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Mathematics
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6

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Matrices
Chapter at a Glance ................................................................................................................................................ 11

Solved Examples .................................................................................................................................................... 12

Exercise - 1 : Basic Subjective Questions .................................................................................................. ............ 20

Exercise - 2 : Basic Objective Questions .................................................................................................. ............. 22

Exercise - 3 : Previous Year Questions .................................................................................................................. 27

Answer Key ............................................................................................................................................................ 263

Determinants
Chapter at a Glance ................................................................................................................................................ 32

Solved Examples .................................................................................................................................................... 34

Exercise - 1 : Basic Subjective Questions .................................................................................................. ............ 41

Exercise - 2 : Basic Objective Questions .................................................................................................. ............. 43

Exercise - 3 : Previous Year Questions .................................................................................................................. 47

Answer Key ............................................................................................................................................................ 267

Relations and Functions


Chapter at a Glance ................................................................................................................................................ 53

Solved Examples .................................................................................................................................................... 54

Exercise - 1 : Basic Subjective Questions .................................................................................................. ............ 61

Exercise - 2 : Basic Objective Questions .................................................................................................. ............. 63

Exercise - 3 : Previous Year Questions .................................................................................................................. 68

Answer Key ............................................................................................................................................................ 269


7

Inverse Trigonometric Functions


Chapter at a Glance ................................................................................................................................................ 73

Solved Examples .................................................................................................................................................... 74

Exercise - 1 : Basic Subjective Questions .................................................................................................. ............ 81

Exercise - 2 : Basic Objective Questions .................................................................................................. ............. 83

Exercise - 3 : Previous Year Questions .................................................................................................................. 87

Answer Key ............................................................................................................................................................ 272

Continuity and Differentiability


Chapter at a Glance ................................................................................................................................................ 92

Solved Examples .................................................................................................................................................... 93

Exercise - 1 : Basic Subjective Questions .................................................................................................. ............ 99

Exercise - 2 : Basic Objective Questions .................................................................................................. ............. 100

Exercise - 3 : Previous Year Questions .................................................................................................................. 104

Answer Key ............................................................................................................................................................ 274

Application of Derivatives
Chapter at a Glance ................................................................................................................................................ 109

Solved Examples .................................................................................................................................................... 111

Exercise - 1 : Basic Subjective Questions .................................................................................................. ............ 117

Exercise - 2 : Basic Objective Questions .................................................................................................. ............. 118

Exercise - 3 : Previous Year Questions .................................................................................................................. 123

Answer Key ............................................................................................................................................................ 276

Linear Programming
Chapter at a Glance ................................................................................................................................................ 128

Solved Examples .................................................................................................................................................... 129

Exercise - 1 : Basic Subjective Questions .................................................................................................. ............ 138

Exercise - 2 : Basic Objective Questions .................................................................................................. ............. 141

Exercise - 3 : Previous Year Questions .................................................................................................................. 146

Answer Key ............................................................................................................................................................ 280


8

Integration
Chapter at a Glance ................................................................................................................................................ 151

Solved Examples .................................................................................................................................................... 154

Exercise - 1 : Basic Subjective Questions .................................................................................................. ............ 163

Exercise - 2 : Basic Objective Questions .................................................................................................. ............. 164

Exercise - 3 : Previous Year Questions .................................................................................................................. 168

Answer Key ............................................................................................................................................................ 284

Application of Integrals
Chapter at a Glance ................................................................................................................................................ 172

Solved Examples .................................................................................................................................................... 173

Exercise - 1 : Basic Subjective Questions .................................................................................................. ............ 181

Exercise - 2 : Basic Objective Questions .................................................................................................. ............. 182

Exercise - 3 : Previous Year Questions .................................................................................................................. 186

Answer Key ............................................................................................................................................................ 288

Differential Equation
Chapter at a Glance ................................................................................................................................................ 189

Solved Examples .................................................................................................................................................... 190

Exercise - 1 : Basic Subjective Questions .................................................................................................. ............ 197

Exercise - 2 : Basic Objective Questions .................................................................................................. ............. 199

Exercise - 3 : Previous Year Questions .................................................................................................................. 203

Answer Key ............................................................................................................................................................ 291

Vector Algebra
Chapter at a Glance ................................................................................................................................................ 208

Solved Examples .................................................................................................................................................... 209

Exercise - 1 : Basic Subjective Questions .................................................................................................. ............ 215

Exercise - 2 : Basic Objective Questions .................................................................................................. ............. 217

Exercise - 3 : Previous Year Questions .................................................................................................................. 221

