2 4
x, y and z , respectively.
3 2 3
Then, according to given conditions, we have
x yz 6 Taking 2 common from R1, we get
y 3z 11 3 2 3
2 1 2 4
x z 2 y or x 2 y z 0
3 2 3
This system can be written as A X = B, where
1 1 1 x 6 Here R1 and R3 are identical
A 0 1 3 , X y and B 11 Thus, 0.
1 2 1 z 0
Example–22
Here A 11 6 0 3 0 1 9 0.
40 DETERMINANTS
2 1 5
1
1 2 5
5
3 1 5
2 1 5 2200
1
X 1 2 5 3100
5
3 1 5 1200
DETERMINANTS 41
sin 2 23 sin 2 67 cos180 19. If the co-ordinates of the vertices of an equilateral
triangle with sides of length 'a' are
sin 67 sin 2 23 cos 2 180 .
2
0 4 2a
20. If x, y, z are all different from zero and
x2 x 1 x 1
11. Solve using the properties of 1 x 1 1
x 1 x 1
1 1 y 1 0, then find the value of
determinants. 1 1 1 z
1 1 1
x y z .
0 ba ca
12. If a b 0 c b , then show that bc a a
ac bc 0 21. Prove that b ca b 4abc .
is equal to zero. c c ab
42 DETERMINANTS
2 3 2 12 22 32
2. Value of determinant 1 2 3 is 9. The value of 2 2 32 4 2 , is
2 1 3 32 4 2
52
12 0 1 a 2
7. If 0 2 1 360 , then the value of is: 14. Find a, if 3 0 1 is a singular matrix.
2 1 15 2 1 1
(a) 1 (b) 2 (a) 1 (b) – 1
(c) 3 (d) 4 (c) 2 (d) – 2
44 DETERMINANTS
where aij a ji 0 for all i and j is zero. (c) Assertion is correct but Reason is incorrect.
(d) Reason is correct but Assertion is incorrect.
Reason: The determinant of a skew-symmetric
matrix of odd order is zero.
(a) Both Assertion and Reason are correct and
Reason is the correct explanation for Assertion.
(b) Both Assertion and Reason are correct but
Reason is not the correct explanation for Assertion.
(c) Assertion is correct but Reason is incorrect.
(d) Assertion is incorrect but Reason is correct.
DETERMINANTS 47
8. If
x 1 x 1
4 1
, then write the value of x.
a 2 a 3 a 3 1 2. (Delhi 2015C)
x3 x2 1 3 a 3 a 4 a4 1
(AI 2013)
2x x3 1 5 19. Using properties of determinants, sole for x :
9. If , then write the value of
2 x 1 x 1 3 3 ax ax ax
x. (Delhi 2013C) a x a x a x 0. (AI 2015C, 2011)
cos15 sin15 ax ax ax
10. Evaluate: . (AI 2011)
sin 75 cos 75
20. Using properties of determinants, prove that
3 4
11. If A , find the value of 3 A . (AI 2011C) 2y yzx 2y
1 2
2z 2z z x y ( x y z )3
x y yz zx
x yz 2x 2x
12. Write the value of x x y .
(Delhi 2011)
3 3 3
21. Prove the following using properties of determinants:
(AI 2015)
abc a b
13. If A is a 3 3 matrix, A 0 and 3 A k A , then c b c 2a b 2( a b c)3
write the value of k. (Foreign 2014) c a c a 2b
(Delhi 2014, 2012C, 2008)
48 DETERMINANTS
22. Using properties of determinants, prove the 30. Show that 1 , where
following:
Ax x2 1 A B C
x2 1 xy xz
By y 2 1, , 1 x y z (AI 2014C)
2
xy y 1 yz 1 x 2 y 2 z 2
Cz z2 1 zy zx xy
2
xz yz z 1
(Delhi 2014) 31. Using properties of determinants, prove the
23. Using properties of determinants, prove the following:
following:
x x y x 2y
1 a 1 1
x 2y x x y 9 y2 x y .
1 1 b 1 ab bc ca abc
x y x 2y x
1 1 1 c
(AI 2013)
(AI 2014, Delhi 2012)
24. Using properties of determinants, prove that 32. Using properties of determinants, prove the
bc ca ab a b c following:
qr r p pq 2 p q r. 3x x y x z
yz zx x y x y z x y 3y z y 3 x y z xy yz zx
(AI 2014, 2010C) xz yz 3z
25. Using properties of determinants, show that (AI 2013)
x y x x
5x 4 y 4 x 2 x x3 . (AI 2014, 2009) 33. Using properties of determinants, prove that
10 x 8 y 8 x 3 x 1 a a3
26. Using properties of determinants, prove that: 1 b b3 a b b c c a a b c
ax y z 1 c c3
x a y z a2 a x y z . (Delhi 2013C)
x y az
34. Using properties of determinants, prove the
(Foreign 2014)
following:
27. Using properties of determinants, prove that:
x 2x 2x
2x x 2 x 5 x x
2 2 2
2
2x 2x x
(Foreign 2014)
28. Using properties of determinants, prove the (Delhi 2012, 2010C)
following: 35. Using properties of determinants, prove the
a a2 bc following:
b b2 ca a b b c c a bc ca ab a b c
c c2 ab a b b c c a a 3 b3 c3 3abc
bc ca ab
(Delhi 2014C)
29. Using properties of determinants, prove the (Delhi 2012C, 2009)
following: 36. Using properties of determinants, prove the
bc a a following:
b ca b 4abc. (AI 2014C, 2012) a bc cb
c c ab ac b c a a b c a 2 b2 c2
ab ba c
(AI 2012C)
DETERMINANTS 49
37. Using properties of determinants, prove that 45. Write the cofactor of the element a32 for
x y z 5 3 8
x2 y2 z 2 xyz x y y z z x 2 0 1. (Delhi 2012)
x3 y3 z3 1 2 3
(Delhi 2011, 2010C) 1 2 3
38. Using properties of determinants, solve the following
46. If 2 0 1 , write the minor of element a22 .
for x .
5 3 8
x2 2x 3 3x 4
(Delhi 2012)
x4 2x 9 3x 16 0. (AI 2011)
x 8 2 x 27 3 x 64 47. In the interval x , find the value of x for
2
39. Using properties of determinants, solve the following
2 sin x 3
for x : which the matrix is singular.
1 2 sin x
xa x x
(AI 2015C)
x xa x 0, a 0 (AI 2011)
5 2
x x xa 48. Find adj A, if A . (Delhi 2014C)
7 3
49. If A is a square matrix of order 3 such that
yz x 2 zx y 2 xy z 2
adj A 64, find A . (Delhi 2013C)
40. Prove that zx y 2 xy z 2 yz x 2 is divisible
50. If A is an invertible square matrix of order 3 and
xy z 2 yz x 2 zx y 2
A 5, then find the value of adj A .
by x y z , and hence find the quotient.
(AI 2013C, 2011C)
(Delhi 2016) 51. For what value of x, is the given matrix
41. If a, b, and c are all non-zero and
3 2 x x 1
1 a 1 1 A singular (AI 2013C, 2008)
2 4
1 1 b 1 0, then prove that
1 x 7
1 1 1 c 52. For what value of x , the matrix is a
3 x 8
1 1 1
1 0 (Foreign 2016) singular matrix? (Delhi 2012C)
a b c
5 x x 1
42. Find the equation of the line joining A 1, 3 and 53. For what value of x , the matrix
2 4
B 0, 0 . Find the value of k if D k , 0 is a point singular? (Delhi 2011)
such that area of ABD is 3 square units. 2 3
(AI 2013C) 54. If A , then write A 1 in terms of A.
5 2
5 6 3 (AI 2011)
43. If A 4 3 2 , then write the cofactor of the
2 x 1 2 x
4 7 3 55. For what value of x is A a
x x 2
element a21 of its 2 nd row. (Foreign 2015) singular matrix? (AI 2011C)
44. If Aij is the cofactor of the element aij of the 1 2 3
If A 0 1 4 , find A ' .
1
2 3 5 56. (Delhi 2015)
determinant 6 0 4 , then write the value of 2 2 1
1 5 7 1 2 2
a32 . A32 . (AI 2013) 57. Find the adjoint of the matrix A 2 1 2
2 2 1
and hence show that A. adj A A I3 . (AI 2015)
50 DETERMINANTS
2 1 66. A shopkeeper has 3 varieties of pens ‘A’ ‘B’ and “C.
58. If and I is the identify matrix of order 2, Meenu purchased 1 pen of each variety for a total of
1 2
₹ 21. Jeevan purchased 4 pens of ‘A’ variety, 3 pens
then show that A2 4 A 3I . Hence find A1. of ‘B’ variety and 2 pens of ‘C’ variety for ₹ 60.
(Foreign 2015) While Shikha purchased 6 pens of ‘A’ variety, 2 pens
1 3 3 of “B’ variety and 3 pens of ‘C’ variety for ₹ 70.
59. Find the inverse of A 1 4 3 . (Delhi 2015C) Using matrix method, find cost of each variety of
1 3 4 pen. (AI 2016)
67. Two schools P and Q want to award their selected
2 3 1 2
60. If A ,B , verify that students on the values of discipline, politeness and
1 4 1 3 punctuality. The school P wants to award ₹ x each, ₹
1
AB B 1 A 1 . (AI 2015 C) y each and ₹ z each for the three respective values
cos sin 0 to its 3, 2 and 1 students with a total award money of
61. If A sin cos 0 , find adj A and verify ₹ 1,000. School Q wants to spend ₹ 1,500 to award
its 4, 1 and 3 students on the respective values (by
0 0 1
giving the same award money for the three values as
before). If the total amount of awards for one prize
that A adj A adj A A A I3 , (Foreign 2016) on each value is ₹ 600, using matrices, find the award
62. The monthly incomes of Aryan and Babban are in the money for each value. Apart from the above three
ratio 3 : 4 and their monthly expenditures are in the values, suggest one more value for awards.
ratio 5 : 7. If each saves ₹ 15,000 per month, find (Delhi 2014)
their monthly incomes using matrix method. This 68. A total amount of ₹ 7,000 is deposited in three
problem reflects which value? (Delhi 2016) different savings bank accounts with annual interest
63. A trust invested some money in two type of bonds. 1
rates of 5%, 8% and 8 % respectively. The total
The first bond pays 10% interest and second bond 2
pays 12% interest. The trust received ₹ 2,800 as annual interest from these three accounts is ₹ 550.
interest. However, if trust had interchanged money in Equal amounts have been deposited in the 5% and
bonds they would have got ₹ 100 less as interest. 8% savings accounts. Find the amount deposited in
Using matrix method, find the amount invested by each of the three accounts, with the help of matrices.
the trust. Interest received on this amount will be (Delhi 2014C)
given to Helpage India as donation. Which value is 69. Using matrices, solve the following system of
reflected in this question? (AI 2016) equations:
64. A coaching institute of English (Subject) conducts x y z 3; 2 x 3 y z 10;
classes in two batches I and II and fees for rich and 3x y 7 z 1 (AI 2012)
poor children are different. In batch I, it has 20 poor
1 2 1
and 5 rich children and total monthly collection is ₹
70. If A 1 1 1 , find A 1 and hence solve the
9,000, whereas in batch II, it has 5 poor and 25 rich
children and total monthly collection is ₹ 26,000. 1 3 1
Using matrix method, find monthly fees paid by each system of equations x 2 y z 4, x y z 0,
child of two types. What values the coaching institute x 3y z 4 (Delhi 2012C)
is inculcating in the society? (Foreign 2016)
71. Determine the product
65. Using elementary transformations, find the inverse of
4 4 4 1 1 1
8 4 3 7 1 3 1 2 2 and use it to solve the
the matrix A 2 1 1 and use it to solve the
5 3 1 2 1 3
1 2 2
system of equations:
following system of linear equations:
x y z 4; x 2 y 2 z 9;
8 x 4 y 3z 19; 2 x y z 5;
2 x y 3z 1 (Delhi 2012C, 2010C)
x 2 y 2z 7 (Delhi 2016)
DETERMINANTS 51
Find Answer Key and Detailed Solutions at the end of this book
DETERMINANTS
Please share your valuable
feedback by scanning the QR code
52 RELATIONS AND FUNCTIONS
03
RELATIONS AND FUNCTIONS
RELATIONS AND FUNCTIONS 53
Chapter at a Glance
A relation R from a set A to a set B is a subset of A B .
Empty relation is the relation R in X given by R X X .
Universal relation is the relation R in X given by R X X .
Reflexive relation R in X is a relation with a, a R a X .
Symmetric relation R in X is a relation satisfying a, b R implies b, a R.
Transitive relation R in X is a relation satisfying a, b R and b, c R implies that a, c R.
Equivalence relation R in X is a relation which is reflexive, symmetric, and transitive.
Equivalence class a containing a X for an equivalence relation R in X is the subset of X containing all elements
b related to a.
A relation f from a set A to set B is said to be a function if every element of set A has one and only one image in set B.
A function f : X Y is one-one (or injective) if f x1 f x2 x1 x2 x1 , x2 X
A function f : X Y is onto (or surjective) if for given any y Y , for all x X such that f x y.
A function f : X Y is one-one and onto (or bijective), if f is both one-one and onto.
The composition of functions f : A B and g : B C is the function gof : A C given by
gof x g f x x A.
A function f : X Y is invertible if g : Y X such that gof I X and fog IY .
A function f : X Y is invertible if and only if f is one-one and onto.
Given a finite set X , a function f : X X is one-one (respectively onto) if and only if f is onto (respectively one-
one). This is the characteristic property of a finite set. This is not true infinite set.
A binary operation on a set A is a function from A A to A.
An element e X is the identify element for binary operation : X X X , if a e a e a a X .
An element a X is invertible for binary operation : X X X , if there exists b X such that a b e b a
1
where, e is the identity for the binary operation . The element b is called inverse of a and is denoted by a .
An operation on X is commutative if a b b a a , b in X .
An operation on X is associative if a b c a b c a, b, c in X .
54 RELATIONS AND FUNCTIONS
Solved Examples
Example–1 For 1, 2 A, 1, 2 R but 2, 1 R R is not
Let A be the set of all students of a boys school. symmetric. For 1, 2, 3 A, 1, 2 , 2, 3 R but
Show that the relation R in A given by R a, b : a 1, 3 R R is not transitive
Example–8 Example–11
Let f: N – {1} N be defined by f (n) = the highest If the functions f : 2,3, 4,5 3, 4,5,9 and
prime factor of n Show that f is neither one-one nor g : 3, 4,5,9 7,11,15 be defined as
onto. Find the range of f.
Sol. We have, f (6) = (the highest prime factor of 6) = 3 f 2 3, f 3 4, f 4 f 5 5 ,
f (9) = (the highest prime factor of 9) = 3 g 3 g 4 7 and g 5 g 9 11 . Find gof.
So, f is a many-one function.
(NCERT)
Clearly, image of any n N – {1} is the largest prime
number that divides n. So, the range of f consists of Sol. We have gof 2 g f 2 g 3 7,
prime numbers only. Consequently, range of f N gof 3 g f 3 g 4 7, a
(co-domain). gof 4 g f 4 g 5 11 and
So, f is not onto function.
Hence, f is neither one-one nor onto. gof 5 g 5 11 .
The range of f is the set of all prime numbers.
Example–12
Example–9
Find gof and fog if: f x x and g x 5 x 2 .
Show that f : N N , given by
Sol. We have: f x x and g x 5 x 2 .
f x x 1, if x is odd
x 1, if x is even
is both one-one and onto. (i) gof x g f x g x 5 x 2 .
(ii) fog x f g x f 5 x 2
(NCERT)
Sol. Suppose f x1 f x2 . 5x 2 5x 2 .
have x1 1 x2 1, i.e.,
impossible.
x2 x1 2 which is
Show that if f : R
7
5
R
3
5
is defined by
gof x g
3x 4
And fog y f g y
5x 7
y 3 4 y 3
f 3
3x 4 4 4
7 4
5x 7
y 33 y
3 x 4
5 3 This shows that gof I N and fog IY , which
5 x 7
implies that f is invertible and g is the inverse of f.
21x 28 20 x 28 41x
x
15 x 20 15 x 21 41 Example–15
x y 1 3 y 2 x
3y 2 2
y 6 3 3 6
y 1 2
3y 2 2
f
1
y
y 1
.
y 6 33 6
2
Hence, f
1
x
3x 2
for all x R 1 . y6 6
x 1
y66 y.
Example–16
Hence, gof I N and fog I S .
Let f ': N R be a function defined as
1
This implies that f is invertible with f g.
2
f ' x 4 x 12 x 15 . Show that f : N S,
Example–17
where, S is the range of f, is invertible. Find the
inverse of f. (NCERT) Show that addition, subtraction, and multiplication
Sol. Let y be an arbitrary element of range f. are binary operations on R, but division is not a
2 binary operation on R. Further, show that division is a
Then y 4 x 12 x 15, for some x in N, which
binary operation on the set R* of non-zero real
2
implies that y 2 x 3 6 .
numbers. (NCERT)
This gives x
y6 3 , as y 6 . Sol. : R R R is given by a, b a b
2 : R R R is given by a, b a b
Let us define g : S N by g y
y 6 3 : R R R is given by a, b ab .
2 Since ' ', ' ' and ' ' are functions, they are
a
g 4 x 12 x 15
2
But R R R , given by a, b , is not a
b
a
b 0, is not defined.
2 x 3
2
66 3 b
2 a
However, : R R R , given by
* * a, b is
b
2 x 3 3 x
2 function and hence a binary operation on R* .
58 RELATIONS AND FUNCTIONS
Example–18 Example–21
Let A 1, 2,3 and R= 1,2 , 2,3 be a relation in
Find the identity element in Z with respect to the
A. Then, the minimum number of ordered pairs may
operation ‘*’ defined by: a * b a b 1 a , b Z. be added, so that R becomes an equivalence relation,
Sol. Let ‘e’ be the identity element. Then is
(a) 7 (b) 5
a *e a a e 1 a
(c) 1 (d) 4
e 1, which is the identity element. Ans. (a)
Sol. The given relation is R 1, 2 , 2,3 in the set
Example–19
A 1, 2, 3 .
Shows that * : R R R given by a * b a 2b Now, R is reflexive, if
is not associative. (NCERT) 1,1 , 2, 2 , 3, 3 R.
Sol. The operation * is not associative, since R is symmetric if
Since a b b a a , b Q, 3 3
x1 x2 0
a * b b * a a , b Q.
(ii) Yes.
2 2
x1 x2 x1 x2 x1 x1 0
2
2 2 2 2 x2 3 2
Because a * b a b and b * a b a . x1 x2 x1 x 0
2 4
2 2 2 2
But a b b a a , b Q.
x1 x2 0
a * b b * a a , b Q.
x1 x2
(iii) No. f is one-one
Because a * b a ab and b * a b ba b ab. Let k R .
But a ab b ab a , b Q. f x k
3
a * b b * a a , b Q. x 4k
1
x k 4 3 R
f is onto
60 RELATIONS AND FUNCTIONS
x1 4 x2 4 x1 x2 Thus, f is injective.
Also, Range of f ( x) is equal to R Thus, f is
surjective. Hence, f is bijective.
(iv) (a)
The range of f ( x) is R
(v) (a)
L1 : y x 4 Slope of L1 = 1 From all the options,
slope is 1 for only 2 x 2 y 5 0 Thus, L2 can be
taken as 2 x 2 y 5 0
RELATIONS AND FUNCTIONS 61
1. Define Empty relation. 14. (i) Let f and g be two functions from R to R defined as
x | x | 0; x is rational
2. If f ( x ) , then find f (-1). f ( x)
|x| 1; x is irrational
3. If n(A) = p and n(B) = q, then find the number of 1; x is rational
and g ( x ) ,
relations from set A to set B. 0; x is irrational
4. A function is called an onto function, if its range is then find gof e fog .
equal to ________. 2x 1
5. A binary operation * on a set X is said to be ________, (ii) If f ( x) , then find the value of fof 2 .
3x 2
if a * b = b * a, where a, b ∈ X.
15. (i) If f (x) = e2x and g(x) = log x (x > 0), then find
fog (x).
Section–B (2 Marks Questions)
(ii) If f(x) = x2 + 1, then find fof(x).
6. The domain of the function f : R R defined by 16. Let f: R → R be the function defined by
1
2 f x ∀ x ∈ R. Then, find the range of f.
f x x 3 x 2 is ________. 2 cos x
7. Find the domain of the real valued function f defined by 17. Show that the binary operation * on Z defined by
a * b = 3a + 7b is not commutative.
f x 25 x .
2
18. Prove that the Greatest Integer Function f: R → R given
by f(x) = [x], is neither one-one nor onto, where [x]
8. Consider f: {1, 2, 3} → {a, b, c} given by f(1) = a, denotes the greatest integer less than or equal to x.
f(2) = b and f(3) = c. Find f-1 and show that (f--1)-1 = f. 19. Check whether the relation R defined in the set
9. Let R be the relation on N defined as xRy if x + 2y = 8. {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6} as R = {(a, b) : b = a - 1} is reflexive,
symmetric or transitive.
Find the domain of R.
20. Let n be a fixed positive integer. Define a relation R in Z
10. What is the range of the function as follows: ∀ a, b ∈ Z, aRb if and only if a – b is
divisible by n. Show that R is an equivalence relation.
| x 1 |
f x , x 1? 21. Let f, g and h be functions from R to R. Show that
x 1 (f + g)oh = foh + goh and (f.g)oh = (foh).(goh)
11. If f is an invertible function, defined 22. Check the injectivity and surjectivity of the following
functions:
3x 4 2
(i) f : N N given by f x x
1
as f ( x ) , then write f x .
5
2
3 (ii) f : Z Z given by f x x
12. If R = {(a, a ): a is a prime number less than 5} be a
23. If R is a relation defined on the set of natural numbers
relation. Find the range of R.
N as follows:
13. If A = {1, 2, 3}, B = {4, 5, 6, 7} and f = {(1, 4), (2, 5),
R x, y , x N , Y N and 2 x y 24 , then find
(3, 6)} is a function from A to B. State whether f is one-
the domain and range of the relation R . Also, find if
one or not. R is an equivalence relation or not.
62 RELATIONS AND FUNCTIONS
2
24. If the function f : R R is given by f x x 2
x
and g : R R is given by g x ; x 1, then
x 1
find fog and gof and hence, find fog (2) and gof 3 .
x 1, if x is odd
f x is bijective (both one-one
x 1, if x is even
and onto).
26. Determine which of the following binary operation is
associative and which is commutative:
(i) * on N defined by a * b = 1 for all a, b ∈ N
(ii) * on Q defined by a * b
a b for all a, b ∈ Q
2
x
27. Show that f : 1,1 R, given by f x is
x 2
one-one. Find the inverse of the function f : 1,1 R
Range f .
28. Show that function f : R x, R : 1 x 1
x
defined by f x , x R is one-one and onto
1 | x |
function.
29. Consider the binary operations * : R R R and
o : R R R defined as a *b a b and a ob a,
such that a, b R . Show that * is commutative but not
associative, o is associative but not commutative.
Further, show that
a , b, c R , a * boc a * b o a * c .
30. If A = {1, 2, 3, 4}, B = {3, 5, 7, 9}, C = {7, 23, 47, 79}
and f :A → B, f(x) = 2x + 1, g : B → C, g(x) = x2 - 2,
then write (gof)-1 and f-1og-1 in the form of ordered pair.
RELATIONS AND FUNCTIONS 63
2. Let A Q Q, where Q is the set of all natural 7. Let ‘*’ be a binary operation on Q defined by:
involves and ‘*’ be the binary operation on A 3ab
a *b . Its identity element is
defined by: a , b * c , d ac , b ad for 5
a , b , c , d A. Then 3 5
(a) (b)
(a) Identity element of ‘*’ in A is (0, 1) 5 3
(c) 1 (d) does not exist
1 b
(b) Inverse element of ‘*’ in A is ,
a a
8. Let S be the set of all real numbers. Then, the
(c) Identity element of ‘*’ in A is (0, -1)
relation R a , b : 1 ab 0 on S is.
1 b
(d) Inverse element of ‘*’ in A is , (a) Reflexive and symmetric but not transitive
a a
(b) Reflexive and transitive but not symmetric
(c) Symmetric, transitive but not reflexive
3. The relation R is defined on the set of natural
(d) Reflexive, transitive and symmetric
numbers as a, b : a 2b . Then, R 1 is given by
(a) 2,1 , 4, 2 , 6, 3 , ... 9. If f : R R is defined by:
1
(b) 1, 2 , 2, 4 , 3, 6 , ...
f x 3 x
3 3
, then fof x is equal to
1
(c) R is not defined (a) 3x (b) x
(d) None of these 1
(c) (d) None of these
x
4. The relation R on set A = {1, 2, 4} given by
R 1,1 , 2, 2 , 3, 3 , 1, 2 , 2, 3 , 1, 3 is 10. Let A 1, 2, 3 and B 2, 4, 6, 8 . Consider the
(a) Reflexive but not symmetric rule f : A B , f x 2 x x A. The domain,
(b) Reflexive but not transitive codomain and range of f respectively are
(c) Symmetric and transitive (a) 1, 2, 3 , 2, 4, 6 , 2, 4, 6, 8
(d) Neither symmetric nor transitive
(b) 1, 2, 3 , 2, 4, 6, 8 , 2, 4, 6
20. Let function f :R R be defined by (a) Both Assertion and Reason are correct; Reason is
the correct explanation of Assertion.
f x 2 x sin x for x R , then f is
(b) Both Assertion and Reason are correct; Reason is
(a) one-one and onto not the correct explanation of Assertion.
(b) one-one but NOT onto (c) Assertion is correct but Reason is incorrect.
(c) onto but NOT one-one (d) Reason is correct but Assertion is incorrect.
(d) neither one-one nor onto
(b) Assertion is correct, reason is correct; reason is (a) Both Assertion and Reason are correct and
Reason is the correct explanation for Assertion.
not a correct explanation for assertion.
(b) Both Assertion and Reason are correct but
(c) Assertion is correct but reason is incorrect. Reason is not the correct explanation for
(d) Assertion is incorrect but reason is correct. Assertion.
(c) Assertion is correct but Reason is incorrect.
23. Assertion: The relation R on the set N N , defined
(d) Assertion is incorrect but Reason is correct.
by a, b R c, d a d b c for all
a, b , c, d N N is an equivalence relation.
Reason: Any relation R is an equivalence relation, if
it is reflexive, symmetric and transitive.
68 RELATIONS AND FUNCTIONS
6. Let R be a relation defined on the set of natural 15. Show that the relation R in the set
numbers N as follows: A 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 given by R{ a, b : a b is
divisible by 2} is an equivalence relation. Write all
R { x, y | x N , y N and 2x + y = 23}
the equivalence classes of R. (AI 2015 C)
Find the domain and range of the relation R. Also,
16. Let A = 1, 2, 3 , B = 4, 5, 6, 7 and let
find if R is an equivalence relation or not.
(Delhi 2014 C) f 1, 4 , 2, 5 , 3, 6 be a function from A to
7. Show that the relation S in the set R of real numbers B, state whether f is one-one or not. (AI 2011)
3
defined as S { a, b : a, b R and a b } is 17. What is the range of the function
neither reflexive, nor symmetric, nor transitive.
x 1
(Delhi 2010) f x ? (Delhi 2010)
x 1
8. Let Z be the set of all integers and R be the relation
on Z defined as R {(a, b) : a, b Z and (a - b) is 18. State whether the function f : N N given by
divisible by 5}. Prove that R is an equivalence
relation. (Delhi 2010) f x 5 x is injective, surjective or both.
9. Show that the relation S in the set (AI 2008 C)
A=x Z: 0 x 12 is given by
19. Show that f : N N , given by
S { a, b : a, b Z, a b is divisible by 4} is an
equivalence relation. Find the set of all elements
related to 1. (AI 2010)
f x x 1, if x is odd
x 1, if x is even
is both one-one and onto.
(AI 2008)
RELATIONS AND FUNCTIONS 69
n 1
, if n is odd
find f f x . (AI 2007)
f n 2 31. If the function f :RR be given by
n , if n is even 2
2 f x x 2 and g:RR be given by
1 4x 3
f x is one-one and onto. Hence find
25. If f : R R is defined by f x 3
3 x 3 , then 6x 4
1
find fof x . (AI 2010) f . (Delhi 2013)
f x 3 x 4, is invertible, find f 1. (AI 2010C) where R is the set of all non-negative real
numbers. (AI 2013)
3x 5
28. If f : R R defined by f x is an
2 37. Let A R 2 and B R 1 . If f : A B is
1 x 1
invertible function, find f . (AI 2009 C) a function defined f x , show that f is
x2
29. If f x x 7 and g x x 7, x R, find 1
one-one and onto. Hence find f . (Delhi 2013 C)
fog 7 . (Delhi 2008)
70 RELATIONS AND FUNCTIONS
38. Let A R 3 and B R 1 . Consider the 46. Let * be a binary operation on the set of all non-zero
ab
x2 real numbers, given by a * b = for all
function f : A B defined by f x . Is 5
x 3 a , b R 0 . Find the value of x, given that
f one-one and onto? Justify your answer.
2 * x * 5 10. (Delhi 2014)
(AI 2012 C)
2
47. Let * : R R R, given by ( a, b) a 4b is a
39. Let f : R R be defined as f x 10 x 7. Find
binary operation. Compute 5 * 2*0 .
the function g : R R such that gof fog I R .
(AI 2014 C)
(AI 2011)
48. Let * be a binary operation on N given by
x3
40. If the function f : R R is given by f x a * b L.C .M . a, b for all a, b N . Find 5 * 7.
2
(Delhi 2012)
and g : R R is given by g x 2 x 3. Find
49. The binary operation * : R R R, is defined as
1
(i) fog and (ii) gof . Is f g? a * b 2 a b. Find a * 3 * 4. (AI 2015)
(Delhi 2009 C) 50. If the binary operation * on the set of integers Z, is
41. If f : R R and g:RR are defined 2
defined by a * b a 3b , then find the value of
2
respectively as f x x 3x 1 and 8 * 3. (AI 2012 C)
g x 2 x 3. Find (a) fog (b) gof . 51. Let * be a binary operation defined on the set of
integers by a * b 2 a b 3. Find 3 * 4.
(AI 2009 C, 2008)
(Delhi 2011 C, AI 2008)
42. If f be the greatest integer function and g be an
52. Let * be a binary operation defined by 51.
absolute value function, find the value of
a * b 3a 4b 2. Find 4 * 5.
fog
3 4
gof . (Delhi 2007) (AI 2011C, Foreign 2008)
2 3 53. If the binary operation * on the set of integers Z is
43. Let f :N N be a function defined as 2
defined by a * b a 3b , then find the value
2
f x 9 x 6 x 5. Show that f : N S, 2 * 4. (Delhi 2009)
where S is the range of f , is invertible. Find the 54. Let * be a binary operation on N given by
1 a * b H .C .F a, b ; a, b N . Write the value of
inverse of f and hence find f 43 and
1
22 * 4. (AI 2009)
f 163 . (Delhi 2016)
55. Let * be a binary operation on set Q of rational
44. Consider, f : R 9, given by ab
numbers defined as a * b , write the identity
2
f x 5 x 6 x 9. Prove that f is invertible 5
(Delhi 2014 C)
RELATIONS AND FUNCTIONS 71
57. Consider the binary operations * : R R R and 64. Let A R R and * be the binary operation on A
o: RR R defined as a *b a b and defined by a , b * c, d a c, b d . Show
a o b a for all, a , b R. Show that '* ' is that * is commutative and associative. Find the
identity element for * on A. (Delhi 2015 C)
commutative but not associative, 'o' is associative
but not commutative. (AI 2012) 65. Prove that the function f : N N , defined by
2
58. Consider the binary operation * on the set defined f x x x 1 is one-one but not onto. Find
by a*b = min a,b . Write the operation table of inverse of f : N S , where S is range of f .
the operation *. (AI 2011)
(Delhi 2019)
59. A binary operation * on the set 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 is
66. Show that the function f : R R defined by
defined as : a *b a b, if a b 6
a b 6, if a b 6
f x 2
x 1
x
, x R is neither one-one nor onto.
Show that zero is the identity for this operation and Also if g : R R is defined as g x 2 x 1, find
each element a 0 of the set is invertible with
fog x . (2018)
6 a being the inverse of a . (AI 2011)
67. Let A x Z : 0 x 12 . Show that
60. Let * be a binary operation on Q defined by
R a, b : a, b A and a b is divisible by 4}.
3ab
a *b . Show that * is commutative as well as is an equivalence relation. Find the set of all
5
elements related to 1. Also write the equivalence
associative. Also, find its identity element if it class [2]. (2018)
exists. (Delhi 2010)
68. A relation in a set A is called _______ relation, if
61. Let * be a binary operation on the set of rational each element of A is related to itself. (2020)
2
numbers given as a * b 2 a b , a , b Q. Find 4x 3 2
69. If f x ,x , then show that
3* 5 and 5 * 3. Is 3 * 5 5 * 3 ? (Delhi 2008 C) 6x 4 3
62. Let * be the binary operation on N given by 2
a * b L.C .M . of a and b . Find the value of
fof x x, for all x . Also, write inverse of
3
20 *16. Is * (i) commutative, (ii) associative f. (2020)
(AI 2008 C) 70. Check if the relation R in the set R of real numbers
63. Show that the binary operation * on A R 1 defined as R a, b : a b is (i) symmetric, (ii)
defined as a * b a b ab for all a, b A is transitive (2020)
commutative and associative on A. Also find the
identify element of * in A and prove that every
element of A is invertible. (AI 2016, 2015)
Find Answer Key and Detailed Solutions at the end of this book
04
INVERSE TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS
INVERSE TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS 73
Chapter at a Glance
The inverse trigonometric functions are the inverse functions of the trigonometric functions.
The domain and the range of the trigonometric functions are converted into the range and domain of the inverse
trigonometric functions.
The domains and ranges (principal value branches) of inverse trigonometric function are given in the following table:
y sec
1
x R 1,1
0,
2
1 R
y tan x
,
2 2
y cot 1 x R 0,
1 1 1 1
sin x should not be confused with sin x . In fact sin x
and similarly for other trigonometric functions,
sin x
The value of an inverse trigonometric functions which lies in its principal value branch is called the principal value of
that inverse trigonometric functions.
For suitable values of domain, we have
1 1
y sin x x sin y x sin y y sin x
1 1
sin(sin x) x sin (sin x ) x
1 1 1 1 1
sin 1 cosec1 x ; cos 1 sec 1 x ; tan cot x
x x x
sin 1 ( x ) sin 1 x cos1 ( x) cos1 x
1 1 1 1
tan ( x) tan x cosec ( x ) cosec x
1 1 1 1
cot ( x ) cot x sec ( x ) sec x
sin 1 x cos 1 x ; tan 1 x cot 1 x ; cosec1 x sec1 x
2 2 2
x y x y
tan 1 x tan 1 y tan 1 ; tan 1 x tan 1 y tan 1 , xy 1; x, y 0
1 xy 1 xy
x y 2x
tan 1 x tan 1 y tan 1 2 tan 1 x tan 1
1 xy 1 x2
2
2x 1 1 x
2 tan 1 x sin 1 cos
1 x2 1 x2
74 INVERSE TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS
Solved Examples
Example–1 Example–4
1 Solve for x:
Find the principal of sin 1 2
2 2x 1 1 x 1 2x
3sin 1 2 4 cos 2 2 tan 2 .
(NCERT) 1 x 1 x 1 x 3
1 Sol. We have:
Sol. Let sin 1 y .
2
2
1 1 2 x 4 cos 1 1 x 2 tan 1 2 x
Then, sin y . 3 sin 2 1 x2 2
2 1 x 1 x 3
We know that the range of the principal value branch Put x tan .
1 2
of sin 1 is , and sin .
LHS 3 sin
1 2 tan 4 cos 1 1 tan
2 2 4 2 1 tan 2
1 tan 2
1
Therefore, principal value of sin 1 is . 1 2 tan
2 4 2 tan 2
1 tan
Example–2 1
3 sin sin 2 4 cos 1 cos 2
1
Write the value of sin sin 1 . 2 tan
1
tan 2
3 2
3 2 4 2 2 2
1
Sol. sin sin 1 1
3 2 6 8 4 2 2 tan x.
(1) becomes:
1 1
sin sin 1 1
3 2 2 tan x tan x .
3 6
sin 1 x sin 1 x 1
Hence, x tan .
6 3
sin sin 1 .
3 6 2 Example–5
Example–3 Show that:
1 1
1
Find the principal value of cot 1 .
3
(i) sin 1 2 x 1 x 2 2sin 1 x,
2
x
2
1
(NCERT) (ii) sin 2 x
1
1 x 2 cos
2 1
x, x 1.
1 2
1
Sol. Let cot y (NCERT)
3
1
1 Sol. (i) Let x sin , then sin x
Then, cot y
3 We have,
2
cot cot cot
3 3 3
sin
1
2 x 1 x sin 2 sin
2 1
1 sin
2
We know that the range of principal value branch of 1
sin 2 sin cos
1 2 1
cot is 0, and cot 1
3 3 sin sin 2 2
1 1 2 1
Thus, principal value of cot is 3 . 2 sin x.
3
INVERSE TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS 75
cos x 3
We get, sin
1
2x 1 x 2
Express: tan
1
1 sin x
,
2
x
2
in the simplest
from
sin
1
2 cos 1 cos
2
(NCERT)
1 1 cos x
sin 2 cos sin Sol. We write tan
1 sin x
1
sin sin 2 2 2 x 2 x
cos sin
1 1 2 2
2 cos x. tan
x x x x
cos 2 sin 2 2 sin cos
Example–6 2 2 2 2
1 2 3 x x x x
1 1 1
Show that tan tan tan cos sin cos sin
2 11 4 1 2 2 2 2
tan 2
(NCERT) x x
1 2
cos sin
2 2
1 2 11
Sol. L.H .S tan x x
1
2 cos sin
1 1 2 2
tan
2 11 x x
15 3 cos sin
tan
1
tan
1
R.H .S . 2 2
20 4
x
1 tan
Example–7 1 2
tan
x
Prove that: 1 tan
2
1 1 1 1 1 1
tan tan tan x
1
2 5 8 4 tan tan 4 2
1 1 1 1 1 1
Sol. LHS tan tan tan x
2 5 8 .
4 2
1 1
Example–9
tan
1 5 tan 1 1
2
1 1
1 . 8 1
Write tan 1 , x 1 in the simplest form
2 5 x2 1
1 52 1 1 Sol. Put x sec .
tan tan
10 1 8 Then
2 2
x 1 sec 1 tan .
1 7 1 1 1 1 1 1
tan tan tan tan
9 8 2
x 1 tan
7 1 tan
1
cot
tan
1 8 tan 1 56 9
9
7 1 72 7 1
1 . tan tan .
9 8 2 2
65 1
1 1 Hence, tan 1 sec1 x.
tan tan 1 4 RHS. x 12 2
65
76 INVERSE TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS
Example–10 x x x
cos sin 1 tan
1 2 2 2
Write cot 1 , x 1 in the simplest form x x x
2
x 1 cos sin 1 tan
2 2 2
(NCERT)
Sol. Let x sec , then x
Dividing Num. & Denom. by cos
2 2
2
tan sec 1 x 1
Therefore, x
tan .
1 4 2
cot 1 cot 1 cot sec1 x,
x2 1
1 cos x x
which is the simplest form. Hence, tan .
1 sin x 4 2
Example–11
Example–13
1
Prove that for x : Find the domain of the function defined by
3
1
3x x3
2x f x sin x 1
1 1 1
tan x tan 2
tan 1 3x 2
1 x 1
Sol. Let f ( x ) sin x 1
(NCERT) 1
Sol. Let x tan . 1 sin(sin x 1) 1
Then tan
1
x . We have 1 sin 1
3x x3 x 1 0 and 1 x 1 1
1
R.H.S tan 1 3x2 0 x 1 1
1 x 2
3 tan tan 3
1 x 1, 2
tan 2
1 3 tan
1
Example–14
tan tan 3 3 3 tan 1 x
1 1 1 1 1
tan x 2 tan x (i) If sin cos x , find x.
3 2
1 1 2x
tan x tan 2
L.H.S.
1 x 1
(ii) If sec 2 cosec1 y , find y.
2
Example–12 1 1 1
Sol. (i) sin cos x
1 cos x x 3 2
Prove that: tan , x ,
1 sin x 4 2 2 2 1 1 1
2 x 2 x
x .
3 sin x cos x 2
cos sin
cos x 2 2
Sol. Here
1 sin x 2 x 2 x x x (ii) sec
1
2 cosec1 y
cos sin 2 sin cos
2 2 2 2 2
x x x x 1 1
cos sin cos sin y 2. sec x cosec x .
2 2 2 2 2
2
x x
cos sin
2 2
INVERSE TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS 77
Example–15 9 4
2
Now cos x 1 sin x 1
1 3 25 5
Find the value of sin sin
5
64 15
2
(NCERT) and cos y 1 sin y 1
289 17
1
Sol. We know that sin sin x x We have, cos x y cos x cos y sin x sin y
1 3 3 4 15 3 8 84
Therefore, sin sin
5 5 5 17 5 17 85
3 84
But , , which is the principal branch of Therefore, x y cos
1
5 2 2
85
1
sin x.
1 3 1 8 1 84
3 3 2 Hence, sin sin cos .
However, sin
sin
sin 5 17 85
5 5 5
2
and ,
5 2 2 Example–18
3 2 2 .
Therefore, sin 1 sin 1
sin sin
5 5 5 1 12 1 4 1 63
Show that: sin cos tan
13 5 16
Example–16
(NCERT)
1
If sin sin 1 cos 1 x 1, then find ‘x’. 12 1 4 1 63
5 Sol. Let sin 1 x, cos y , tan z
13 5 16
1
Sol. sin sin 1 cos 1 x 1 sin 12 4 63
5 2 Then, sin x , cos y , tan z
13 5 16
1 1 1
sin cos x 5 3 12
5 2 Therefore, cos x , sin y , tan x
13 5 5
1 1 1 3
cos x sin and tan y
2 5 4
1 1 1 tan x tan y
cos x cos We have, tan x y
5 1 tan x tan y
1 12 3
Hence, x .
5
5 4 63
12 3 16
Example–17 1
5 4
1 3 1 8 1 84 Hence, tan x y tan z
Show that: sin sin cos
5 17 85 tan x y tan z or
(NCERT) tan x y tan z
1 3 1 8 Therefore, x y z or x y z
Sol. Let sin x and sin y
5 17 Since x , y and z are positive, x y z
3 8 Hence, x y z or
Therefore, sin x and sin y
5 17 1 12 1 4 1 63
sin cos tan .
13 5 16
78 INVERSE TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS
Example–19 Example–21
If tan
1
x tan
1
y tan
1
z , then prove that: 1 1 1 5
Assertion: tan cos sin is
x y z xyz . 82 26
29
Sol. Put tan
1
x A, tan
1
y B and tan
1
zC equal to
3
so that 2 51
tan A x , tan B y and tan C z ... 1
Reason: x cos cot 1
x sin cot 1
x
50
1 1 1
(a) Both Assertion and Reason are correct and
tan x tan y tan z Reason is the correct explanation for Assertion
ABC (b) Both Assertion and Reason are correct but
A B C. Reason is not the correct explanation for
tan A B tan C Assertion
(c) Assertion is correct, reason is incorrect
tan A tan B
tan C (d) Assertion is incorrect, reason is correct.
1 tan A tan B
tan A+ tan B tan C tan A tan B tan C Ans. (d)
tan A tan B tan C tan A tan B tan C 1 5
Sol. tan cos 1 sin 1
Using (1), we get 82 26
x y z xyz 1 1
tan tan 9 tan 5
Hence Proved.
Example–20
1 95
tan tan
1 59
1 a cos x b sin x
Simplify: tan
b cos x a sin x , tan tan
1 2
2
23 23
a
if tan x 1 Thus, Assertion is incorrect
b 2
(NCERT)
Now, x cos cot 1
x sin cot 1
x
Sol. We have, 2
1 x 1 1
1 a cos x b sin x x cos cos sin sin
tan
2
x 1
2
x 1
b cos x a sin x
2
a cos x b sin x x2 1
1 2 2
b cos x x 1 x 1
tan
b cos x a sin x 2
b cos x
2
x 1 2
x 1
a 1
tan x At x
5 2
tan b
1
a We have,
1 tan x
b 2 1
x 1 2
1
tan
1 a
tan
1
tan x 5 2
b
1 51
1 a 1
tan x. 50 50
b
Thus, Reason is correct.
INVERSE TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS 79
Example–22 1 1 1 x y
tan x tan y tan 1 xy
2 sin 1
1 1
The value of expression 2 sec is
2 1 x x y y x y
tan
(a)
(b)
5
y x y x x y
6 6
1 x 2 xy xy y 2
7 tan xy y 2 x 2 xy
(c) (d) 1
6
Ans. (b) 1 x2 y2
tan x2 y2
2 5
2 sin 1
1 1
Sol. 2 sec .
2 3 6 6 1
tan 1 .
Example–23 4
Example–25
1 5
The principal value of sin sin is
3
Given that: tan 1 x tan 1 y , xy 1 ... i
4
5
(a) (b) tan 1 p tan 1 q tan 1 r ... ii
3 3
Also given that
4
(c) (d) 1 1 1 ab
3 3 tan a tan b tan , ab 1 and
1 ab
Ans. (c)
1 1 1 ab
5 1 tan a tan b tan ; ab 1.
Sol. Let sin
sin 3 1 ab
Based on the information above, answer the questions
5 that follow:
sin sin sin 2
3
3 Answer the following using the above information.
(i) The value of x y xy (from (i)) is
sin sin sin (a) 1
3 3 (b) 2
1 5 (c) 0
Therefore, principal value of sin
sin 3 is 3 (d) None
(ii) The value of p q r is
Example–24
(a) pqr
1 x 1 x y (b) 0
The value of tan y tan x y is
(c) 1
(d) pqr
(a) (b)
4 3 1 1 1 1 1 1
(iii) The value of tan tan tan is
2 5 8
(c) (d) (a) 0
6 2
(b)
Ans. (a)
x x y (c)
1 x 1 x y 1
y x y 2
Sol. tan tan tan x x y
y x y 1 . (d)
y x y 4
80 INVERSE TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS
3
1 1 3x x 1 7 1 1
(iv) If x , then tan is equal to tan tan
2
3 1 3x 9 8
1 2x 1 1 2x 7 1
(a) tan (b) tan x tan
1
2 2
1 x 1 x 1 56 9
tan 9 8 tan
2x 7 1 72 7
(c) tan
1
x (d) tan
1
x tan
1 1
1 x
2 9 8
1 65 1
tan tan 1 .
Sol. (i) (a) We have, tan
1
x tan
1
y , xy 1
65 4
4 (iv) (a) Let x tan , so that tan
1
x
1 x y x y
tan tan 1 3x x3
1 xy 4 1 xy 4 Now, tan 1 3x2
x y
1 x y 1 xy 3 tan tan 3
1 xy 1
tan 1 3 tan 2
x y xy 1.
1
(ii) (a) We have tan
1
p tan
1
q tan
1
r tan tan 3 3 3 tan 1 x
1 1 1 2x
Put tan p A, tan q B, tan rC 1 1 1 1
tan x 2 tan x tan x tan 2
.
So that p tan A, q tan B and 1 x
1 1 1 1 1 1
(iii) (a) tan tan tan
2 5 8
1 1 1 1 1 1
tan tan tan
2 5 8
1 1
1 1 1
tan 2 5 tan
1 1 8
1
2 5
1 5 2 1 1
tan tan
10 1 8
INVERSE TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS 81
is…………… 1 1
18. If cos x cos y , find the value of
4
1 1 1
4. Evaluate tan sin 2 . sin x sin y.
19. Prove that
1
5. Find the domain of sin 2x . 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
tan tan tan tan .
5 7 3 8 4
Section–B (2 Marks Questions)
1 1 4
20. Show that 2 tan 3 tan .
6.
1 1
If 3 tan x + cot x = , then find x . 2 3
2a 1 b2 2x
1 33 21. If sin 1 cos1 2
tan 1 2
Find the value of sin cos 2
7. . 1 a 1 b 1 x
5
then prove that x
a b .
1
8. Find the domain of the function cos 2 x 1 . 1 ab
1 1 4 22. Prove that:
9. If tan x tan y , then find
5 1 x2 1 x2 1
tan 1 1 2
cos x
2 2
1 x 1 x 4 2
cot 1 x cot 1 y .
1 1 1 1
2
1 23. Find the value of 4 tan tan .
10. Find the value of tan 2 cos . 5 239
3
1
24. Prove that cot 2 cot 3 7.
1 3 1 4 4
11. Evaluate: cot sin sec .
4 3
Section–D (5 Marks Questions)
1 1 1 1 1 2
12. Prove that: tan tan tan .
1 1
7 13 9 25. If sin x sin y
3
13. Which is greater, tan1 or tan 1 1 ?
1 1
and cos x cos y , find the values of x
Section–C (3 Marks Questions) 6
and y .
1 1 x 1 1 1 1 3 4 7
14. Solve for x > 0: tan tan x. Show that tan sin
1 x 2
26. and justify
2 4 3
4 7
why the other value is ignored.
3
82 INVERSE TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS
2
2 2 17
27.
If sin
1
x cos x
1
16
, find x .
d 1 d 1 d
tan tan 1 tan tan
1 a1a2 1 a2 a3 1 a3 a
d
.... tan 1
1 an 1 an
1
30. Show that: 2 tan tan . tan
2 4 2
1 sin cos
tan cos sin .
INVERSE TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS 83
sin cos 1 cos tan 1 1 is
(a) n (b)
n
2
(a) 0 (b) 1
n2 n
1 3 (c) (d)
(c) (d) n n2
2 2
1 1 1 1
14.
The value of tan 2 sec1 2 cot 2 cosec1 2 is 20. 2 tan
5
tan
8
_____ .
10 1 4 1 3
(a) 1 (b) (a) tan (b) tan
3 7 7
(c) 6 (d) 0 1
1
(c) tan (d) None of these
3 7
15. The value of cos 1 cos is equal to
2
1 x
21. If tan 1 1
tan x, 0 x 1 , then x is
3 1 x 4
(a) (b) equal to
2 2
(a) (0, 1) (b) (0, 1]
5 7
(c) (d) (c) [0, 1] (d) [0, 1)
2 2
22. cot 1 1 x 2
x is equal to
12 4 63
16. sin cos 1 tan 1 is equal to
1
13 5 16 1 1 1
(a) cot x (b) cot x
(a) (b) 2 2 2 2
17.
sin 1 2 x 1 x 2 _____ . Section–B (Assertion & Reason Type Questions)
23. Assertion: The value of
1 1 x
(a) sin x (b) sin 3
2
sin tan 1 3 cos 1 is 1.
2
1 1 x
(c) 2 sin x (d) 2 sin Reason: tan 1 x tan x and
2
cos 1 ( x ) cos 1 x.
1 sin x 1 sin x
18. tan 1 is equal. (a) Both Assertion and Reason are correct and
1 sin x 1 sin x Reason is the correct explanation for Assertion
x (b) Both Assertion and Reason are correct but
(a) x (b)
2 Reason is not the correct explanation for
Assertion
x
(c) x (d) (c) Assertion is correct but reason is incorrect
2 4 2
(d) Assertion is incorrect but reason is correct.
INVERSE TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS 85
0,
2
.
1 1
(c) ,
2 2
(d) None of these
(a) Both Assertion and Reason are correct Reason is (ii) Domain of cos1 x 1 is
the correct explanation of Assertion.
(b) Both Assertion and Reason are correct; Reason is (a) [-1, 1] (b) [0, 2]
not the correct explanation of Assertion. (c) [-2, 0] (d) None of these
(c) Assertion is correct but Reason is incorrect. (iii) Domain of tan 1 x 2 is
(d) Assertion is incorrect but reason is correct
(a) 0,
(b) 0,
1 1 1 2
(a) cos (b) cos (a) (b)
5 5 2 2
(c) (d) None of these
3
1 4
1
(c) cos (d) cos 1
5 (iii) If B cos x, then x ______.
2
(iii) BCA ______. 1 3
(a) (b)
5 10
1 1 1
(a) tan (b) tan 2 (c)
1
(d)
2
2 10 5
1
(c) tan
1
3
(d) tan
1
3 (iv) If A + B =
4
, Then the third angle, C ______.
1 cos1
1 1 (AI 2013 C, Foreign 2019)
tan . (Delhi 2013)
2 16. Prove that:
1 1 3 1 4 1 12 1 33
5. Write the value of tan 2 sin cos . cos cos cos
2 5 13 65
(AI 2013) (AI 2012, Delhi 2010 C, 2009 C)
6. Write the principal value of 17. Prove that:
1 3 1 1 1 12 1 3 1 56
cos 2 cos 2 . cos sin sin .
13 5 65
(Delhi 2013 C) (AI 2012, Delhi 2010)
7. Write the principal value of
1 1 1
tan 1 3 tan 1 1 .
18. If sin sin
3
cos x 1, then find x .
(AI 2013)
(Delhi 2014)
8. Write the principal value of
1 1
1 1 19. If tan x tan y , xy 1, then write the value
cos 2sin 1 .
1
(Delhi 2012) 4
2 2
of x y xy . (AI 2008)
9. Using principal values, write the value of
1 1 1 1 1
cos 2 sin . (AI 2012 C) Write the value of tan 2 tan
1
2 2
20. . (Delhi 2013)
5
1 1 21. Write the principal value of
10. Evaluate: sin sin .
3 2 tan
1
3 cot 3 .1
(AI 2013, 2018)
(Delhi 2011, Delhi 2020) 3
22. Evaluate sin 1 sin . (AI 2013 C, Delhi 2009)
1 1 5
11. Write the principal value of sin .
2 23. Find the principal value of tan
1
3 sec
1
2 .
(Delhi 2011C) (AI 2018 C)
88 INVERSE TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS
1 4 (Delhi 2015)
27. Find the principal value of sin sin .
5 2 2 5
2
(AI 2010)
39.
If tan
1
x cot x 1
8
, then find x .
2 tan
1
cos x tan 1 2 cos ecx . (Delhi 2015 C)
44. Prove that
(Delhi 2016, 2014 C, Foreign 2015)
33. Prove that: 1 1 1 1 1 31
2 tan tan sin .
2 7 25 2
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
tan tan tan tan
3 5 7 8 4 (AI 2015)
(Delhi 2016, AI 2010) 1 1 x 1 1
45. Solve for x : tan tan x, x 0 .
34. Solve the equation for x : 1 x 2
1 1 (AI 2015 C, 2014 C, 2010 C)
sin x sin 1 x cos1 x . (AI 2016)
46. Prove that
1 x 1 y
35. If cos cos , prove that 1 1 1 5 2 1 1
a b 2 tan sec 2 tan .
2 2 5 7 8 4
x xy y 2
2
2 cos 2
sin . (AI 2016) (Delhi 2014)
a ab b
INVERSE TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS 89
1 x2 1 x 2 1
48. If tan tan ; find the sin 1 x 2 sin 1 x . (Delhi 2012)
x4 x4 4 2
value of x. 60. Prove that
(AI 2014) cos x x
tan 1 , x .
1 sin x 4 2 2 2
3
49. Find x if cos tan 1
x sin cot
1
4
. (Delhi 2012)
61. Prove the following:
(Foreign 2014, AI 2013)
1 3 1 3 6
50. Prove that: cos sin cot . (AI 2012)
1 1 1 1
5 2 5 13
cot 7 cot 8 cot 18 cot 3 .
62. Solve for x :
(Foreign 2014)
1 x 1 1 x 1
51. Prove that: tan tan .
x2 x2 4
x 3 3x2
cos 1 x cos 1 . (Delhi 2012 C, AI 2010)
2 2 3
63. Prove that:
(AI 2014 C)
3 3 8
tan 1 tan 1 tan 1 .
1 1 2 4 5 19 4
52. Solve for x : tan x 2 cot x .
3 (Delhi 2012 C, AI 2009 C)
(AI 2014 C, Delhi 2009 C) x
1 1 x y
64. Find the value of tan y tan x y .
1 3 1 8 1 36
53. Prove that: sin sin cos .
5 17 85 (Delhi 2011)
(AI 2014 C, Delhi 2012, 2010 C) 65. Prove that:
54. Find the value of the following: 1 1 31
2 tan 1 tan 1 tan 1 .
2 2 7 17
1 1 2 x 1 1 y
tan sin cos 2
, x 1, y 0 (AI 2011, Delhi 2009)
2 2 1 y
1 x
66. Prove that:
and xy 1 . (Delhi 2013)
3 17
55. Prove that: 2 tan 1 tan 1 . (Delhi 2011 C)
4 31 4
1 1 1 67. Solve for x , 1 x 1
tan 1 tan 1 tan 1 .
2
5
8 4 2
1 2x 1 1 x
(Delhi 2013, 2012 C, 2008, AI 2011) tan 2
cot .
1 x 2x 3
56. Show that:
(Delhi 2011 C)
1 1 3 4 7 68. Prove that:
tan sin . (AI 2013)
2 4 3 1 2 1 4
tan 1 tan 1 tan 1 . (AI 2011 C)
4 9 2 3
57. Write the value of the following:
1
a
1 1 a b
tan tan
69. Solve for x : cos 2 sin 1
x
9
,x 0.
. (Delhi 2013 C)
b ab (AI 2011 C)
90 INVERSE TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS
1 1 1 1 x 1 1
70. Prove that: tan x cos , x 0,1 . 79. Solve: tan 4 x tan 6x
4
. (Delhi 2019)
2 1 x
(Delhi 2010)
1 1 1
71. Prove that: tan 1 tan 2 tan 3 . 1 1 1 1
80. If tan x – cot x tan , x 0, find the
(Delhi 2010) 3
72. Prove that: 2
1
2 value of x and hence find the value of sec .
1 x x
cos tan
1
sin cot x 1
2 x
2
. (AI 2010)
(AI 2019)
73. Prove that:
3
1 2x 1 3 x x
1 1 1 1 9
tan x tan 2
tan 2 . 81. Prove that tan 2 tan – cot 3 .
1 x 1 3x 2 13
(AI 2010) (Delhi 2020)
74. Solve for x : 1 3 1 3
82. Find the value of tan sin tan .
1 x 1 x 5 4
tan tan ;0 x 6 .
2 3 4 (AI 2020)
(Delhi 2010 C) 17
1
75. Solve for x , x > 0: 83. Find the value of sin sin 8 .
x 2 tan 1 x 2 tan 1 .
1 8
tan (AI 2020)
79
(Delhi 2010 C)
1 1 1 1
84. The principal value of cot
1
– 3 is.
76. Prove that: 2 tan tan . (AI 2010 C) (AI 2020)
3 7 4
1 cos x 3x
1 x
77. Solve for x : cos
1
x sin . (AI 2010 C) 85. Express tan , – x in the
2 6 1 – sin x 2 2
simplest form. (AI 2020)
1
3cos x cos 4 x – 3 x , x ,1 .
1 1 3
78. Prove that
2
(2018 C)
Find Answer Key and Detailed Solutions at the end of this book
INVERSE TRIGONOMETRIC
FUNCTIONS
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CONTINUITY AND DIFFERENTIABILITY 91
05
CONTINUITY AND DIFFERENTIABILITY
92 CONTINUITY AND DIFFERENTIABILITY
Chapter at a Glance
A real valued function is continous at a point in its domain if the limit of the function at that point equals the value of the
function at that point. A function is continuous if it is continous on the whole of its domain.
Sum, differnce, product and quotient of continuous functios are continuous.
i.e., if f and g are continuous functions, then
f g x f x g x is continuous.
f .g x f x .g x is continuous.
f f x
x (Wherever g x 0 ) is continuous.
g g x
Every differentiable function is continuous, but the converse is not true.
Chain rule is rule to differentiate composites of functions.
dt dv df dv dt
If f v o u , t u x and if both and exist, then
dx dt dx dt dx
Following are some of the standard derivatives (in appropriate domains):
d 1
dx
sin 1 x
1 x2
d
dx
cos1 x 1 2
1 x
d 1
dx
tan 1 x
1 x2
d
dx
cot 1 x 1 1x2
d 1
dx
sec 1 x
x 1 x2
d 1
dx
cos ec 1 x
x 1 x2
d x
dx
e ex
d 1
log x
dx x
v x
Logarithmic differentiation is a powerful technique to differentiate functions of the from f x u x . Here both
f x and u x need to be positive for this technique to make sense.
Rolle’s Theorem: If f : a, b R is continuous on a, b and differentiable on a, b such that f a f b , then
there exists some c in a, b such that f c 0 .
Mean Value Theorem: If f : a, b R is continuous on a , b and differentiable on a, b . Then there exists some c
f b f a
in a, b such that f c
ba
CONTINUITY AND DIFFERENTIABILITY 93
Solved Examples
Example–4
Example–1
Show that the function f given by
Check the continuity of the function f given by
f x 2 x 3 at x 1 . x3 3, if x 0
f x is not continuous at x 0 .
1, if x 0
(NCERT)
Sol. First note that the function is defined at the given (NCERT)
point x 1 and its value is 5. The find the limit of Sol. The function is defined at x 0 and its value at
the function at x 1 . Clearly x 0 is 1.
lim f x lim 2 x 3 2 1 3 5 When x 0, the function is given by a polynomial.
x 1 x 1
Hence,
Thus lim f x 5 f 1
x 1 lim f x lim x 3 3 03 3 3
x 0 x 0
Hence, f is continuous at x 1 .
Since the limit of f at x 0 does not coincide with
Example–2 f 0 , the function is not continuous at x 0 . It may
If we can draw the graph of the function around a be noted that x 0 is the only point of discontinuity
point without lifting the pen from the plane of the for this function.
paper, then the function is
(a) not continuous Example–5
(b) continuous The function f x cot x is discontinuous on the set
(c) not defined
(a) x n , n Z
(d) None of these
Ans. (b) (b) x 2 n , n Z
Sol. A function is continuous at a fixed point, if we can
draw the graph of the function around that point (c) x 2n 1 ; n Z
2
without lifting the pen from the plane of the paper.
n
Example–3 (d) x ;n Z
2
Discuss the continuity of the function f given by Ans. (a)
f x x at x 0 . Sol. f x cot x is discontinuous if cot x
(NCERT) tan x 0
Sol. By definition x n , n Z
x, if x 0 Example–6
f x
x, if x 0
Discuss the continuity of the function f defined by
Clearly the function is defined at 0 and f 0 0 .
1
Left hand limit of f at 0 is f x , x 0 . (NCERT)
x
lim f x lim x 0 Sol. For any non zero real number c, we have
x0 x0
dy d Example–15
e x x e x
dx dx sin x dy
If y tan x , then is equal to
(ii) Let y sin log x . dx
Using chain rule, we have (a) sec x cos x (b) sec x log tan x
cos log x sin x
dy d (c) tan x (d) None of these
cos log x log x
dx dx x Ans. (d)
(iii) Let y cos 1 e x . Using chain rule, we have Sol. We have, y tan x
sin x
dy dy / dt
2 cos .cos sin sin
dy 4 2 2 4 dx dx / dt
dx cos cos 2sin sin
10t 9 5 2
4 2 4 2 7
t
8t 4
1 / 2
1
2
d y 5 dt
2 / 2 2 2t
dx 4 dx
Example–18
5 1 5
d2 y 2t 7
Find , if y x 3 tan x . 4 8t 16t 6
dx2
(NCERT) Example–21
3
Sol. Given that y x tan x . Then
Verify Rolle’s theorem for the function
dy y x 2 2, a 2 and b 2 . (NCERT)
3x2 sec2 x
dx Sol. The function y x 2 2 is continuous in 2, 2 and
2
d y d
Therefore 3x 2 sec2 x differentiable in 2, 2 .
dx 2 dx
6 x 3sec x.sec x tan x Also f 2 f 2 6 and hence the value of
Example–23 Example–25
2 cos x
Differentiate sin x w.r.t. e . If y f u is a differentiable function of u and
Sol. Let u x sin 2 x and v x e cos x .
u g x is a differentiable function of x, then
du du / dx
We want to find . y f g x is a differentiable function of x and
dv dv / dx
du dy dy du
Clearly 2 sin x cos x and . This rule is also known as CHAIIN
dx dx du dx
dv RULE.
e cos x sin x Based on the above information, answer the
dx
following questions:
sin x ecos x
(i) Find the derivative of cos x w.r.t. x.
du 2sin x cos x
sin x sin x
dv sin x ecos x (a) (b)
2 x 2 x
2 cos x
cos x . (c) sin x (d) sin x
e
1
x
x
Example–24 (ii) The derivative of 7 w.r.t. x. is
1
2
x 1 x x2 1 x 1
Assertion: The function defined by f x cos x 2 (a) 2 .7 x
.log 7 (b) 2 .7 x .log 7
x x
is a continuous function.
Reason: The cosine function is continuous in its x2 1 x 1 x2 1 x 1
(c) 2 .7 x .log 7 (d) 2 .7 x .log 7
domain i.e., x R x x
(a) Assertion is correct, reason is correct; reason is a 1 cos x
correct explanation for assertion. (iii) Find the derivative of w.r.t. x (where x
1 cos x
(b) Assertion is correct, reason is correct; reason is
lie in I quadrant).
not a correct explanation for assertion
1 x 1 x
(c) Assertion is correct, reason is incorrect (a) sec 2 (b) sec 2
(d) Assertion is incorrect, reason is correct 2 2 2 2
Ans. (b) x x
(c) sec 2 (d) sec 2
Sol. Let h x x 2 and g x cos x 2 2
1 x 1 x
Now, h x is a polynomial function, so it is (iv) The derivative of tan 1 tan 1 w.r.t. x is
b b a a
continuous for all x R.
1 1 1 1
g x is a cosine function, so it is continuous function (a) 2 2
2 (b) 2
x b x a2 2
x b 2
x a2
in its domain
1 1
goh x g h x g x 2 cos x 2 (c) 2 (d) None of these
x b x a2
2 2
dy d x
dx
sin x .
dx
x (v) (d) Let y sec 1 x cosec 1
2
x 1
1
1 sin x Put x sec sec x
sin x
2 x 2 x sec
x
1 y sec 1 sec cosec 1
(ii) (a) Let y 7 x sec 2 1
dy d x 1x sin 1 1 cos 2
7
dx dx
sin 1 sin 2 2sec1 x
1
x
x
d 1
7 .log 7. x
dy d
2 sec1 x 2
1
dx x
1
dx dx x x2 1
x
x 1
7 .log 7. 1 2
x 2
x 1 x 1
2 x x2 1
2 .7 x .log 7
x
x
1 1 2sin 2
1 cos x 2 tan x
(iii) (a) Let y
1 cos x x 2
2 cos 2 1 1
2
dy x 1 1 x
sec2 . sec2
dx 2 2 2 2
1 x
1 x
(iv) (b) Let y tan 1 tan 1
b b a a
dy 1 1 1 1 1 1
2
2
dx b x b a x a
1 2 1 2
b a
1 1
b2 x2 a 2 x2
CONTINUITY AND DIFFERENTIABILITY 99
dy 1 1
3.
If y cot 1 x 2 , then the value of
dx
is equal to: (a)
2
(b)
4
3
(c) 2 (d)
2x 2x 2
(a) (b)
1 x4 1 4x
dy
2 x 2 x 9. If x 1 y y 1 x 0, then
(c) (d) dx
1 x4 1 x2
x 1 1
dy (a) (b)
4.
If y log tan x then
dx
is: x 1 x
1 x
(c) 2
(d)
2 1 x
(a)
1
(b)
sec x 1 x
2 x x tan x
dy
sec2 x 10. If, y e3 x 7 , then the value of is
(c) 2 sec 2 x (d) dx x 0
2 x tan x
(a) 1 (b) 0
dy
If y e
1 loge x
5. , then is equal to: (c) 1 (d) 3e7
dx
dy 5
2 (a) t (b) 20t 8
6.
If y cos x 2 , then
dx
is equal to: 2
5
(c) (d) None of these
(a) 4 x sin 2 x 2 (b) x sin x 2 16t 6
(c) 2 x sin 2 x 2 (d) x cos 2 x 2
CONTINUITY AND DIFFERENTIABILITY 101
x k cos 1/ x , x 0 1
16. If f x is continuous at x sin , x0
22. f x x at x 0 is
0, x0
0, x0
x 0, then
(a) continuous as well as differentiable
(a) k 0 (b) k 0 (b) differentiable but not continuous
(c) k 0 (d) k 0 (c) continuous but not differentiable
(d) neither continuous nor differentiable
102 CONTINUITY AND DIFFERENTIABILITY
Section–B (Assertion & Reason Type Questions) 26. Assertion: If u f tan x , v g sec x and
1
23. Assertion: If x at 2 and y 2at , f ' 1 2, g ' 2 4, then du
dv x / 4
2
d2y 1 Reason: If u f x , v g x , then the derivative
then
dx 2 t 2 16a
du du / dx
of f with respect to g is
2 2 dv dv / dx
d y dy dt
Reason:
dx 2 dt dx (a) Assertion is correct, reason is correct; reason is a
correct explanation for assertion.
(a) Assertion is correct, reason is correct; reason is a
correct explanation for assertion. (b) Assertion is correct, reason is correct; reason is
not a correct explanation for assertion
(b) Assertion is correct, reason is correct; reason is
not a correct explanation for assertion (c) Assertion is correct, reason is incorrect
(c) Assertion is correct, reason is incorrect (d) Assertion is incorrect, reason is correct.
(d) Assertion is incorrect, reason is correct. 27. Assertion: Every differentiable function is
continuous but converse is not true.
24. Assertion: If a function f is discontinuous at c, then
c is called a point of discontinuity. Reason: Function f x x is continuous.
Reason: A function is continuous at x = c, if the (a) Assertion is correct, reason is correct; reason is a
function is defined at x = c and the value of the correct explanation for assertion.
function at x = c equals the limit of the function at x
(b) Assertion is correct, reason is correct; reason is
= c.
not a correct explanation for assertion
(a) Assertion is correct, reason is correct; reason is a
(c) Assertion is correct, reason is incorrect
correct explanation for assertion.
(d) Assertion is incorrect, reason is correct.
(b) Assertion is correct, reason is correct; reason is
not a correct explanation for assertion Section–C (Case Study Questions)
(c) Assertion is correct, reason is incorrect Case Study–1
(d) Assertion is incorrect, reason is correct. 28. Let f x be a real valued function, then its
(i) R.H.D. of f x at x 1 is 1 2 3 dy
(iv) If y u 4 and u x 5 , then
4 3 dx
(a) 1 (b) -1
2 2 3 2 2 3
(c) 0 (d) 2 (a) x 2 x3 15 (b) x 2 x3 15
27 7
(ii) L.H.D. of f x at x 1 is
2 3 2 3
(c) x 2 x3 5 (d) 2 x 15
3
(a) 1 (b) -1 27 7
(c) 0 (d) 2 Case Study–3
(c) 3 x 3 e x
3 3
(d) 3 x 2 e x 3 x 4ac b 2
(c) (d) 0
a2
104 CONTINUITY AND DIFFERENTIABILITY
1 x2 1 x2 2 dy a xa
14. If y tan 1 , x 1 then find . 25. If y tan 1 log , prove that
1 x2 1 x2 dx x xa
(Delhi 2015) dy 2a 3
4 . (AI 2014 C)
x 1 dx x a 4
15. If f x x 2 1; g x 2 and h x 2 x 3,
x 1 26. If log
1 x2 x y 1 x2 , show that
then find f ' h ' g ' x . (AI 2015)
16. Show that the function f x x 1 x 1 , for all
1 x dy
2
dx
xy 1 0 . (AI 2011C)
cos x
x R , is not differentiable at the points x 1 and 27. Differentiate x sin x sin x with respect to x .
x 1 . (AI 2015) (AI 2016, Delhi 2009)
17. Find whether the following function is differentiable
x dy
at x 1 and x 2 or not. 28. If y sin x sin 1 x , then find
dx
x, x 1
(Delhi 2015C, 2013C)
f x 2 x, 1 x 2 . (Foreign 2015) dy y
mn
2 3x x 2 , x 2 29. If x m y n x y , then prove that .
dx x
18. For what value of the function defined by (Foreign 2014)
x 2 , if x 0
2 x
dy
f x is continuous at 30. If x y e x y
a , then prove that y x 2y .
4 x 6, if x 0 dx
(Delhi 2014 C)
x 0? Hence check the differentiability of f x
31. Differentiate the following function with respect to
at x 0 . (AI 2015 C) x
x : log x x log x . (Delhi 2013)
19. If cos y x cos a y , where cos x 1, prove
2
dy 1 log y
dy cos 2 a y 32. x
If y e yx
, then prove that .
that . (Foreign 2014) dx log y
dx sin a
20. Show that the function f x x 3 , x R , is
(AI 2013)
dy log x
continuous but not differentiable at x 3 . 33. If x y e x y , then prove that .
dx 1 log x 2
(Delhi 2013, AI 2012)
21. If sin y x sin a y , then prove that (AI 2013, Delhi 2010 C)
x 1
2 dy 2
dy sin a y 34. Find , if y sin 1 x . (AI 2013 C)
. (Delhi 2012, 2011C) dx 1 4
dx sin a
1 x2 1 y x dy
35. If cos x cos y , find .
22. Differentiate tan 1 with respect to x . dx
x
(Delhi 2012, AI 2009)
(AI 2012) 1 x2 1 1 2 x
x cos 1 x 36. Differentiate tan 1 w.r.to sin 2
,
23. If y 2
log 1 x , then prove that x 1 x
1 x2
if x 1,1 .
dy cos 1 x
3
. (Delhi 2015 C) (Foreign 2016, Delhi 2014)
dx
1 x
2 2
37. If x ae t sin t cos t and y aet sin t cos t ,
dy y x dy x y
24. If e x e y e x y , then prove that e 0 . prove that . (AI 2015 C)
dx dx x y
(Foreign 2014)
1 x2
38. Differentiate tan 1 with respect to
x
cos 1 2 x 1 x 2 , when x 0 . (Delhi 2014)
106 RELATIONS AND FUNCTIONS
d2y dy
43.
t
If x a cos t log tan and y a sin t , find
dy
. x 2
a2
dx 2
x 0.
dx
2 dx
(Delhi 2013)
(Delhi 2011 C)
3 3
2 55. If x a cos and y a sin , then find the value
d 2 y 1 dy y
44. If y x x , then prove that 0.
dx 2 y dx x d2y
of 2
at .
(Delhi 2016, 2014) dx 6
45. If y 2 cos log x 3sin log x , prove that (AI 2013)
1
d2y dy 56. If x tan log y , then show that
x2 x y 0. (AI 2016) a
dx 2 dx 2
46. If x sin t and y sin pt . Prove that 1 x ddx y 2 x a dy
2
2
dx
0.
2
1 x ddx y x dy
2
2
dx
p 2
y0. (Foreign 2016) (Delhi 2013 C, 2011)
57. If x cos and y sin 3 , then prove that
47. If x a cos b sin , y a sin b cos , then 2
d 2 y dy
d y 2
dy y 3sin 2 5 cos 2 1 .
show that y 2 x y 0. dx 2 dx
dx 2 dx (AI 2013 C)
(Delhi 2015, Foreign 2014, AI 2013 C) 2
48. If
1
y em sin x , 1 x 1, then show that
58. If y sin 1 x, show that 1 x 2 ddx y x dx
2
dy
0.
2 (Delhi 2012)
1 x ddx y x dx
2
2
dy
m 2
y 0. (AI 2015, 2010) 2
59. If y tan x ,
1
show that
n
49. If
y x 1 x2 , then show that
x 2
1
d2y
2 dy
2 x x 2 1 2 .
2
2 dx dx
1 x ddx y x dy
2
2
dx
n y. 2
(Delhi 2012, AI 2012)
60. If x a cos t t sin t and x a sin t t cos t ,
(Foreign 2015, Delhi 2013C)
d2y d2x d2 y 2
50. If x a sec3 , y a tan 3 , find at . 0t , find 2
, 2 and d y .
dx 2
4 2 dt dt dx 2
t d2y y dy
61. If x a cos t log tan , y a sin t , find 71. If sin x x y, then find . (AI 2019)
2 dt 2 dx
2
d2y 72.
If y sin 1 x , prove that
and . (AI 2012)
dx 2
2
62. If y cos ec 1 x, x 1, then show that 1 x ddx y x dy
2
2
dx
2 0. (Delhi 2019)
2
d y dy
x x 2 1 2 x 2 1 0 . (AI 2010) t
dx 2 dx 73. If x cos t log tan , y sin t , then find the
2
1 cos x
63. Differentiate tan 1 with respect to x . d2y d2y
sin x value of 2
and 2
at t . (Delhi 2019)
dt dx 4
(2018)
d
2 dy 74. If f x x 1, then find fof x . (Delhi 2019)
64.
If x 2 y 2 xy , find
dx
. (2018) dx
x. (2018C) , x3
f x x 3 is continuous at x 3 , find
67. If sin y x cos a y , then show that k, x 3
2
dy cos a y dy the value of k. (AI 2020)
. Also, show that cos a,
dx cos a dx 77. Differentiate sin x w.r.to e 2 cos x
. (AI 2020)
when x 0. (2018 C)
d2y dy
68. If x a sec3 and y a tan 3 , find 2
at . 78. If y tan 1 x cot 1 x , x R , then is equal to
dx 3 dx
(2018 C) ______. (AI 2020)
tan 1 x 79. If cos xy k , where k is a constant and
69. If ye , then prove that
2 dy
1 x ddx y 2 x 1 dy
2
2
dx
0. xy n , n Z , then
dx
is equal to ____.
Find Answer Key and Detailed Solutions at the end of this book
06
APPLICATION OF DERIVATIVES
APPLICATION OF DERIVATIVES 109
Chapter at a Glance
dy
If a quantity y varies with another quantity x, satisfying some rule y f x , then ( or f x ) represents the rate
dx
dy
of change of y with respect to x and (or f x0 ) represents the rate of change of y with respect to x at
dx x x0
x x0 .