Answer Key ............................................................................................................................................................ 294


9

3D Geometry
Chapter at a Glance ................................................................................................................................................ 226

Solved Examples .................................................................................................................................................... 228

Exercise - 1 : Basic Subjective Questions .................................................................................................. ............ 233

Exercise - 2 : Basic Objective Questions .................................................................................................. ............. 234

Exercise - 3 : Previous Year Questions .................................................................................................................. 238

Answer Key ............................................................................................................................................................ 296

Probability
Chapter at a Glance ................................................................................................................................................ 243

Solved Examples .................................................................................................................................................... 244

Exercise - 1 : Basic Subjective Questions .................................................................................................. ............ 252

Exercise - 2 : Basic Objective Questions .................................................................................................. ............. 254

Exercise - 3 : Previous Year Questions .................................................................................................................. 258

Answer Key ............................................................................................................................................................ 300


10 MATRICES

01
MATRICES

Chapter 01
Matrices
MATRICES 11

Chapter at a Glance
 A matrix is an ordered rectangular array of numbers or functions.
 A matrix having m rows and n columns is called a matrix of order m  n .
  aij  is a column matrix.
m1

  aij  is a row matrix.


1n
 An m  n matrix is a square matrix if m  n.
 A   aij  is a diagonal matrix if aij  0, when i  j.
mn

 Aij   aij  is a scalar matrix if aij  0, when i  j , aij  k , ( k is some constant), when i  j.
nn

 A   aij  is an identity matrix, if aij  1. when i  j , aij  0, when i  j.


nn
 A zero matrix has all its elements as zero.
 A   aij   bij   B if
(i) A and B are of same order,
(ii) aij  bij for all possible values of i and j.

 ka  k  aij 
m n   
  k aij 
 mn
  A   1 A
 A  B  A   1 B
 A B  B  A
  A  B   C  A   B  C  , where A, B and C are of same order.
 k  A  B   kA  kB, where A and B of same order, k is constant.
  k  l  A  kA  lA, where k and l are constant.
n
 If A   aij  and B  bij  , then AB  C  C jk  , where c jk   aij b jk
mn n p m p
j 1

(i) A  BC    AB  C , (ii) A  B  C   AB  AC (iii)  A  B  C  AC  BC


T
 If A   aij  , then A or A   a ji 
mn nm

(i)  A   A, (ii)  kA  kA,

(iii)  A  B   A  B, (iv)  AB   BA


 A is a symmetric matrix if A  A.
 A is a skew symmetric matrix if A   A.
 Any square matrix can be represented as the sum of a symmetric and a skew symmetric matrix.
 Elementary operations of a matrix are as follows:
(i) Ri  R j or Ci  C j
(ii) Ri  k Ri or Ci  k Ci
(iii) Ri  Ri  k R j or Ci  Ci  k C j
 If A and B re two square matrices such that AB  BA  I , then B is the inverse matrix of A and is denoted by A 1 and A
is the inverse of B.
12 MATRICES

Solved Examples
Example–1 1 1
a21  2  3 1  ,
Consider the following information regarding the 2 2
number of men and women workers in three 1
factories I, II and III a22  2  3  2  2 ,
2
Men workers Women workers
1
I 30 25 a31  3  3 1  0 ,
2
II 25 31
1 3
III 27 26 a32  3  3  2 
2 2
Represent the above information in the form of a
Hence the required matrix is given by
3  2 matrix. What does the entry in the third row
1 5 / 2
and second column represent? (NCERT)
Sol. The information is represented in the form of a A  1 / 2 2  .

3  2 matrix as follows: 0 3 / 2 


30 25  Example–4
A   25 31 
Find the values of a and b from the following
 27 26 
 a  b 2  6 2 
The entry in the third row and second column equation:  
5 ab  5 8 
represents the number of women workers in factory
III. Sol. By equality of two matrices, equating the
corresponding elements, we get
Example–2 a  b  6 and ab  8
If a matrix has 7 elements, what are the possible 8
a 6
orders it can have? a
Sol. We know that if a matrix is of order m  n, it has  a 2  8  6a
mn elements. Thus, to find all possible orders of a  a 2  6a  8  0
matrix with 7 elements, we will find all ordered
 (a  4)(a  2)  0
pairs of natural numbers, whose product is 7. Thus,
 a  2, 4
all possible ordered pairs are (1, 7), (7, 1).
Hence, possible orders are 1 7, 7  1 . Putting the value of a in ab = 8, we get
b = 4 for a = 2
Example–3 and b = 2 for a = 4
Construct a 3  2 matrix whose elements are given Example–5
1 2
by aij  i  3 j . (NCERT)  3 1 1 5 1
2 Given A    
 and B   1 ,
Sol. In general, a 3  2 matrix is given by  2 3 0   2 3
 2 
 a11 a12 
find A  B . (NCERT)
A   a21 a22  . Sol. Since A, B are of the same order 2  3 . Therefore,
 a31 a32  addition of A and B is defined and is given by
1 2  3 1  5 1  1 
Now aij  i  3 j , i  1, 2,3 and j  1, 2 .
2 A B   1