If two variables x and y are varying with respect to another variable t , i.e., if x f t and y g t , then by chain
dy
dy dt dx
rule , if 0
dx dx dt
dt
A function f is said to be
(a) Increasing on an interval a, b if x1 x2 in a, b f x1 f x2 for all x1 , x2 a, b
Alternatively, if f x 0 for each x in a, b
(b) decreasing on a, b if x1 x2 in a, b f x1 f x2 for all x1 , x2 a, b
Alternatively, if f x 0 for each x in a, b
dy
The equation of the tangent at x0 , y0 to the curve y f x is given by y y0 x x0
dx x0 , y0
dy
If does not exist at the point x0 , y0 , then the tangent at this point is parallel to the y -axis and its equation is
dx
x x0 .
dy
If tangent to a curve y f x at x x0 is parallel to x -axis, then 0.
dx x x0
1
Equation of the normal to the curve y f x at a point x0 , y0 is given by y y0 x x0
dy
dx x0 , y0
dy
If at the point x0 , y0 is zero, then equation of the normal is x x0 .
dx
dy
If at the point x0 , y0 does not exist, then the normal is parallel to x -axis and its equation is y y0 .
dx
Let y f x , x be a small increment in x and y be the increment in y corresponding to the increment in x, i.e.,
dy
y f x x f x . Then dy is given by dy f x dx or dy x
dx
Is a good approximation of y when dx x is relatively small and we denote it by dy y.
A point c in the domain of a function f at which either f c 0 or f is not differentiable is called a critical point of
f .
First Derivative Test: Let f be a function defined on an open interval I . Let f be continuous at a critical point c in
I . Then
(i) If f x changes sign from positive to negative as x increasing through c, i.e., if f x 0 at every point
sufficiently close to and to the left of c, and f x 0 at every point sufficiently close to and to the right of c, then c
is a point of local maxima.
110 APPLICATION OF DERIVATIVES
(ii) If f x changes sign from negative to positive as x increases through c, i.e., if f x 0 at every point
sufficiently close to and to the left of c, and f x 0 at every point sufficiently close to and to the right of c, then c
is a point of local maxima.
(iii) If f x does not change sign as x increase through c, then c is neither a point of local maxima nor a point of
local minima. Infact, such a point is called point of inflection.
Second Derivative Test: Let f be a function defined on an interval I and c I . Let f be twice differentiable at c.
Then
(i) x c is a point of local maxima if f c 0 and f c 0
The values f c is local maximum value of f .
(ii) x c is a point of local minima if f c 0 and f c 0
In this case, f c is local minimum value of f .
(iii) The test fails if f c 0 and f c 0
In this case, we go back to the first derivative test and find whether c is a point of maxima, minima, or a point of
inflexion.
Working rule for finding absolute maxima and/or absolute minima
Step 1: Find all critical points of f in the interval, i.e., find points x where either f x 0 or f is not differentiable.
Step 2: Take the end points of the interval.
Step 3: At all these points (listed in step 1 and 2), calculate the values of f .
Step 4: Identify the maximum and minimum values of f out of the values calculated in step 3. This maximum value will
be the absolute maximum value of f and the minimum value will be the absolute value of f .
APPLICATION OF DERIVATIVES 111
Solved Examples
Example–1 dR
Marginal revenue MR 20 x 13
Find the rate of change of the area of a circle per dx
second with respect to its radius r when r 5 cm. When x = 5, MR 20 5 13 113
(NCERT)
Sol. The area A of a circle with radius r is given by Example–4
So x and . The point x divides the f ' x 3 x 1
2 3
x 3 x 1
3
3 x 3
2
6 2 6
2 2
f ' x 3 x 1 x 3 x 1 x 3
interval 0, into two disjoint intervals 0,
2 6 2 2
f ' x 6 x 1 x 3 x 1
and , . For f (x) to be increasing, we must have
6 2
f ' x 0
2 2
6 x 1 x 3 x 1 0
x 1 0 and x 1,3
Now, f ' x 0 for all x 0, as
6 6 x 1 2 x 32 0 for all x 1,3
0 x 0 3x and f ' x 0 for all x 1 and x 1,3
6 2
3 x 1,3 3,
x , as x 3 x .
6 2 6 2 2 2 So, f (x) is increasing on 1,3 3,
For f (x) to be decreasing, we must have
Therefore, f is increasing in 0, and decreasing
6 f ' x 0
in , . 6 x 1
2 2
x 3 x 1 0
2 2
Also, the given function is continuous at x 0 and x 1 0 and x 1,3
x . Therefore, by Theorem 1, f is increasing on 6 x 1 2 x 32 0 for all x 1,3
6
x 1 and x 1,3
0, 6 and decreasing on 6 , 2 .
x , 1 1,1 .
Example–7 So, f(x) is decreasing on , 1 1,1 .
x
The function f x sin x on , is – Example–9
2 3 3
(a) increasing (b) decreasing Find the slope of the tangent to the curve y x3 x
(c) constant (d) None of these at x 2. (NCERT)
Ans. (a) Sol. The slope of the tangent at x 2 is given by
x dy
Sol. f x sin x 3 x 2 1 11.
2 dx x 2 x 2
1
f ' x cos x Example–10
2
1 Find the equations of the tangent and normal to the
Now, for x , , cos x , 1
3 3 2 2 2
curve x 3 y 3 2 at point (1, 1).
1
f ' x cos x 0 (NCERT)
2 2 2
Sol. Equation of curve: x y 2 3 3
Hence, f (x) is an increasing function on , .
3 3 Differentiating with respect to x, we get
APPLICATION OF DERIVATIVES 113
y2 9 0.12
9.12
Putting y = 2 in y 2 4 x , we have,
Hence, approximate value of f 2.01 if 9.12.
2
2 4x
x 1
114 APPLICATION OF DERIVATIVES
2 h (a) 47 (b) 48
S ' x r r 2 x
or (c) 49 (d) 50
S " x 4 h
r (iv) If P = 11000, then the profit is
r
Now S ' x 0 gives x . Since S " x 0 for all
2 (a) Rs 4,83,000 (b) Rs 5,00,000
r
r (c) Rs 5,05,000 (d) Rs 6,50,000
x, S " 0. So x is a point of maxima of S.
2 2
Hence, the radius of the cylinder of greatest curved (v) The rent that maximizes the total amount of profit is
surface area which can be inscribed in a given cone is
half of that of the cone. (a) Rs 11000 (b) Rs 11500
116 APPLICATION OF DERIVATIVES
14. The slope of tangent to the curve 22. Maximum slope of the curve
2 2 3 2
x t 3t 8, y 2t 2t 5 at point 2, 1 is y x 3x 9 x 27 is
22 6 (a) 0 (b) 12
(a) (b)
7 7 (c) 16 (d) 32
7
(c) 6 (d)
6 23. The function f x x 2 2 x 1 assume minimum
value at x
15. At what points the slope of the tangent to the curve
x 2 y 2 2 x 3 0 is zero. (a) 0 (b) 1
(c) 2 (d) 3
(a) 3, 0 , 1, 0 (b) 3, 0 , 1, 2
24. Let x, y be two variables and x 0, xy 1 then
(c) 1, 0 , 1, 2 (d) (1, 2), (1, -2) minimum value of x y is
3 3
(a) (b)
4 4
4 4
(c) (d)
3 3
20. The slope of tangent to curve y sin x at x is Based on the above information, answer the
6
following questions.
1 1
(a) (b)
2 2 (i) If x cm be the length of each side of the square
21. The normal at the point 1,1 on the curve will be given by the interval.
2 y x 2 3 is (a) 0, 20 (b) 0,10
(a) x y 0 (b) x y 0 (c) 0,3 (d) None of these
(c) x y 1 0 (d) x y 1
120 APPLICATION OF DERIVATIVES
(ii) Volume of the open box formed by folding up the (ii) If x denotes the length of side of garden
cutting corner can be expressed as perpendicular to brick wall and y denote the length
of side parallel to brick wall, then find the relation
(a) V x 20 2 x 20 2 x
representing total amount of fencing wire.
x
(b) V 20 x 20 x
2 (a) x 2 y 150 (b) x 2 y 50
x
(c) V 20 2 x 20 2 x (c) y 2 x 200 (d) y 2 x 100
3
(d) V x 20 2 x 20 x (iii) Area of the garden as a function of x, say A x ,
dV can be represented as
(iii) The values of x for which 0 , are
dx
(a) 200 2x 2 (b) x 2 x 2
10
(a) 3, 4 (b) 0, (c) 200 x 2 x 2 (d) 200 x 2
3
10 (iv) Maximum area of garden will be
(c) 0, 10 (d) 10,
3
(a) 2500 sq. ft (b) 4000 sq. ft
(iv) The maximum value of the volume is (c) 5000 sq. ft (d) 6000 sq. ft
17000 3 11000 3
(a) cm (b) cm Case Study–3
27 27
28. The Government declare that farmers can get 300 Rs
8000 3 16000 3
(c) cm (d) cm per quintal for their onions on 1st July and after that,
27 27
the price will be dropped by 3rs per quintal per extra
Case Study–2 day. Shyam’s father has 80 quintals of onions in the
27. Shobhit’s father wants to construct a rectangular field on 1st July and he estimates that crop is
garden using a brick wall on one side of the garden increasing at the rate of 1 quintal per day.
and wire fencing for the other three sides as shown
in figure. He has 200 ft of wire fencing.
(ii) Revenue R as a function of x can be represented as 31. Assertion: Let f : R R be a function such that
(a) Assertion is correct, reason is correct; reason is a (b) Assertion is correct, reason is correct; reason is
(b) Assertion is correct, reason is correct; reason is (c) Assertion is correct, reason is incorrect
not a correct explanation for assertion (d) Assertion is incorrect, reason is correct.
(c) Assertion is correct, reason is incorrect 33. Assertion: The point at which the tangent to the
34. Assertion: The function f x sin x is strictly 35. Assertion: In a right angled triangle of given
hypotenuse, let p be the perpendicular, b be the
increasing in 0,
2 base and h be the hypotenuse of the triangle, then
h2
Reason: If the function f x 0 for x in an the maximum area of the triangle is .
4
interval excluding the end points, then f is strictly
1
Reason: Area of the triangle A p h2 p 2 .
increasing. 2
(a) Assertion is correct, reason is correct; reason is a (a) Assertion is correct, reason is correct; reason is a
correct explanation for assertion. correct explanation for assertion.
(b) Assertion is correct, reason is correct; reason is (b) Assertion is correct, reason is correct; reason is
not a correct explanation for assertion not a correct explanation for assertion
(c) Assertion is correct, reason is incorrect (c) Assertion is correct, reason is incorrect
(d) Assertion is incorrect, reason is correct. (d) Assertion is incorrect, reason is correct.
APPLICATION OF DERIVATIVES 123
4. The total expenditure (in Rs.) required for providing 12. Find the intervals in which the following function is
the cheap edition of a book for poor and deserving (a) increasing (b) decreasing:
students is given by R x 3 x 2 36 x where x is f x x 4 8 x3 22 x 2 24 x 21 . (AI 2012C)
the number of sets of books. If the marginal
4sin
dR 13. Prove that y is an increasing
expenditure is defined as , write the marginal 2 cos
dx
expenditure required for 1200 such sets. What value
function in 0, . (AI 2011)
is reflected in the question. (AI 2013C) 2
5. The side of an equilateral triangle is increasing at the 14. Find the intervals in which the following function is
rate of 2 cm/s. At what rate its area increasing when (a) increasing (b) decreasing:
the side of the triangle is 20cm. (Delhi 2015C) f x 2 x3 9 x 2 12 x 15 . (Delhi 2011C)
6. A ladder 5 m is leaning against a wall. The bottom 15. Find the intervals in which the following function is
of the ladder is pulled along the ground, away, from (a) increasing (b) decreasing:
the wall, at the rate of 2 cm/s. How fast is its height f x 2 x 2 9 x 2 12 x 20 . (Delhi 2011C)
on the wall decreasing when the foot of the ladder is
4 m away from the wall. (AI 2012) 16. Find the intervals in which the function
3 2
7. Sand is pouring from a pipe at the rate of f x x 1 x 2 is (a) increasing (b)
12cm 3 / sec . The falling sand forms a cone on the decreasing.
ground in such a way that the height of the cone is
(AI 2011C)
always one-sixth of the radius of the base. How fast
124 APPLICATION OF DERIVATIVES
23. Find the equation of the tangent and normal to the (ii) perpendicular to the line 5 y 15 x 13 .
curve x a sin 3 and y a cos3 at . (Delhi 2014C)
4
35. Find the equation of the normal at a point on the
(Delhi 2014) curve x 2 4 y which passes through the point
24. Find the equations of the tangent and normal to the (1, 2). Also find the equation of the corresponding
x2 y2 tangent.
curve 2 2 1 at the point 2a, b .
a b
(Delhi 2013)
(AI 2014)
36. Find the equations of tangents to the curve
25. Find the point on the curve y x3 11x 5 at 4
3x 2 y 2 8 . Which pass through the point , 0 .
which the equation of tangent is y x 11 . 3
40. Prove that all normal to the curve 52. A point on the hypotenuse of a right triangle is at
x a cos t at sin t , y a sin t at cos t are at a distance 'a' and 'b' from the sides of the tringle.
constant distance ' a ' from the origin. (AI 2013C) Show that the minimum length of the hypotenuse is
3
(AI 2013C) 53. Of all the closed right circular cylindrical cans of
volume 128 cm 3 , find the dimensions of the can
42. Find the approximate value of f 3.02 , upto 2 which has minimum surface area. (Delhi 2014)
places of decimals, where f x 3x 2 5 x 3 . 54. Show that the semi vertical angle of the cone of the
maximum volume and of given slant height is
(Foreign 2014C) 1
cos 1 . (Delhi 2014)
43. Using differentials, find the approximate value of 3
3/ 2
3.968 . (Delhi 2014C)
55. Prove that the semi vertical angle of the right
circular cone of given volume and least curved
44. Using differentials find the approximate value of
surface area is cot 1 2 . (Delhi 2014)
49.5 . (Delhi 2012)
56. Prove that the height of the cylinder of maximum
45. If the radius of a sphere is measured as 9 cm with an
volume that can be inscribed ina sphere of radius R
error of 0.03 cm, then find the approximate error in
calculating its surface area. (AI 2011C) 2R
is . Also find the maximum volume.
3
46. Show that the altitude of the right circular cone of
maximum volume that can be inscribed in a sphere (AI 2014, 2012 C, Delhi 2013, 2012C)
4r 57. The sum of the perimeters of a circle and a square is
of radius r is . Also find maximum volume in
3 k , where k is some constant. Prove that the sum of
terms of volume of the sphere. their areas is least when the side of the square is
(Delhi 2016, AI 2014) equal to the diameter of the circle.
47. If the sum of lengths of hypotenuse and a side of a (Foreign 2014, Delhi 2014C)
right-angled triangle is given, show that area of
triangle is maximum, when the angle between them 58. Show that a cylinder of a given volume which is
open at the top has minimum total surface area when
is . (AI 2016, 2014, 2009) its height is equal to the radius of its base.
3
(Foreign 2011, Delhi 2011C)
48. Find the local maxima and local minima of the
function f x sin x cos x, 0/, x /, 2 . Also find 59. A window is of the form of a semi-circle with a
rectangle on its diameter. The total perimeter of the
the local minimum and local minimum values.
window is 10 m. Find the dimension of the window
(Delhi, 2015) to admit maximum light through the whole opening.
63. Find the area of the greatest rectangle that can be 73. A ladder 13 m long is leaning against a vertical wall.
x2 y2 The bottom of the ladder is dragged away from the
inscribed in an ellipse 2 2 1 . wall along the ground at the rate 2 cm/sec. How fast
a b
is the height on the wall decreasing when the foot of
(AI 2013C)
the ladder is 5 m away from the wall. (AI 2019)
64. Prove that all the rectangle inscribed ina given
circle, the square has the maximum area. 74. Find the intervals in which the function
(Delhi 2013C, 2011) x4
65. Prove that the radius of the right circular cylinder of f x x 3 5 x 2 24 x 12 is.
greatest curved surface area which can be inscribed 4
in a given cone, is half that of the cone. (a) Strictly increasing (b) Strictly decreasing
(AI 2013C, 2012)
66. Show that the right circular cone of least curved (2018)
surface and given volume has an altitude equal to
75. Find the equations of the tangent and the normal to
2 times the radius of the base. the curve 16x 2 9 y 2 145 at the point x1 , y1 ,
(AI 2013 C, 2011)
67. Show that the height of a closed right circular where x1 2 and y1 0 . (2018)
cylinder of given surface and maximum volume, is
equal to the diameter of its base. 76. An open tank with a square base and vertical sides is
to be constructed from a metal sheet so as to hold a
(Delhi 2012)
68. An open box with a square base is to be madeof a given quantity of water. Show that the cost of
material will be least when depth of the tank is half of
given quantity of cardboard of area c 2 square units.
its width. If the cost is to be borne by nearby settled
c3 lower income families, for whom water will be
Show that the maximum volume of the box is
6 3 provided, what kind of value is hidden in this
cubic units. (AI 2012, 2012C) question. (2018)
69. Prove that area of a right-angled triangle of given 77. A tank with rectangular base and rectangular sides,
hypotenuse is maximum when the triangle is open at the top is to constructed so that its depth is 2
isosceles. (Delhi 2012C)
m and volume is 8 m 3 . If building of tank costs ` 70
70. Show that of all the rectangles with a given
per square metre for the base and ` 45 per square
perimeter, the square has the largest area.
metre for the sides, what is the cost of least
(Delhi 2011)
expensive tank. (Delhi 2019)
71. A window has the shape of a rectangle surmounted
by an equilateral triangle. If the perimeter of the 78. Find the maximum value of slope of the curve
window is 12 m, find the dimensions of the y x3 3x 2 12 x 5 . (AI 2020)
rectangle that will produce the largest area of the
window. (AI 2011)
79. Find the points on the curve 9 y 2 x3 , where the
72. The total cost associated with the production of x
units of an items given by normal to the curve makes equal intercepts with both
the axes. Also find the equation of the normal.
C x 0.005 x 0.02 x 30 x 5000 .
3 2
Find the
marginal cost when 3 units are produced, whereby (AI 2020)
marginal cost we mean the instantons rate of change 80. Find the slope of the tangent to the cure
of total cost at any level of output. (2018)
y 2sin 2 3x at x / 6 . (Delhi 2020)
Find Answer Key and Detailed Solutions at the end of this book
APPLICATION OF DERIVATIVES
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LINEAR PROGRAMMING 127
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LINEAR PROGRAMMING
128 LINEAR PROGRAMMING
Chapter at a Glance
A linear programming problem is one that is concerned with finding the optimal value (maximum or minimum) of a
linear function of several variables (called objective function) subject to the conditions that the variables are non-
negative and satisfy a set of linear inequalities (called linear constraints). Variables are sometimes called decision
variables and are non-negative.
A few important linear programming problems are:
(i) Diet problems
(ii) Manufacturing problems
(iii) Transportation problems
The common region determined by all the constraints including the non-negative constraints x 0, y 0 of a linear
programming problem is called the feasible region (or solution region) for the problem.
Points within and on the boundary of the feasible region represent feasible solutions of the constraints.
Any point outside the feasible region is an infeasible solution.
Any point in the feasible region that gives the optimal value (maximum or minimum) of the objective function is called
an optimal solution.
The following Theorems are fundamental in solving linear programming problems:
Theorem 1 Let R be the feasible region (convex polygon) for a linear programming problem and let Z ax by be the
objective function. When Z has an optimal value (maximum or minimum), where the variables x and y are subject to
constraints described by linear inequalities, this optimal value must occur at a corner point (vertex) of the feasible region.
Theorem 2 Let R be the feasible region for a linear programming problem and let Z ax by be the objective function.
If R is bounded, then the objective function Z has both a maximum and a minimum value on R and each of these
occurs at a corner point (vertex) of R.
If the feasible region is unbounded, then a maximum or a minimum may not exist. However, if it exists, it must occur at a
corner point of R.
Corner point method for solving a linear programming problem. The method comprises of the following steps:
(i) Find the feasible region of the linear programming problem and determine its corner points (vertices).
(ii) Evaluate the objective function Z ax by at each corner point. Let M and m respectively be the largest and smallest
values at these points.
(iii) If the feasible region is bounded, M and m respectively are the maximum and minimum values of the objective
function.
If the feasible region is unbounded, then
(i) M is the maximum value of the objective function if the open half plane determined by ax by M has no point in
common with the feasible region. Otherwise, the objective function has no maximum value.
(ii) m is the minimum value of the objective function if the open half plane determined by ax by M has no point in
common with the feasible region. Otherwise, the objective function has no minimum value.
If two corner points of the feasible region are both optimal solutions of the same type, i.e., both produce the same
maximum or minimum, then any point on the line segment joining these two points is also an optimal solution of the
same type.
LINEAR PROGRAMMING 129
Solved Examples
Example–2
Example–1
Solve the following linear programming problem
Solve the following linear programming problem
graphically:
graphically:
Minimize Z 200 x 500 y ... 1
Maximize Z 4 x y ... 1
subject to the constraints:
subject to the constraints:
x 2 y 10 ... 2
x y 50 ... 2
3x 4 y 24 ... 3
3x y 90 ... 3
x 0, y 0 ... 4
x 0, y 0 ... 4
(NCERT)
(NCERT)
Sol. The shaded region in Fig is the feasible region ABC
Sol. The shaded region in Fig is the feasible region
determined by the system of constraints (2) to (4),
determined by the system of constraints (2), (3) and
which is bounded. The coordinates of corner points
(4). We observe that the feasible region OABC is
bounded. So, we now use Corner Point Method to
determine the maximum value of Z.
The coordinates of the corner points O, A, B and C
are (0, 0), (30, 0), (20, 30) and (0, 50) respectively.
Now we evaluate Z at each corner point.
Sol. First of all, let us graph the feasible region of the We now evaluate Z at the corner points.
system of linear inequalities (2) to (5). The feasible
region ABCD is shown in the Fig. Note that the
region is bounded. The coordinates of the corner
points A, B, C and D are (0, 10), (5, 5), (15, 15) and
(0, 20) respectively.
Example–7
Corner Point Z 10500x 9000 y
(Allocation problem) A cooperative society of
farmers has 50 hectare of land to grow two crops X O 0, 0 0
and Y . The profit from crops X and Y per hectare A 40, 0 420000
are estimated as Rs 10,500 and Rs 9,000 respectively.
B 30, 20 495000 Maximum
To control weeds, a liquid herbicide has to be used
for crops X and Y at rates of 20 litres and 10 litres C 0,50 450000
per hectare. Further, no more than 800 litres of Hence, the society will get the maximum profit of Rs
herbicide should be used in order to protect fish and 4,95,000 by allocating 30 hectares for crop X and 20
wildlife using a pond which collects drainage from hectares for crop Y .
this land. How much land should be allocated to each Example–8
crop so as to maximise the total profit of the society.
(Manufacturing problem) A manufacturing company
(NCERT)
makes two models A and B of a product. Each piece
Sol. Let x hectare of land be allocated to crop X and y of Model A requires 9 labour hours for fabricating
hectare to crop Y . Obviously, and 1 labour hour for finishing. Each piece of Model
x 0, y 0. B requires 12 labour hours for fabricating and 3
Profit per hectare on crop X Rs 10500 labour hours for finishing. For fabricating and
Profit per hectare on crop Y Rs 9000 finishing, the maximum labour hours available are
Therefore, total profit = Rs 10500 x 9000 y 180 and 30 respectively. The company makes a profit
of Rs 8000 on each piece of model A and Rs 12000
The mathematical formulation of the problem is as
on each piece of Model B. How many pieces of
follows:
Model A and Model B should be manufactured per
Maximise Z 10500 x 9000 y
week to realise a maximum profit? What is the
subject to the constraints: maximum profit per week?
x y 50 (constraint related to land) ... 1 Sol. Suppose x is the number of pieces of Model A and y
20 x 10 y 800 (constraint related to use of is the number of pieces of Model B. Then
herbicide) Total profit (in Rs) 8000 x 12000 y
i.e., 2 x y 80 ... 2 Let Z 8000 x 12000 y
x 0, y 0 (non negative constraint) ... 3 We now have the following mathematical model for
the given problem.
Let us draw the graph of the system of inequalities
(1), (2) and (3). The feasible region OABC is shown Maximise Z 8000 x 12000 y ... 1
(shaded) in the Fig. Observe that the feasible region is subject to the constraints:
bounded. 9 x 12 180 (Fabricating constraint)
The coordinates of the corner points O, A, B and C i.e. 3x 4 y 60 ... 2
are (0, 0), (40, 0), (30, 20) and (0, 50) respectively.
x 3 y 30 (Finishing constraint) ... 3
Let us evaluate the objective function
Z 10500x 9000 y at these vertices to find which x 0, y 0 (non-negative constraint) ... 4
one gives the maximum profit. The feasible region (shaded) OABC determined by
the linear inequalities (2) to (4) is shown in the Fig.
Note that the feasible region is bounded.
LINEAR PROGRAMMING 133
A 20, 0 160000
C 0,10 120000
We find that maximum value of Z is 1,68,000 at B
(12, 6). Hence, the company should produce 12
pieces of Model A and 6 pieces of Model B to realise
maximum profit and maximum profit then will be Rs
1,68,000. The coordinates of the corner points L, M and N are
Example–9 (2, 72), (15, 20) and (40, 15) respectively. Let us
evaluate Z at these points:
A dietician has to develop a special diet using two Corner Point Z 6x 3 y
foods P and Q . Each packet (containing 30 g) of
2, 72 228
food P contains 12 units of calcium, 4 units of iron,
6 units of cholesterol and 6 units of vitamin A. Each 15, 20 150 Minimum
packet of the same quantity of food Q contains 3 285
40,15
units of calcium, 20 units of iron, 4 units of
From the table, we find that Z is minimum at the
cholesterol and 3 units of vitamin A. The diet
point (15, 20). Hence, the amount of vitamin A under
requires atleast 240 units of calcium, atleast 460 units
the constraints given in the problem will be
of iron and at most 300 units of cholesterol. How
minimum, if 15 packets of food P and 20 packets of
many packets of each food should be used to
food Q are used in the special diet. The minimum
minimise the amount of vitamin A in the diet? What
is the minimum amount of vitamin A? amount of vitamin A will be 150 units.
(NCERT) Example–10
Sol. Let x and y be the number of packets of food P and
A manufacturer has three machines I, II and III
Q respectively. Obviously x 0, y 0.
installed in his factory. Machines I and II are capable
Mathematical formulation of the given problem is as of being operated for at most 12 hours whereas
follows: machine III must be operated for atleast 5 hours a
Minimize Z 6 x 3 y (vitamin A) day. She produces only two items M and N each
subject to the constraints requiring the use of all the three machines. The
12 x 3 y 240 (constraint on calcium), i.e. number of hours required for producing 1 unit of
4 x y 80 ...1 each of M and N on the three machines are given in
the following table:
4 x 20 y 460 (constraint on iron), i.e.
Items Number of hours required on
x 5 y 115 ... 2 machines
6 x 4 y 300 (constraint on cholesterol), i.e. I II III
M 1 2 1
x 0, y 0 ... 4
N 2 1 1.25
Let us graph the inequalities (1) to (4). She makes a profit of Rs 600 and Rs 400 on items M
The feasible region (shaded) determined by the and N respectively. How many of each item should
constraints (1) to (4) is shown in figure and note that she produce so as to maximise her profit assuming
it is bounded. that she can sell all the items that she produced?
What will be the maximum profit?
134 LINEAR PROGRAMMING
Example–13
x 0, y 0 ... 1
A vertex of the linear inequalities 2 x 3 y 6 ,
x y 8 …(2)
x 4 y 4 and x, y 0 , is.
x5 ... 3
(a) 1,0 (b) 1,1
y5 ... 4
12 2 2 12
(c) , (d) ,
and x y 4 ... 5 5 5 5 5
The shaded region ABCDEF represented by the Ans. (c)
constraints (1) to (5) is the feasible region (Fig.). Sol. Solving 2 x 3 y 6 and x 4 y 4, we get
Observe that the feasible region is bounded. The 12 2
x ,y .
coordinates of the corner points of the feasible region 5 5
are (0, 4), (0, 5), (3, 5), (5, 3), (5, 0) and (4, 0).
Let us evaluate Z at these points.
Corner Point Z 10 x 7 y 190
(0, 4) 1620
(0, 5) 1550 Minimum
(3, 5) 1580
(5, 3) 1740
(5, 0) 1950
(4, 0) 1940
From the table, we see that the minimum value of Z 12 2
is 1550 at the point (0, 5). Hence, the optimal Hence a vertex is , .
5 5
transportation strategy will be to deliver 0, 5 and 3
units from the factory at P and 5, 0 and 1 units from
the factory at Q to the depots at A, B and C
136 LINEAR PROGRAMMING
Example–14 Example–17
The necessary condition for third quadrant region in If a point h, k satisfies an inequation ax by 4,
xy-plane, is. then the half plane represented by the inequation is.
(a) x 0, y 0 (b) x 0, y 0 (a) The half plane containing the point h, k but
(c) x 0, y 0 (d) x 0, y 0
excluding the points on ax by 4
Ans. (b)
Sol. In third quadrant, both x and y coordinates are (b) The half plane containing the point h, k and the
negative. points on ax by 4
Example–15 (c) Whole xy-plane
(d) None of these
The region represented by 2 x 3 y 5 0 and Ans. (b)
4 x 3 y 2 0, is.
Sol. Since h, k satisfies an inequation ax by 4 ,
(a) Not in first quadrant
hence it represents the half plane containing the point
(b) Bounded in first quadrant
(c) Unbounded in first quadrant
h, k and the points on ax by 4 .
(d) None of these Example–18
Ans. (b)
Inequation y x 0 represents.
Sol.
(a) The half plane that contains the positive x-axis
(b) Closed half plane above the line y x which
contains positive y-axis
(c) Half plane that contains the negative x-axis
(d) None of these
Ans. (a)
Sol.
Example–16
The region represented by the inequation system
x, y 0, y 6, x y 3 is.
(a) Unbounded in first quadrant Example–19
(b) Unbounded in first and second quadrants
Assertion: The objective function z x1 2 x2
(c) Bounded in first quadrant
(d) None of these subject to x1 x2 1, x1 0, x2 0 has no solution.
Ans. (c) Reason: There is no feasible point that will make
Sol. z x1 2 x2 largest.
(a) Both Assertion and Reason are correct and Reason
is the correct explanation for Assertion.
(b) Both Assertion and Reason are correct but Reason
is not the correct explanation for Assertion.
(c) Assertion is correct but Reason is incorrect.
(d) Assertion is incorrect but Reason is correct.
Ans. (a)
Sol. First we graph the constraints
x1 x2 1, x1 0, x2 0
The shaded portion is the set of feasible solution.
LINEAR PROGRAMMING 137
Based on the above data, answer the following At C 20,80 , Z 1000 20 600 80
questions. 20, 000 48, 000
(i) The maximum value of x y is _____. = ₹ 68,000
(a) 100 (b) 200 or Z is maximum, when x 40, y 160.
(c) 20 (d) 80 or 40 tickets of executive class and 160 tickets of
(ii) The relation between x and y is ____. economy class should be sold to get the maximum
(a) x y (b) y 80 profit of ₹ 1,36,000.
(c) x 4 y (d) y 4 x
138 LINEAR PROGRAMMING
11. The feasible region for a LPP is shown in following 16. A firm has to transport 1200 packages using large vans
figure. Find the minimum value of Z 11x 7 y . which can carry 200 Packages each and small vans
which can take 80 packages each. The cost for engaging
each large van is Rs 400 and each small van is Rs 200.
Not more than Rs 3000 is to be spent on the job and the
number of large vans cannot exceed the number of
small vans. Formulate this problem as a LPP given that
the objective is to minimize cost.
17. A company manufactures two types of screws A and B.
All the screws have to pass through a threading
machine and a slotting machine. A box of type A screws
requires 2 min on the threading machine and 3 min on
the slotting machine. A box of type B screws requires 8
min on the threading machine and 2 min on the slotting
12. The feasible region for a LPP is shown in following machine. In a week, each machine is available for 60 h.
figure. Find the maximum value of Z 11x 7 y . On selling these screws, the company gets a profit of Rs
100 per box on type A screws and Rs 170 per box on
type B screws. Formulate this problem as a LPP given
that the objective is to maximize profit.
18. A company manufactures two types of sweaters type A
and type B. It costs Rs 360 to make a type A sweater and
Rs 120 to make a type B sweater. The company can make
atmost 300 sweaters and spend atmost Rs 72000 a day.
The number of sweaters of type B cannot exceed the
number of sweaters of type A by more than 100. The
company makes a profit of Rs 200 for each sweater of type
13. The feasible region for a LPP is shown in the following A and Rs 120 for every sweater of type B. Formulate this
problem as a LPP to maximize the profit to the company.
figure. Evaluate Z 4 x y at each of the corner points of
19. A man rides his motorcycle at the speed of 50 km/h. He
this region. Find the minimum value of Z , if it exists.
has to spend Rs 2 per km on petrol. If he rides it at a
Section–C (3 Marks Questions) faster speed of 80 km/h, the petrol cost increases to Rs 3
per km. He has almost Rs 120 to spend on petrol and
14. In following figure, the feasible region (shaded) for a one hour's time. He wishes to find the maximum
LPP is shown. Determine The maximum and minimum distance that he can travel. Express this problem as a
value of Z x 2 y . linear programming problem.
20. Solve the following LPP
Maximize Z 5 x 3 y , subject to constraints
3x 5 y 15,5x 2 y 10 and x 0, y 0
21. Solve the following linear programming problem
Minimize Z 200 x 500 y
Subject to the constraints x 2 y 10
3x 4 y 24 and x 0, y 0
22. Solve the following linear programming problem
15. A manufacturer of electronic circuits has a stock of 200 graphically:
resistors, 120 transistors and 150 capacitors and is required Maximize Z 2 x 3 y, Subject to constraints
to produce two types of circuits A and B. Type A requires
4 x 6 y 60 , 2 x y 20 , x 0, y 0 .
20 resistors, 10 transistors and 10 capacitors. Type B
requires 10 resistors, 20 transistors and 30 capacitors. If the 23. Minimize Z 3x 5 y
profit on type A circuit is Rs 50 and that on type B circuit Subject to the constraints
is Rs 60, formulate this problem as a LPP, so that the x 3 y 3 , x y 2 and x 0, y 0 .
manufacturer can maximize his profit.
140 LINEAR PROGRAMMING
24. A human requires definite amount of two type of 27. A dietician wishes to mix two types of foods in such a
vitamin (Vitamin A and Vitamin B) for balanced food. way that vitamin contents of the mixture contain atleast
These vitamins find in two different food product 8 units of vitamin A and 10 units of vitamin C. Food I
F1 and F2 . Vitamin contained in one unit of each contains 2 units/kg of vitamin A and 1 unit/kg of
vitamin C. Food II contains 1 unit/kg of vitamin A and
food product, minimum requirement for balanced food
2 units/kg of vitamin C. It costs Rs. 5 kg to purchase
and prices of per unit food product is given in table.
food ‘I’ and 7/kg to purchase food ‘II’. Formulate this
Food Daily
Vitamin Requirement problem as a LPP to minimize the cost of such a
Product
mixture and solve it graphically.
F1 F2
28. A housewife wishes to mix together two kinds of food,
A 2 4 40
X and Y in such a way that the mixtures contains at
B 3 2 50
least 10 units of vitamin A, 12 units of vitamin B and 8
Price per units (In Rs) 3 2.5
units of vitamin C.
How much unit of both produce is used so that the
The vitamin contents of one kg of food are given below:
minimum requirement for balanced food is fulfilled.
Vitamin Vitamin Vitamin
Section–D (5 Marks Questions) A B C
Food X 1 2 3
25. A firm manufacturing two types of electric items, A and
Food Y 2 2 1
B. Can make a profit of Rs. 20 per unit of A and Rs. 30
per unit of B. Each unit of A requires 3 motors and 2 One kg of food X costs Rs. 6 and one kg of food Y cost
transformers and each unit of B requires 2 motors and 4 Rs. 10. Find the least cost of the mixture which will
transformers. The total supply of these per month is produce the diet.
restricted to 210 motors and 300 transformers. Type B 29. One kind of cake requires 300 kg of flour and 15g of fat
is an expert model requiring a voltage stabilizer which and another kind of cake requires 150 g of flour and 30
has a supply restricted to 65 units per month. Formulate g of fat, find the maximum number of cakes which can
the LPP for maximum profit and solve it graphically. be made from 7.5 kg of flour and 600 g of fat assuming
26. There are two factories located one at place P and the that there is no shortage of the other ingredients used in
other at place Q. From these locations, a certain making the cakes. Formulate the LPP solve the problem
commodity is to be delivered to each of the three depots by graphical method.
situated at A, B and C. The weekly requirements of the 30. A manufacturer produces nuts and bolts. It takes 1 hour
depots are respectively 5, 5 and 4 units of the of work on machine A and 3 hour on machine B to
commodity while the production capacity of the produce a package of nuts, it takes 3 hour of work on
factories of P and Q are respectively 8 and 6 units. The machine A and 1 hour on machine B to produce a
cost of transportation per unit is given below: package of bolts. He earns a profit of Rs. 2.50 per
From Cost (In Rs.) package on nuts and Rs. 1 per package on bolts. How
many packages of each should be produced each day so
To A B C
as to maximize his profit, if he operates his machines
P 16 10 15 for at the most 12 hours a day? Translate this problem
Q 10 12 10 mathematically and then solve it.
How many units should be transported from each
factory to each depot in order that the transportation
cost is minimum. What will be the minimum
transportation cost ?
LINEAR PROGRAMMING 141
(a) half plane that contains the origin (a) At only one point
(b) open half plane not containing the origin (b) At two points only
(c) At an infinite number of points
(c) whole xy-plane except the points lying on the
line 2 x y 5 (d) None of these
(d) None of these 7. If the constraints in a linear programming problem
are changed
(b) x, y : y x
2 (b) A LPP admits unique optimal solution
(c) x, y : 3 x 4 y 5
2 2 (c) If a LPP admits two optimal solution it has an
infinite number of optimal solutions
(d) x, y : y 2, y 4
(d) The set of all feasible solutions of a LPP is not a
4. Let X 1 and X 2 are optimal solutions of a LPP, then converse set
11. The value of objective function is maximum under 17. The position of points O 0, 0 and P 2, 2 in the
linear constraints
region of graph of inequation 2 x 3 y 5, will be
(a) at the centre of feasible region
(a) O inside and P outside
(b) at (0, 0)
(b) O and P both inside
(c) at any vertex of feasible region
(c) O and P both outside
(d) the vertex which is maximum distance from (0, 0)
(d) O outside and P inside
12. The corner points of the feasible region determined
by the following system of linear inequalities: 18. A firm produces two types of products A and B. The
profit on both is Rs. 2 per item. Every product
2 x y 10, x 3 y 15, x, y 0 are requires processing on machines M1 and M 2 . For
A, machines M1 and M 2 takes 1 minute and 2
0, 0 , 5, 0 , 3, 4 and 0,5 .
minutes respectively and for B, machines M1 and
Let Z px qy, where p, q 0 .
M 2 takes the time 1 minute each. The machines
Condition on p and q so that the maximum of Z M1 , M 2 are not available more than 8 hours and 10
occurs at both 3, 4 and 0,5 is hours, any of day, respectively. If the products made
x of A and y of B, then the objective function is.
(a) p q (b) p 2q
(a) 2x y (b) x 2 y
(c) p 3q (d) q 3 p
(c) 2 x 2 y (d) 8 x 10 y
13. Which of the following is not a vertex of the positive
region bounded by the inequalities 2 x 3 y 6 , 19. In a test of Mathematics, there are two types of
5x 3 y 15 and x, y 0 questions to be answered–short answered and long
(a) 0,2 (b) 0,0 answered. The relevant data is given below
(c) 3,0 (d) None of these Type of ques. Time taken Marks No. of
14. For the constraints of a L.P. problem given by to solve ques
x1 2 x2 2000, x1 x2 1500, x2 600, and
Short 5 minutes 3 10
x1 , x2 0, which one of the following points does
answered
not lie in the positive bounded region
(a) 1000, 0 (b) 0, 500 Long 10 minutes 5 14
answered
(c) 2, 0 (d) 2000, 0
15. The solution of set of constraints The total marks is 100. Students can solve all the
questions. To secure maximum marks, a student
x 2 y 11,3x 4 y 30, 2 x 5 y 30, x 0, y 0 solves x short answered and y long answered
includes the point questions in three hours, then the linear constraints
(a) 2,3 (b) 3,2 except x 0, y 0, are
16. The graph of x 2 and y 2 will be situated in the. (b) x 10 y 180, x 10, y 14
20. In a test of Mathematics, there are two types of Section–B (Case Study Questions)
questions to be answered–short answered and long
Case Study–1
answered. The relevant data is given below
23. Deepa rides her car at 25 km/hr. she has to spend ₹2
Type of ques. Time taken Marks No. of per km on diesel and if she rides it at a faster speed of
to solve ques 40 km/hr, the diesel cost increases to ₹5 per km. She
has ₹100 to spend on diesel. Let she travels x kms
Short answered 5 minutes 3 10 with speed 25 km/hr and y kms with speed 40 km/hr.
The feasible region for the LPP is shown below:
Long answered 10 minutes 5 14
(a) 10 x 14 y (b) 5 x 10 y
(c) 3x 5 y (d) 5 y 3x
Section–C (Assertion & Reason Type Questions) 29. Assertion: A dealer wishes to purchase a number of
fans and sewing machines. He has only Rs. 5760.00
26. Assertion: The maximum value of Z 5 x 2 y to invest and has space for at most 20 items. A fan
subjected to the constraints costs him Rs. 360.00 and a sewing machine Rs.
x y 2,3x 3 y 12; x, y 0 can’t be determined. 240.00. His expectation is that he can sell a fan at a
Reason: There is no common region in the graph of profit of Rs. 22.00 and a sewing machine at a profit
constraints x y 2,3x 3 y 12; x, y 0 . Rs. 18.00. Assuming that he can sell all the items
that he can buy, the maximum profit he can make is
(a) Assertion is correct, reason is correct; reason is a Rs. 360.
correct explanation for assertion.
Reason: The total profit is Z 22 x 18 y .
(b) Assertion is correct, reason is correct; reason is
not a correct explanation for assertion (a) Assertion is correct, reason is correct; reason is a
correct explanation for assertion.
(c) Assertion is correct, reason is incorrect
(b) Assertion is correct, reason is correct; reason is
(d) Assertion is incorrect, reason is correct.
not a correct explanation for assertion
27. Assertion: The coordinates of the point at which the
(c) Assertion is correct, reason is incorrect
Maximum value of z 0.25 x1 0.45 x2 subjected to
(d) Assertion is incorrect, reason is correct.
the constraints x1 2 x2 300, 3x1 2 x2 480
30. Assertion: m is the minimum value of Z , If the
x1 0, x2 0 is attained is 90,105 . open half of plane determined by ax by m has
Reason: Let R be the feasible region for a linear no point in common with the feasible region.
programming problem and Z ax by be the Reason: In every LPP, we set up the non-negative
objective function, if R is bounded, then the condition to the decision variables.
objective function Z has no solution. (a) Assertion is correct, reason is correct; reason is a
(a) Assertion is correct, reason is correct; reason is a correct explanation for assertion.
correct explanation for assertion. (b) Assertion is correct, reason is correct; reason is
(b) Assertion is correct, reason is correct; reason is not a correct explanation for assertion
not a correct explanation for assertion (c) Assertion is correct, reason is incorrect
(c) Assertion is correct, reason is incorrect (d) Assertion is incorrect, reason is correct.
(d) Assertion is incorrect, reason is correct.
28. Assertion: The objective function Z 20 x 10 y
Subject to x 2 y 40, 3x y 30,
4 x 3 y 60 and x, y 0 has minimum value 240
at point 6,12 .
Reason: The linear inequalities or equation or
restrictions on the variables of a linear programming
problem is called objective function.
(a) Assertion is correct, reason is correct; reason is a
correct explanation for assertion.
(b) Assertion is correct, reason is correct; reason is
not a correct explanation for assertion
(c) Assertion is correct, reason is incorrect
(d) Assertion is incorrect, reason is correct.
146 LINEAR PROGRAMMING
9. A dealer in rural area wishes to purchase a number what is the maximum distance he can travel within
of sewing machines. He has only Rs 5760 to invest one hour. Express this problem as an LPP. Solve it
and has space for at most 20 items for storage. An graphically to find the distance to be covered with
electronic sewing machine costs him Rs 360 and a different speeds. What value is indicated in this
manually operated sewing machine Rs 240. He can question.
sell an electronic sewing machine at a profit of Rs
(Delhi 2014C, 2013C)
22 and a manually operated sewing machine at a
profit of Rs 18. Assuming that he can sell all the 13. A cooperative society of farmers has 50 hectares of
items that he can buy, how should he invest his land to grow two crops A and B. The profits from
money in order to maximise his profit ? Make it as crops A and B per hectare are estimated as Rs 10,500
an LPP and solve graphically. and Rs 9,000 respectively. To control weeds a liquid
herbicide has to be used for crops A and B at the rate
(Delhi 2014C, AI 2007)
of 20 litres and 10 litres per hectare, respectively.
10. A manufacturing company makes two types of Further not more than 800 litres of herbicide should
teaching aids A and B of Mathematics for class XII. be used in order to protect fish and wildlife using a
Each type of A requires 9 labour hours of fabricating pond which collects drainage from this land. Keeping
and 1 labour hour for finishing. Each type of B in mind that the protection of fish and other wildlife is
requires 12 labour hours for fabricating and 3 labour more important than earning profit, how much land
hours for finishing. For fabricating and finishing, the should be allocated to each crop so as to maximise the
maximum labour hours available per week are 180 total profit? Form an LPP from the above information
and 30 respectively. The company makes a profit of and solve it graphically. Do you agree with the
` 80 on each piece of type A and ` 120 on each piece message that the protection of wildlife is utmost
of type B. How many pieces of type A and type B necessary to preserve the balance in environment.
should be manufactured per week to get a maximum
(Delhi 2013)
profit? Make it as an LPP and solve graphically.
What is the maximum profit per week. 14. A manufacturer considers that men and women
workers are equally efficient and so he pays them at the
(AI 2014)
same rate. He has 30 and 17 units of workers (male and
11. A cottage industry manufactures pedestal lamps and female) and capital respectively; which he uses to
wooden shades, each requiring the use of a produce two types of goods A and B. To produce one
grinding/cutting machine and a sprayer. It takes 2 unit of A, 2 workers and 3 units of capital are required
hours on grinding/cutting machine and 3 hours on while 3 workers and 1 unit of capital is required to
the sprayer to manufacture a pedestal lamp. It takes produce one unit of B. If A and B are priced at Rs 100
1 hour on the grinding/ cutting machine and 2 hours and Rs 120 per unit respectively, how should he use his
on the sprayer to manufacture a shade. On any day, resources to maximise the total revenue? Form the
the sprayer is available for at the most 20 hours and above as an LPP and solve graphically. Do you agree
the grinding/cutting machine for at the most 12 with this view of the manufacturer that men and
hours. The profit from the sale of a lamp is Rs 25 women workers are equally efficient and so should be
and that from a shade is Rs 15. Assuming that the paid at the same rate.
manufacturer can sell all the lamps and shades that
(AI 2013)
he produces, how should he schedule his daily
production in order to maximise his profit ? 15. A dietician wishes to mix two types of foods in such
Formulate an LPP and solve it graphically. a way that the vitamin contents of the mixture
contains at least 8 units of vitamin A and 10 units of
(Foreign 2014)
vitamin C. Food I contains 2 units/kg of vitamin A
12. If a young man rides his motorcycle at 25 km per and 1 unit/kg of vitamin C while food II contains 1
hour, he had to spend Rs 2 per km on petrol with unit/kg of vitamin A and 2 units/kg of vitamin C. It
very little pollution in the air. If he rides it at a faster costs Rs 5 per kg to purchase food I and Rs 7 per kg
speed of 40 km per hour, the petrol cost increases to to purchase food II. Determine the minimum cost of
Rs 5 per km and rate of pollution also increases. He such a mixture. Formulate the above as an LPP and
has Rs 100 to spend on petrol and wishes to find solve it graphically. (AI 2012)
148 LINEAR PROGRAMMING
16. A decorative item dealer deals in two items A and B. problem and find graphically the minimum cost for
He has Rs 15,000 to invest and a space to store at diet that consists of mixture of these foods and also
the most 80 pieces. Item A costs him Rs 300 and meets the minimal nutritional requirements.
item B costs him Rs 150. He can sell items A and B
(Delhi 2009)
at respective profits of Rs 50 and Rs 28. Assuming
he can sell all he buys, formulate the linear 21. A manufacturer has employed 5 skilled men and 10
programming problem in order to maximise his semi-skilled men and makes two models A and B of
profit and solve it graphically. (Delhi 2012C) an article. The making of one item of model A
requires 2 hours work by a skilled man and 2 hours
17. A factory makes tennis rackets and cricket bats. A
work by a semi-skilled man. One item of model B
tennis racket takes 1.5 hours of machine time and 3
requires 1 hour by a skilled man and 3 hours by a
hours of craftsman’s time in its making while a
semi-skilled man. No man is expected to work more
cricket bat takes 3 hours of machine time and 1 hour
than 8 hours per day. The manufacturer's profit on
of craftsman’s time. In a day, the factory has the
an item of model A is Rs.15 and on an item of
availability of not more than 42 hours of machine
model B is Rs.10. How many of items of each model
time and 24 hours of craftsman’s time. If the profit
should be made per day in order to maximize daily
on a racket and on a bat are Rs 20 and Rs 10
profit? Formulate the above LPP and solve it
respectively, then find the number of tennis rackets
graphically and find the maximum profit.
and cricket bats that the factory must manufacture to
(Delhi 2019)
earn maximum profit. Form it as an LPP and solve it
graphically. (Delhi 2011) 22. A dietician wishes to mix two types of food in such
a way that the vitamin contents of the mixture
18. A merchant plans to sell two types of personal
contains at least 8 units of vitamin A and 10 units of
computers - a desktop model and a portable model
vitamin C. Food I contains 2 units/kg of vitamin A
that will cost Rs 25,000 and Rs 40,000 respectively.
and 1 unit/kg of vitamin C. It costs Rs.50 per kg to
He estimates that the total monthly demand of
produce food 1. Food II contains I unit/kg of vitamin
computers will not exceed 250 units. Determine the
A and 2 units/kg of vitamin C and it costs Rs.70 per
number of units of each type of computers which the
kg to produce food II. Formulate this problem as a
merchant should stock to get maximum profit, if he
LPP to minimize the cost of a mixture that will
does not want to invest more than Rs 70 lakhs and
produce the required diet. Also find the minimum
his profit on the desktop model is Rs 4500 and on
cost. (AI 2019)
the portable model is Rs 5,000. Form it as an LPP
and solve it graphically. (AI 2011) 23. A factory manufactures two types of screws A and
B, each type requiring the use of two machines, an
19. A library has to accommodate two different types of
automatic and a hand-operated. It takes 4 minutes on
books on a shelf. The books are 6 cm and 4 cm thick
the automatic and 6 minutes on the hand-operated
1
and weigh 1 kg and 1 kg each respectively. The machines to manufacture a packet of screws 'A'
2 while it takes 6 minutes on the automatic and 3
shelf is 96 cm long and at most can support a weight minutes on the hand-operated machine to
of 21 kg. How should the shelf be filled with the manufacture a packet of screws ‘B’. Each machine
books of two types in order to include the greatest is available for at most 4 hours on any day. The
number of books ? Form it as an LPP and solve it manufacturer can sell a packet of screws 'A' at a
graphically. (AI 2010C) profit of Rs 7 and screws 'B' at a profit of Rs.10.
20. A diet is to contain at least 80 units of vitamin A and Assuming that he can sell all the screws be
100 units of minerals. Two foods F1 and F2 are manufactures, how many packets of each type
should the factory owner produce in a day in order
available. Food F1 costs Rs 4 per unit and F2 costs
to maximize his profit? Also, find the maximum
Rs 6 per unit. One unit of food F1 contains 3 units profit. (Delhi 2018)
of vitamin A and 4 units of minerals. One unit of
food F2 contains 6 units of vitamin A and 3 units of
minerals. Formulate this as a linear programming
LINEAR PROGRAMMING 149
24. A company manufactures two types of novelty 25. Solve the following LPP graphically:
souvenirs made of plywood. Souvenirs of type A
Minimize z 5x 7 y
requires 5 minutes each for cutting and 10 minutes
each for assembling. Souvenirs of type B require 8 Subject to the constraints
minutes each for cutting and and 8 minutes each for
assembling. Given that total time for cutting is 3 2x y 8
hours 20 minutes and for assembling 4 hours. The
x 2 y 10
profit for type A souvenir is Rs.100 each and for
type B souvenir, profit is Rs.120 each. How many x, y 0
souvenirs of each type should the company
manufacture in order to maximize the profit? (Delhi 2019)
Formulate the problem as an LPP and solve it
graphically. (AI 2020, Delhi 2020)
Find Answer Key and Detailed Solutions at the end of this book
LINEAR PROGRAMMING
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150 INTEGRALS
08
INTEGRALS
INTEGRALS 151
Chapter at a Glance
Integration is the inverse process of differentiation.
d
Let F x f x . Then, we write f x dx F x C.
dx
These integrals are called indefinite integrals or general integrals, C is called constant of integration. All these integrals
differ by a constant.
From the geometric point of view, an indefinite integral is collection of family of curves, each of which is obtained by
translating one of the curves parallel to itself upwards or downwards along the y -axis.
Some properties of indefinite integrals are as follows:
(i) f x g x dx f x dx g x dx
(ii) For any real number k , k f x dx k f x dx
dx
Particularly, dx x C (xi) cot 1 x C
1 x2
(ii) cos x dx sin x C x x
(xii) e dx e C
(iii) sin xdx cos x C
x ax
(xiii) a dx C
(iv) sec 2 x dx tan x C log a
px q A B
,a b
x a x b x a x b
px q A B
2
x a x a x a 2
px2 qx r A B C
x a x b x c x a x b x c
px 2 qx r A B C
2
x a x b x a x a 2 x c
px 2 qx r A Bx c
2 , where x bx c cannot be factorized further.
x a x 2
bx c x a x bx c
Integration by substitution: A change in the variable of integration often reduces an integral to one of the fundamental
integrals. The method in which we change the variable to some other variable is called the method of substitution. When the
integrand involves some trigonometric functions, we use some well known identities to find the integrals. Using substitution
technique, we obtain the following standard integrals.
(i) tan xdx log sec x C
(ii) cot x dx log sin x C
dx
(iv) log x x 2 a2 C
2 2
x a
dx x
(v) sin 1 C
a2 x2 a
dx
(vi) log x x2 a2 C
2 2
x a
Integration by parts
d
For given functions f1 and f 2 , we have f1 x . f 2 x dx f1 x f 2 x dx dx f1 x . f2 x dx dx,
i.e., the integral of the product of two functions = first function integral of the second function - integral of {differential
coefficient of the first function integral of the second function}.
Care must be taken in choosing the first function and the second function.
Obviously, we must take that function as the second function whose integral is well known to us.
One of the applications of the integration by parts is as follows:
x x
e f x f ' x dx e f x dx C
INTEGRALS 153
2 2
2
x a
(ii) x 2 a 2 dx 2
x a
2
log x
2
x a
2
C
2 2
2
2 2 x 2 2 a 1 x
(iii) a x dx x a sin C
2 2 a
dx dx
(iv) Integrals of the types ax 2 bx c or can be transformed into standard form by expressing
2
ax bx c
2
b c b c b2
ax 2 bc c a x 2 x a x
a a 2a a 4a 2
px q dx px q dx
(v) Integrals of the types ax 2 bx c or can be transformed into standard form by expressing
ax 2 bx c
d
px q A
dx
ax 2 bx c B A 2ax b B, where A and B are determined by comparing coefficients on both sides.
b
We have defined a f x dx as the area of the region bounded by the curve y f x , a x b, the x -axis and the
b
ordinates x a and x b. Let x be a given point in a, b . Then a f x dx represents the Area function A x . This
concept of area function leads to the Fundamental Theorems of Integral Calculus.
First fundamental theorem of integral calculus
x
Let the area function be defined by A x f x dx for all x a, where the function f is assumed to be continuous on
a
This is called the definite integral of f over the range a, b , where a and b are called the limits of integration, a being
the lower limit and b the upper limit.
154 INTEGRALS
Solved Examples
Example–1 1
1 2 1
Find the following integrals (iii) Derivative of x is
x .
2 2 x
(i) sin x cos x dx Thus, we use the substitution
(ii) cos ecx cos ecx cot x dx x t so that
1
dx dt
1 sin x 2 x
(iii) dx (NCERT) giving dx 2t dt .
cos 2 x
Sol. (i) We have tan 4 x sec 2 x
Thus, dx
sin x cos x dx sin x dx cos x dx x
cos x sin x C 2t tan 4 t sec 2 t dt
2 tan 4 t sec2 t dt
(ii) We have t
Again, we make another substitution tan t u so that
cosec x cosec x cot x dx
sec2 dt dt du
cosec 2 x dx cosec x cot x dx
u5
cot x cos ecx C Therefore, 2 tan 4 t sec 2 t dt 2 u 4 du 2 C
(iii) We have 5
1 sin x 1 sin x 2 5
tan t C since u tan t
cos2 x dx cos2 xdx cos2 xdx 5
2
sec 2 x dx tan x sec x dx tan5 x C since t x
5
tan x sec x C .
tan 4 x sec 2 x 2
Example–2 Hence, dx tan 5 x C .
x 5
Integrate the following functions w.r.t. x:
Alternatively, make the substitution
(i) sin mx
(ii) 2 x sin x 2 1 tan x t
(iii)
tan 4 x sec 2 x
(iv)
sin tan 1
x (iv) Derivative of tan 1 x
1
. Thus, we use the
x 1 x2 1 x2
substitution
(NCERT)
dx
Sol. tan 1 x t so that dt
(i) We know that derivative of mx is m . Thus, we 1 x2
make the substitution mx t so that mdx dt Therefore,
Therefore,
sin tan 1 x dx
1 1 x 2 sin t dt
sin mx dx m sin t dt
1
cos t C cos tan 1 x C
cos t C Example–3
m
1 Find the following integrals
cos mx C sin x
3
m (i) sin x cos 2 x dx (ii) sin x a dx
(ii) Derivative of x 2 1 is 2x . Thus, we use the
1
substitution x 2 1 t so that 2x dx dt . (iii) 1 tan xdx
Therefore,
Sol. We have
2
2 x sin x 1 dx sin t dt 3 2 2 2
sin x cos x dx sin x cos x sin x dx
cos t C cos x 2 1 C 1 cos2 x cos 2 x sin x dx
INTEGRALS 155
sin x 1
sin 5 x dx sin x dx
sin x a dx 2
Hence,
1 1
x cos a sin a log sin x a C , cos 5 x cos x C
2 5
where, C C1 sin a a cos a, is another arbitrary
1 1
constant. cos 5 x cos x C
10 2
dx cos x dx
(iii) 1 tan x cos x sin x (iii) From the identity sin 3 x 3sin x 4 sin 3 x,
3sin x sin 3x
1 cos x sin x cos x sin x dx we find that sin 3 x
4
2 cos x sin x
3 1
1 1 cos x sin x Therefore, sin3 x dx sin x dx sin 3 x dx
dx dx 4 4
2 2 cos x sin x
3 1
x C 1 cos x sin x cos x cos 3 x C .
1 dx …(1) 4 12
2 2 2 cos x sin x
cos x sin x Example–5
Now, consider I dx
cos x sin x dx dx
Put cos x sin x t so that Find: (i) x 2 16 (ii) (NCERT)
2 x x2
cos x sin x dx dt Sol.
Therefore dx dx 1 x4
dt
I log t C2 log cos x sin x C2
(i) x2 16 x2 42 log
8 x4
C
t
dx dx
Putting it in (1), we get (ii)
2 2
dx x C 1 C 2x x 1 x 1
1 tan x 2 21 2 log cos x sin x 22 Put x 1 t . Then dx dt .
x 1 C C dx dt
log cos x sin x 1 2 Thus, sin 1 t C
2 2 2 2 2x x 2
1 t 2
x 1 C C
log cos x sin x C , C 1 2 sin 1 x 1 C .
2 2 2 2
156 INTEGRALS
1 t 1 x3 1 1 2x
tan 1 C tan 1 C log x x 2 C .
2 2 2 2 5 5 5
(ii) We write the denominator of the integrand,
Example–7
13x 10
3x 2 13 x 10 3 x 2 Find the following integrals
3 3 x2
2 2
(i) 2 dx
13 17 2x 6x 5
3 x (Completing the square)
6 6 x3
(ii) dx (NCERT)
dx 1 dx 5 4 x x2
Thus 3x 2 13x 10 3 2
13 17
2 Sol.
x (i) We express
6 6
d
Put x
13
t . Then dx dt .
x2 A
dx
2 x2 6 x 5 B
6
A 4 x 6 B
dx 1 dt
Therefore, 2 2 Equating the coefficients of x and the constant terms
3x 13x 10 3 17
t2 from both sides, we get
6
1 1
17 4 A 1 and 6 A B 2 or A and B .
t 4 2
1 6 C
log 1 x2
17 17 Therefore, 2 dx
3 2 t 2x 6x 5
6 6
1 4x 6 1 dx
13 17 2 dx 2
x 4 2x 6x 5 2 2x 6x 5
1 6 6 C
log 1 1 1
17 13 17 I1 I 2 (say) …. (1)
x 4 2
6 6
1 6x 4 In I1 , put 2 x 2 6 x 5 t , so that
log C1
17 6 x 30 4 x 6 dx dt
1 3x 2 1 1 dt
log C1 log Therefore, I1 log t C1
17 x5 17 3 t
1 3x 2 1 1 log 2 x 2 6 x 5 C1 …. (2)
log C , where C C1 log
17 x5 17 3
INTEGRALS 157
dx 1 dx dt t
and I 2 2
Therefore, I 2 sin 1 C2
2x 6x 5 2 5 2 3
2
x 2 3x 3 t
2
x2
1 dx sin 1 C2 …. (3)
3
2 2
3 1
2
Substituting (2) and (3) in (1), we obtain
x
2 2 x3
3 5 4 x x 2 dx
Put x t , so that dx dt , we get
2 x2
1 dt 1 5 4 x x 2 sin 1 C,
I2 tan 1 2t C2 3
2 2 1 2 2 1 C
t 2 where C C2 1 .
2 2
3 Example–8
tan 1 2 x C2 tan 1 2 x 3 C2
2 x2 1
Using (2) and (3) in (1), we get
Find x2 5 x 6 dx (NCERT)
x2 x2 1
2 x 2 6 x 5 dx Sol. Here the integrand is not proper rational
x2 5x 6
1 1
log 2 x 2 6 x 5 tan 1 2 x 3 C function, so we divide x 2 1 by x 2 5 x 6 and
4 2
find that
C1 C2
Where, C x2 1 5x 5 5x 5
4 2 1 2 1
(ii) Let us express x2 5x 6 x 5x 6 x 2 x 3
d 5x 5 A B
x3 A
dx
5 4x x2 B Let
x 2 x 3 x 2 x 3
A 4 2 x B So that 5 x 5 A x 3 B x 2
Equating the coefficients of x and the constant terms Equating the coefficients of x and constant terms on
from both sides, we get both sides, we get A B 5 and 3 A 2 B 5 .
1 Solving these equations, we get A 5 and B 10
2 A 1 and 4 A B 3, i.e., A and B 1
2
x2 1 5 10
Therefore, Thus, 2
1
x 5x 6 x2 x3
x3
5 4 x x 2 dx Therefore,
x2 1 1 dx
1 4 2 x dx dx x 2 5x 6dx dx 5 x 2dx 10 x 3
2 5 4x x 2
5 4 x x2 x 5log x 2 10log x 3 C
1
I1 I 2 …. (1) Example–9
2
3x 2
In I1 , put 5 4 x x 2 t , so that 4 2x dx dt Find x 12 x 3 dx (NCERT)
Therefore, I1
4 2 x dx
dt
2 t C1 Sol. We write
2 t
5 4x x 3x 2 A B C
2
2 5 4x x C1 2
…. (2) x 1 x 3 x 1 x 12 x 3
Therefore, a 1, r e n , we have
2n
3x 2
x 12 x 3 dx 2 x 1 e n 1 1 e2 1
e dx 2 lim [ 2 ] 2 lim
0 n n n n 2
11 dx 5 dx 11 dx
n
e 1 e n 1
4 x 1 2 x 12 4 x 3
2 e2 1
eh 1
e2 1 using lim 1
11 5 11 2 h0 h
log x 1 log x 3 C e n 1
4 2 x 1 4 lim 2
n 2
11 x 1 5
log C . n
4 x 3 2 x 1
Example–12
Example–10 1 4
Evaluate 1 5x x5 1dx . (NCERT)
2
x
Find dx (NCERT)
Put t x 5 1, then dt 5 x 4 dx .
x 2
1 x2 4 Sol.
Therefore,
x2 3 3
Sol. Consider and put x 2 y . 2 2 2 5
x 2
1 x 4 2
4 5
5x x 1dx tdt 3
t x 1
3
2
1
x2 y 1 2
3
Then
x 2
1 x2 4 y 1 y 4 Hence, 1 5x
4
3
x 1dx x5 1 2
5
1
y A B 3
Write 2 5 3
y 1 y 4 y 1 y 4
1 1
3
2
5
1 1 2
So that y A y 4 B y 1
3 3
Comparing coefficients of y and constant terms on 2 2
2 0 2
3
both sides, we get A B 1 and 4 A B 0, which
give 2 4 2
1 4
3
2 2
3
A and B
3 3 Example–13
x2 1 4 1 tan 1 x
Thus, Evaluate dx .
x 2
1 x 4 2
2
3 x 1 3 x 2
4 0 1 x 2 (NCERT)
Therefore, 1
Sol. Let t tan 1 x, then dt dx .
1 x2
x 2 dx 1 dx 4 dx
3 x2 1 3 x2 4
The new limits are, when x 0, t 0 and when
x 2
1 x 4 2
x 1, t .
1 4 1 x 4
tan 1 x tan 1 C
3 3 2 2
Thus, as x varies from 0 to 1, t varies from 0 to .
1 2 x 4
tan 1 x tan 1 C
3 3 2 Therefore,
INTEGRALS 159
Example–16
1 tan 1x t2 4 1
0 t dt 4 t dt
0 2
1 x2 0
Find
x 4
x 4
dx .
x5
(NCERT)
1 2 2
0 Sol. We have
2 16 32
1 1
Example–14 1 4
2
x 4
x 4
dx
(1 )
x3 dx
Evaluate 1 x3 x dx . (NCERT) x 5
x4
Sol. We note that x3 x 0 on 1, 0 and x3 x 0 on 1 3
Put 1 3
1 x 3 t , so that 4 dx dt
x x
0,1 and that x3 x 0 on 1, 2 .
Therefore,
2 0 1
So,
1
x3 x dx
1
x 3
0
x dx x3 x dx x 4
x
1
4
1 4
1
dx t dt
3
0 1 2
1
x 3
x dx x x3 dx
0
1
x 3
x dx x5
5
0
x 4 x2 x 2 x 4 x 4 x 2
1 2 1 4
t4 C .
3 5
4 2 1 2 4 0 4 2 1
5
1 1 1 1 1 1 4 1 4
4 2 1 3 C
15 x
4 2 2 4 4 2
1 1 1 1 1 1 Example–17
2 x
4 2 2 4 4 2 Given 2 dx f x C , then f x is :
3 3 11 (a) 2x (b) 2 x loge 2
2
2 4 4
Example–15 2x 2x 1
(c) (d)
3 log e 2 x 1
Evaluate 21 x sin x dx . Ans. (c)
(NCERT) d 2x 1
Sol. As 2 x log e 2 2 x
Sol. Here dx log e 2 log e 2
x sin x for 1 x 1
x 2x
f x x sin x 3 2 dx C
x sin x for 1 x 2 log e 2
Therefore 2x
f x
3
1
3 log e 2
2 x sin x dx x sin x dx 2 x sin x dx
1 1 1
1
3 Example–18
x sin x dx x sin xdx 2
If sec 2 7 4 x dx a tan 7 4 x C , then the
1 1
Integrating both integrals on right hand side, we get value of a is:
3 1
x cos x sin x (a) 7 (b) –4
2 x sin x dx
1 2 1 (c) 3 (d)
1
3 4
x cos x sin x 2 Ans. (d)
2 1 2
Sol. sec 7 4x dx
2 1 1
2 tan 7 4 x
C
4
3 1 1
. tan 7 4 x C
2 4
160 INTEGRALS
Example–19 Example–21
2
x 1 x x
e dx is equal to : Evaluate: 1 sin dx
1 x2 4
ex x x
(a) C (a) sin cos C
1 x2 4 4
ex x x
(b) C (b) 8 sin cos C
8 8
1 x2
x x
ex (c) 8 cos sin C
(c) C 8 8
2 2
1 x x x
(d) cos sin C
ex 8 8
(d) C
1 x 2 Ans. (b)
Ans. (a) x
Sol. 1 sin dx
2 4
x 1 x
Sol. e 1 x2 dx cos 2
x x x x
sin 2 2 sin cos dx
8 8 8 8
2
2
1 x 2x x x x x
ex 2
dx cos sin dx cos sin dx
1 x2
8 8 8 8
x x x x
8sin 8 cos C 8 sin cos C
1 2x 8 8 8 8
ex 2
2
dx
Example–22
1 x
1 x2
1
1
Evaluate: 3 x 2 1 dx
ex C.
1 x2
x x (a) tan 1 x C (b) tan 1 3x C
[using e f x f ' x dx e f x C ]
(c) sec1 3x 1 C (d) tan 1 3 x C
Example–20 Ans. (d)
sin x 6 1 x
1 3 1
cos8 x dx is equal to : Sol. 3 x 2 1 dx tan tan 3 x C
1
tan 7 x tan3 x Example–23
(a) C (b) C
7 3 Assertion: Geometrically, derivative of a function is
the slope of the tangent to the corresponding curve at
cos3 x 2 cos3 x
(c) C (d) C a point.
3 3
Reason: Geometrically, indefinite integral of a
Ans. (a)
function represents a family of curves parallel to each
sin 6 x other.
Sol. Let I dx
cos8 x (a) Assertion is correct, reason is correct; reason is a
I tan 6 x sec 2 x dx correct explanation for assertion.
(b) Assertion is correct, reason is correct; reason is
Let tan x t
not a correct explanation for assertion
sec2 x dx dt (c) Assertion is correct, reason is incorrect
I t 6 dt (d) Assertion is incorrect, reason is correct.
Ans. (b)
t2 tan 7 x Sol. The derivative of a function has a geometrical
C C
7 7 meaning, namely, the slope of the tangent to the
corresponding curve at a point.
INTEGRALS 161
(v) (b)
sin x cos x
2 2 dx
2 Let, I 4 log(1 tan x)dx …..(1)
0 0
1 sin x .cos x
2 2
4 log 1 tan x dx
cos x sin x 0
4
I 2 dx ……(2)
01 cos x.sin x
1 tan x 2
Adding (1) and (2), we get I 4 log 1 dx 04 log dx
0 1 tan x 1 tan x
sin x cos x cos x sin x
2I 2 dx
0 1 sin x.cos x 1 cos x.sin x
4 log 2 log(1 tan x) dx …..(2)
0
2I 0 I 0 Adding (1) and (2), we get
(iv) (a)
/4
Now, g x log 1 tan x 2 I log 2. x 0 log 2
4 4 4
1 tan x I log 2
g x log 1 8
4 1 tan x
1 tan x 1 tan x 2
log log
1 tan x 1 tan x
log 2 log(1 tan x) log 2 g ( x)
INTEGRALS 163
0
1 tan x respect to x .
11. Write the value of 1 tan x dx . 5x 3
29. Integrate the function with respect to x
2
4 x 4 x 10
12. Find log x dx.
30. Integrate the function
x3 sin tan 1 x 4 with respect to
a 1 1 x 8
13. If 0 2
dx , then find the value of a.
4 x 8 x.
Section–C (3 Marks Questions)
1 x
14. Evaluate 1 e dx.
/2
15. Evaluate 0 cos 2 x dx.
sec2 x
16. Find the integral of with respect to x .
tan 2 x 4
17. Integrate e x sin x with respect to x .
1
18. Integrate with respect to x
1 cot x
164 INTEGRALS
dx
14. The value of x2 4 x 8 is cos x cos3 x dx is equal to:
20. 2
2
x 21 1 x2
(a) tan C (b) tan 1 C 4 1
2 2 2 (a) (b)
3 3
x 4 x3 1 8
(c) C (d) x 2 x C (c) (d)
4 3 6 5
dx
15. The value of 5 8x x2 is equal to: cos x dx is:
21. The value of 0
x4 (a) – 2 (b)
(a) log C
x4
(c) (d) 2
2
1 x4
(b) log C 3
2 21 x4 22. The value of sin x cos 2 x dx is ______
1 21 x 4 (a) – 1 (b) 0
(c) log C
2 21 21 x 4 5 5
(c) (d)
(d) none of these 6 3
1
Evaluate:
dx 23. The value of 1 x x dx is:
16. 2
3 2x x
(a) 0 (b)
x 1 2
(a) sin 1 C
2 1
(c) 2 (d)
x 2
(b) sin 1 C
2
x 11
24. Evaluate: 02 log tan x dx
(c) tan C 1
2 (a) 0 (b)
2
(d) tan 1 x C 1
(c) 1 (d)
x 2
17. e sec x 1 tan x dx ________ C ?
sin
93
x x 25. Evaluate: x x 295 dx
(a) e sec x (b) e tan x
ex
(c) (d) e x cos x (a) (b)
sec 2 x 2 2
4 4
18. If 1 f x dx 4 and 2 3 f x dx 7, then (c) (d) 0
1
the value of 2 f x dx is 1 89
(a) 5 (b) – 1
26. Evaluate: 0 x(1 x) dx
(c) – 6 (d) – 5
1 1
(a) (b)
3
sin x 810 8190
19. If 02 3 sin x 3 cos x dx a 2 , then a is equal to:
(a) 1 (b) 2 1 1
(c) (d)
792 910
3 1
(c) (d)
2 2
INTEGRALS 167
1 5
15. Evaluate: sin 4 x sin 2 x cos2 x cos4 x dx 31. Evaluate: x
2
3 dx as limit of sums.
2
(AI 2014)
(Delhi 2012C)
6x 7
16. Evaluate: x 5 x 4 dx (AI 2011) 4
x
2
32. Evaluate: x dx as limit of sums.
1
x2
17. Find: x4 x 2 2 dx (AI 2016) (AI 2012C, Delhi 2010)
2
dx 3x
2
x2 1 x2 4 33. Evaluate: 2 dx as limit of sums.
18. Find: (Foreign 2016) 0
x 2
3 x 2
5
(AI 2011C)
INTEGRALS 169
1 /2
1 dx
34. Evaluate: dx (AI 2014C, 2011C) 50. Evaluate: (Delhi 2015C)
2 1 tan x
0 1 x 0
2 4
x3 1
35. Evaluate: dx (Delhi 2011) 51. Evaluate: 0 x x 2 x 4 dx (Delhi 2013)
1
x2
5
3
1 52. Evaluate: x 2 x 3 x 5 dx (Delhi 2013)
36. Evaluate: x dx (Delhi 2012) 2
2
2
1
2
4 x dx 2
53. Evaluate: 1 esin x dx (Delhi 2013)
37. Evaluate: (AI 2012) 0
0
x
38. Evaluate:
1
dx
(Delhi 2011C)
54. Evaluate: 1 sin x dx (AI 2012C, Delhi 2010)
2 0
0 1 x
1
1
/2
2
x sin x dx
55. Evaluate: log x 1 dx (AI 2011)
39. Evaluate: (Delhi 2014C) 0
0
1 4 3
x 1 1
56. Evaluate: 1 dx (AI 2011, Delhi 2007)
40. Evaluate: x2 1 dx (AI 2011C)
tan x
0
6
4 x
41. Evaluate: 2 2
dx (AI 2011C) 4
x 1 Evaluate:
57. x 1 x 2 x 4 dx (Delhi 2011C)
1
e2
dx
42. Evaluate: . (AI 2014) 2 x3
x log x 58. x e dx equals (AI 2020, Delhi 2020)
e
1 4
x2 Find the value of (AI 2020, Delhi 2020)
43. Evaluate: xe dx (Foreign 2014) 59. x 5 dx.
0 1
1 x
tan 1 x 60. Find x 2 3x 2 dx. (AI 2020)
44. Evaluate: 1 x2 dx (AI 2014C)
0
2 1 1 2x
ex 1
61. Evaluate 1 x 2 x2 e dx (Delhi 2020)
45. Write the value of dx (Delhi 2012 C)
0 1 e2 x
1
n
Evaluate:
/4 sin 2 d 62. Find the value of x 1 x dx. (Delhi 2020)
46. 0 sin 4 cos4
(AI 2013C) 0
/4 e x 1 x dx
sin x cos x 63. is equal to (AI 2020)
47. Evaluate: dx (Delhi 2014C)
0
9 16 sin 2 x
cos 2 xe x
/4
64. Evaluate: 4 x 3 x dx (Delhi 2020)
48. Evaluate:
tan x cot x dx 2.