 22 33 0 
Therefore
 2 
1
a11  1  3  1  1 , 2  3 1  5 0
2
 1

1 5  0 6
a12  1  3  2  ,  2 
2 2
MATRICES 13

Example–6 Example–8

2 3 5  0 5 1  Find the values of x and y from the following


If A    and B    , then find
1 2 1  2 7 3 equation.
2A  B . x 1  3 4  7 1
3   .
7 y  3 1 2   22 14 
Sol. We have
 2 3 5  0 5 1  Sol. We have
2A  B  2   
1 2 1  2 7 3 x 1  3 4  7 1
3   
 4 6 10  0 5 1  7 y  3 1 2   22 14 
  
 2 4 2   2 7 3 3 x 3  3 4  7 1
   
 4  0 6  5 10  1   4 1 9   21 9 y  9  1 2   22 14 
   
 2  2 4  7 2  3  4 3 5  3 x  3 3  4  7 1
or   
Example–7  21  1 9 y  9  2   22 14 
3 x  3 1   7 1
8 0  2 2  
 22 9 y  7   22 14 
If A   4 2 and B   4 2  , then find the
or 3x  3  7 and 9 y  7  14
3 6   5 1 
or 3x  4 and 9 y  21
matrix, X , such that 2 A  3 X  5B . (NCERT)
4 21 7
Sol. We have 2 A  3 X  5B or x  and y  
3 9 3
or 2 A  3 X  2 A  5 B  2 A
or 2 A  2 A  3 X  5 B  2 A Example–9
(Matrix addition is commutative)
6 9 2 6 0
or O  3 X  5 B  2 A Find AB, if A    and B   
2 3 7 9 8 
( 2A is the additive inverse of 2A )
or 3 X  5 B  2 A (NCERT)
Sol. The matrix A has 2 columns which is equal to the
(O is the additive identity)
number of rows of B. Hence AB is defined. Now
1
or X   5 B  2 A  6  2   9  7  6  6   9  9  6  0   9  8  
3 AB   
  2 2  8 0    2  2   3  7  2  6   3  9  2  0   3 8  
1 
or X   5  4 2   2  4 2  12  63 36  81 0  72 
3  
  5 1  3 6    4  21 12  27 0  24 
 10 10   16 0    75 117 72 
 
1 
   20 10    8 4    25 39 24
3 
  25 5   6 12   Example–10
10  16 10  0 a 0
1 Find a if A2 = B, where
  20  8 10  4  A  and
3 1 1 
 25  6 5  12 
1 0 
 10  B .
 5 1 
3 
 6 10  2  Sol. We have A2 = B
1 14 
 12 14    4 .  a 0   a 0  1 0 
3  3  
 31 7   31    
7  1 1  1 1  5 1 

3
 3  a 2  0 0  0 1 0
  
 a  1 0  1  5 1 
14 MATRICES

a 2 0 1 0  2 1  1 8 10 
    x y z 

 a  1 1  5 1  So  1 0    1 2 5 
 a b c  
 a 2  1 and a  1  5  3 4   9 22 15 
 a  1 and a  4 which is not possible  2x  a 2y  b 2z  c   1 8 10 
 x y z 1 2 5 
   
Example–11
 3 x  4a 3 y  4b 3 z  4c   9 22 15 
1 1 1 1 3   2 x  a  1 ; x  1;  3x  4a  9
If A   2 0 3  , B  0 2  and
 
2 y  b  8 ; y  2;  3 y  4b  22
3 1 2   1 4  z  5 ;  3z  4c  15; 2 z  c  10
1 2 3 4   x  1 ; a  3 ; y  2; b  4 ;
C  . Show that
 2 0 2 1  z  5 and c  0
 AB  C  A  BC  . (NCERT) 1 2 5 
Hence, A  
1 1 1 1 3  3 4 0 
Sol. We have AB   2 0 3  0 2 