2
0 dx
65. Find: 9 4 x2 (AI 2020)
(Delhi 2012)
2
66. Find: 1 sin 2 xdx, x (Delhi 2019)
49. Evaluate: x3 x dx. (Delhi 2016, AI 2012, 2011) 4 2
1
170 RELATIONS AND FUNCTIONS
cos 2 x 2sin 2 x
67. Evaluate: dx (2018)
cos 2 x
cos( x a )
68. Integrate with respect to x (AI 2019)
sin( x b)
sec 2 x
69. Find: dx (Delhi 2019)
tan 2 x 4
dx
70. Find: (AI 2019)
5 4 x 2 x2
3x 5
71. Find: 2
dx (Delhi 2019)
x 3x 18
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INTEGRALS
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APPLICATION OF INTEGRRALS 171
09
APPLICATION OF INTEGRALS
172 APPLICATION OF INTEGRALS
Chapter at a Glance
The area of the region bounded by the curve y f ( x ) , x-axis and the lines x a and x b(b a ) is given by the
formula:
b b
Area ydx f x dx
a a
The of the region enclosed between two curves y f ( x), y g ( x ) and the lines x a , x b is given by the formula,
b
f x g x dx, where, f ( x ) g ( x ) in a, b
Area a
APPLICATION OF INTEGRRALS 173
Solved Examples
a
Example–1 Required Area 4 ydx (taking vertical strips)
0
Find the area enclosed by the circle x 2 y 2 a 2 . x2 y 2 b 2
Now, 1 gives y a x 2 , but as
(NCERT) a2 b2 a
Sol. From Fig, the whole area enclosed by the given circle the region AOBA lies in the first quadrant, y is
4 (area of the region AOBA by the curve, x-axis taken as positive.
and the ordinates x 0 and x a ) ab
So, the required area 4 a 2 x 2 dx
0 a
a
4b x 2 2 a2 x
a x sin 1
a 2 2 a 0
4b a a2 1
0 sin 1 0
a 2 2
4b a 2
ab sq. units.
a 2 2
a Example–3
Required area 4 ydx (taking vertical strips)
0
a
Find the area bounded by the ellipse
4 a 2 x 2 dx x2 y 2
0
1 and the ordinates x 0 and
a2 b2
[Since x 2 y 2 a 2 gives y a 2 x 2 ]
a
x ae, where, b 2 a 2 1 e 2 and e 1 .
2
x a x
4 a 2 x 2 sin 1 (NCERT)
2 2 a 0 Sol. The required area of the region BOB’RFSB is
a a2 enclosed by the ellipse and the lines x 0 and
4 0 sin 1 1 0
2 2 x ae .
a2
4 a 2 sq. units.
2 2
Example–2
Find the area enclosed by the ellipse
x2 y 2
1 . (NCERT)
a2 b2
Sol. From the Fig, the area of the region ABA ' B ' A is the
Note that the area of the region BOB’RFSB
required area
ae b ae
2 ydx 2 a 2 x 2 dx
0 a 0
ae
2b x 2 2 a2 1 x
a x sin
a 2 2 a 0
2b
ae a 2 a 2 e2 a 2 sin 1 e
2a
ab e 1 e 2 sin 1 e sq units.
Example–4
Required Area = 4 (Area of the region AOBA )
174 APPLICATION OF INTEGRALS
Find the area of the region bounded by the two From the fig., the required area of the region OPQCO
2
parabolas y x and y x . 2
(NCERT) included between these two curves above x -axis is
Sol. The point of intersection of these two parabolas are = (area of the region OCPO) + (area of the region
PCQP)
O 0, 0 and A 1,1
4 8
ydx ydx
0 4
4 8 2
2 xdx 4 2 x 4 dx
0 4
4 4
2 3
2 x 2 4 2 t 2 dt ,
3 0 0
[where x 4 t ]
4
32 t 1 t
4 2 t 2 4 2 sin 1
3 2 2 4 0
Here, we can set y 2 x or y x f x and
32 32
y x 2 g x , where, f x g x in 0,1 . 0 8 4
3 2 3
Therefore, the required area of the shaded region
1 4
f x g x dx (8 3 ) .
0 3
1
1 2 3 x3 2 1 1
x x 2 dx x 2 . Example–6
3 3 0 3 3 3
0
In the given figure, AOBA is the part of the ellipse
Example–5 9 x 2 y 2 36 in the first quadrant such that OA 2
Find the area lying above x -axis and included and OB 6 . Find the area between the arc AB and
2 2
between the circle x y 8 x and inside of the the chord AB.
(NCERT)
parabola y 2 4 x .
Sol. Given equation of the ellipse 9 x 2 y 2 36 can be
(NCERT)
Sol. The given equation of the circle x 2 y 2 8 x can be x y x2 y2
expressed as 1 or 2 2 1
2
4 36 2 6
expressed as x 4 y 2 16 . Thus, the centre of
the circle is 4, 0 and radius is 4. Its intersection
with the parabola y 2 4 x gives
x 2 4 x 8 x or x 2 4 x 0
or x x 4 0 or x 0, x 4
Accordingly, the equation of the chord AB is
60
y0 x 2
02
or y 3 x 2
Thus, the points of intersection of these two curves or y 3x 6
are O 0, 0 and P 4, 4 above the x -axis. Area of the shaded region as shown in the figure
APPLICATION OF INTEGRRALS 175
3
2 2
4 x 2 dx 6 3 x dx Find the area of the region enclosed between the two
0 0 2
2
circles: x 2 y 2 4 and x 2 y 2 4 .
2
x 4 x 3x
3 4 x 2 sin 1 6 x (NCERT)
2 2 2 0 2 0 Sol. Equations of the given circles are
2 12 x 2 y 2 4 …. (1)
3 0 2sin 1 1 12
2 2 2
and x 2 y 4 2
…. (2)
Equations (1) is a circle with centre O at the origin
3 2 6 3 6 .
2 and radius 2. Equation (2) is a circle with centre
Example–7
C 2, 0 and radius 2.
Using integration find the area of region bounded by
the triangle whose vertices are 1, 0 , 2, 2 and 3,1 Solving equations (1) and (2), we have
2
(NCERT) x 2 y 2 x 2 y 2
or x 2 4 x 4 y 2 x 2 y 2
Sol. Let A 1, 0 , B 2, 2 and C 3,1 be the vertices of
or x 1 which gives y 3
triangle ABC
Thus, the points of intersection of the given circles
are A 1, 3 and A ' 1, 3
Area of ABC
= Area of ABD Area of trapezium BDEC Area
of AEC
Now equation of the sides AB, BC and CA are given Required area of the enclosed region OACA′O
between circles
by
= 2 [area of the region ODCAO]
1
y 2 x 1 , y 4 x, y x 1 , respectively. = 2 [area of the region ODAO + area of the region
2 DCAD]
Hence, area of 1 2
3 x 1
2 ydx ydx
2 3 0 1
ABC 2 x 1 dx 4 x dx dx
1 2 1 2 1 2
2 4 x 2 dx 4 x 2 dx
2
2 3 3
x 2
x 1 x 2 2 0 1
2 x 4 x x 1
2 1 2 2 2 1 1 2 1 x 2
2 2 x 2 4 x 2 4sin 1
22 1 2 2 2 0
32
2 2 1 4 3 2
2 2
2 1 1 x
2 x 4 x 2 4sin 1
2 2 2 1
22 1 32 1 1
4 2 3 1 x 2
2 2
x 2 4 x 2 4sin 1
2 2 2
2 0
3 2
sq units. x
2 x 4 x 2 4sin 1
2 1
Example–8
176 APPLICATION OF INTEGRALS
1 Example–10
3 4sin 1 4sin 1 1
2
Find the area bounded by the curve y cos x
1 between x 0 and x 2
4sin 1 1 3 4 sin 1
2 (NCERT)
Sol. The required area = area of the region OABO area
3 4 4 4 3 4 of the region BCDB area of the region DEFD .
6 2 2 6
2 2
3 2 2 3
3 3
8
2 3 .
3
Example–9
Find the area of the region bounded by the line
y 3x 2, the x-axis and the ordinates x 1 and
x 1 . (NCERT)
Thus, we have the required area
2
Sol. The line y 3x 2 meets x-axis at x and its 3
2
3 2 cos xdx 2
cos xdx 3 cos xdx
0 2
2 2
graph lies below x-axis for x 1, and above 3
3 2
sin x 02 sin x sin x 3
2
2 2 2
x-axis for x ,1 .
3 1 2 1 4 .
Example–11
The required area = Area of the region ACBA Area
of the region ADEA
2
1
3x 2 dx 3x 2 dx
1
3
2
3
2
1
3x2 3 3x2
2x 2x
2 1 2 2
3
1 25 13
sq units.
6 6 3
APPLICATION OF INTEGRRALS 177
The area under curve y x 4 and the lines x 1, x 5 x 2 2 x x 2 2 x 0
and x-axis is x x 2 0
(a)
3124
sq. units (b)
3124
sq. units x 0 or x 2
3 7 y 0 or y 2
3124 3124
(c) sq. units (d) sq. units Hence, 0, 0 and 2, 2 are the point of intersection
5 9
Ans. (c) of the curve y 2 2 x and the straight line y x .
Sol. The area under the function y f x from x a to
x b and the x-axis is given by the definite integral
b
f x dx
a
5
5 x5 55 15
I x 4 dx
1
5 1 5 5
3125 1 3124
sq. units.
5 5
Example–13
Therefore, the required area is
Find the area of the region bounded by the curves 2
2
(a) 173.50 (b) 230.25 3 3
2 x 2 x2 22 2 22 2
(c) 175.35 (d) 152.25 sq. units.
3 2 3 2 3
Ans. (d) 2 0 2
178 APPLICATION OF INTEGRALS
Example–15 Example–17
Required area is
1
1 1 Therefore, the required area is
1
1 1 x 2 x11 3 3
2
A 0
x dx x dx
0
1 1 1 1 0
A 2 x dx x
0
0
2 0 A 9 0 9 sq. units
2 1 1
1 0 1 0 sq. units. Example–18
3 2 6
The area bounded by the parabola y 2 8 x, the x-
Example–16
axis, and the latus rectum is.
What is the area of the loops between the curve
(a) 16 (b) 23
y = c sin x and x-axis. 3 3
(a) c (b) 2c
(c) 3c (d) 4c (c) 32 (d) 16 2
3 3
Ans. (b)
Ans. (a)
Sol.
Sol. Given parabola y 2 8 x
4a 8 a 2
The area bounded by y 2 8 x , x-axis and latus
rectum is.
2
Area under curve c sin x dx
A 8 x dx
0 0
2
c
sin x dx 3
0 x2 16
2 2 sq. units.
c cos x 3 3
0
c cos cos 0 2 0
c 1 1 2c .
APPLICATION OF INTEGRRALS 179
Example–19
(i) The point of intersection of the curves are 0, 0 and
Assertion: Area common to the curve y x ________.
(a) (4, 8) (b) (8, 4)
1
and x y is sq. units. (c) (6, 3) (d) (3, 6)
3
b
Reason: Area =
a
g x f x dx (ii) Apart from 0, 0 , the curves y 6 x x 2 and
y x 2 2 x meets x-axis at _______ and _______.
(a) (4, 0) and (2, 0) (b) (6, 0) and (3, 0)
(c) (6, 0) and (2, 0) (d) (4, 0) and (3, 0)
(iii) The vertex of y 6 x x 2 and y x 2 2 x are
_______ and _______ respectively.
(a) Assertion is correct, reason is correct; reason is a (a) (3, 6) and (1, 2) (b) (3, 9) and (1, -1)
correct explanation for assertion. (c) (-3, -6) and (2, -1) (d) (-3, -9) and (-1, 1)
(b) Assertion is correct, reason is correct; reason is
not a correct explanation for assertion. (iv) The area of the Region R2 is equal to:
(c) Assertion is correct, reason is incorrect 2
(a) 1 sq. unit (b) sq. unit
(d) Assertion is incorrect, reason is correct. 3
Ans. (a) 4
(c) sq. units (d) 2 sq. units
Sol. y x and x y 3
Sol. (i) (a)
1
0
x x 2 dx The given curves are y 6 x x 2 ... 1
2 1 and y x 2 2 x ... 2
(1)
3 3
1
sq.units
3
Solving (1) and (2): 6 x x 2 x 2 2 x
2 x2 8x 0 x2 4 x 0
Example–20
x x 4 0 x 0, 4.
2
It is given that the parabolas y 6 x x and
When x 0, from (1),
y x 2 2 x intersects as shown in the figure. y 6 0 0 0.
2
When x 4, from (1), y 6 4 4 24 16 8.
Thus (1) and (2) intersect at O 0, 0 and A 4,8 .
2 5
.
3 6 6
(ii) (c)
The given curves are
Based on the information above answer the following
questions. y 6 x x2 ... 1 and y x 2 2 x ... 2
180 APPLICATION OF INTEGRALS
y 6 0 0 0.
When x 4 , from (1),
2
y 6 4 4 24 16 8.
Thus (1) and (2) intersect at O 0, 0 and A 4,8 .
Also (1) meets x-axis, where
2
(1) meets x-axis, where 0 6 x x x 0, 6. 0 6 x x 2 x 0, 6.
Thus (1) meets x-axis at O 0, 0 and B 6, 0 . Thus (1) meets x -axis at O 0, 0 and B 6, 0 .
Similarly (2) meets x-axis, where Similarly (2) meets x-axis, where 0 x 2 2 x
0 x 2 2 x x 0.2 x 0, 2.
Thus (2) meets x-axis at O 0, 0 and C 2, 0 . Thus (2) meets x-axis at O 0, 0 and C 2, 0 .
(iii) (b) 2
x 2 x dx
2
The given curves are Reqd. area R2
0
2
y 6x x 2
... 1 and y x 2 x ... 2 2
x3 8 4
x 2 4 sq. units.
3 0 3 3
From (1), y 9 x 2 6 x 9
2
y 9 x 3
2
x 3 y 9 ,
which is downward parabola with vertex P 3,9 .
From (2), y 1 x 2 2 x 1
2
x 1 y 1,
which is upward parabola with vertex Q 1, 1 .
(iv) (c)
The given curves are
y 6 x x2 ... 1 and y x 2 2 x ... 2
Solving (1) and (2): 6 x x 2 x 2 2 x
2 x2 8x 0 x2 4 x 0
x x 4 0 x 0, 4.
When x 0, from (1),
APPLICATION OF INTEGRRALS 181
7. Find the area bounded by the parabola y 2 4 x 22. Find the area of smaller region between
and line x 3 . x 2 y 2 2 and x y 2 .
8. Find the area of the region bounded by the 23. Find the area of the region bounded by the
parabolas y 2 6 x and x 2 6 y. y cos x and y sin x, 0 x .
9. The area of the region bounded by the ellipse 24. Find the area of the region above the x -axis,
x2 y 2 included between the parabola y 2 ax and the
1 is ______.
25 16 circle x 2 y 2 2ax .
10. Find the area of the parabola y 2 4ax bounded by Section–D (5 Marks Questions)
its latus rectum. 25. Draw a rough sketch of the given curve
2
11. Find the area enclosed by parabola y 4 x and y 1 | x 1 |, x 3, x 3, y 0 and find the area
lines, y 1 and y 4 . of the region bounded by them, using integration.
2 26. Compute the area bounded by the lines
12. Find the area enclosed by the curve y x and
x 2 y 2, y x 1 and 2 x y 7 .
the straight line x y 2 0 .
27. Find the area bounded by the lines
13. Find the area bounded by the curve y x , y 4 x 5, y 5 x and 4 y x 5 .
x 2 y 3 in the first quadrant and x-axis. 28. Find the area bounded by circle x 2 y 2 a 2 and
Section–C (3 Marks Questions) curve y x .
14. Find the area of the region in the first quadrant 29. Find the area between the parabolas y 2 4ax and
enclosed by the x-axis, the line y x and the x 2 4by .
2 2
circle x y 32 . 30. Find the area of the region bounded by the curve
15. 2
Find the area bounded by parabola y 4ax and y 2 2 x and x 2 y 2 4 x .
line y x in first quadrant.
182 APPLICATION OF INTEGRALS
and x 2 4 y is (in square units) 2 3
(a) sq. units (b) sq. units
3 2
4 1
(a) (b) 32 3
3 3 (c) sq. units (d) sq. units
3 32
16 8 9. The area of the region bounded by the parabola
(c) (d)
3 3
y x 2 1 and the straight line x y 3 is given by
2
2. The area bounded by y 2 x and x y 0 is
45 25
(a) (b)
7 9 7 4
(a) sq. units (b) sq. units
2 2 9
(c) (d)
(c) 9 sq. units (d) None of these 18 2
axis, in square units, is
y cos 2 x and x -axis from x 0 to x is
3
3 32
(a) (b) (a) 1 : 2 (b) 2 : 1
32 3
33 16 (c) 3 :1 (d) None of these
(c) (d)
2 3 11. The area between x -axis and curve y cos x when
4. The area bounded by the curves y sin x between 0 x 2 is
the ordinates x 0, x and the x-axis is (a) 0 (b) 2
(a) 2 sq. units (b) 4 sq. units (c) 3 (d) 4
(c) 3 sq. units (d) 1 sq. units 12. Area bounded by parabola y 2 x and straight line
5. The area bounded by the parabola y 2 4ax and 2 y x is
x 2 4ay is 4
(a) (b) 1
2 2
3
8a 16a
(a) (b) 2 1
3 3 (c) (d)
3 3
32a 2 64a 2
(c) (d) 13. The area bounded by the curve y 4 x x 2 and x -
3 3
axis is.
6. The area bounded by the parabola y 2 4ax , latus
30 31
rectum and x axis is (a) sq. units (b) sq. units
7 7
4
(a) 0 (b) a 2 32 34
3 (c) sq. units (d) sq. units
3 7
2 2 a2
(c) a (d) 14. The area of the region (in square units) bounded by
3 3
the curve x 2 4 y, line x 2 and x -axis is.
7. The area of the region {( x, y ) : x 2 y 2 1 x y} is
2
(a) 1 (b)
(a) (b) 3
5 4
4 8
1 2 (c) (d)
(c) (d) 3 3
4 2 2
APPLICATION OF INTEGRRALS 183
15. The area bounded by the curve y 2 8 x and 22. Area lying in first quadrant and bounded by the
x 2 8 y is circle x 2 y 2 4 and the lines x 0 and
x 2 y 2 4 and the lines x 0 and x 2 .
16 64
(a) sq. units (b) sq. units
3 3 1 1 1
(a) cot x (b) cot x
14 3 2 2 2
(c) sq. units (d) sq. units
3 14 1 1 1
(c) cot x (d) cot x
16. The area bounded by the parabola y 2 8 x, the x - 2
axis, and the latus rectum is
Section -B (Case Study Questions)
16 23
(a) (b) Case Study–1
3 3
23. The bridge connects two hills 100 feet apart. the
32 16 2
(c) (d) arch on the bridge in a parabolic form. The highest
3 3
point on the bridge is 10 feet above the road at the
17. Area bounded by the curve y x 3 , the x -axis and middle of the bridge as seen in the figure.
the ordinates x 2 and x 1 .
15
(a) –9 (b)
4
15 17
(c) (d)
4 4
18. The area bounded by the curve y x x and the
ordinates x 1 and x 1 is given by Based on the information given above, answer the
following questions:
1 (i) The equation of the parabola designed on the bridge
(a) 0 (b)
3 is
2 4 (a) x 2 250 y (b) x 2 250 y
(c) (d)
3 3 (c) y 2 250 x (d) y 2 250 y
19. The area bounded by y-axis, y cos x and 50 x2
(ii) The value of the integral is
50 250
y sin x, when 0 x is.
2 1000 250
(a) (b)
3 3
(a) 2
2 1 (b) 2 1
(c) 1200 (d) 0
50
(c) 2 1 (d) 2 x 2 dx is
(iii) The integrand of the integral
50
20. Smaller area enclosed by the circle x 2 y 2 4 and ___________.
the line x y 2 is (a) Even
(b) Odd
(a) 2 2 (b) 2
(c) Neither odd nor even
(c) 2 1 (d) 2 2 (d) None
(iv) The area formed by the curve x 2 250 y and
2
21. Area lying between the curves y 4 x and y 2 x
y 10 in first quadrant is
is
1000 2 4
2 1 (a) (b)
(a) (b) 3 3
3 3
1000
1 3 (c) (d) 0
(c) (d) 3
4 4
184 APPLICATION OF INTEGRALS
(c) x 2 y 2 32
(d) x 4 2 0
equal to 2 x x 2 dx
1
(ii) What are the co-ordinates of B.
Reason: When a region is determined by curves
(a) 1,1 (b) 2, 2
that intersect, the intersection points give the limits
(c) 4 2, 4 2 (d) 4, 4 of integration.
f x dx .
a
(a) Assertion is correct, reason is correct; reason is a
correct explanation for assertion
(b) Assertion is correct, reason is correct; reason is
not a correct explanation for assertion
(c) Assertion is correct, reason is incorrect
Based on the above information, answer the (d) Assertion is incorrect, reason is correct
following questions.
APPLICATION OF INTEGRRALS 185
28. Assertion: The area of the region included between 30. Assertion: Let f be a non-zero odd function and
2 a
3x
the parabola y
4
and the line 3 x 2 y 12 0 a 0. then, f x 0.
a
x2 y 2 x y 16. Find the area of the region
ellipse 1 and the line 1 .
9 4 3 2
x, y : y 2
4 x, 4 x 2 4 y 2 9 , using integration.
(Foreign 2014)
(AI 2015 C, 2013, 2008 C)
5. Using integration, find the area of the region bounded
by the curves: 17. Using integration, find the area of the region
bounded by the triangle whose vertices are
y x 1 1, x 3, x 3, y 0 (Delhi 2014 C)
1, 2 , 1,5 and 3, 4 . (AI 2014)
6. Using integration, find the area bounded by the curve
18. Using the method of integration, find the area of the
x 2 4 y and the line x 4 y 2 .
region bounded by the lines 2 x y 4, 3 x 2 y 6
(Delhi 2014 C, 2013, 2013 C, 2010)
and x 3 y 5 0 . (AI 2014 C, Delhi 2009)
7. Find the area of the region bounded by the parabola
19. Using integration, find the area of the region
y x 2 and y x . (AI 2013)
enclosed between the two circles x 2 y 2 4 and
8. Using integration, find the area of the region enclosed 2
x 2 y 2 4 .
by the curves y 2 4 x and y x .
(Delhi 2013, 2008, AI 2013 C, 2012 C, 2010 C)
(Delhi 2013 C)
9. Find the area of the region 20. Find the area of the region
x, y : x 2
y 2 4, x y 2 . (AI 2012 ) x, y : y 2 2
6ax and x y 16a 2 2
using method
of integration. (AI 2013)
10. Draw the graph of y x 1 and using integration,
21. Using the method of integration, find the area of the
find the area below y x 1 , above x-axis and region bounded by the lines:
between x 4 to x 2 3 x 2 y 1 0, 2 x 3 y 21 0 and x 5 y 9 0 .
(Delhi 2011, Delhi 2020) (Delhi 2012)
11. Using integration, find the area of the following 22. Using integration, find the area of the triangle ABC
region: x, y : x 1 y 5 x 2
. (Delhi 2010) where A is 2,3 , B is 4, 7 and C is 6, 2 .
12. Using integration find the area of the region (Delhi 2012 C)
x, y : x 2
y 2 2ax, y 2 ax; x, y 0 . 23. Using integration, find the area of the circle
x 2 y 2 16, which is exterior to the parabola
(Delhi 2016)
y2 6x . (AI 2012 C, 2007)
APPLICATION OF INTEGRALS 187
24. Using integration, find the area of the triangular 28. Using integration find the area of the region
region whose sides have equations y 2 x 1, bounded between the two circles x 2 y 2 9 and
y 3 x 1 and x 4 . (Delhi 2011, AI 2011 C) 2
x 3 y2 9 . (AI 2020, Delhi 2020)
25. Using integration, find the area of the region:
29. Using integration, find the area of a triangle whose
x, y : 0 2 y x , 0 y x, 0 x 3 .
2
(2018) vertices are 1, 0 , 2, 2 and 3,1 . (AI 2020)
26. Using integration, find the area of the triangle whose 30. Using integration, find the area of the parabola
vertices are 2,3 , 3,5 and 4, 4 . (Delhi 2019) y 2 4ax bounded by its latus rectum. (AI 2020)
27. Find the area of the region lying about x-axis and
included between the circle x2 y 2 8x and inside
of the parabola y 2 4 x . (AI 2020)
Find Answer Key and Detailed Solutions at the end of this book
APPLICATION OF INTEGRALS
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188 DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS
10
DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS
Chapter 01
Matrices
DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS 189
Chapter at a Glance
An equation involving derivatives of the dependent variable with respect to independent variable (variables) is known as
a differential equation.
Order of a differential equation is the order of the highest order derivative occurring in the differential equation.
Degree of a differential equation is defined if it is a polynomial equation in its derivatives.
Degree (when defined) of a differential equation is the highest power (positive integer only) of the highest order
derivative in it.
A function which satisfies the given differential equation is called its solution. The solution which contains as many
arbitrary constants as the order of the differential equation is called a general solution and the solution free from arbitrary
constants is called particular solution.
To form a differential equation from a given function we differentiate the function successively as many times as the
number of arbitrary constants in the given function and then eliminate the arbitrary constants.
Variable separable method is used to solve such an equation in which variables can be separated completely i.e. terms
containing y should remain with dy and terms containing x should remain with dx .
dy dx
A differential equation which can be expressed in the form f x, y or g x, y where, f x, y and
dx dy
g x, y are homogeneous functions of degree zero is called a homogeneous differential equation.
dy
A differential equation of the form Py Q, where P and Q are constants or functions of x only is called a first
dx
order linear differential equation.
DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS 191
dy dy dy
or x y a 1 x dx
dx dx 1 y2
dy
x y x2
dx …. (2) tan 1 y x c
or a 2
dy
dx Given y 0 0 x 0, y 0
Substituting the value of a from equation (2) in x0
equation (1), we get x2
dy tan 1 y x
2
x y dx
2 2
x y 2y x2
dy y tan x .
2
dx
dy 2 dy Example–8
or
dx
x y 2 2 xy 2 y 2
dx
Find the particular solution of the differential
dy 2 xy
or dy
dx x 2 y 2 equation 4 xy 2 given that y 1, when x 0 .
dx
Example–6 (NCERT)
Sol. If y 0, the given differential equation can be
Find the general solution of the differential
dy
dy x 1 written as 4 x dx …. (1)
equation , y 2 . (NCERT) y2
dx 2 y
Integrating both sides of equation (1), we get
dy x 1
Sol. We have, …. (1) dy
dx 2 y y 2 4 x dx
Separating the variables in equation (1), we get
1
2 y dy x 1 dx …. (2) or 2x 2 C
y
Integrating both sides of equation (2), we get
1
2 y dy x 1dx or 2x 2 C …. (2)
y
y2 x2 Substituting y 1 and x 0 in equation (2), we
or 2 y x C1
2 2 get, C 1 .
or x 2 y 2 2 x 4 y 2C1 0 Now substituting the value of C in equation (2),
or x 2 y 2 2 x 4 y C 0, we get the particular solution of the given
where C 2C1 1
differential equation as y 2 .
2x 1
which is the general solution
Example–9
Example–7
Find the equation of a curve passing through the
Find the solution of the differential equation
dy point 2,3 , given that the slope of the tangent to
1 x y 2 xy 2 , y 0 0 .
dx 2x
the curve at any point x, y is . (NCERT)
dy y2
Sol. 1 x y 2 xy 2
dx Sol. We know that the slope of the tangent to a curve is
dy dy
dx
1 x 1 y 2 given by
dx
dy dy 2 x
1 x dx so …. (1)
1 y 2 dx y 2
192 DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS
Example–12 x
or 2y C
Find the general solution of the differential y
dy or x 2 y 2 Cy
equation x y x 2 .
dx which is a general solution of the given differential
dy equation.
Sol. x y x2
dx
Example–14
dy y
x Find the particular solution of the differential
dx x
dy
dy equation y cot x 2 x x 2 cot x x 0 given
Comparing with Py Q dx
dx
1 that y 0 when x . (NCERT)
P ,Q x 2
x
1
Sol. The given equation is a linear differential equation
Pdx x
dx
log x 1 dy
I.F. e e e of the type Py Q, where P cot x and
x dx
1
Multiplying on both sides, Q 2 x x 2 cot x . Therefore
x
cot xdx
1 dy y I .F e elogsin x sin x
1
x dx x 2 Hence, the solution of the differential equation is
d y given by
1
y.sin x 2 x x 2 cot x sin xdx C
dx x
y or y sin x 2 x sin dx x 2 cos x dx C
xc
x
2 x2 2 x2
y x 2 cx or y sin x sin x cos x dx
2 2
y x 2 cx .
x 2 cos x dx C
Example–13 or
Find the general solution of the differential y sin x x 2 sin x x 2 cos x dx x 2 cos x dx C
equation y dx x 2 y 2 dy 0 . (NCERT)
or y sin x x 2 sin x C
Sol. The given differential equation can be written as
dx x Substituting y 0 and x in equation 1 , we
2y 2
dy y get
This is a linear differential equation of the type 2
dx 1 0 sin C
P1 x Q1 , where P1 and 2
2
dy y
2
Q1 2 y . Therefore or C
4
1
y 1 1 Substituting the value of C in equation 1 , we
I .F . e e log y elog y
y get
Hence, the solution of the given differential 2
y sin x x 2 sin x
equation is 4
1 1 2
x 2 y dy C
y y
or y x 2
4sin x
sin x 0
x which is the particular solution of the given
or 2dy C
y differential equation.
194 DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS
Example–15 Example–17
Integrating factor of the differential equation The solution of the differential equation
dy dy
cos x y sin x 1, is 1 e x y , is
dx dx
(a) sin x (b) sec x (a) x y e x y 0
(c) tan x (d) cos x
(b) x C e x y 0
Ans. (b)
dy (c) x C e x y 1
Sol. cos x y sin x 1
dx
(d) x C e x y 1 0
dy y sin x 1
Ans. (d)
dx cos x cos x
dy
dy Sol. 1 ex y
y tan x sec x dx
dx
dy
dy ex y 1 .... i
Comparing with Py Q dx
dx
Let, x y v
P tan x, Q sec x
dy dv
Integrating factor 1
dx dx
Pdx tan xdx
e e elogsec x sec x . dv
ev ………… from (i)
Example–16 dx
Assertion:
dy
x 2 y 5 is a first order linear x 2
3 xy y 2
dx x dy 0 is.
2
dx
x y
differential equation. (a) log x c
Reason: If P and Q are functions of x only or x
constant then differential equation of the form x y
(b) log x c
dy x
Py Q is a first order linear differential
dx x
(c) log x c
equation. x y
x
(a) Assertion is correct, Reason is correct; Reason (d) log x c
x y
is a correct explanation for assertion.
(iv) General solution of the differential equation
(b) Assertion is correct, Reason is correct; Reason
is not a correct explanation for Assertion dy y y
log 1 is.
(c) Assertion is correct, Reason is incorrect dx x x
(d) Assertion is incorrect, Reason is correct (a) log xy c
Ans. (a)
(b) log y cx
Sol. Here, P x 2 and Q 5 . y
(c) log cx
P is function of x and Q is a constant. x
(d) log x cy
Example–20
(v) Solution of the differential equation
dy f x, y y
If the equation is of the form or dy ex
dx g x, y x y x 2 cos x is.
dx
dy y y
F , where f x, y , g x, y are
dx x (a) e x sin x c
homogeneous functions of the same degree in x y
dy dv (b) e x sin x c
and y, then put y vx and v x , so that y
dx dx x
(c) e sin x c
the dependent variable y is changed to another y
variable v and then variable separable method. (d) ex sin x c
Based on the above information, answer the
dy x 2 xy y 2
following questions. Sol. (i) We have,
dx x2
dy
(i) The general solution of x 2 x 2 xy y 2 is. dy dv
dx Put y vx and v x
dx dx
x y
(a) tan 1 log x c (b) tan 1 log x c dv x 2 x vx v 2 x 2
y x v x 1 v v2
dx x2
(c) y x log x c (d) x y log y c
dv dv dx
(ii) Solution of the differential equation x 1 v2 c
dx 1 v2 x
dy
2 xy x 2 3 y 2 is. tan 1 v log x c
dx
(a) x 3 y 2 cx 2 y
tan 1 log x c .
x
x2 y3
(b) y2 c dy
2 3 (ii) We have, 2 xy x2 3 y2
dx
(c) x 2 y 3 cx 2
dy x 2 3 y 2
2 2 3
(d) x y cx dx 2 xy
196 DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS
dy dv dy y y
Put y vx and v x (iv) We have, log 1
dx dx dx x x
dv x 2 3v 2 x 2 dv 1 3v 2 dy dv
v x x v Put y vx and v x
dx 2vx 2 dx 2v dx dx
dv 1 v 2 v x
dv
v log v 1
x
dx 2v dx
2v dx dv
dv log c x v log v
1 v 2 x dx
log 1 v 2 log x log c dv dx
v log v x
log v 2 1 log xc
log log v log x log c
y2 y
v 2 1 xc 1 xc log cx .
x2 x
x 2 y 2 x3 c . y
dy
(v) We have, x y e x x 2 cos x
(iii) We have, x 2 3 xy y 2 dx x 2 dy 0 dx
y
x 2 3 xy y 2 dy dy y
e x x cos x
x2 dx dx x
dy dv dy dv
Put y vx and v x Put y vx and v x
dx dx dx dx
x2 3x2 v x2v2 dv
dv
v x v x v ev x cos x
dx
x2 dx
dv
1 3 y v2 v x
dv xev x cos x
dx dx
dv ev dv cos xdx
2
1 2v v x
dx ev sin x c
dx 2 y
v 1 dv c
x e x sin x c .
1
log x c
v 1
x
log x c.
x y
DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS 197
(c) 3 (d) 4 2
C is
a b2
4. The solution of the differential equation y y ' 1 y y ' 1
dy (a) 0 (b) 0
y cot x cosec x is y' y x y' y x
dx
y y ' 1
(a) x sin x y C (b) x cos x y C (c) 0 (d) None of these
y' y x
(c) y cos x x C (d) y sin x x C
dy y
5. The differential equation obtained on eliminating A 12. Solution of the differential equation sin x
dx x
and B from the curve y A cos t B sin t , is is
(a) y y 0 2
(b) y y 0 (a) x y cos x sin x C
15. The differential equation satisfied by ax 2 by 2 1 21. The number of arbitrary constants in the particular
solution of a differential equation of third order is.
is
(a) 3 (b) 2
(a) xyy2 y12 yy1 0 (c) 12 (d) 0
(b) xyy2 xy12 yy1 0 22. Which of the following differential equations has
(c) xyy2 xy12 yy1 0 y C1e x C2 e x as the general solution.
(d) None of these d2y d2y
(a) y0 (b) y0
16. The differential equation which represents the dx 2 dx 2
family of curve y eCx is d2 y d2 y
(c) 2
1 0 (d) 1 0
(a) y1 C 2 y (b) xy1 ln y 0 dx dx 2
(c) x ln y yy1 (d) y ln y xy1 Section–B (Assertion & Reason Type Questions)
17. If m and n are the order and degree of the
23. Assertion: Order of the differential equation whose
3
5 4 y2 2 solution is y c1e x c2 c3e x c4 is 4.
differential equation y2 y3 x 1,
y3
Reason: Order of the differential equation is equal
then. to the number of independent arbitrary constant
(a) m 3, n 3 (b) m 3, n 2 mentioned in the solution of differential equation.
(c) m 3, n 5 (d) m 3, n 1 (a) Assertion is correct, Reason is correct; Reason
18. The solution of the differential equation is a correct explanation for assertion.
x dx y dy x 2 y dy y 2 x dx, is. (b) Assertion is correct, Reason is correct; Reason
is not a correct explanation for Assertion
(a) x 2 1 C 1 y 2 (c) Assertion is correct, Reason is incorrect
(d) Assertion is incorrect, Reason is correct
(b) x 2 1 C 1 y
2
26. Assertion: The degree of the differential equation (ii) Order and degree of the differential equation
2 2 2 dy x
d y dy d y y are respectively.
3 x 2 log 2 is not defined.
2 dx dy dy 3
dx dx dx
Reason: If the differential equation is a polynomial dx dx
in terms of its derivatives, then its degree is (a) 1, 1 (b) 1, 2
defined. (c) 1, 3 (d) 1, 4
(a) Assertion is correct, Reason is correct; Reason (iii) Find order and degree of the equation
is a correct explanation for assertion. 2 y'
y ''' y e 0 .
(b) Assertion is correct, Reason is correct; Reason
is not a correct explanation for Assertion (a) Order = 3, degree = undefined
(c) Assertion is correct, Reason is incorrect (b) Order = 1, degree = 3
(d) Assertion is incorrect, Reason is correct (c) Order = 2, degree = undefined
(d) Order = 1, degree = 2
dy
27. Assertion: x 2 y 5 is a first order linear (iv) Determine degree of the differential equation
dx
dy
differential equation.
a c . x 0 .
dx
Reason: If P and Q are functions of x only or
constant then differential equation of the form (a) 3 (b) Not defined
dy (c) 1 (d) 2
Py Q is a first order linear differential
dx
Case Study–2
equation.
(a) Assertion is correct, Reason is correct; Reason 29. A differential equation is said to be in the variable
is a correct explanation for assertion. separable form if is expressible in the form
(b) Assertion is correct, Reason is correct; Reason f x dx g y dy . The solution of this equation is
is not a correct explanation for Assertion
(c) Assertion is correct, Reason is incorrect given by f x dx g y dy c, where c is the
(d) Assertion is incorrect, Reason is correct constant of integration.
Based on the above information, answer the
Section–C (Case Study Questions) following questions.
Case Study–1 (i) If the solution of the differential equation
28. Order: The order of a differential equation is the dy ax 3
represents a circle, then the value of
order of the highest order derivative appearing in dx 2 y f
the differential equation. ' a ' is.
Degree: The degree of differential equation is the (a) 2 (b) –2
power of the highest order derivative, when (c) 3 (d) –4
differential coefficients are made free from radicals
and fractions. Also, differential equation must be a dy 1 y2
(ii) The differential equation determines
polynomial equation in derivatives for the degree to dx y
be defined. a family of circle with.
Based on the above information, answer the (a) Variable radii and fixed centre (0, 1)
following questions. (b) Variable radii and fixed centre (0, -1)
(i) Find the degree of the differential equation. (c) Fixed radius 1 and variable centre on x-axis
2
d2 y dy (d) Fixed radius 1 and variable centre on y-axis
2 2
3 1 y 0 .
dx dx (iii) If y ' y 1, y 0 1, then y ln 2
(a) 3 (b) 4
(a) 1 (b) 2
(c) 2 (d) 1
(c) 3 (d) 4
DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS 203
3. Write the sum of the order and degree of the positive y-axis (Delhi 2011)
4 3 14. Form the differential equation representing the
dy d2y
differential equation 1 7 2 . family of ellipses having foci on x-axis and centre
dx dx
at the origin. (AI 2010C, Delhi 2009C)
(Delhi 2015C)
15. Find the integrating factor of the differential
4. Write the degree of the differential equation
4 e –2 x y dx
dy d2y equation – 1.