Example–13
3 1 2   1 4 
1 2 3
1  0  1 3  2  4   2 1 
If A  3 2 1  , then show that
  2  0  3 6  0  12    1 18
3  0  2 9  2  8  1 15  4 2 1 
A3  23 A  40I O. (NCERT)
2 1 
1 2 3 4 Sol. We have
 AB  C   1 18 
2 0 2 1  1 2 3 1 2 3
1 15 
A2  A. A  3 2 1  3 2 1 
4 4 4 7   4 2 1   4 2 1 
 35 2 39 22 
19 4 8 
31 2 27 11 
 1 12 8 
Therefore, 14 6 15
1 1 1 7 2 3 1
1 2 3 19 4 8 
A  BC    2 0 3   4 0
 4 2 
So. A  AA  3 2 1  1 12 8 
3 2
3 1 2  7 2 11 8 
 4 2 1  14 6 15
4 4 4 7 
63 46 69 
 35 2 39 22  .

 69 6 23
31 2 27 11 
92 46 63 
Clearly  AB  C  A  BC  .
Now. A3  23A  40I
Example–12  63 46 69  1 2 3 1 0 0 
 69 6 23  23 3 2 1  40  0 1 0 
   
 2 1  1 8 10       
If  1 0  A   1 2 5  , Find A. 92 46 63   4 2 1   0 0 1 
 3 4   9 22 15   63 46 69   23 46 69   40 0 0 
  69  
6 23  69 46 
23  0  40 0 
Sol. Since the product matrix is a 3 x 3 matrix and the      
premultiplier of A is a 3 x 2 matrix. Therefore, A is 92 46 63   92 46 23  0 0 40 
a 2 x 3 matrix. 0 0 0
x y z   0 0 0  O .
Let A   
a b c   0 0 0
MATRICES 15

Example–14  6 3
In a legislative assembly election, a political group Therefore  A  B  '  1 1
hired a public relations firm to promote its 9 4 
candidate in three ways: telephone, house calls, and
1 4  5 1 
letters. The cost per contact (in paise) is given in
Now A '   4 2  , B '   3 3 ,
 
matrix A as.
cost per contact  7 0   2 4 

 40  Telephone  6 3
A  100  House call So A ' B '  1 1
 50  Letter 9 4 
The number of contacts of each type made in two Thus  A  B  '  A ' B '
cities X and Y is given by
(iii) We have
Telephone House call Letter
 5 3 2   5k 3k 2k 
1000 500 5000   X . Find the total kB  k  
B  1 3 4   k 3k 4k 
3000 1000 10, 000   Y
spent by the group in the two cities X and Y . 5k k 
Sol. We have Then  kB  '   3k 3k 
 40, 000  50, 000  250, 000   X  2k 4k 
BA   
120, 000  100, 000  500, 000   Y 5 1 
340, 000   X  k  3 3  kB '
 
720, 000   Y  2 4 
So the total amount spent by the group in the two
Example–16
cities is 340,000 paise and 720,000 paise, i.e.,
Rs.3400 and Rs.7200, respectively.  2 
Example–15 If A   4  , B  1 3 6  , verify that
 5 
1 4 7 5 3 2 
If A    and B  1 3 4  , verify  AB  '  B ' A ' . (NCERT)
  4 2 0   
that  2 
(i)  A '  '  A, Sol. We have A   4  , B 1 3 6
 5 
(ii)  A  B  '  A ' B ',
 2   2 6 12 
(iii)  kB  '  kB ', where k is any constant.
Then AB   4  1 3 6   4 12 24 
 
Sol. (i) We have  5  5 15 30 
1 4 
1 4 7    2 4 5 
A   A '  4 2 
  4 2 0   7 0   AB  '  6 12 15 

12 24 30 
1 4 7
  A ' '   A 1
 4 2 0 
Now A '   2 4 5 , B '   3 
Thus  A '  '  A
 6 
(ii) We have
1  2 4 5 
1 4 7  5 3 2 
A  and B    B ' A '   3   2, 4 5   6 12 15    AB  '
  
 4 2 0  1 3 4 
 6  12 24 30 
6 1 9
 A B    Clearly  AB  '  B ' A ' .
 3 1 4 
16 MATRICES