3 x 2 0. (Delhi 2013) x
x dy
dx dx
5. Write the degree of differential equation
2
(Delhi 2015, AI 2015C)
4
3 d2 y dy
x 2 x 0. (Delhi 2013) 16. Write the integrating factor of the following
dx dx
dy
6. Write the degree of the differential equation
differential equation: 1 y 2 2 xy – cot y
dx
0
3 4
d2y dy (AI 2015)
x 2 y x3 0. (Delhi 2013)
dx dx
17. Write the solution of the differential equation
7. Write the degree of the differential equation :
dy
dy
4
d2y 2– y . (Foreign 2015)
3y 2 0 . (Delhi 2013C) dx
dx dx
8. Write the degree of the differential equation 18. Find the solution of the differential equation
2 3 dy
d 2 s ds x3 e –2 y . (AI 2015C)
2 4 0. (AI 2013C) dx
dt dt
9. Find the differential equation representing the 19. Find the particular solution of the differential
A
family of curves v B, where A and B are equation 1 – y 1 log x dx 2 xydy 0,
2
given
r
arbitrary constants. (Delhi 2015) that y 0 when x 1. (Delhi 2016)
10. Write the differential equation obtained by 20. Solve the differential equation:
eliminating the arbitrary constant C in the equation dy dy
yx x– y . (AI 2016)
representing the family of curves xy C cos x. dx dx
(Delhi 2015C)
21. Solve the following differential equation
2
2
y dx x – xy y 2
dy 0 (Foreign 2016)
204 DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS
22. Solve the following differential equation 33. If y x is a solution of the differential equation
cot –1
y x dy 1 y 2
dx . (Foreign 2016) 2 sin x dy
– cos x and y 0 1, then find the
23. Find the particular solution of the differential 1 y dx
dy x 2 log x 1
equation , given that y , value of y . (Delhi 2014C)
dx sin y y cos y 2 2
when x 1. (Delhi 2014) 34. Find the general solution of the differential
24. Solve the following differential equation: dy
dy 2 equation x – y x 2 y.
x2 – 1
dx
2 xy 2
x –1
, x 1. (Delhi 2014) dx
(Delhi 2014D, AI 2010)
25. Find the particular solution of the differential
y 35. Solve the differential equation
equation e x 1 – y 2 dx dy 0 given that y 1
x dy
x y x cos x sin x, given y 1.
when x 0. (Delhi 2014) dx 2
(AI 2014C)
26. Solve the
following differential equation:
dy 36. Solve the following differential equation:
cosec x log y x 2 y 2 0. (Delhi 2014)
y dy y
dx x cos y cos x; x 0.
27. Find the particular solution of the differential x
dx x
dy (AI 2014C, Delhi 2012C)
equation 1 x y xy, y 0 when x 1 .
dx
37. Find the particular solution of the following
(AI 2014)
dy
differential equation: xy x 2 y 2 ;
28. Find the particular solution of the differential dx
equation x 1 y 2 dx – y 1 x 2 dy 0, given that y –1 when x 1 (Delhi 2012)
38. Solve the following differential equation:
y 1 when x 0. (AI 2013)
dy
2 x2 – 2 xy y 2 0 . (Delhi 2012)
29. Find the particular solution of the differential dx
39. Find the particular solution of the following
dy
equation log 3x 4 y, given that y 0 dy
dx differential equation; 1 x2 y2 x2 y 2 ,
dx
when x 0. (AI 2014)
given that y 1 when x 0. (Delhi 2012)
30. Solve the differential equation 40. Find the particular solution of the following
x 2
– yx 2
dy y 2 2 2
x y dx 0, given that differential equation: x 1
dy
2e – y – 1; y 0
dx
y 1 when x 1. (Foreign 2014)
when x 0. (Delhi 2012)
31. Solve the differential equation 41. Find the particular solution of the following
dy
y cot x 2 cos x, given that y 0 when
dx
differential equation: x x 2 – 1 dy
dx
1; y 0 when
x . (Foreign 2014) x 2. (AI 2012)
2
32. Find a particular solution of the differential 42. Solve the following differential equation:
equation
dy
dx
2 y tan x sin x, given that y 0, 1 x dy 2 xydx cot xdx;
2
x0
43. Find the particular solution of the differential 55. Find the order and the degree of the differential
dy 4
equation : y cot x 4 x cosec x, x 0 , dy 2
d2y
dx equation x 2 1 . (Delhi 2019)
dx 2 dx
given that y 0 when x . (AI 2012) 56. From the differential equation representing the
2
44. Solve the following differential
equation : A
family of curves y 5, by eliminating the
dy x
– y cos x, given that if x 0, y 1. arbitrary constant A. (AI 2019)
dx
57. From the differential equation representing the
(Delhi 2012C)
family of curves y e2 x a bx , where ' a ' and
45. Find the particular solution of the following
differential equation, given that x 2, y 1: ' b ' are arbitrary constants. (Delhi 2019)
dy
x 2 y x2 , x 0 . (Delhi 2012C) 58. Find the differential equation representing the
dx
46. Find the particular solution of the differential family of curves y aebx 5 , where a and b are
dy arbitrary constants. (AI 2018)
equation : y cot x 2 x x 2 cot x, x 0,
dx
59. Solve the following differential equation:
given that y 0, when x . (Delhi 2012C) dy
2 y cos x sin x . (AI 2019)
dx
47. Solve the following differential
equation:
60. Solve the differential equation:
dy
x y – x xy cot x 0, x 0.
dx xdy ydx x 2 y 2 dx, given that y 0 when
(AI 2012C, Delhi 2011C) x 1. (Delhi 2019)
61. Solve the differential equation:
48. Solve the following differential equation :
1 y 1 log x dx xdy 0.
2
(Delhi 2011) 1 x 2 xy 4 x
2 2
0, subject to the initial
49. Solve the following differential equation: condition y 0 0 . (Delhi 2019)
x
e tan ydx 1 – e sec ydy 0. x
2
(Delhi 2011) 62. Solve the differential equation:
dy
50. Solve the differential equation: 1 x 2 y 2 x 2 y 2 , given that y 1 when
dx
xdy y – x dx 0.3
(AI 2011) x 0. (AI 2019)
63. Find the particular solution of the differential
51. Solve the differential equation: dy xy
equation 2 , given that y 1 when
xdy – y 2 x 2 dx 0. (AI 2011) dx x y 2
x 0. (AI 2019, Delhi 2015)
52. Solve the following differential equation :
64. Find the particular solution of the differential
xdy – ydx x 2 y 2 dx . (AI 2011)
equation e x tan y dx 2 e x sec 2 y dy 0, given
53. Find the particular solution of the differential
dy xy that y when x 0 . (2018)
equation given that y 1, when 4
dx x 2 y 2
65. Find the particular solution of the differential
x 0. (Delhi 2015) dy
equation 2 y tan x sin x, given that y 0
dx
dy y2
54. Show that the differential equation is
dx xy – x 2 when x . (2018, Foreign 2014)
3
homogeneous and also solve it. (AI 2015)
206 DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS
66. The integrating factor of the differential equation 69. The order of the differential equation of the family
dy of circles touching x-axis at the origin is ______.
x 2 y x 2 is. (AI 2020, Delhi 2020)
dx (AI 2020)
67. Solve the differential equation: 70. Find the particular solution of the differential
y dy y dy
x sin x y sin 0 . Given that x 1 equation y sec x tan x, where x 0,
x dx x dx 2
when y . (AI 2020, Delhi 2020) given that y 1, when x . (AI 2020)
2 4
68. Find the general solution of the differential
equation x 2 y dx x3 y 3 dy 0 . (AI 2020)
Find Answer Key and Detailed Solutions at the end of this book
DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS
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VECTOR ALGEBRA 207
11
VECTOR ALGEBRA
208 VECTOR ALGEBRA
Chapter at a Glance
A linear programming problem is one that is concerned with finding the optimal value (maximum or minimum) of a
linear function of several variables (called objective function) subject to the conditions that the variables are non-
negative and satisfy a set of linear inequalities (called linear constraints). Variables are sometimes called decision
variables and are non-negative.
Position vector of a point P x, y , z is given as OP r xiˆ yjˆ zkˆ , and its magnitude by x 2 y 2 z 2 .
The scalar components of a vector are its direction ratios, and represent its projections along the respective axes.
The magnitude r , direction ratios a, b, c and direction cosines l , m, n of any vector are related as:
a b c
l ,m ,n
r r r
The vector sum of the three sides of a triangle taken in order is 0 .
The vector sum of two coinitial vectors is given by the diagonal of the parallelogram whose adjacent sides are the given
vectors.
The multiplication of a given vector by a scalar , changes the magnitude of the vector by the multiple , and keeps
the direction same (or makes it opposite) according as the value of A is positive (or negative).
a
For a given vector a, the vector aˆ gives the unit vector in the direction of a .
a
The position vector of a point R dividing a line segment joining the points P and Q whose position vectors are a and b
respectively, in the ratio m : n
na mb
(i) internally, is given by
mn
mb na
(ii) externally, is given by
mn
The scalar product of two given vectors a and b haying angle between them is defined as a.b a b cos .
a.b
Also, when a.b is given the angle ' ' between the vectors a and b may be determined by cos
a b
If is the angle between two vectors a and b , then their cross product tis given as a b a b sin nˆ
where n̂ is a unit vector perpendicular to the plane containing a and b. Such that a , b , nˆ form right handed system of
coordinate axes.
If we have two vectors a and b , given in component form as a a1iˆ a2 ˆj a3 kˆ and b b1iˆ b2 ˆj b3 kˆ and any
scalar,
then a b a1 b1 iˆ a2 b2 ˆj a3 b3 kˆ; a a1 iˆ a2 ˆj a3 kˆ;
iˆ ˆj kˆ
a.b a1b1 a2 b2 a3b3 ; and a b a1 b1 c1 .
a2 b2 c2
VECTOR ALGEBRA 209
Solved Examples
Thus, the required unit vector is
Example–1
1 1
Represent graphically a displacement of 40 km, 30 cˆ c
c 29
4iˆ 3 ˆj 2kˆ
west of south. (NCERT)
4 ˆ 3 ˆ 2 ˆ
Sol. The vector OP represents the required displacement. i j k .
29 29 29
Example–5
Example–4 Example–7
Find angle ' ' between the vectors a iˆ ˆj kˆ and
Find the unit vector in the direction of the sum of the
b iˆ ˆj kˆ . (NCERT)
vectors, a 2iˆ 2 ˆj 5kˆ and b 2iˆ ˆj 3kˆ .
(NCERT) Sol. The angle between two vectors a and b is given
Sol. The sum of the given vectors is a b
by cos
a b c , say 4iˆ 3 ˆj 2kˆ a b
ˆ ˆ ˆ
2 Given, a i j k and b iˆ ˆj kˆ
and c 4 2 32 2 29
210 VECTOR ALGEBRA
Now, a b iˆ ˆj kˆ iˆ ˆj kˆ Example–11
1 1 1 1
Show that the points
A 2iˆ 3 ˆj 5kˆ ,
And, a b 12 12 (1) 2 . 12 (1) 2 12 3
B iˆ 2 ˆj 3kˆ and C 7iˆ kˆ are collinear.
1 (NCERT)
Therefore, we have cos
3 Sol. AB 1 2 i 2 3 j 3 5 k 3i j 2kˆ
ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ
1
Hence the required angle is cos 1 . BC 7 1 iˆ 0 2 ˆj 1 3 kˆ 6iˆ 2 ˆj 4kˆ
3
AC 7 2 iˆ 0 3 ˆj 1 5 kˆ 9iˆ 3 ˆj 6kˆ
Example–8
Find the projection of the vector a 2iˆ 3 ˆj 2kˆ on AB 14, BC 2 14 and AC 3 14
the vector b iˆ 2 ˆj kˆ (NCERT) Therefore AC AB BC
Sol. The projection of vector a on the vector b is Hence the points A, B and C are collinear.
1 2 1 3 2 2 1 10 5
b
a b 2 2 2
6 3
6 . Example–12
1 2 1 Find the area of a triangle having the points
A 1,1,1 , B 1, 2, 3 and C 2, 3,1 as its vertices.
Example–9
(NCERT)
Find a b , if two vectors a and b are such that
ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ
Sol. We have AB j 2k and AC i 2 j . The area of
a 2, b 3 and a b 4 . (NCERT) 1
the given triangle is AB AC
2 2
Sol. We have a b a b a b ˆi ˆj kˆ
a a a b b a b b Now AB AC 0 1 2 4iˆ 2 ˆj kˆ
2 2 1 2 0
a 2 a b b
2 2 Therefore AB AC 16 4 1 21
2 2 4 3
Thus, the required area is
1
21 .
Therefore a b 5 .
2
Example–10 Example–13
For any two vectors a and b , we always have Let a, b and c be three vectors such that
a b a b (triangle inequality). a 3, b 4, c 5 and each one of them being
(NCERT) perpendicular to the sum of the other two, find
Sol. The inequality holds trivially in case either a 0 or a b c . (NCERT)
b 0 . So, let a 0 b . Then, Sol. Given
2 2
a b c 0, b c a 0, c a b 0
a b a b
Now
a b a b 2 2
a b c a b c
a a a b a b b
2 2
a b c a b c
a 2a b b
2 2
a a a b c b
a 2 a b b
b b a c c a b c c
2 2 2 2 2
a 2 a b b a b c
2 9 16 25 50
a b .
Therefore, a b c 50 5 2 .
VECTOR ALGEBRA 211
Example–14 Sol. a 2 x 2 iˆ 4 x ˆj kˆ, b 7iˆ 2 ˆj x kˆ
There vectors a , b and c satisfy the condition
Let, be the angle between vectors a and b
a b c 0 . Evaluate the quantity
Given
a b b c c a, if a 3, b 4 and c 2 . 2
cos 0
(NCERT)
14 x 2 7 x
Sol. Since a b c 0, 0
4x 4
16 x 2 1 53 x 2
we have a b c 0 0
14 x 2 7 x 0
or a a a b a c 0
2 x 2 x 1 0
Therefore a b a c a 9 …. (1)
1
Again, b a b c 0 0 x
2
...(i )
or a b b c b 16 …. (2) Given, the angle between b and z-axis is acute
b. kˆ
Similarly a c b c 4 …. (3) 0
Adding (1), (2) and (3), we have b kˆ
2 a b b c a c 29
x
0
29 53 x 2
or 2 29, i.e .
2 x0 ...(ii )
Example–15
If with reference to the right handed system of From (i) and (ii),
mutually perpendicular unit vectors iˆ, ˆj , kˆ and 1
0 x .
2
3iˆ ˆj , 2iˆ ˆj 3kˆ, then express in the
Example–17
form 1 2 , where 1 is parallel to and 2
If a , b , c are any three mutually perpendicular
is perpendicular to .
(NCERT)
vectors of equal magnitude a, then a b c is
Sol. Let 1 , is a scalar, i.e., 1 3 i ˆj .
ˆ
equal to
Now 2 1 2 3 iˆ 1 ˆj 3kˆ .
(a) a (b) 2a
Now, since 2 is to be perpendicular to , we (c) 3a (d) 2a
should have 2 0 . i.e., Ans. (c)
3 2 3 1 0
Sol. Given that a , b , c are any three mutually
1 perpendicular vectors of equal magnitude a.
or
2 a b c a
3 1
Therefore 1 iˆ ˆj Also,
2 2
1 a b b c c a 0
3
and 2 iˆ ˆj 3kˆ . Hence,
2 2
2 2 2 2
Example–16
a b c a b c 2a b
The values of x for which the angle between
2b c 2c a
a 2 x 2 iˆ 4 x ˆj kˆ, b 7iˆ 2 ˆj x kˆ is obtuse and
2
the angle between b and the z-axis is acute, are
a b c a2 a2 a2
1 1
a b c
2
(a) x or x 0 (b) 0 x 3a 2
2 2
1 a b c 3a .
(c) x 15 (d)
2
Ans. (b)
212 VECTOR ALGEBRA
Example–18
sin iˆ cos ˆj . iˆ
3 ˆj 0
If a and b are unit vectors inclined at an angle ,
sin 3 cos 0
then the value of a b is
sin 3 cos
tan 3
(a) 2 sin (b) 2sin
2
.
(c) 2 cos (d) 2 cos 3
2 Example–21
Ans. (a)
If a is any vector, then
2 2 2
Sol. a b a 2 a b cos b ˆ2 ˆ 2 ˆ 2
a i a j a k
2
a b 1 2cos 1 (a) a 2 (b) 2a 2
2 (c) 3a 2 (d) 4a 2
a b 2 1 cos Ans. (b)
2 Sol. Consider, a a1iˆ a2 ˆj a3 kˆ
a b 2 2 sin 2
2
iˆ ˆj kˆ
ˆ
a b 2sin . a i a1 a2 a3
2
1 0 0
Example–19
ˆ
The angle between the vectors xiˆ 3 ˆj 7 kˆ and a i a3 ˆj a2 kˆ
2
xiˆ xjˆ 4kˆ is acute, then x lies in the interval.
a iˆ a32 a2 2
(a) 4, 7 (b) 4, 7 Similarly,
2 2
(c) R 4, 7 (d) R 4, 7 a ˆj a32 a12 and a kˆ
a2 2 a12
Ans. (c) 2 2 2
a iˆ a ˆj a kˆ 2a .
2 2 2
2
and xiˆ xjˆ 4kˆ . Then
x 2 3 x 28 Example–22
cos
2
x 53 2 x 16 2 The unit vector perpendicular to the plane passing
through points P iˆ ˆj 2kˆ , Q 2iˆ kˆ and
2
cos 0
R 2 ˆj kˆ is.
x 2 3x 28 0 (a) 2iˆ ˆj kˆ
(b) 6 2iˆ ˆj kˆ
x 7 x 4 0 1 1 ˆ ˆ ˆ
x R 4, 7 .
(c)
6
2iˆ ˆj kˆ (d)
6
2i j k
Example–20 Ans. (c)
If is an angle in the first quadrant and the vector
Sol.
P iˆ ˆj 2kˆ , Q 2iˆ kˆ and R 2 ˆj kˆ
sin iˆ cos ˆj is perpendicular to the vector
PQ iˆ ˆj 3kˆ , PR iˆ 3 ˆj kˆ
iˆ 3 ˆj , then .
iˆ ˆj kˆ
(a) (b) PQ PR 1 1 3 8iˆ 4 ˆj 4kˆ
6 5
1 3 1
(c) (d)
4 3 PQ PR 4 6
Ans. (d) Required Unit vector
Sol. The vector sin iˆ cos ˆj is perpendicular to
8iˆ 4 ˆj 4kˆ 1
the vector iˆ 3 ˆj
4 6
6
2iˆ ˆj kˆ .
VECTOR ALGEBRA 213
Example–23 2 2
b 25 b 5
Statement-I: The adjacent sides of a parallelogram
Hence, Statement-I is false.
are along a iˆ 2 ˆj and b 2iˆ ˆj . The angle
2 2 2 2
between the diagonals is 150 .
a b a b a b a b
Statement-II: Two vectors are perpendicular to each 2 2
other their dot product is zero. ab sin ab cos a b 2 2
cos
3iˆ 3 ˆj iˆ ˆj
0
3 3
(c) –83 (d)
83
9 9 11 18 2 2
90 (iii) What is the value of a b .
Hence, Statements-I is false and Statements-II is true.
(a) 19 (b) 18
Example–24
(c) 17 (d) None of these
2
Statement-I: If a b a b 400 and a 4,
(iv) The value of 3a b . a b is
then b 9 .
(a) 15 (b) 16
Statement-II: If a and b are any two vectors, then (c) 17 (d) 18
2 2 2 2 Sol. (i) (c)
a b is equal to a b a b .
We have a 3, b 5 and c 7
(a) If both Statements-I and Statements-II are true
and Statements-II is the correct explanation of Also, a b c 0
Statements-I. a b c
(b) If both Statements-I and Statements-II are true 2 2
but Statements-II is the not the correct
Squaring, a b c
explanation of Statements-I. 2
2 2
a b 2a b c
(c) If Statements-I is true but Statements-II is false.
2 2 2
(d) If Statements-I is false and Statements-II is true. a b 2 a b cos c
2 2
Sol.
a b a b 400, a 4 Where ' ' is angle between a and b
9 25 30 cos 49
We know that,
2 2 2 2 1
a b a b a b 30 cos 49 34 cos
2
2 2 2 60 .
400 4 b 16 b 400
214 VECTOR ALGEBRA
1
9 2 3 5 25
2
9 15 25 19 .
VECTOR ALGEBRA 215
27. Find the position vector of a point R which divides the 29. Find the components of a unit vector which is
line joining two points P and Q whose position perpendicular to the vectors i 2 j k and 3i j 2k .
vector are 2a b and a 3b externally in the ratio 30. If a, b, c are mutually perpendicular vectors of equal
1 : 2 . magnitudes, show that the vector a b c is equally
Also, show that P is the mid point of the line segment
inclined to a, b and c .
RQ .
28. (i) Find a unit vector perpendicular to the plane ABC
where A, B, C are the points
3, 1, 2 , 1, 1, 3 , 4, 3,1 respectively.
(ii) If a makes equal angles with i, j and k and has
magnitude 3, then prove that the angle between a and
1
each of i, j and k is cos 1 .
3
VECTOR ALGEBRA 217
15. If the vectors iˆ 2 x ˆj 3 y kˆ and iˆ 2 x ˆj 3 y kˆ are Section–B (Assertion & Reason Type Questions)
perpendicular, then the locus of x, y is 23.
Assertion: Let P a , Q b and R c be three
(a) A circle (b) An ellipse
points such that 2a 3b 5c 0 . Then the vector
(c) A hyperbola (d) None of these
area of the PQR is a null vector.
16. The length of the longer diagonal of the Reason: Three collinear points form a triangle with
zero area.
parallelogram constructed on 5a 2b and a 3b , if
(a) Assertion is correct, reason is correct; reason is a
it is given that a 2 2, b 3 and angle between
correct explanation for assertion.
a and b is / 4 , is (b) Assertion is correct, reason is correct; reason is
(a) 15 (b) 113 not a correct explanation for assertion
(c) 593 (d) 369 (c) Assertion is correct, reason is incorrect
(d) Assertion is incorrect, reason is correct.
17. If is the angle between two vectors a and b ,
24. Let u and v be unit vectors inclined at an angle
then a b 0 holds only when such that for some vector w, w w u v .
(a) 0 (b) 0 Assertion: u w cos .
2 2
Reason: u v sin .
(c) 0 (d) 0
(a) Assertion is correct, reason is correct; reason is a
18. Vectors a and b are inclined at angle 120 . If correct explanation for assertion.
2 (b) Assertion is correct, reason is correct; reason is
a 1, b 2, then a 3b 3a b is equal
not a correct explanation for assertion
to
(c) Assertion is correct, reason is incorrect
(a) 300 (b) 325
(c) 275 (d) 225 (d) Assertion is incorrect, reason is correct.
25. If a , b , c are unit vectors such that a b c 0
19. If a iˆ ˆj kˆ, b iˆ 2 ˆj 2kˆ and 3
then a b b c c a .
2
c iˆ 2 ˆj kˆ, then a unit vector normal to the 2 2 2
Reason: x y x y 2 x y .
vectors a b and b c is
(a) Assertion is correct, reason is correct; reason is a
(a) iˆ (b) ĵ
correct explanation for assertion.
(c) k̂ (d) None of these (b) Assertion is correct, reason is correct; reason is
not a correct explanation for assertion
2 2
20. If a b 4, a b 2, then a b (c) Assertion is correct, reason is incorrect
(a) 6 (b) 2 (d) Assertion is incorrect, reason is correct.
(c) 20 (d) 8
26. Assertion: If a b c d and a c b d , then
2 a d is perpendicular to b c .
21.
The value of a b is Reason: If P and Q are perpendicular then
2 2 2 2 2 2
(a) a b a b (b) a b a b P.Q 0 .
2 2 2 2 2 (a) Assertion is correct, reason is correct; reason is a
(c) a b 2 a b (d) a b a b
correct explanation for assertion.
22. If is the angle between any two vectors a and b , (b) Assertion is correct, reason is correct; reason is
then a b a b when is equal to not a correct explanation for assertion
(a) 0 (b) / 4 (c) Assertion is correct, reason is incorrect
(c) / 2 (d) (d) Assertion is incorrect, reason is correct.
VECTOR ALGEBRA 219
Based on the above information, answer the
following questions.
220 VECTOR ALGEBRA
1
(c) 1937 sq. units (d) 1837 sq. units
2
VECTOR ALGEBRA 221
1. Find a vector a of magnitude 5 2, making an 14. Find a vector in the direction of vector 2iˆ 3 ˆj 6k
which has magnitude 21 units.
angle of with x -axis, with y -axis and an
4 2 (Foreign 2014)
acute angle with z -axis. (AI 2014) 15. Write the a unit vector in the direction of vector
PQ, where P and Q are the points (1, 3, 0) and
2. If a unit vector a makes angle with i , with
3 4 (4, 5, 6) respectively. (Foreign 2014)
j and an acute angle with k , then find the value 16. If a xiˆ 2 ˆj zkˆ and b 3iˆ yjˆ kˆ are two
of . (Delhi 2013) equal vectors, then write the value of x y z.
(Delhi 2013)
3. Find the magnitude of the vector a 3iˆ 2 ˆj 6kˆ.
17. Find a unit vector parallel to the sum of the vector
(AI 2011C)
iˆ ˆj kˆ and 2ˆ 3 ˆj 5kˆ . (Delhi 2012C)
4. Find the sum of the vectors a iˆ 2 ˆj kˆ,
18. Write the direction cosines of the vector
b 2iˆ 4 ˆj 5kˆ and c iˆ 6 ˆj 7kˆ. 2iˆ ˆj 5kˆ. (Delhi 2011)
(Delhi 2012) 19. For what value of ‘a’, the vectors 2iˆ 3 ˆj 4kˆ and
5. Find the sum of the following vectors:
aiˆ 6 ˆj 8kˆ are collinear. (Delhi 2011)
a i 3k , b 2 j k , c 2i 3 j 2k .
20. Write a unit vector in the direction of the vector
(Delhi 2012)
a 2iˆ ˆj 2kˆ. (AI 2011)
6. Find the sum of the following vectors:
21. The two vectors ĵ kˆ and 3iˆ ˆj 4kˆ represent the
a iˆ 2 ˆj, b 2iˆ 3 ˆj, c 2iˆ 3kˆ (Delhi 2012)
7. If A, B and C are the vertices of a triangle ABC, two sides AB and AC, respectively of a ABC.
Find the length of the median through A.
then what is the value of AB BC CA .
(Delhi 2016, Foreign 2015)
(Delhi 2011C)
22. Find a vector of magnitude 5 units and parallel to the
8. Find the position vector of a point which divides the
resultant of the vectors a 2iˆ 3 ˆj kˆ and
join of points with position vectors a 2b and
b iˆ 2 ˆj kˆ. (Delhi 2011)
2a b externally in the ration 2 : 1.
(Delhi 2016) 23. Write the number of vectors of unit length
9. Write the position vector of the point which divides perpendicular to both the vectors a 2iˆ ˆj 2kˆ
the join of points with position vectors 3a 2b and and b ˆj kˆ. (AI 2016)
2a 3b in the ration 2 : 1. (AI 2016) 24. If a , b , c are unit vectors such that a b c 0 ,
10. Find the unit vector in the direction of the sum of the
then write the value of a. b b. c c. a.
vectors 2iˆ 3 ˆj kˆ and 4iˆ 3 ˆj 2kˆ . (Foreign 2015)
(Foreign 2016)
11. Find a vector in the direction of a iˆ 2 j that has 2 2
25. If a b a.b 400 and a 5 then write the
magnitude 7 units. (Delhi 2015C)
12. Write the direction ratios of the vector 3a 2b value of b . (Foreign 2016)
ˆ
where a i j 2k and b 2iˆ 4 ˆj 5kˆ .
26. If a 7iˆ ˆj 4kˆ and b 2iˆ 6 ˆj 3kˆ, then find
(AI 2015C)
the projection of a and b . (Delhi 2015, 2013C)
13. Find the value of ‘p’ for which the vectors
ˆ
27. If aˆ, b and ĉ are mutually perpendicular unit
3iˆ 2 ˆj 9kˆ and iˆ 2 pjˆ 3kˆ are parallel.
(AI 2014) vectors, then find the value of 2aˆ bˆ cˆ .
(AI 2015)
222 VECTOR ALGEBRA
28. Write a unit vector perpendicular to both the vectors
42. Find ' ' when the projection of a iˆ ˆj 4kˆ on
a iˆ ˆj kˆ and b iˆ ˆj. (AI 2015)
b 2i 6 j 3k is 4 units.
29. Find the area of a parallelogram whose adjacent
(Delhi 2012)
sides are represented by the vectors 2i 3k and
4 ˆj 2kˆ. (Foreign 2015)
43.
Write the value of iˆ ˆj .kˆ iˆ.kˆ.
(AI 2012)
30.
If a and b are unit vectors, then what is the angle 44.
Write the value of kˆ ˆj .iˆ ˆj.kˆ. (AI 2012)
between a and b so that 2a b is a unit vector. 45. Write the value of kˆ iˆ . ˆj iˆ.kˆ.
(AI 2012)
(Delhi 2015C)
46. Write the angle between two vector a and b with
31. If a and b are two unit vectors such that a b is
magnitudes 3 and2 respectively having
also a unit vector, then find the angle between a
and b . (Delhi 2014) a.b 6. (AI 2011)
2 47. Write the projection of the vector iˆ ˆj on the
32. If vectors a and b are such that, a 3, b and
3 vector i j . (AI 2011)
a b is a unit vector, then write the angle between
48. If a 3, b 2 and angle between a and b is
a and b . (Delhi 2014)
60°, find a.b . (Delhi 2011C)
33. If a and b are perpendicular vectors, a b 13
49. The two adjacent sides of a parallelogram are
and a 5, find the value of b . (AI 2014) 2iˆ 4 ˆj 5kˆ and 2iˆ 2 ˆj 3kˆ. Find the two unit
vectors parallel to its diagonals. Using the diagonal
34. Write the projection of the vector i j k along
vectors, find the area of the parallelogram.
the vector j . (Foreign 2014) (AI 2016)
35. Write the value of
50. If a b c d and a c b d , show that a d
i j k j k i k i j .
is parallel to b c , where a d and b c .
(Foreign 2014) (Foreign 2016)
36. Write the value of cosine of the angle which the ˆ ˆ ˆ
51. ˆ ˆ
If r xi yj zk , find r i . r j xy .
vector a i j k makes with y-axis.
(Delhi 2015)
(Delhi 2014C) ˆ
52. If a i 2 j k , b 2i j and c 3i 4 ˆj 5kˆ,
ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ
37. If a 8, b 3 and a b 12, find the angle then find a unit vector perpendicular to both of the
between a and b . (Delhi 2014C)
vectors a b and c b . (AI 2015)
38. Find the angle between x -axis and the vector
53. Vector a, b and c are such that a b c 0 and
iˆ ˆj kˆ. (Delhi 2014)
a 3, b 5 and c 7. Find the angle between a
39. Find x , if for a unit vector a, x a . x a 15 .
(AI 2013) and b . (Delhi 2014, AI 2008)
40. Write the value of so that the vectors 54. The scalar product of the vector a iˆ ˆj kˆ with a
a 2iˆ ˆj kˆ and bˆ iˆ 2 ˆj 3kˆ are unit vector along the sum of vectors
perpendicular to each other. b 2iˆ 4 ˆj 5kˆ and c iˆ 2 ˆj 3kˆ is equal
(Delhi 2013C, 2008, AI 2012C) toone. Find the value of and hence find the unit
41. Write the projection of b c on a, where vector along b c . (AI 2014)
a 2iˆ 2 ˆj kˆ, b iˆ 2 ˆj 2kˆ and c 2iˆ ˆj 4kˆ. 55. Find a unit vector perpendicular to both of the
(AI 2013C, Delhi 2007) vectors a b and a b where
ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ
a i j k , b i 2 j 3k .
(Foreign 2014)
VECTOR ALGEBRA 223
56. If a 2iˆ 3 ˆj kˆ, b iˆ kˆ, c 2 ˆj k are three 68. If two vectors a and b are such that a 2, b 1
vectors, find the area of the parallelogram having
and a.b 1, then find the value of
diagonals a b and b c . (Delhi 2014C)
3a 5b . 2a 7b . (Delhi 2011)
57. Find the vector p which is perpendicular to both
69. Find , if the vectors a iˆ 3 ˆj kˆ, b 2iˆ ˆj kˆ
4iˆ 5 ˆj kˆ and 4iˆ 5 ˆj kˆ and p.q 21,
and c ˆj 3kˆ are coplanar. (Delhi 2015)
where q 3iˆ ˆj kˆ. (AI 2014C)
58.
If a and b are two vectors such that a b a ,
70.
Find a. b c , if a 2iˆ ˆj 3kˆ, b iˆ 2 ˆj kˆ
and c 3iˆ ˆj 2kˆ. (Delhi 2015)
then prove that vector 2a b is perpendicular to
71. Show that the vectors a, b and c are coplanar if
vector b . (Delhi 2013)
ˆ ˆ ˆ
59. If a i j k and b ˆj kˆ, find a vector c , a b, b c and ca are coplanar.
(Delhi 2016)
such that a c b and a .c 3.
72. Find the value of so that the four points A, B,
(Delhi 2013)
60. Using vectors, find the area of the triangle ABC with and C and D with position vectors 4iˆ 5 ˆj kˆ,
vertices A 1, 2, 3 , B 2, 1, 4 and C 4, 5, 1. ˆj kˆ,3iˆ ˆj 4k and 4iˆ 4 ˆj 4kˆ respectively
(Delhi 2013, AI 2013) are coplanar. (Delhi 2015C)
ˆ ˆ
61. If a i j 7kˆ and b 5iˆ ˆj kˆ, then find the 73. Prove that, for any three vectors a , b , c
value of , so that a b and a b are a b b c c a 2 a b c .
perpendicular vectors. (AI 2013) (Delhi 2014)
62. If a , b , c are three mutually perpendicular vectors 74. Show that the vectors a , b , c are coplanar if and
of the same magnitude, prove that a b c is only if a b , b c and c a are coplanar.
equally inclined with the vectors a, b and c . (Foreign 2014)
(Delhi 2013C) 75. X and Y are two points with position vectors
63. Dot product of a vector with vectors
3a b and a 3b respectively. Write the position
iˆ ˆj kˆ, 2iˆ ˆj 3k and iˆ ˆj kˆ are respectively vector of a point Z which divides the line segment
4, 0 and 2. Find the vector. XY in the ratio 2 : 1 externally.
(Delhi 2013C) (AI 2019)
64. Find the values of for which the angle of a vector 76. Find the magnitude of each of the two vectors
with vectors and are between the vectors a and b , having the same magnitude such that the
a 2 2 iˆ 4 ˆj kˆ and b 7iˆ 2 ˆj kˆ is obtuse. angle between them is 60 and their scalar product is
(AI 2013C) 9
. (2018)
ˆ 2
65. If a 3iˆ ˆj and b 2iˆ ˆj 3k then express b in
77. If the sum of two unit vectors is a unit vector, prove
the form b b1 b2 where b1 || a and b2 a.
that the magnitude of their difference is 3 .
(AI 2013C) (Delhi 2019)
66. If a , b , c are three vectors such that a 5, b 12 78. Let a iˆ 2 ˆj 3kˆ and b 3iˆ ˆj 2kˆ be two
and c 13 and a b c 0, find the value of vectors. Show that the vectors (a b ) and (a b )
are perpendicular to each other.
a.b b .c c .a. (Delhi 2012)
(AI 2019)
67. If the sum of two unit vectors â and b̂ is a unit
79. If is the agle between two vectors
vector, show that the magnitude of their difference is
iˆ 2 ˆj 3kˆ and3
iˆ 2 ˆj kˆ , find sin . (2018)
3. (Delhi 2012C)
224 VECTOR ALGEBRA
80. If iˆ ˆj kˆ, 2iˆ 5 ˆj, 3iˆ 2 ˆj 3kˆ and iˆ 6 ˆj kˆ 86. If a iˆ 2 ˆj 3kˆ and b 2iˆ 4 ˆj 5kˆ represent
respectively are the position vectors of points A, B, two adjacent sides of parallelogram, find unit
C and D, then the angle between the straight lines vectors parallel to the diagonals of the
AB and CD. Find whether AB and CD are collinear parallelogram.
or not. (Delhi 2019) (AI 2020, Delhi 2020)
87. using vectors, find the area of the triangle ABC with
81. Let a 4iˆ 5 ˆj kˆ, b iˆ 4 ˆj 5kˆ and
vertices A(1,2,3), B(2,–1,4) and C(4,5,–1).
c 3iˆ ˆj kˆ . find a vector d which is (AI 2020, Delhi 2020)
perpendicular to both c and b and d a 21 88. The value of p for which p(iˆ ˆj kˆ) is a unit
(2018) vector is ____. (AI 2020)
82. If a 2iˆ 3 ˆj kˆ, b iˆ 2 ˆj kˆ and 89. The area of the parallelogram whose diagonals are
2iˆ and 3kˆ is square units.
c 3iˆ ˆj 2kˆ . Find [abc ] . (Delhi 2019)
(AI 2020)
83. Find the value of x, for which the four points
90. The value of for which the vectors
A(x, –1,-1) , B(4,5,1),C(3,9,4) and D(–4,4,4) are
coplanar. (AI 2019) 2iˆ ˆj kˆ and i 2 ˆj kˆ are orthogonal is _____.
84. State true or false (AI 2020)
If iˆ, ˆj, kˆ are unit vectors along three mutually
perpendicular then iˆ kˆ 0 .
directions,
(AI 2020, Delhi 2020)
85. ABCD is a rhombus whose diagonals intersect at E.
Then EA EB EC ED equals _____.
(AI 2020, Delhi 2020)
Find Answer Key and Detailed Solutions at the end of this book
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THREE DIMENSIONAL GEOMETRY 225
12
THREE DIMENSIONAL GEOMETRY
226 THREE DIMENSIONAL GEOMETRY
Chapter at a Glance
Direction cosines of a line are the cosines of the angles made by the line with the positive directions of the coordinate
axes.
If l , m, n are the direction cosines of a line, then l 2 m2 n2 1 .
x2 x1 y2 y1 z2 z1
Direction cosines of a line joining two points P x1 , y1 , z1 and Q x2 , y2 , z2 are , , .
PQ PQ PQ
2 2 2
where PQ x2 x1 y2 y1 z2 z1
Direction ratios of a line are the numbers which are proportional to the direction cosines of a line.
a
If l , m, n are the direction cosines and a, b, c are the direction ratios of a line then l ;
a b2 c2
2
b c
m ; n
2 2 2
a b c a b2 c2
2
x x1 y y1 z z1 x x2 y y2 z z2
If and are the equations of two lines, then the acute angle between the
l1 m1 n1 l2 m2 n2
two lines is given by cos l1l2 m1m2 n1n2 .
Shortest distance between two skew lines is the line segment perpendicular to both the lines.
Shortest distance between r a1 b1 and r a2 b2 is
b1 b2 a2 a1
.
b1 b2
x x1 y y1 z z1 x x2 y y2 z z2
Shortest distance between the lines: and is
a1 b1 c1 a2 b2 c2
x2 x1 y2 y1 z2 z1
a1 b1 c1
a2 b2 c2
2 2 2
b1c2 b2 c1 c1a2 c2 a1 a1b2 a2 b1
THREE DIMENSIONAL GEOMETRY 227
b a a1
Distance between parallel lines r a1 b and r a2 b is .
b
In the vector form, equation of a plane which is at a distance d from the origin, and n̂ is the unit vector normal to the
plane through the origin is r nˆ d .