Example–17 1
Thus Q   B  B ' is a skew symmetric matrix.
2
 2 2 4 
 3 3   1 5 
Express the matrix B   1 3 4  as the sum 2   0
2 2 2 2
1 2 3     
 3   1
of a symmetric and a skew symmetric matrix. Now P  Q  3 1  0 3
2  2 
(NCERT)    
 3 1 3   5 3 0 
 2 1 1   2   2 
Sol. Here B '   2 3 2 
 2 2 4 
 4 4 3 
  1 3 4   B
1  1 2 3
Let P   B  B '
2 Thus, B is represented as the sum of a symmetric
 4 3 3  and a skew symmetric matrix.
1
  3 6 2 
2 Example–18
 3 2 6 
By using elementary row operations, find the
 3 3 
2 2 inverse of the matrix A  
1 2 

2
 .
3 3 7 
 3 1 Sol. In order to use elementary operations, we may
2 
  write A  IA .
 3 1 3 
 2  1 2  1 0 
or    A, then
 3 3  3 7   0 1 
2 2 2 (Applying R2  R2  3R1 )
 
3 1 2  1 0
Now P '   3 1 P
2   0 1    3 1  A
     
 3 1 3  (Applying R1  R1  2 R2 )
 2 
1 0   7 2 
1  0 1    3 1  A
Thus P   B  B ' is a symmetric matrix.    
2
1  7 2 
Also, let Q   B  B ' Hence A1   .
2  3 1 
0 1 5 Example–19
1
 1 0 6 
2 0 1 2
5 6 0 
Find the inverse of A  1 2 3  using
 1 5 
0 2 2
3 1 1 
  elementary row operations: (NCERT)
1
 0 3
2  0 1 2  1 0 0 
 
5 Sol. Write A  IA, i.e., 1 2 3   0 1 0  A
3 0
 2  3 1 1  0 0 1 
 1 5 (Applying R1  R2 )
0 2 2
  1 2 3  0 1 0 
1
Then, Q '   0 3   Q 0 1 2   1 0 0  A
2     
  3 1 1  0 0 1 
 5 3 0
 2  (Applying R3  R3  3R1 )
MATRICES 17

1 2 3  0 1 0  Applying C 1
 C2 
0 1 2   1 0 0  A
 
 1 0 2  0 1 0 
0 5 8 0 3 1   2 1 3   A 1 0 0 
   
(Applying R1  R1  2 R2 ) 1 3 1  0 0 1 
1 0 1  2 1 0  Applying C 3
 C3  2C1 
0 1 2   1 0 0 A
    1 0 0  0 1 0 
0 5 8 0 3 1   2 1 1  A 1 0 2 
   
(Applying R3  R3  5 R2 ) 1 3 1  0 0 1 
1 0 1  2 1 0  Applying C 3
 C3  C2 
0 1 2   1 0 0  A
   1 0 0  0 1 1 
0 0 2  5 3 1   2 1 0   A 1 0 2 
   
1 1 3 2   0 0 1 
(Applying R3  R3 )
2 1 

   Applying C3  C3 
 2 
1 0 1  2 1 0
0 1 2    1   1
   0 0 A
1 0 0  0 1 2 
 1  2 1 0   A 1 0 1
0 0 1   5 3
  
2 2 2  
1 3 1   1
(Applying R1  R1  R 3 ) 0 0 
 2
1 1 1   Applying C
1
 C1  2C2 
1 0 0   2 2 2
0 1 2  1   1
   0 0A
1 0 0  2 1 2 
0 0 1   5 3 1  0 1 0   A  1 0 1
     
2 2 2 
 5 3 1  1
(Applying R2  R2  2 R 3 ) 0 0 
 2
1 1 1   Applying C
1
 C1  5C3 
1 0 0   2 2 2 
0 1 0    4  1 1
  
3 1 A
1 0 0  2 1 2
0 0 1   5 3 1  0 1 0   A  4 0 1
     
2 2 2  5
0 3 1  1
1 1 1   0 
2 2 2
2 2 
1    Applying C  C2  3C3 
Hence, A   4 3 1 2

5 3 1   1 1 1 
  2
2 2 2  1 0 0  2 2 
0 1 0   A  4 3 
1
  
Example–20 0 0 1   5 3 1 
 
Using elementary column operations find the 2 2 2 
0 1 2  1 1 1 
inverse of the following matrix: A  1 2 3  . 2 2 2 
1  
3 1 1  Hence A   4 3 1 .
 5 3 1 
0 1 2  1 0 0   
Sol. Write A = AI, i.e., 1 2 3   A 0 1 0 
  2 2 2 
3 1 1  0 0 1 
18 MATRICES

Example–21 Example–23

a b   p q r 0 2   0 3a 
Assertion: For A    and B   , If A    and kA    , then the value
c d   a b c  3 4   2b 24 
AB and BA both exist. of k , a, b are respectively.
Reason: Matrix multiplication is only possible if (a) 6,  12,  18
the number of columns of first matrix is equal to
(b) 6, 4,9
the number of rows of second matrix.
(a) Both Assertion and Reason are correct and (c) 6,  4,  9
Reason is the correct explanation for Assertion. (d) 6,12,18
(b) Both Assertion and Reason are correct but Ans. (c)
Reason is not the correct explanation for Assertion. 0 2 
(c) Assertion is correct but Reason is incorrect. Sol. The given matrix is A   
 3 4 
(d) Assertion is incorrect but Reason is correct.
Ans. (d) 0 2 
Now, kA  k  
a b   p q r  3 4 
Sol. Given A    and B   
c d   a b c  0 2k 
 
Since, for the multiplication of two matrices to 3k 4k 
exist, the number of columns of first matrix must Also, it is given that
be equal to the number of rows of second matrix.  0 3a 
Here, order of A is 2  2 and order of B is 2  3 . kA   
 2b 24 
Therefore, AB exists but BA does not exist as
 0 2k   0 3a 
number of columns of B are not equal to the   
number of rows of A. 3k 4k   2b 24 
Hence, Assertion is incorrect and Reason is correct. On equating corresponding elements, we get
2k  3a, 3k  2b and 4 k  24
Example–22
 k  6, a  4, b  9
Choose the incorrect statement.
(a) A matrix A  3 is a scalar matrix of order 1 Example–24

 1 0  If A is a square matrix, then AA ' is a


(b) A matrix B    is a scalar matrix (a) skew-symmetric matrix
 0 1
(b) Symmetric matrix
 3 0 0 (c) Diagonal matrix
 
(c) A matrix C   0 3 0  is not a scalar (d) None of these
  Ans. (b)
 0 0 3 
 1 1 1 
matrix
Sol. Let A   2 1 0  , then
(d) None of the above
 1 1 2 
Ans. (c)
Sol. According to Question 1 2 1
 3 0 0 A '   1 1 1
 1 0   
A  3 , B   , C 0 3 0 are  1 0 2 

 0 1  
 1 1 1   1 2 1 
 0 0 3 
scalar matrices or order 1, 2 and 3, respectively.  AA '   2 1 0   1 1 1
 1 1 2   1 0 2 

3 1 4
  1 5 1 
 4 1 4 
MATRICES 19

Example–25 (iii) (d)


Three schools SNT, SNP and TKM organized a Fund raised by SNT = ₹ 7000
mela for collecting funds for helping the Fund raised by SNP = ₹ 6125
rehabilitation of flood victims. They sold hand-
made fans, mats and plates from recycled material  25 
at a cost of ₹ 25, ₹ 100 and ₹ 50 each. The number 35 50 40 100   7875
of articles sold are given below:  50 
Men Women Children Fund raised by TKM = ₹ 7875
Fans 40 25 35 Total amount raised = 7000 + 6125 + 7875 = ₹
Mats 50 40 50
21000
Plates 20 30 40
(iv) (c)
Based on the above data, answer the following
questions.  40  25  35 25   2500
(i) Funds collected by SNT is_______. Fund raised by selling fans = ₹ 2500
(a) ₹ 7000 (b) ₹ 6125
(c) ₹ 7875 (d) ₹ 21000
(ii) Funds collected by SNP is______.
(a) ₹ 7000 (b) ₹ 6125
(c) ₹ 7875 (d) ₹ 21000
(iii) The total fund raised by all the three schools
together is___.
(a) ₹ 7000 (b) ₹ 6125
(c) ₹ 7875 (d) ₹ 21000
(iv) The total fund raised by selling fans is _______.
(a) ₹ 4000 (b) ₹ 2000
(c) ₹ 2500 (d) ₹ 3500
Sol. (i) (a)
Fund raised by SNT =

 25 
 40 50 20 100   7000
 50 

(ii) (b)

 25 
 25 40 30 100  6125
 50 

Fund raised by SNP = ₹ 6125


20 MATRICES

EXERCISE – 1: Basic Subjective Questions


Section–A (1 Mark Questions) 12. Find values of a and b if A = B, where

 2 1 3  a  4 3b   2a  2 b 2  2 
1. If A  and, then check whether AB and
A and B   
4 5 1   8 6   8 b 2  5b 