Equation of a plane which is at a distance of d from the origin and the direction cosines of the normal to the plane as
l , m, n is lx my nz d .
The equation of a plane through a point whose position vector is a and perpendicular to the vector N is r a .N 0 .
Equation of a plane perpendicular to a given line with direction ratios A, B, C and passing through a given point
x1 , y1 , z1 is A x x1 B y y1 C z z1 0
Equation of a plane passing through three non collinear points x1 , y1 , z1 x2 , y2 , z2 and x3 , y3 , z3 is
x x1 y y1 z z1
x2 x1 y2 y1 z2 z1 0 .
x3 x1 y3 y1 z3 z1
Vectors equation of a plane that contains three non collinear points having position vectors a, b and c is
r a . b a c a 0
x y z
Equation of a plane that cuts the coordinates axes at a,0,0 , 0, b,0 and 0,0,c is
1 .
a b c
Vector equation of a plane that passes through the intersection of planes r n1 d1 and n2 d 2 is
r n1 n2 d1 d2 , where is any nonzero constant.
Cartesian equation of a plane that passes through the intersection of two given planes A1 x B1 y C1 z d1
A2 x B2 y C2 z d 2 0
Two line r a1 b1 and r a2 b2 are coplanar if a2 a1 b1 b2 0 .
x x1 y y1 z z1 x x2 y y2 z z2
In the cartesian form two lines and are coplanar if
a1 b1 c1 a2 b2 C2
x2 x1 y2 y1 z2 z1
a1 b1 c1 0 .
a2 b2 c2
n1 n2
In the vector form, if is the angle between the two planes, r n1 d1 and r n2 d 2 , then cos 1 .
n1 n2
b nˆ
The angle between the line r a b and the plane r nˆ d is sin .
b nˆ
The angle between the planes A1 x B1 y C1 z D1 0 and A2 x B2 y C2 z D2 0 is given by
A1 A2 B1 B2 C1C2
cos .
A B12 C12 A22 B22 C22
2
1
The distance of a point whose position vector is a from the plane r nˆ d is d a nˆ
Ax1 By1 Cz1 D
The distance from a point x1 , y1 , z1 to the plane Ax By Cz D 0 is .
A B 2 C 2
228 THREE DIMENSIONAL GEOMETRY
Solved Examples
Example–1 And a 2, b 4, c 2.
Find the direction cosines of the line passing through Thus, the required line passes through the point
the two points 2, 4, 5 and 1, 2, 3 . 3,5, 6 and is parallel to the vector 2iˆ 4 ˆj 2kˆ.
(NCERT)
Let r be the position vector of any point on the line,
Sol. We know the direction cosines of the line passing then the vector equation of the line is given by
through two points P x1 , y1 , z1 and Q x2 , y2 , z2
are given by
r 3iˆ 5 ˆj 6kˆ 2iˆ 4 ˆj 2kˆ .
x2 x1 y2 y1 z2 z1 Example–5
, , Find the angle between the pair of lines
PQ PQ PQ
x 3 y 1 z 3 x 1 y 4 z 5
where PQ
2 2
x2 x1 y2 y1 z2 z1
2
and .
3 5 4 1 1 2
Here P is 2, 4, 5 and Q is 1, 2, 3 . (NCERT)
Sol. The direction ratios of the first line are 3, 5, 4 and
2 2 2
So PQ 1 2 2 4 3 5 77 the direction ratios of the second line are 1, 1, 2. If
Thus, the direction cosines of the line joining two is the angle between them, then
3 2 8 3.1 5.1 4.2
points is , , . cos
77 77 77 3 52 42 12 12 22
2
Example–2 16 16 8 3
Find the direction cosines of x, y and z -axis.
50 6 5 2 6 15
(NCERT) 8 3
Sol. The x -axis makes angles 0,90 and 90 respectively Hence, the required angle is cos 1 .
15
with x, y and z -axis. Therefore, the direction
Example–6
cosines of x -axis are cos 0 , cos 90 i.e., 1, 0, 0.
Similarly, direction cosines of y -axis and Find the shortest distance between the lines l1 and l2
whose vector equations are
z -axis are 0,1,0 and 0, 0, 1 respectively.
Example–3
r iˆ ˆj 2iˆ ˆj kˆ ... 1 and
Show that the points A 2,3, 4 , B 1, 2,3 and
r 2iˆ ˆj kˆ 3iˆ 5 ˆj 2kˆ ... 2 . (NCERT)
Sol. Comparing (1) and (2) with
C 3, 8, 11 are collinear. (NCERT) r a1 b1 and r a2 b2 respectively,
Sol. Direction ratios of line joining A and B are
we get a1 iˆ ˆj , b1 2iˆ ˆj kˆ
1 2, 2 3, 3 4 i.e., 1, 5, 7.
The direction ratios of line joining B and C are a2 2iˆ ˆj kˆ and b2 3iˆ 5 ˆj 2kˆ
3 1, 8 2, 11 3, i.e., 2, 10, 14. Therefore a2 a1 iˆ kˆ
It is clear that direction ratios of AB and BC are
proportional, hence, AB is parallel to BC. But point B
and b1 b2 2iˆ ˆj kˆ 3iˆ 5 ˆj 2kˆ
is common to both AB and BC. Therefore, A, B, C are iˆ ˆj kˆ
collinear points.
2 1 1 3iˆ ˆj 7 kˆ
Example–4
3 5 2
Find the vector equation of the line if the Cartesian
x3 y 5 z 6 So b1 b2 9 1 49 59
equation of the line is .
2 4 2 Hence, the shortest distance between the given lines
(NCERT) is given by
Sol. Comparing the given equation with the standard form
x x1 y y1 z z1 d
b
1 b2 . a2 a1
30 7
10
.
a b c b1 b2 59 59
We have x1 3, y1 5, z1 6;
THREE DIMENSIONAL GEOMETRY 229
Example–7 Example–10
Find the distance between the lines l1 and l2 given by Find the angle between the two planes
2 x y 2 z 5 and 3x 6 y 2 z 7 using vector
r iˆ 2 ˆj 4kˆ 2iˆ 3 ˆj 6kˆ method. (NCERT)
and r 3iˆ 3 ˆj 5kˆ 2iˆ 3 ˆj 6kˆ .
Sol. The angle between two planes is the angle between
(NCERT) their normals. From the equation of the planes, the
Sol. The two lines are parallel. We have normal vectors are
iˆ ˆj kˆ N1 2iˆ ˆj 2kˆ and N 2 3iˆ 6 ˆj 2kˆ
2 3 6
N 1 .N 2
b a2 a1 2 1 1 Therefore cos
d N1 N 2
b 4 9 36
2iˆ ˆj 2kˆ .3iˆ 6 ˆj 2kˆ 4
4 1 4 9 36 4 21
Example–18
1
cos . If a plane passes through the point 1, 1, 1 and is
2 3
Example–15 x 1 y 1 z 1
perpendicular to the line , then its
The perpendicular distance of the point P 1, 2,3 3 0 4
perpendicular distance from the origin is
x6 y7 z7
from the line is 3 4
3 2 2 (a) (b)
(a) 7 (b) 5 4 3
(c) 0 (d) None of these 7
(c) (d) 1
Ans. (a) 5
Ans. (c)
THREE DIMENSIONAL GEOMETRY 231
Sol. If the plane is perpendicular to the line Now comparing equation (1) and (2) with coefficients
x 1 y 1 z 1 given in condition of coplanarity, we get
, then direction ratios of its
3 0 4 x1 2, y1 1, z1 2
normal are proportional to 3, 0, 4. a1 2, b1 3, c1 1
Let the equation of plane is And
3x 4 z d 0 x2 3, y2 0, z2 1
Since the plane passes through 1, 1, 1 . a2 3, b2 2, c2 2
Example–19 Therefore,
x 2 y 1 z 2 x2 x1 y2 y1 z 2 z1 5 1 3
Assertion: Lines and
2 3 1 a1 b1 c1 2 3 1
x 3 y z 1 a2 b2 c2 3 2 2
are coplanar.
2 2 2
5 1 3
Reason: Let line l1 passes through the point
2 3 1 R3 R3 R2
x1 , y1 , z1 are parallel to the vector whose direction 5 1 3
ratios are a1 , b1 and c1 and let the line l2 passes
0 0 0
through the point x2 , y2 , z2 and parallel to the 2 3 1 R1 R1 R3
vector whose direction ratios are a2 , b2 and c2 . 5 1 3
Then both lines l1 and l2 are coplanar if and only if 0
x2 x1 y2 y1 z2 z1 Therefore, lines given in equations (1) and (2) satisfy
the condition coplanarity therefore both lines are
a1 b1 c1 0
coplanar.
a2 b2 c2
Hence, our assertion is true and reason is correct
(a) both assertion and reason are correct, and reason explanation of our assertion.
is the correct explanation of assertion.
Example–20
(b) both assertion and reason are correct, and reason
is not the correct explanation of assertion. Consider the plane 1 : 2 x 3 y 4 z 9 0 and the
(c) Assertion is correct, but reason is incorrect
point P 1, 2,3 . 2 is a plane parallel to 1 and
(d) Assertion is incorrect, but reason is correct.
Ans. (a) containing the point P.
Sol. Given lines
x 2 y 1 z 2
... 1
2 3 1
x3 y z 1
And ... 2
3 2 2
We know that line l1 passes through the point
x1 , y1 , z1 and parallel to the vector whose direction Based on the above information, answer any four of
the following questions.
ratios are a1 , b1 and c1 and let line l2 passes through
(i) Equation of 2 is.
the point x2 , y2 , z2 and parallel to the vector (a) 2 x 3 y 4 z 9 0
whose direction ratios are a2 , b2 and c2 . (b) 2 x 3 y 4 z 20 0
Then both lines l1 and l2 are coplanar if and only if (c) 2 x 3 y 4 z 20 0
x2 x1 y2 y1 z2 z1 (d) 3x 3 y 4 z 9 0
a1 b1 c1 0 (ii) Distance between 1 and 2 is __________ units.
a2 b2 c2
(a) 5 (b) 29
Which implies our reason is true.
(c) 13 (d) 2 3
232 THREE DIMENSIONAL GEOMETRY
x 1 y 2 z 3
or .
2 3 4
THREE DIMENSIONAL GEOMETRY 233
4. A parallelepiped is formed by planes drawn through 19 57 17 19 57 17
(a) , , (b) , ,
the points (2, 3, 5) and (5, 9, 7) parallel to the 8 16 16 8 16 16
coordinate planes. The length of a diagonal of
19 57 17
the parallelepiped is (c) , , (d) none of these
8 16 16
(a) 7 (b) 38 11. If O is the origin and OP 3 with direction ratios
proportional to 1,2, 2, then the coordinates of P
(c) 155 (d) None of these
are
5. The xy -plane divides the line segment joining the
(a) 1, 2 2 (b) 1, 2, 2
points 1,3, 4 and 2, 5,6 .
1 2 2
(c) , , (d) 3, 6, 9
(a) internally in the ratio 2 : 3 9 9 9
(b) externally in the ratio 2 : 3 12. The angle between the two diagonals of a cube is
(b) 2 x 3 z 0 and y 0
(a) r . 5 i 2 j 3 k 7 (b) r . 5 i 2 j 3 k 7
(c) 2 x y 3z 0 and y 3z 0
(d) None of these (c) r . 5 i 2 j 3 k 7 (d) None of these
16. The acute angle between the planes 2 x y z 6
22. The distance of the point 1, 5, 10 from the
and x y 2 z 3 is
point of intersection of the line
(a) 45 (b) 60
r 2 i j 2 k 3 i 4 j 12 k and the plane
(c) 30 (d) 75
r . i j k 5 is
17. The equation of the plane through the intersection of
the planes x 2 y 3z 4 and 2 x y z 5 and (a) 9 (b) 13
perpendicular to the plane 5x 3 y 6 z 8 0 is (c) 17 (d) None of these
(a) 7 x 2 y 3z 81 0
Section–B (Case Study Questions)
Case Study–1
(b) 23x 14 y 9 z 48 0
23. A cricket match is organized between two clubs A
(c) 51x 15 y 50 z 173 0 and B for which a team from each club is chosen.
Remaining players of club A and club B are
(d) None of these
respectively sitting on the plane represented by the
The distance between the planes
equation r. 2i j k 3 and r. i 3 j 2k 8,
18.
2 x 2 y z 2 0 and 4 x 4 y 2 z 5 0 is. to cheer the team of their own clubs.
1 1
(a) (b)
2 4
1
(c) (d) None of these
6
19. The image of the point 1,3, 4 in the plane
2 x y z 3 0 is. Based on the above, answer the following:
(ii) The magnitude of the normal to the plane on which (ii) If the coast guard decide to shoot the boat at that
players of club B are seated, is. given instant of time, then what is the distance (in
meters) that the bullet has to travel.
(a) 15 (b) 14
(a) 5m (b) 3m
(c) 17 (d) 20
(c) 6m (d) 4m
(iii) The intercept form of the equation of the plane on
(iii) If the coast guard decides to shoot the boat at that
which players of club B are seated is.
given instant of time, when the speed of bullet is 36
x y z x y z m/sec, then what is the time taken for the bullet to
(a) 1 (b) 1
8 8/3 8/3 5 8/3 8/3 travel and hit the boat.
x y z x y z 1 1
(c) 1 (d) 1 (a) seconds (b) seconds
8 8/3 4 8 7 2 8 14
(iv) The distance of the plane, on which players of club 1 1
(c) seconds (d) seconds
B are seated, from the origin is. 10 12
8 6 (iv) At that given instant of time, the equation of line
(a) units (b) units
14 14 passing through the positions of the helicopter and
boat is.
7 9
(c) units (d) units
14 14 x 1 y 3 z 5
(a)
1 2 2
Case Study–2
x 1 y 3 z 5
24. The Indian coast guard, while patrolling saw a (b)
2 1 2
suspicious boat with people. They were nowhere
looking like fishermen. The coast guard were closely x 1 y 3 z 5
observing the movement of the boat for an (c)
2 1 2
opportunity to seize the boat. They observed that the
boat is moving along a planar surface. At and instant x 1 y 3 z 5
(d)
of time, the coordinates of the position of the coast 2 1 2
guard helicopter and the boat is (1, 3, 5) and (2, 5, 3)
Case Study–3
respectively.
25. P1 : x 3 y z 0 and P2 : y 2 z 0 are two
intersecting planes. P3 is a plane passing through the
point 2,1, 1 and through the line of intersection
of P1 and P2 .
Based on the above, answer the following questions:
(i) If the line joining of the helicopter and the boat is
perpendicular to the plane in which the boat moves,
then the equation of the plane is.
(i) The angle between P1 and P2 is. 28. Assertion: The equation of two straight lines are
x 1 y 3 z 2 x 2 y 1 z 3
and are co
1 1 2 1 3 1 3 2
(a) cos 1 (b) cos 1
5 55 planar
Reason: Two lines are said to be coplanar when
2
1 3
1 they both lie on the same plane in a three-
(c) cos (d) cos
11 11 dimensional space
(a) Assertion is correct, reason is correct; reason is a
(ii) Equation of P3 is _________. correct explanation for assertion.
(b) Assertion is correct, reason is correct; reason is
(a) 4 x y 2 z 10 (b) x y 2 z 3 not a correct explanation for assertion
(c) Assertion is correct, reason is incorrect
(c) x 9 y 11z 0 (d) 4 x y z 0
(d) Assertion is incorrect, reason is correct.
(iii) Equation of plane parallel to P3 and passing through x 1 y 0 z 2
29. Assertion: Line lies in the
(1, 2, 3) is ___________. 1 2 1
plane 2 x 3 y 4 z 10 0
(a) x 9 y 11z 52 0 (b) x 9 y 11z 20 0
Reason: If line r a b lies in the plane r . c n
(c) 4 x y 2 z 10 0 (d) 4 x y 2 z 1 0
(where n is scalar), then b . c 0 .
(iv) Distance of P3 from origin is _____ units.
(a) Assertion is correct, reason is correct; reason is a
(a) 0 (b) 1 correct explanation for assertion.
(b) Assertion is correct, reason is correct; reason is
1 11 not a correct explanation for assertion
(c) (d)
5 10 (c) Assertion is correct, reason is incorrect
Section–C (Assertion & Reason Type Questions) (d) Assertion is incorrect, reason is correct.
24. Find the shortest distance between the two lines x 1 y 2 z 3
35. If the lines and
whose vector equations are 3 2k 2
r iˆ 2 ˆj 3kˆ iˆ 3 ˆj 2kˆ and x 1 y 2 z 3
are perpendicular, find the
k 1 5
r 4iˆ 5 ˆj 6kˆ 2iˆ 3 ˆj kˆ . (Delhi 2014C)
value of k and hence find the equation of plane
25. Find the shortest distance between the following pair containing these lines. (AI 2012)
x 1 y 2 z 3 x 2 y 3 z 5 36. Write the vector equation of the line passing though
of lines: ;
2 3 4 3 4 5 1, 2, 3 and perpendicular to the plane
(AI 2012C)
r (iˆ 2 ˆj 5kˆ) 9 0 (AI 2015C)
26. Find the vector equation of a plane which is at a
distance of 5 units from the origin and its normal 37. Write the vector equation of the plane, passing
vector is 2iˆ 3 ˆj 6kˆ (Delhi 2016) through the point a, b, c and parallel to the plane
27. Find the sum of the intercepts cut off by the plane r (iˆ ˆj kˆ) 2 (Delhi 2014)
2 x y z 5, on the coordinate axes. (Foreign 2015) 38. Find the vector equation of the plane through the
28. Find the unit vector perpendicular to the plane ABC points (2,1, 1) and (1,3, 4) and perpendicular to
where the position vectors of A,B and C are the plane x 2 y 4 z 10 . (AI 2013)
2iˆ ˆj kˆ, iˆ ˆj 2kˆ and 2iˆ 3kˆ respectively. 39. Find the equation of the plane that contains the point
(AI 2014C) 1, 1, 2 and is perpendicular to each of the planes
29. Find the vector and Cartesian equations of the plane
2 x 3 y 2 z 5 and x 2 y 3z 8.
passing through the line of a intersection of the
(Delhi 2009C)
planes r (2iˆ 2 ˆj 3kˆ) 7 , r (2iˆ 5 ˆj 3kˆ) 9 such
40. Find the vector equation of the plane which contains
that the intercepts made by the plane on x-axis and z- the line of intersection of the planes
axis are equal. (AI 2015C)
r (iˆ 2 ˆj 3kˆ) 4 0 and r (2iˆ ˆj kˆ) 5 0
30. Find the vector equation of the plane passing through
three points with position vectors and which is perpendicular to the plane
iˆ ˆj 2kˆ, 2iˆ ˆj kˆ and iˆ 2 ˆj kˆ .Also find the r (5iˆ 3 ˆj 6kˆ) 8 0 . (Delhi 2013, 2011)
coordinates of the point of intersection of this plane 41. Find the length of the perpendicular drawn from the
origin to the plane 2 x 3 y 6 z 21 0
and the line r 3iˆ ˆj kˆ (2iˆ 2 ˆj kˆ) .
(AI 2013)
(Delhi 2013)
42. Find the distance of the plane 3x 4 y 12 z 3
5 x y 7 z 3
31. Show that the lines and from the origin. (AI 2012)
4 4 5
43. Find the distance of the point P 3, 4, 4 from the
x 8 2y 8 z 5
are coplanar. (Delhi 2014) point, where the line joining the points
7 2 3
A(3, 4, 5) and B(2, 3,1) intersects the plane
x 1 y 1 z 1 x3 y k z
32. If lines and 2 x y z 7 . (AI 2015)
2 3 4 1 2 1
intersect, then find the value of k and hence find the 44. Find the image of the point having position vector
equation of the plane containing these lines. iˆ 3 ˆj 4kˆ in the plane r (2iˆ ˆj kˆ) 3 0 .
(Delhi 2015) (AI 2014C)
ˆ ˆ ˆ
33. Show that the lines r (i j k ) (3iˆ ˆj ) and 45. Find the position vector of the foot of perpendicular
from the point P with position vector 2iˆ 3 ˆj 4kˆ
r (4iˆ kˆ) (2iˆ 3kˆ) are coplanar. (AI 2013C)
x 3 y 1 z 5 to the plane. (AI 2016)
34. If the lines and
3 1 5 46. Find the distance of the point 1, 2, 3 from the
x 1 y 2 z 5 plane x – y z 5 measured parallel to the line
are coplanar, find the equation
1 2 5 whose direction cosines are proportional to 2, 3, 6
of plane containing these lines. (AI 2013C) . (Foreign 2015)
240 THREE DIMENSIONAL GEOMETRY
47. Find the equation of the plane that contains the point 56. Find the Cartesian equation of the plane passing
1, 1, 2 and is perpendicular to both the planes through the points A 0, 0, 0 and B 3, 1, 2 and
67. Find the coordinates of the foot of the perpendicular 71. Find the vector and cartesian equations of the line
Q drawn from P 3, 2,1 to the plane which perpendicular to the lines with equations
x 2 y 3 z 1
2x y z 1 0 . Also, find the distance PQ and and x 1 y 2 z 3 and
1 1 4 2 3 4
the image of the point P treating this plane as a
passes through the point 1,1,1 . Also find the angle
mirror.
(AI 2019) between the given lines.
68. Find the distance of the point 1, 5, 10 from the (AI 2020, Delhi 2020)
72. Find the coordinates of the point where the line
point of intersection of the line
through 1,1, 8 and 5, 2,10 crosses the ZX-
r 2iˆ ˆj 2kˆ 3iˆ 4 ˆj 2kˆ and the plane
plane. (AI 2020)
r iˆ ˆj kˆ 5 . (Delhi 2018) 73. Show that the lines x2 y2 z3
and
1 3 1
x2 y3 4 z
69. The lines and x2 y3 z4
1 1 k intersect. Also, find the
1 4 2
x 1 y 4 z 5
are mutually perpendicular if coordinates of the point of intersection. Find the
k 2 2
equation of the plane containing the two lines.
the value of k is.
(AI 2020)
(AI 2020, Delhi 2020) 74. The image of the point 2, 1, 4 in the YZ-plane is
70. The vector equation of a line which through the
_______. (AI 2020)
points 3, 4, 7 and 1, 1, 6 is ________.
75. The distance of the origin 0, 0, 0 from the plane
(AI, 2020, Delhi 2020)
2x 6 y 3z 7 is _________. (AI 2020)
Find Answer Key and Detailed Solutions at the end of this book
THREE DIMENSIONAL
GEOMETRY
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feedback by scanning the QR code
242 PROBABILITY
13
PROBABILITY
PROBABILITY 243
Chapter at a Glance
The conditional probability of an event E, given the occurrence of the event F is given by
PE F
PE | F , PF 0
PF
0 P E | F 1, P E ' | F 1 P E | F P E F | G P E | G P F | G P E F | G
P E F P E P F | E , P E 0 P E F P F P E | F , P F 0
If E and F are independent, then
PE F PE PF
PE | F PE PF 0
PE | F PF PE 0
Theorem of total probability
Let E1 , E2 ,..., En be a partition of a sample space and suppose that each of E1 , E2 ,..., En has nonzero probability. Let
A be any event associated with S, then
P A P E1 P A | E1 P E2 P A | E2 ... P En P A | En
Bayes’ theorem If E1 , E2 ,..., En are events which constitute a partition of sample space S, i.e. E1 , E2 ,..., En are pairwise
disjoint and E1 E2 ... En S any A be any event with nonzero probability, then
P Ei P A | Ei
P Ei | A n
PE P A | E
j 1
j j
A random variable is a real valued function whose domain is the sample space of a random experiment.
The probability distribution of a random variable X is the system of numbers
X : x1 x2 ... xn n
P X : p1 p2 ... pn
, where, pi 0, pi 1
i 1, i 2,..., n
Let X be a random variable whose possible x1 , x2 , x3 ,...., xn occur with probabilities p1 , p2 , p3 ,... pn respectively. Then
n
mean of X, denoted by , is the number x p .
i 1
i i
n
2
The non-negative number x Var X x
i 1
i p xi is called the standard deviation of the random variable
X.
2
Var X E X 2 E X
Solved Examples
Example–1 Example–3
A family has two children. What is the probability An urn contains 10 black and 5 white balls. Two balls
that both the children are boys given that at least one are drawn from the urn one after the other without
of them is a boy? (NCERT) replacement. What is the probability that both drawn
Sol. Let b stand for boy and g for girl. The sample space balls are black? (NCERT)
of the experiment is S b, b g , b , b, g , g , g Sol. Let E and F denote respectively the events that first
Let E and F denote the following events: and second ball drawn are black.
E : ‘both the children are boys’ We have to find P E F or P EF .
F : ‘at least one of the children is a boy’ 10
Now P E P (black ball in first draw)
Then E b, b 15
Also given that the first ball drawn is black, i.e., event
and F b, b , g , b , b, g
E has occurred, now there are 9 black balls and five
Now E F b, b white balls left in the urn. Therefore, the probability
that the second ball drawn is black, given that the ball
3 1
Thus P F and P E F in the first draw is black, is nothing but the
4 4
conditional probability of F given that E has
Therefore,
9
1 occurred. i.e., P F / E
PE F 4 1 14
PE / F . By multiplication rule of probability, we have
PF 3 3
4 10 9 3
PE F PE PF / E .
15 14 7
Example–2
Example–4
Ten cards numbered 1 to 10 are placed in a box, Three cards are drawn successively, without
mixed up thoroughly and then one card is drawn replacement from a pack of 52 well shuffled cards.
randomly. If it is known that the number on the What is the probability that first two cards are kings
drawn card is more than 3, what is the probability that and the third card drawn is an ace? (NCERT)
it is an even number. (NCERT) Sol. Let K denote the event that the card drawn is king
Sol. Let A be the event ‘the number on the card drawn is and A be the event that the card drawn is an ace.
even’ and B be the event ‘the number on the card 4
Now P K
drawn is greater than 3’. 52
We have to find P A / B . Also, P K | K is the probability of second king
Now, the sample space of the experiment is with the condition that one king has already been
S 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8,9,10 drawn. Now there are three kings in 52 1 51
Then A 2, 4, 6,8,10 , B 4, 5, 6, 7,8, 9,10 3
cards. Therefore, P K | K
and A B 4, 6,8,10 51
Lastly, P A | KK is the probability of third drawn
5 7 4
Also P A , P B and P A B card to be an ace, with the condition that two kings
10 10 10
have already been drawn. Now there are four aces in
P A B
Then P A / B 4
P B left 50 cards. Therefore P A | KK
50
4 By multiplication law of probability, we have
10 4
. P KKA P K P K | K P A | KK
7 7
10 4 3 4 2
.
52 51 50 5525
PROBABILITY 245
If A and B are two independent events, then the III are chosen, respectively.
probability of occurrence of at least one of A and B 1
Then P E1 P E2 P E3
3
is given by 1 P A ' P B ' . (NCERT)
Also, let A be the event that ‘the coin drawn is of
Sol. P (at least one of A and B) P A B gold’
P A P B P A B 2
Then, P A | E1 P (a gold coin from Bag I) 1
P A P B P A P B 2
P A | E2 P (a gold coin from bag II) 0
P A P B 1 P A P A P B .P A '
1
P A | E3 P (a gold coin from bag III)
1 P A ' P B P A ' 1 P A ' 1 P B 2
1 P A ' P B ' . Now, the probability that the other coin in the box is
of gold = the probability that gold coin is drawn from
Example–7
the box I P E1 | A
Bag I contain 3 red and 4 black balls while another
Bag II contains 5 red and 6 black balls. One ball is By Bayes' theorem, required probability is
drawn at random from one of the bags and it is found P E1 P A | E1
to be red. Find the probability that it was drawn from P E1 P A | E1 P E2 P A | E2 P E3 P A | E3
Bag II. (NCERT) 1
1
Sol. Let E1 be the event of choosing the bag I, 3 2
.
E2 the event of choosing the bag II 1 1 1 1 3
1 0
3 3 3 2
and A be the event of drawing a red ball.
1 Example–9
Then P E1 P E2
2 Suppose that the reliability of a HIV test is specified
3 as follows: Of people having HIV, 90% of the test
P A | E1 P (Drawing a red ball from Bag I) detect the disease but 10% go undetected. Of people
7 free of HIV, 99% of the test are judged HIV Negative
5 but 1% are diagnosed as showing HIV positive. From
P A | E2 P (Drawing a red ball from Bag II)
11 a large population of which only 0.1% have HIV, one
Now, the probability of drawing a ball from Bag II, person is selected at random, given the HIV test, and
being given it is red, is P E2 | A the pathologist reports him/her as HIV positive. What
is the probability that the person actually has HIV
(NCERT)
246 PROBABILITY
Sol. Let E denote the event that the person selected is Again P E | B1 = Probability that the bolt drawn is
actually having HIV and A the event that the person's
defective given that it is manufactured by machine
HIV test is diagnosed as positive. We need to find
A 5% 0.05
P E | A . Also, E’ denotes the event that the person
Similarly, P E | B2 0.04, P E | B3 0.02.
selected is actually not having HIV.
Hence, by Bayes' Theorem, we have
Clearly, E , E ' is a partition of the sample space of
P B2 | E
all people in the population. We are given that
P B2 P E | B2
0.1 P B1 P E | B1 P B2 P B2 P B3 P E | B3
P E 0.1% 0.001
100
0.35 0.04
P E ' 1 P E 0.999
0.25 0.05 0.35 0.04 0.40 0.02
P A | E P (Person tested as HIV positive given 0.0140 28
.
that he/she is actually having HIV) 0.0345 69
90 Example–11
90 0.9
100
A man is known to speak truth 3 out of 4 times. He
and P A | E ' P (Person tested as HIV positive
throws a die and reports that it is a six. Find the
given that he/she is actually not having HIV) probability that it is actually a six. (NCERT)
1 Sol. Let E be the event that the man reports that six
1% 0.01
100 occurs in the throwing of the die and let S1 be the
Now, by Bayes’ theorem
event that six occurs and S2 be the event that six
PE P A | E
P E | A does not occur.
P E P A | E P E ' P A | E
1
Then, P S1 Probability that six occur
0.001 0.09 90 6
0.001 0.9 0.999 0.01 1089 5
P S2 Probability that six does not occur
0.083 approx. 6
Thus, the probability that a person selected at random P E | S1 Probability that the man reports that six
is actually having HIV given that he/she is tested HIV
occurs when six has actually occurred on the die
positive is 0.083.
3
Example–10 = Probability that the man speaks the truth
4
In a factory which manufactures bolts, machines A, B P E | S 2 Probability that the man reports that six
and C manufacture respectively 25%, 35% and 40% occurs when six has not actually occurred on the die
of the bolts. Of their outputs, 5, 4 and 2 percent are = Probability that the man does not speak the truth
respectively defective bolts. A bolt is drawn at
3 1
random from the product and is found to be defective. 1
4 4
What is the probability that it is manufactured by the
Thus, by Bayes' theorem, we get
machine B.? (NCERT)
P S1 | E Probability that the report of the man
Sol. Let events B1 , B2 , B3 be the following:
that six has occurred is actually a six
B1 : the bolt is manufactured by machine A
P S1 P E | S1
B2 : the bolt is manufactured by machine B
P S1 P E | S1 P S 2 P E | S 2
B3 : the bolt is manufactured by machine C
1 3
Let the event E be ‘the bolt is defective’.
6 4 1 24 3
The event E occurs with B1 or with B2 or with B3 .
1 3 5 1 8 8 8
Given that, P B1 25% 0.25, P B2 0.35 and 6 4 6 4
P B3 0.40 3
Hence, the required probability is .
8
PROBABILITY 247
2
2
1 5 5 5 1 5 5 1 1 5 75 91 21 91 441 35
3 2 .
6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 216 6 6 6 36 12
248 PROBABILITY
Example–17 A B
then P P equals
Out of 30 consecutive integers, 2 are chosen at B A
random. The probability that their sum is odd, is 1 7
(a) (b)
14 16 4 2
(a) (b)
29 29
5 1
15 10 (c) (d)
(c) (d) 12 3
29 29
Ans. (c) Ans. (b)
PROBABILITY 249
3 2 3 Example–21
Sol. P A , P B , P A B
10 5 5
A man is known to speak the truth 3 out of 4 times.
P A B P A P B P A B
He throws a die and reports that it is a six. The
3 2 3 probability that it is actually a six, is
P A B
10 5 5 3 1
(a) (b)
1 8 5
P A B
10 3
(c) (d) None of these
A B P A B P A B 4
P P
B
A P B P A Ans. (a)
1 1 Sol. Let E denote the event that a six occurs and A the
A B 10 10 man reports that it is a ‘6’, we have
P P 1 5 3
B A 2 3 P ( E ) , P ( E ) , P ( A / E ) and
5 10 6 6 4
A
B
7 1
P P . P( A / E )
B A 12 4
By Bayes’ theorem
Example–20 P( E ).P( A / E )
P( E / A)
If A and B are two independent events such that P( E ).P( A / E ) P( E ) P( A / E )
A B 1 3
P A 0.3, P A B 0.5, then P P
B
A 6 4 3
.
________. 1 3 5 1 8
2 3 6 4 6 4
(a) (b)
7 35 Example–22
1
(c) (d) A random variable X takes the values 0, 1, 2, 3 and
70 7
its mean is 1.3. If P X 3 2 P X 1 and
Ans. (c)
Sol. Given that P A 0.3, P A B 0.5, A and B are P X 2 0.3 , then P X 0 is.
3 3 P x 1
0
3 2 1
35 35 . x 0.1 0.3 0.2 1
2 3 10 7 70
7 10 x 0.4.
250 PROBABILITY
20. There are two bags, one of which contains 3 black Section–D (5 Marks Questions)
and 4 white balls while the other contains 4 black 25. There are 5 cards numbered 1 to 5, one number on
and 3 white balls. A die is thrown. If it shows up 1 one card. Two cards are drawn at random without
or 3, a ball is taken from the 1st bag; but if it shows replacement. Let X denote the sum of the numbers
on two cards drawn. Find the mean and variance of
up any other number, a ball is chosen from the
X.
second bag. Find the probability of choosing a
black ball. 26. From a lot of 30 bulbs which include 6 defectives,
a sample of 4 bulbs is drawn at random with
21. Probability of solving specific problem
replacement. Find the probability distribution of the
1 1
independently by A and B are and number of defective bulbs.
2 3 27. Bag I contain 3 red and 4 black balls and bag II
respectively. If both try to solve the problem
contain 4 red and 5 black balls. One ball is
independently, find the probability that
(i) The problem is solved transferred from Bag I to Bag II and then a ball is
(ii) Exactly one of them solves the problem. drawn from Bag II. The ball so drawn is found to
22. If A and B are two independent events, then prove
be red in colour. Find the probability that the
that the probability of occurrence of at least one of
A and B is given by 1 – P(A’) P(B’). transferred ball is black.
23. Given three identical boxes I, II and III each 28. A and B throw a die alternatively till one of them
containing two coins. In box-I both coins are gold gets a ‘6’ and win the game. Find their respective
probabilities of winning if A starts first.
coins, in box-II, both are silver coins, and, in the
29. Two cards are drawn simultaneously (or
box-III, there is one gold and one silver coin. A successively without replacement) from a well
person chooses a box at random and takes out a shuffled deck of 52 cards. Find the mean, variance
and standard deviation of the number of kings.
coin. If the coin is of gold, what is the probability
30. If A and B are two independent events such that
that the other coin in the box is also of gold.
2 1
24. In a factory which manufactures bolts, machines A,
P A B 15
and P A B , Then find
6
B and C manufacture respectively 25%, 35% and P(A) and P(B).
40% of the bolts. Of their output 5, 4 and 2 percent
are respectively defective bolts. A bolt is drawn at
random from the product and is found to be
defective. What is the probability that it is
manufactured by the machine B?
254 PROBABILITY
(c) both 7 17
(c) (d)
8 20
(d) mutually exclusive
PROBABILITY 255
21. Let X be a discrete random variable. Then the 25. Assertion: For a binomial distribution B n, p ,
variance of X is Mean > Variance.
Reason: Probability is less than or equal to.
(a) E x 2
(b) E x E x
2 2
(a) Assertion is correct, reason is correct; reason is a 27. Assertion: Let A and B be two independent events.
correct explanation for assertion. Then P A B P A P B .
Reason: Three events A, B and C are said to be
(b) Assertion is correct, reason is correct; reason is
pairwise independent, if
not a correct explanation for assertion
P A B C P A P B P C .
(c) Assertion is correct, reason is incorrect
(a) Assertion is correct, reason is correct; reason is a
(d) Assertion is incorrect, reason is correct. correct explanation for assertion.
24. Assertion: Consider the experiment of drawing a (b) Assertion is correct, reason is correct; reason is
card from a deck of 52 playing cards, in which the not a correct explanation for assertion
elementary events are assumed to be equally likely. (c) Assertion is correct, reason is incorrect
If E and F denote the events the card drawn is a (d) Assertion is incorrect, reason is correct.
spade and the card drawn is an ace respectively.
1 1
then P E | F and P F | E .
Section -C (Case Study Questions)
4 13
Case Study–1
Reason: E and F are two events such that the
probability of occurrence of one of them is not 28. Three friends A, B and C are playing a dice game.
affected by occurrence of the other. Such events are The number rolled up by them in their first three
called independent events. chances were noted and given by
(a) Assertion is correct, reason is correct; reason is a A 1, 5 , B 2, 4, 5 and C 1, 2, 5 as A
correct explanation for assertion. reaches the cell ‘SLIP YOUR NEXT TURN’ in
(b) Assertion is correct, reason is correct; reason is second throw.
not a correct explanation for assertion
(c) Assertion is correct, reason is incorrect
(d) Assertion is incorrect, reason is correct.
Based on the above information, answer the
following questions:
PROBABILITY 257
(i) P A | B (iii) When the doctor arrives late, what is the probability
that he comes by bike?
1 1
(a) (b) 5 4
6 3 (a) (b)
21 7
1 2
(c) (d) 1
2 3 (c) (d)
6 6
(ii) P B | C
(iv) When the doctor arrives late, what is the probability
2 1 that he comes by other means of transport?
(a) (b)
3 12 6 5
(a) (b)
1 7 14
(c) (d) 0
9 4 2
(c) (d)
(iii) PA B |C 21 7
1 1 30. Suman was doing a project on a school survey, on
(a) (b) the average number of hours spent on study by
6 2
students selected at random. At the end of survey,
1 1 Suman prepared the following report related to the
(c) (d)
12 3 data. Let X denotes the average number of hours
(iv) PA|C spent on study by students. The probability that X
can take the values x , has the following form,
1
(a) (b) 1 where k is some unknown constant.
4
0.2, if x 0
2
(c) (d) None of these P X x kx, if x 1 or 2
3
k 6 x , if x 3 or4
29. A doctor is to visit a patient. From the past
experience, it is known that the probabilities that he
will come by cab, metro, bike or by other means of
transport are respectively 0.3, 0.2, 0.1 and 0.4. The
probabilities that he will be late are 0.25, 0.3, 0.35
and 0.1 if he comes by cab, metro, bike and other
means of transport respectively.