BA are defined or not. 13. Find non-zero values of x satisfying the matrix

0 0 5  2 x 2 8 5x   x 2  8 24 
equation: x    2 4 4 x  2  .
2. Identify the type of matrix A  0 5 0   3 x    10  6 x 
5 0 0 
Section–C (3 Marks Questions)
3. If A and B are two matrices of the order
14. If A and B are symmetric matrices, then show that
3  m and 3  n, respectively and m = n, then find the
(i) AB – BA is a skew symmetric matrix.
order of matrix (5A – 2B). (ii) BA – 2AB is neither symmetric nor skew
2 3 1 3 2  1 symmetric matrix.
4. If A    ,B    ,C  2 ,
 1 2   4 3 1   
 
4 6 8  a 1 x 
D  , then which of the sums  2 
5 7 9  15. If the matrix A   2 3 x  y.
 2 
A + B, B + C, C + D and B + D is defined? 0 5 
 5 
5 x
5. If A    and A  A ' then find the relation (i) The order of the matrix A
 y 0
(ii) The number of elements
between x and y.
(iii) Elements a23 , a31 and a12

4  4 8 4 
Section–B (2 Marks Questions)
16. Find A, if 1  A   1 2 1  .
 
6. On using elementary column operations 3   3 6 3 
C2  C2  2C1 in the following matrix equation
 cos  sin  
17. If A and A1  A ', then find the
1 3 1 1  3 1    sin  cos  
 2 4   0 1  2 4  , what do we get?
     value of  .
7. Prove that Sum of two skew-symmetric matrices is 18. Find the values of a, b, c and d, if
always skew symmetric matrix.
a b   a 6  4 a  b
If A is a symmetric matrix, then prove that A3 is a 3    .
8.
 c d   1 2 d   c  d 3 
symmetric matrix.
 1 3 2  1 
9. Construct A matrix A   aij 
22
whose elements aij 19. Find the value of x, if 1 x 1  2 5 1   2   O
15 3 2   x 
are given by aij  e2ix sin jx
3 1 1  2 1 1
0 a  20. If X    and Y    , then find
10. If A    , then find the value of A
16
5 2 3 7 2 4 
 0 0 
(i) X + Y.
1 2   3 1   7 11 
11. If     , then find the value of k. (ii) 2X – 3Y
3 4   2 5   k 23
(iii) a matrix Z such that X + Y + Z is a zero matrix.
MATRICES 21

1 4 26. If AB  BA for any two square matrices, then prove


2 4 0  
21. Given A    and B   2 8  , is n
by mathematical induction that  AB   An B n
 3 9 6 
1 3 
2 3 1 
 AB   BA ? 27. Express the matrix 1 1 2 as the sum of a
 4 1 2
 3 5 
22. If A  , then find A2  5 A  14 I . Hence,
 4 2  symmetric and a skew-symmetric matrix.

obtain A3. 1 3 2 
28. If A   2 0 1 , then show that A satisfies
 cos x sin x 
23. If P  x    , then show that  1 2 3 
  sin x cos x 
A3  4 A2  3 A  11I  O.
P  x  .P  y   P  x  y   P  y  .P  x  .
29. If possible, using elementary row transformation, find
2 3  8 
24. Solve for x and y x  y  O the inverse of the following matrices
1
  5  11
 2 1 3  2 3 3
(a)  5 3 1 (b)  1 2 2 
Section–D (5 Marks Questions)  3 2 3  1 1 1

 1 2 4 0 2 0   2 3
25. Let A    ,B    ,C   , 2
 1 3  1 5   1 2 
30. Let A    , then show that A  4 A  7 I  O.
 1 2 
a  4, b  2, then show that: Using this result calculate A5 also.
(a) A   B  C    A  B   C

(b) A  BC    AB  C

(c) (a  b) B  aB  bB

(d) a(C  A)  aC  aA
T
 
(e) AT A
T
(f)  bA   bAT
T
(g)  AB   BT AT

(h)  A  B  C  AC  BC
22 MATRICES

EXERCISE – 2: Basic Objective Questions


Section–A (Single Choice Questions) 6. For what value of x and y are the following matrices
2 x  1 3y   x  3 y 2  2
0 c b   a 2 ab ac  equal A   , B   
   0 y 2  5 y   0 6 
1. If A   c 0 a  and B =  ab b 2 bc  , then
 b a 0   ac bc c 2  (a) 2,3
 
(b) 3,4
AB is equal to
(c) 2,2
(a) B (b) A
(d) 3,3
(c) O (d) I 7. The order of the matrix obtained from
2. If A is a square matrix such that  A  2I  A  I   0, 1 1
then A  1  0 2    1 0 2   0 1 23  is
    2 0 1  1 0 21 
A I A I  2 3      
(a) (b)
2 2 (a) 2  3
(c) 2  A  I  (d) 2A  I (b) 2  2
1 0 0  (c) 3  2
3. If A  0 1 0  , then A 2  2 A equals (d) 3  3