15. Bag A contains 3 red and 5 black balls, while bag B 21. An insurance company insured 2000 scooter drivers,
contains 4 red and 4 black balls. Two balls are 4000 car drivers 6000 truck drivers. The probability
transferred at random from bag A to bag B and then of an accident for them are 0.01, 0.03 and 0.15
a ball is drawn from bag B at random. If the ball respectively. One of the insured persons meets with
drawn from bag B is found to be red find the an accident. What is the probability that he is a
probability that two red balls were transferred from scooter driver or a car driver? (Foreign 2014)
A and B. (Foreign 2016) 22. A man is known to speak the truth 3 out of 56 times.
16. In a factory which manufactures bolts, machines A, He throws a die and reports that it is ‘1’. Find the
B and C manufacture respectively 30%, 50% and probability that it is actually 1.
20% of the bolts. Of their outputs 3, 4 and 1 percent (Delhi 2010 C)
respectively are defective bolts. A bolt is drawn at 23. Assume that the chances of a patient having a heart
random from the product and is found to be attack is 40%. Assuming that a meditation and yoga
defective. Find the probability that it is not course reduces the risk of heart attack by 30% and
manufactured by machine B. (AI 2015) prescription of certain drug reduces its chance by
25%. At a time, a patient can choose any one of the
17. A bag contains 4 red and 4 black balls; another bag two options with equal probabilities. It is given that
contains 2 red and 6 black balls. One of the two bags after going through one of the two options, the
is selected at random, and two balls are drawn at patient selected at random suffers a heart attack.
random without replacement from the bag and are Find the probability that the patient followed a
course of meditation and yoga. Interpret the result
found to be both red. Find the probability that the
and state which of the above stated methods is more
balls are drawn from the first bag. (Delhi 2015 C) beneficial for the patient.
18. In answering a question on a multiple-choice test, a (AI 2014 C)
3 24. In a group of400 people, 160 are smokers and non-
student either knows the answer or guesses. Let
5 vegetarian, 100 are smokers and vegetarian and the
2 remaining are non-smokers and vegetarian. The
be the probability that he knows the answer and
5 probabilities of getting a special chest disease are
be the probability that he guesses. Assuming that a 35%, 20% and 10% respectively. A person is chosen
student who guesses the answer will be correct with from the group at random and is found to be
1 suffering from the group at random and is found to
probability , what is the probability that the be suffering from the disease. What is the
3
student knows the answer given that he answered it probability that the selected person is a smoker and
correctly. (AI 2015 C) non-vegetarian? What value is reflected in this
question. (Delhi 2013 C)
19. A card from a pack of 52 playing cards is lost. From
25. Of the students in a college, it is known that 60%
the remaining cards of the pack three cards are reside in hostel and 40% are day scholars (not
drawn at random (without replacement) and are residing in hostel). Previous year results report that
found to be all spades. Find the probability of the 30% of all students who reside in hostel attain ‘A’
lost card being a spade. (Delhi 2014) grade in their annual examination and 20% of all
students who are day scholar attain ‘A’ grade. At the
20. There are three coins. One is a two-headed coin end of the year, one student is chosen at random
(having head on both faces). another is a biased coin from the college and he has an ‘A’ grade, what is the
that comes up heads 75% of the times and third is probability that the student is a hosteler.
also a biased coin that comes up tails 40% of the (Delhi 2012, 2011 C)
times. One of the three coins is chosen at random 26. A girl throws a die. If she gets a 5 or 6, she tosses a
and tossed, and it shows head. What is the coin three times and notes the number of heads. If
probability that it was the two-headed coin? she gets 1, 2, 3 or 4, she tosses a coin two times and
(AI 2014) notes the number of heads obtained. If she obtained
exactly two heads, what is the probability that she
threw 1, 2, 3 or 4 with the die.?
(Delhi 2012)
260 PROBABILITY
27. A card from a pack of 52 cards is lost. From the 34. Three cards are drawn successively with
remaining cards of the pack, two cards are drawn at replacement from a well shuffled pack of 52 cards.
random and are found to be hearts. Find the Find the probability distribution of the number of
probability of the missing card to be a heart.
spades. Hence find the mean of the distribution.
(Delhi 2012 C)
(AI 2015)
28. Suppose 5% of men and 0.25% of women have grey
35. Two numbers are selected at random (without
hair. A grey-haired person is selected at random.
replacement) from positive integers 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 and
What is the probability of this person being male?
7. Let X denote the larger of the two numbers
Assume that there are equal number of males and
obtained. Find the mean and variance of the
females. (Delhi 2011)
probability distribution of X. (Foreign 2015)
29. Bag I contains 3 red and 4 black balls and bag II
36. From a lot of 15 bulbs which include 5 defectives, a
contains 5 red and 6 black balls. One ball is drawn at
sample of 2 bulbs is drawn at random (without
random from one of the bags and is found to be red.
replacement). Find the probability distribution of the
Find the probability that it was drawn from bag II.
number of defective bulbs. (Delhi 2015 C)
(Delhi 2011)
37. Three cards are drawn at random (without
30. Given three identical boxes I, II and III each replacement) from a well shuffled pack of 52
containing two coins, in box I, both coins are gold playing cards. Find the probability distribution of
coins, in box II, both are solver coins and in box III, number of red cards. Hence find the mean of the
there is one gold and one solver coin. A person distribution. (Foreign 2014)
chooses a box at random and takes out a coin. If the
38. A class has 15 students whose ages are 14, 17, 15,
coin is of gold, what is the probability that the other
14, 21, 17, 19, 20, 16, 18, 20, 17, 16, 19 and 20
coin in the box is also of gold. (AI 2011)
years. One student is selected in such a manner that
31. There are three coins. One is a two-tailed coin each has the same chance of being chosen and the
(having tail on both faces), another is a biased coin age X of the selected student is recorded. What is
that comes up heads 60% of the times and third is an the probability distribution of the random variable
unbiased coin. One of the three coins is chosen at X? Find the mean of X. (AI 2014 C)
random and tossed, and it shows tails. What is the
39. Out of a group of 30 honest people, 20 always speak
probability that it was a two-tailed coin?
the truth. Two persons are selected at random from
(AI 2011 C) the group. Find the probability distribution of the
32. In a game, a man wins Rs.5 for getting a number number of selected persons who speak the truth.
greater than 4 and loses Rs.1 otherwise, when a fair Also find the mean of the distribution. What values
die is thrown. the man decided to throw a die thrice are described in this question. (Delhi 2013 C)
but to quit as and when he gets a number greater 40. Two cards are drawn simultaneously (without
than 4. Find the expected value of the amount he replacement) from a well-shuffled pack of 52 cards.
wins/loses. (AI 2016) Find the mean and variance of the number of red
33. Let X denote the number of colleges where you cards. (AI 2012)
will apply after your results and P X x denotes 41. An urn contains 4 white and 6 red balls. Four balls
your probability of getting admission in x number of are drawn at random (without replacement) from the
colleges. It is given that urn. Find the probability distribution of the number
kx if x 0 or 1 of white balls. (Delhi 2012 C)
2kx if x 2
42. Two cards are drawn successively with replacement
P X x
k 5 x if x 3 or 4 from a well- shuffled pack of 52 cards. Find the
0 if x 4 probability distribution of the number of kings and
where k is a positive constant. Find the value of k. hence find the mean of the distribution. (AI 2012 C)
Also find the probability that you will get admission 43. A box has 20 pens of which 2 are defective.
in (i) exactly one college Calculate the probability that out of 5 pens drawn one
(ii) at most 2 colleges by one with replacement, at most 2 are defective.
(iii) at least 2 colleges.
(Foreign 2016)
(Foreign 2016)
PROBABILITY 261
44. An unbiased coin is tossed 4 times. Find the mean 55. A black and a red die are rolled together. Find the
and variance of the number of heads obtained. conditional probability of obtaining the sum 8, given
(Delhi 2015) that the red die resulted in a number less than 4.
45. For 6 trials of an experiment, let X be a binomial
variate which satisfies the relation (2018)
9P (X = 4) = P (X = 2). Find the probability of 56. Out of 8 outstanding students of a school, in which
success. (AI 2015 C) there are 3 boys and 5 girls, a team of 4 students is
46. Four cards are drawn successively with replacement to be selected for a quiz competition. Find the
from a well shuffled deck of 52 cards, what is the
probability that probability that 2 boys and 2 girls are selected.
62. Two numbers are selected at random (without 67. In a shop X , 30 tins of ghee of type A and 40 tins of
replacement) from the first five positive integers. ghee of type B which look alike, are kept for sale.
Let X denote the larger of the two numbers obtained. While in shop Y, similar 50 tins of ghee of type A
Find the mean and variance of X. (2018) and 60 tins of ghee of type B are there. One tin of
63. A card is picked at random from a pack of 52 ghee is purchased from one of the randomly selected
playing cards. Given that picked card is a queen, the shop and is found to be of type B. Find the
probability of this card to be a card of spade is ‘. probability that it is purchased from shop Y.
(AI 2020, Delhi 2020) (AI 2020, Delhi 2020)
64. A die is thrown once. Let A be the event that the 68. If A and B are two events such that
number obtained is greater than 3. Let B be the P A 0.4. P B 0.3 and P A B 0.6, then
event that the number obtained is less than 5. Then
find P B ' A . (AI 2020)
find P A B . (Delhi 2015 C)
69. A number is chosen randomly from numbers 1 to
65. Given two independent events A and B such that
60. The probability that the chosen number is a
P A 0.3 and P B 0.6, find P A ' B ' .
multiple of 2 or 5 is ____. (Delhi 2020)
(AI 2020, Delhi 2020) 70. The probability of finding a green signal on a busy
66. Three rotten apples are mixed with seven fresh crossing X is 30%. What is the probability of
apples. Find the probability distribution of the finding a green signal on X on two consecutive days
number of rotten apples, if three apples are drawn out of three?
one by one with replacement. Find the mean of the (AI 2020)
number of rotten apples. (AI 2020, Delhi 2020)
Find Answer Key and Detailed Solutions at the end of this book
PROBABILITY
Please share your valuable
feedback by scanning the QR code
Answer Key
CHAPTER 1 : MATRICES
EXERCISE-1:
Basic Subjective Questions
1. Both AB and BA are defined. 15. i. 3 3 ii. 9 iii. a23 x 2 y, a31 0, a12 1
11. k 17
12. a 2 and b 2
13. x 4
264 ANSWER KEY
CHAPTER 1 : MATRICES
EXERCISE-2:
Basic Objective Questions
11. (a) 12. (c) 13. (a) 14. (a) 15. (b)
16. (d) 17. (a) 18. (b) 19. (b) 20. (b)
26. (d) 27. (a) 28. (d) 29. (d) 30. (a)
ANSWER KEY 265
CHAPTER 1 : MATRICES
EXERCISE-3:
Previous Year Questions
1. 81 17. 5 33. 11
0 1 18. 2 3 1
2. A 34.
3 2 1 1 1 2
3 3
1 19. A 35. 17
3. a23 2 1
2 3 3 191 110
36. D
7 77 44
4. a32 20. A
2
21. 11 1 2
5 4 39. A
22. 2 3 4
1
6. 23. 10 1 1 3
2
40. X 1 3 10
7. 5 1,1 5 24. -I
5 4 2
25. 4
8. 3
41. Total funds = Rs. 21000
9. 0 8 3 5
26. A 43. a 1 and b 4
2 3 6
10. 0
27. 2 3
11. 1 45. x 0,
2
28. 4
12. 2
1 1 1
29. 6
13. 10 47. 3 3 4
30. 6 2 2 0
14. 7
15. x 3 and y 2 1 0
31.
0 1
16. 0
32. 13
266 ANSWER KEY
4 3 58. 2 0 1 2
48. 3 0 1 5 68. A 2 9 23
1
1 2 4 2
0
2 1 5 13
62.
1 1
5
0
49. a 4 3 2 1
2 2
69. A 4 1 1
1
2 5
50. 1 5 5 3 2 0 1
5 8 3 2 2
0
2 2
1 5 1 1 1
51. 2 63. 2 2 0 3
2
2
70. A 8 7 5
1
53. a 2 and b 3
5 2 2
3
3 0 5 4 3
2 3 2 2
54. a and b
3 2 3 5
66. A1
3 6 1 2
55. P
6 9 3 2 6
0 0 67. A1 1 1 2
57. 2 2 5
0 0
ANSWER KEY 267
Answer Key
CHAPTER 2 : DETERMINANTS CHAPTER 2 : DETERMINANTS
EXERCISE-1: EXERCISE-2:
Basic Subjective Questions Basic Objective Questions
Scan the QR code and check detailed solution. Scan the QR code and check detailed solution.
1
1. 2. 9
A 1. (c) 2. (b) 3. (a) 4. (a) 5. (c)
3. Value of determinant 4. 8 6. (a) 7. (c) 8. (a) 9. (b) 10. (c)
5. 0 7. 6
8. 3 9. 0 11. (d) 12. (c) 13. (a) 14. (b) 15. (c)
3 2
10. 7, 3 11. x x 2
16. (c) 17. (c) 18. (c) 19. (b) 20. (d)
12. 0 13. 2x 3 y 3 z 3
21. (b) 22. (b) 23. (c) 24. (d) 25. (b)
15. a 2 a z x y
16. M 11 3, M 12 4, M 21 2, M 22 1 26. (c) 27. (c)
A11 3, A12 4, A21 2, A22 1
28. (i) (a) (ii) (d) (iii) (b) (iv) (a)
17. x 3, y 1 20. 1
29. (i) (d) (ii) (d) (iii) (a) (iv) (a)
23. 12, 0 24. 2 3x
26. (i) 0 27. 0 30. (i) (a) (ii) (b) (iii) (c) (iv) (b)
(ii) 43
28. The numbers are 1, 2, 3 31. (d) 32. (a) 33. (a) 34. (d) 35. (a)
268 ANSWER KEY
CHAPTER 2 : DETERMINANTS
EXERCISE-3:
Previous Year Questions
15 10
2 5 3
1 71. x 3, y 2, z 1 72. x 3, y 2, z 1
53. x 3 54. A1 A 55. 2
19 73. x 2, y 3, z 5 74. x 3, y 2, z 1
9 8 2 3 6 6 75. 4 76. 0, 12 78. 648
56. 8 7 2 57. 6 3 6
7 3 2 0 2
5 4 1 6 6 3 1
79. A 2
1
2
1
80. A 5 2 1
4
2 1 7 3 3 2 1 1 2 1
3 3
1
58. A 59. 1 1 0 x 3, y 1, z2
1 2
1 0 1 1 4
3 3 81. 100 82. 216 83.
1 3
62. Monthly income of Aryan = Rs. 90000
85. x 2, y 1, z 3
Monthly income of Babbon = Rs. 120000
We are encouraged to save a part of money every month.
Answer Key
CHAPTER 3 : RELATIONS AND FUNCTIONS
EXERCISE-1:
Basic Subjective Questions
n A n B
2. (–2) 3. 2 11
24. fog 2 6; gof 3
10
4. Co-domain 5. Commutative
26. (i) commutative and associative.
6. , 1 2, 7. [–5, 5]
(ii) commutative but not associative.
1
8. f {(a,1), (b, 2), (c,3)} 9. {2, 4, 6} 1
30. gof 7, 1 , 23, 2 , 47, 3 , 79, 4
5x 4
10. {–1, 1} 11.
3 f 1og 1 7, 1 , 23, 2 , 47, 3 , 79, 4
1
16. , 1
3
11. (c) 12. (b) 13. (b) 14. (c) 15. (b)
16. (d) 17. (d) 18. (a) 19. (c) 20. (a)
21. (a) 22. (b) 23. (a) 24. (d) 25. (c)
Range = {2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, ……….., 22} 40. (i) x (ii) –3 ; Yes, f–1 = g
9. Set of elements related to 1 is {5, 9} 41. (a) 4x2 –6x + 1 (b) 2x2 + 6x –1 42. (2)
Answer Key
CHAPTER 4 : INVERSE TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS
EXERCISE-1: EXERCISE-2:
Basic Subjective Questions Basic Objective Questions
Scan the QR code and check detailed solution. Scan the QR code and check detailed solution.
11 7 1 1
1. 2. 3. 3 4. 36. 38. 39. 1 41.
4 12 2 2 4
5 2 1 1 3
5. 6. 7. 8. 42. 45. 48. 2 49.
3 6 12 3 6 3 4
2 x y
9. 10. 1 11. 12. 52. 3 54. 57. 59. x 0
3 6 3 1 xy 4
2 1 7
13. 14. 18. 19. 1 62. 64. 67. 2 3
2 2 4
3 3
2 1
5 2 69. 74. x 1 75. x 77. 1
20. 21. 22. 23. 3 4
12 2 5 3
5
1 1 2
79. 80. x 3 ; sec
24. 25. 26. 27. 12 x 6
4 6 5
1 1 24 x
28. 29. 30. 31. 3 82. 83. 84. 85.
3 2 6 7 8 6 4 2
1
32. 34. 0,
4 2
ANSWER KEY 274
Answer Key
CHAPTER 5 : CONTINUITY AND DIFFERENTIABILITY
EXERCISE-1: EXERCISE-2:
Basic Subjective Questions Basic Objective Questions
Scan the QR code and check detailed solution. Scan the QR code and check detailed solution.
1.
sec 2 x
2.
1
3.
3 1 29. f ( x ) is not differentiable at x
1
2
tan x 2 2 1. (c) 2. (b) 3. (c) 4. (d) 5. (a)
4. -1 5. f ( x ) is a continuous function
2 6. (c) 7. (c) 8. (b) 9. (c) 10. (d)
6. 7. f is discontinuous at x 0, 2, 2
1 x2 11. (c) 12. (d) 13. (b) 14. (a) 15. (b)
4 x
8. 9. 1 10. 1
1 x4 16. (b) 17. (d) 18. (a) 19. (d) 20. (a)
5 m
11. 12. 1 14. n 21. (b) 22. (c)
2 2
15. f '(4) 112 22. 9 24. p 3 and q 5
23. (c) 24. (b) 25. (b) 26. (a) 27. (b)
x y 1 x
dy x 1 log x yx y log y
25. 28. (i) (b) (ii) (b) (iii) (c) (iv) (d)
dx xy x 1 x y log x
dy x y 1 .y y x log y 1 29. (i) (a) (ii) (b) (iii) (c) (iv) (a)
26. y 28.
dx x log x y x 1 .x 2
30. (i) (d) (ii) (d) (iii) (b) (iv) (d)
275 ANSWER KEY
1 1 8 2 8 3
1. p ;q4 2. k 1 3. k 1 4. a 3; b 8 43. tan t 50. 51. 52.
2 12a a a
1 32
5. k 7 6. k 10 7. a 3; b 2 8. a 53. cos ec2 55. a
2 27
2 1
9. a b 10. f ( x ) is not continuous at x d2x d2 y
3 2 60. at sin t a cos t ; at cos t a sin t
dt 2 dt 2
1
11. a 3 12. k 13. a 3; b 5 d2y 1 1
2 2
.
dx a t cos3 t
x 1
14. 15. d2y d2y sin t 1
4
1 x 5 61. 2
a sin t ; 63.
dt dx 2 a cos 4 t 2
17. f is not differentiable at x=1 but differentiable at x=2
y 4 x 3 4 xy 2 1
18. 3; f ( x ) is not differentiable at x 0 64. 65. 66. -1
4x2 y 4 y3 x 3
1 1 sin x 1 y x y cot x
22. 27. x sin x log x.cos x
2 1 x2 x 71.
x y log sin x 1
cos x cos 2 x
sin x . sin x.log sin x d2 y 1 d2 y
sin x 73. 2 ; 2 2 2
dt 2 dt t
x 1 4 4
28. sin x log sin x x cot x
2 x x2 2cos x
74. 1 75. 25y 76. k 6 77.
ecos x
x 1 log x log x
31. log x log log x 2 x
log x x y sin x cos x
78. 0 79. 80.
x x
2 y tan x log cos y
34. 2 x log 2 35.
1 4x x tan y log cos x
1 1 1
36. 38. 39. 42. 3
4 2 2
Answer Key
CHAPTER 6 : APPLICATION OF DERIVATIVES
EXERCISE-1:
Basic Subjective Questions
1. 4 2. 2 1
24. k 0, 25. x 3 y 8 and x 3 y 8
9 3
3. x , 6. 10 3 cm 2 / s
4
7. 1 8. 3k % 26. x 1 is point of local maxima & local maximum value is
9. 2.0125 10. x y 0
68 ; x 5 is point of local minima & local minimum value is
11. 45.46 12. 31.920
14. x y 2 0 15. 32, 32
-316 ; x 6 is point of local minima and local minimum
16. (2, 0) 17. (0, 0) and (3, 27)
18. (4, 4) 20. 15 / 2, 15 / 2 value is -1647.
8
21. f x is increasing in , 1 1, 2,
5 4
27. 7 cm 28. rad / s
8 125
f x is decresing in , 2 .
5
1 1
3 29. Equation of tangent: y tan x 1
22. Absolute maximum value is & Absolute minimum 4 2 8 2
5
value is 1.
1 1
Equation of normal: y cot x 1
23. Absolute maximum value is 18 & Absolute minimum 4 2 8 2
9
value is
4
ANSWER KEY 277
11. (b) 12. (a) 13. (b) 14. (b) 15. (d)
16. (b) 17. (b) 18. (c) 19. (b) 20. (c)
21. (b) 22. (b) 23. (b) 24. (b) 25. (d)
29. (d) 30. (b) 31. (c) 32. (a) 33. (d)
1. 30.255 9. 0, 1 2,
Value indicated in the question is that the increase in
pollution is due to the increase in use of diesel vehicles. 10. (a) 2, 1 3,
1 8
7. cm / sec
48 16. (a) 2, ,
5
8. (a) 1, 0 2,
8
(b) , 2
(b) , 1 2, 0 5
ANSWER KEY 279
23
38. 8 x 4 y 0
6
42. 45.46
43. 7.904
280 ANSWER KEY
Answer Key
CHAPTER 7 : LINEAR PROGRAMMING
EXERCISE-1:
Basic Subjective Questions
30 6 profit = Rs.84
2. zmax 22.6 at , .
13 13
9. Maximize z 22 x 18 y subject to constraints
3. 2 units of product A and 3 units of product B.
4. The minimum requirement of fertilizer of type A will be x y 20, 3x 2 y 48, x, y 0 ; 8 electronic and 12
30kg and that of type B will be 210 kg. manually operated sewing machine ; Maximum profit =
Rs.392
5. 1 tablet of Type X and 6 tablets of type Y ; Minimum
2 x y 50, x 2 y 40, x 0, y 0 50
12. Maximum distance = 30 km if he rides km at 25
3
40
km/hr and km at 40 km/hr.
3
ANSWER KEY 283
13. 30 hectares of land to crop A and 20 hectares of land to 23. 30 packets of screw A and 20 packets of screw B;
14. 3 units of good A and 8 units of B: maximum revenue : 24. 8 souvenirs of type A and 20 souvenirs of type B;
16. Maximise z 50 x 28 y
x y 80 , 2 x y 100 , x, y 0
Rs. 200
number of books = 18
Rs. 104.
2 x y 8, x 2 y 10, x, y 0;
380
Answer Key
CHAPTER 8 : INTEGRATION
EXERCISE-1:
Basic Subjective Questions
3 5
2 2 2 2 3x 1 1
1. x x C 2. tan x C 20. sin 2 x sin 4 x C
3 5 8 4 32
3. e4 e 1 4. log 2 a b
21. log x x a x b C
2
5. 6. e x cot x C
2 22. 2 x tan 1 x log 1 x 2 C
1 cos 3x
7. 3cos x C 8. log sec x C
4 3 23. 24. e 2
4
9. 2 tan x 3sec x C 10. 2cosec x C
1 5 15 1 15
1 25. log
11. log 2 12. x log x x C 5 5 15 1 15
2
e2 1 1 1 1
13. a 2 14. 26. log x 1 log x 1 tan 1 x C
2 4 4 2
15. 0 112
27.
3
16. log tan x tan 2 x 4 C
1 x 1 4
28. log C
ex 2 x 1 x 1
17. sin x cos x C
2
29. 5 x 2 4 x 10 7 log x 2 x 2 4 x 10 C
x 1
18. log sin x cos x C
2 2 1
x x 4
30. cos tan 1 x 4 C
19. log e e C
ANSWER KEY 285
CHAPTER 8 : INTEGRATION
EXERCISE-2:
Basic Objective Questions
11. (a) 12. (c) 13. (c) 14. (b) 15. (c)
16. (a) 17. (a) 18. (d) 19. (d) 20. (a)
21. (d) 22. (b) 23. (a) 24. (a) 25. (d)
31. (c) 32. (a) 33. (a) 34. (a) 35. (a)
286 ANSWER KEY
CHAPTER 8 : INTEGRATION
EXERCISE-3:
Previous Year Questions
x2 1 x 27 x 5
1. 2 x x 1 C 2. x C 18. x tan 1 log C
2 2 4 3 3 8 5 x 5
3 5
2 2 2 2 1
3. tan x cot x C 4.
3
x x C
5 19.
2
2 log x 2 2 log x 2 1 C
4
5.
ax b C 6.
1 3
x xC
x 1 1
20. 2 log C
4a 3 x 3 x 1
1 7 1 x 1 4
7. tan x C 21. log C
7 2 x 1 x 1
1
8. log 3x 2 sin 6 x C x2 1 x
6 22. log tan 2
4
2
x 4 2
9. 3log sin 2 C
sin 2 1
23. log x 1 log 1 x 2 tan 1 x C
2
10. x cos 2a sin 2a log sin x a C
1 x2 1
3
24. log 2 C 25. f x sec x
1 x 2 1 x 2
2 x 3
11. tan 1 C 12. sin C
4 4 3 a 1 2
1 5 3 41 3
13. log sin x cos x sin 2 x C 26.
2
4 3x 2 x 2 2 x x
4 2 4 16 4
1 tan x cot x 205 4x 3
14. tan 1 C sin 1 C
2 2 64 2 41
1 tan x cot x 1 2
x 2 3 4x x2
15. tan 1 C
3 3
27.
3
3 4x x2 3
2
9 7 x2
16. 6 x 2 9 x 20 34 log x x 2 9 x 20 C sin 1 C
2 2 7
1 x 1 2 x x 3
17. log tan 1 C 28. 1 x 2 sin 1 x 1 x 2 C
6 x 1 3 2 2 2
ANSWER KEY 287
3 3
23
1 x 2 1 2 x2 1 2 x2 1 2 56. 57.
29. log C 12 2
3 x 2 x2 3 x2
1 3 15
58. e x C 59.
4 2 3 2
30. x
x cos 1 x
sin 1
x x 1 x C x 1
60. log x 2 3x 2 3log C
27 x2
31. 48 32.
2 e2 e2 2 1
61. 62.
33. 4 34. 4 n 1 n 2
2
12 x
3 63. tan xe x C 64. C
35. 1 36. log log12
2
1 2x
37. 38. 65. tan 1 C 66. cos x sin x C
4 6 3
3 4 67. tan x C
39. 2 40.
6 68. cos a b log sin x b x sin a b C
1 17
41. log 42. log 2 69. log tan x tan 2 x 4 C
2 5
1 2 1 2
43. e 1 44. 70. sin 1 x 1 C
2 32 2 7
13 14
45. tan 1 e tan 1 1 46. 71. log x 6 log x 3 C
4 9 9
1 11 1
47. log 3 49. 72. x sin 1 2 x 1 4 x2 C
20 4 2
1 x 1
50. 51. 20 73. 1 x 2 tan 1 x C 74. log 2
4 2 2 2
23 1 1 2
52. 53. 75.
2 n 1 n 3 n2
54. 55. 0
Answer Key
CHAPTER 9 : APPLICATION OF INTEGRALS
EXERCISE-1:
Basic Subjective Questions
7 1
1. 1 sq. units 2. sq. units. 3. 6 sq. units 22. sq. units 23. 2 2 sq. units
2 3 2
37 2
4. sq. units 5. 96 sq. units 6. 2 sq. units 24. a 2 sq. units 25. 16 sq. units
3 4 3
17. ab e. 1 e2 sin 1 e sq.units
a2 9
18. 2 sq.units 19. sq.units
4 8
3 8
20. sq.units 21. 7 sq. units
4
ANSWER KEY 289
11. (d) 12. (a) 13. (c) 14. (b) 15. (b)
16. (a) 17. (d) 18. (c) 19. (b) 20. (b)
26. (b) 27. (a) 28. (a) 29. (c) 30. (c)
290 ANSWER KEY
10 3 3 4
1. sq. units 2. 4 sq. units 19. 2 sq. units
3 3
3
3. 27 sq. units 4. 3 sq. units 4 3 16 2 13
2 20. a sq. units 21. sq. units
3 3 2
9
5. 16 sq. units 6. sq. units 22. 9 sq. units
8
4
7.
1
sq. units 8.
8
sq. units
23.
3
8 3 sq. units 24. 8 sq. units
3 3
23 3
9. 2 sq. units 10. 9 sq. units 25. sq. units 26. sq. units
6 2
5 2 2
11. sq. units 12. a 2 sq. units 32
4 4 3 27. 4 sq. units
3
4
14. 3 sq. units 15. 2 3 sq. units 9 3 3
3 28. 6 sq. units 29. sq. units
2 2
2 9 9 1 1
16. sin sq. units 8 2
6 8 4 3 30. a sq. units
3
7
17. 4 sq. units 18. sq. units
2
ANSWER KEY 293
2
1 log x 59. y cos x ce x 60. x 2 y x 2 y 2
48. tan 1 y c 49. 1 e x c tan y
2
4 x3 x3
3
x c 61. y 62. tan 1 y x
50. y 51. y 2 x 2 cx 3 1 x 2 3 4
4 x
x2
x2
2 y2
52. cx 2 y x 2 y 2 53. y e 2 y
2 63. y e 64. e x tan y 2 0
Scan the QR code and check detailed solution. Scan the QR code and check detailed solution.
3 4
1. x 2 , y 3 2. a iˆ ˆj 3. 7. 1. (a) 2. (c) 3. (b) 4. (b) 5. (c)
5 5
5
4. 6 5. 1 6. n 5 6. (d) 7. (c) 8. (d) 9. (a) 10. (d)
3
7 ˆ 14 ˆ 11. (b) 12. (c) 13. (d) 14. (b) 15. (b)
7. 0iˆ 4 ˆj kˆ 8. i j 10. –15
5 5
16. (c) 17. (b) 18. (a) 19. (a) 20. (c)
1 ˆ 1 ˆ 1
11.
2
i
2
k 12. 91 13.
3
iˆ ˆj kˆ 21. (b) 22. (b) 23. (a) 24. (b) 25. (a)
1
15. 0 17. cos 1 18. 60 or 120 26. (d) 27. (c)
3
1 2 2 28. (i) (b) (ii) (c) (iii) (a) (iv) (d)
20. 50 21. , , 22. (i) 4 (ii) 3
3 3 3
29. (i) (b) (ii) (b) (iii) (c) (iv) (b)
23. a b 1 24. 8 3 sq. units
30. (i) (a) (ii) (c) (iii) (c) (iv) (d)
2 29
25. p 26. 27. 2a b
3 2
1
28. (i)
165
10iˆ 7 ˆj 4kˆ
3 ˆ 5 ˆ 7 ˆ
29. i, j, k
83 83 83
ANSWER KEY 295
5
1. a 5 iˆ kˆ 2.
3
3. 7 39. x 4 40.
2
41. 2 42. 5 43. 1
Scan the QR code and check detailed solution.
2 19
1. 1 2. 17. cos 1 19. x y 2 z 19
7 21
3. 6 x 4 y 3z 12 20. 3x 2 y 6 z 27 0
4. r 3iˆ 4 ˆj 7kˆ 2iˆ 5 ˆj 13kˆ 21. 7 x 3 y z 17
1 x 3 y z 1
5. x y z 2 6. 22. 7 units 23.
3 2 1 3
1 iˆ 2 ˆj 3kˆ 3 34
7. 8. 24. units 25.
17 3
5 2 14 14 14
4 4 9 26. 2, 6, 2 ; 3 5 units
9. 2, and 10. sin 1
3 5 2 39
5
27. 0, , 0 ; 6 units
5 x5 y 2 z 4 2
11. cos 1 12.
2 7 2 1 3
28. 18x 17 y 4 z 49
13. r . 5iˆ 3 ˆj 2kˆ 38 29. 14 units
x 1 y 2 z 3
15. 5iˆ 5 2 ˆj 5kˆ 16.
3 2 6
ANSWER KEY 297
CHAPTER 12 : 3D GEOMETRY
EXERCISE-2:
Basic Objective Questions
Scan the QR code and check detailed solution.
11. (a) 12. (d) 13. (c) 14. (d) 15. (a)
16. (b) 17. (c) 18. (c) 19. (b) 20. (a)
298 ANSWER KEY
CHAPTER 12 : 3D GEOMETRY
EXERCISE-3:
Previous Year Questions
Scan the QR code and check detailed solution.
2 1 2 1 1 2
5. , , 18. , ,
3 3 3 6 6 6
1 1 1 x 1 y 3 z 2
6. , , 19.
3 3 3 2 7 4
1 1 1
7. , , 20.
3 3 3 2
6 2 3 x 2 y 4 z 1
8. , , 21.
7 7 7 6 3 2
x 1 y 2 z 3
9. r (3iˆ 4 ˆj 3kˆ ) ( 5iˆ 7 ˆj 2kˆ) 22.
2 14 3
2 6 3
10. , , 293
7 7 7 23. units.
7
19
13. cos 1 3
21 24. units
19
x y z
14. 1
0 0 1 25. units
6
ANSWER KEY 299
26. r (2iˆ 3 ˆj 6kˆ) 35 53. 33 units
5 17 23 3
27. 54. , 0, ; sin 1
2 3 3 38
1 55. x 2 y 3z 3
28.
14
3iˆ 2 ˆj kˆ
56. x 19 y 11z 0
29. r 3 ˆj 2
57. r (iˆ 2 ˆj kˆ ) 0
30. r . 9iˆ 3 ˆj kˆ 14 , 1, 1, – 2
58. 0,
1 1
,
2 2
9
32. k ; 5x – 2 y – z – 6 0
2 59.
r 3iˆ 4 ˆj 5kˆ 2iˆ 2 ˆj 3kˆ
34. x 2 y z 0
60. 7
35. k 2 ; 22 x 19 y 5 z 31.
6
61. units
36. r (iˆ 2 ˆj 3kˆ ) (iˆ 2 ˆj 5kˆ) 5
37. r (iˆ ˆj kˆ) a b c 20
62. r 2iˆ 3 ˆj 2kˆ 2iˆ 3 ˆj 6kˆ ;
7
units
38. r (18iˆ 17 ˆj 4kˆ) 49
11
39. 5x 4 y z 7 0 63. cos 1
21
40. r (33iˆ 45 ˆj 50kˆ) 41
64. 5 x 2 y 3z 17 0 ; r 5iˆ 2 ˆj 3kˆ 17
41. 3 units
3
r 5iˆ 2 ˆj 3kˆ 23
42. units
13
19
65. 12 x 16 y 12 z 76 ; units
43. 7 units 34
44. –3, 5, 2
66. r 5iˆ 5 ˆj 5kˆ 0 ; 3 units
7 ˆ 11 ˆ
45. 3iˆ j k 67. 1,3, 0 ; 6 units ;(-1, 4, -1)
2 2
46. 1 unit 68. 13 units
47. 5 x – 4 y – z – 7 0 ; 42 units 2
69. k
3
48. 1, 2, 8 ; 3 21 units ; (-5,-10,11)
70. r 3 2 iˆ 4 5 ˆj 7 13 kˆ
9 45 54
49. x 5 y – 6 z 18 0 ; , , ; x 1 y 1 z 1 24
31 31 31 71. ; cos1
4 4 1 21 29
x0 y0 z 0 2
;6 units 72. (1, 0, -2)
1 5 6 31
73. 1, 1, 2 ; 2 x y z 5
50. 6 units
6 74. 2, 1, 4
51. 1, 3, 0 ; units ; 1, 4, 1
6 75. 1 unit
52. r iˆ ˆj kˆ 0 ; 3 units
Answer Key
CHAPTER 13 : PROBABILITY
EXERCISE-1:
Basic Subjective Questions
14 5 26.
1. 2. k 32 3. 4. 64%
17 7
5 X 0 1 2 3 4
1 45 9
5. 6. 7. 8. 2
7 512 10 P X 256 256 96 16 1
3 63 625 625 625 625 625
9. 1 11. 0.86 12. 13.
16 64
14.
X x1 x2 x3 x4
16 6
27. 28.
P X 15 10 30 6 31 11
61 61 61 61
34 6800
12 1 4 20 29. Mean ; Var X
15. 16. 17. 18.
13 52 9 21
221 2212
8 11
19. Mean ,; Var X 0.88 20. S .D.( ( x)) 0.37
3 21
2 1 2 28 5 4
21. (i) , (ii) 23. 24. 30. P A and P B
3 2 3 69 6 5
CHAPTER 13 : PROBABILITY
EXERCISE-2:
Basic Objective Questions
11. (a) 12. (c) 13. (c) 14. (d) 15. (d)
16. (d) 17. (a) 18. (d) 19. (d) 20. (d)
21. (c) 22. (d) 23. (c) 24. (a) 25. (a)
CHAPTER 13 : PROBABILITY
EXERCISE-3:
Previous Year Questions
22 1 1 2 1 37.
1. 2. (i) , (ii) 3. 4.
45 2 3 9 15 X 0 1 2 3
5 2 1
5. 6. i , ii 7. 62 % 8. 30
17 3 2 P X 4 13 13 4
26 1 1 34 34 34 34
9. 10. P A , P B
49 5 6
6 3
11. The Probability of the team A winning the match and Mean
11 2
5 263
and that of the team B 38. Mean
11 15
3 17 18 11
12. 0.7 13. 14. 15. 16. 39.
5 400 133 31
6 9 10 20 7 X 0 1 2
17. 18. 19. 20. 21.
7 11 49 47 52
P X 9 40 38
3 14 28 9 4
22. 23. 24. 25. 26. 87 87 87
13 29 45 13 7
11 20 35 2 10 4
27. 28. 29. 30. 31. and Mean
50 21 68 3 19 3
19 1 25
32. 33. (i) , (ii) 0.625, (iii) 0.875 40. Mean = 1 and Variance
9 8 51
3 17 14
34. Mean 35. Mean ; Var(X) = 41.
4 3 9
36. X 0 1 2 3 4
X 0 1 2 P X 15 80 90 24 1
210 210 210 210 210
P X 9 10 2
21 21 21
ANSWER KEY 303
42. 52.
X 0 1 2 X 0 1 2 3 4
P X 144 24 1 P X 16 32 24 8 1
169 169 169 81 81 81 81 81
2 4
and Mean Mean
13 3
50. 8 5 15 1
58. 59. 60. 61. k
11 34 23 6
X 0 1 2 3
1
62. Mean = 4, Variance = 1 63.
P X 125 75 15 1 4
216 216 216 216
9
64. 1 65. 0.28 66. Mean
10
4 16
51. Mean ; Variance
5 25 21 3 63
67. 68. 0.3 69. 70.
43 5 500
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