0 0 1  4 1 0  2 0 1
8. If A    ,B   ,
(a) 4A  1 2 2  3 1 x 
(b) 3A 1 
15  x 
(c) 2A C   2 and D   such that  2 A  3B  C  D,
(d) A  1 
1 
 x  y 2 x  z  4 7  then x 
4. If    , then the values of
 x  y 2 z  w   0 10  (a) 3
x, y, z and w respectively are (b) 4
(a) 2, 2,3, 4 (c) 6
(b) 2,3,1, 2 (d) 6
(c) 3,3, 0,1 1 2 2 
(d) None of these 9. If A   2 1 2 is a matrix such that A2  A, then
2  a 2 b 
i  2 j 
5. If A   aij  , where aij  , then A is equal
2 2 2 the values of a and b respectively are
to (a) 1, 2
9 25 (b) 2, 1
(a)  
8 18  (c) 1, 2
9 25 (d) 2,1
(b)  
4 9   cos x  sin x  T
10. If A    , the AA is
9 25   sin x cos x 
(c)  2 2 (a) Zero matrix
 
8 18  (b) I 2
 9 15  1 1
(c)  
(d)  2 2  1 1
 
4 9  (d) None of these
MATRICES 23

1 a b   
15. If A    and A2   , then:
11. If A   4  and B   1 2 1 , then  AB  ' is equal b a    
 3  (a)   a 2  b 2 ,   ab
to, (b)   a 2  b 2 ,   2ab
 1 4 3 (c)   a 2  b 2 ,   a 2  b 2
(a)  2 8 6 
(d)   2ab,    a 2  b 2
 1 4 3 

 1 2 1  1 2
(b)  4 8 4  16. If f  x   x 2  4 x  5 and A   , then f  A is
4 3
 3 6 3 
equal to
 1 4 3 0 4  2 1
(a)  (b)
(c)  2 8 6  8 8 
 2 0
 
1 4 3 
1 1  8 4 
(c)   (d)  
 1 4 3 1 0  8 0 
(d)  2 8 6 
 1 4 3   cot t sin t 
17. If R  t     , then R  s  R  t  equals
  sin t cot t 
3 4  (a) R  s  t 
12. If   is the sum of a symmetric matrix B and a
1 1 (b) R  s  t 
skew symmetric matrix C, then C is
5 5 (c) R  s   R  t 
 
1  2 1  2 (d) None of these
(a)   (b)  
5 0  5 1 
 2   2  2 0 1
 5  3 18. If A   2 1 3 , then A2  5 A  6I 
0  
2 1  
2  1 1 0 
(c)   (d)  
5 0  5 1  1 1 5 
 2   2 
(a)  1 1 4 

13. If A and B are matrices of same order, then  3 10 4 


 AB ' BA ' is a  1 1 3 
(a) Skew symmetric matrix (b)  1 1 10 
(b) Null matrix  5 4 4 
(c) Symmetric matrix (c) 0
(d) Unit matrix (d) I

14. If A is a square matrix such that A2  I , then 1 2 3   7 8 9 


19. The matrix X such that X   
3 3 4 5 6  2 4 6 
A I A I  7 A is equal to
is
(a) A
1 2  1 2 
(b) IA (a)   (b)  
(c) IA 2 0 2 0 
(d) 3A  1 2
(c)   (d) None of these
 2 0 
26 MATRICES

3 4  1 0 1 29. Assertion: If a, b, c, d are real numbers and


27. Assertion: For A    and B   ,A+
1 0  4 0 3  a b  3 2
B does not exist.
A  and A = O, then A = O.
c d 
Reason: For addition of two matrices, the order of
a b 
Matrices must be same. Reason: For matrix A , we have
c d 
(a) Both Assertion and Reason are correct and Reason
is the correct explanation for Assertion. A 2  ( a  d )A  ( ad  bc )I  O .
(b) Both Assertion and Reason are correct but Reason (a) Both Assertion and Reason are correct and Reason
is not the correct explanation for Assertion. is the correct explanation for Assertion.
(c) Assertion is correct but Reason is incorrect. (b) Both Assertion and Reason are correct but Reason
(d) Assertion is incorrect but Reason is correct. is not the correct explanation for Assertion.
(c) Assertion is correct but Reason is incorrect.
a 0 0 0 (d) Assertion is incorrect but Reason is correct.
28. Assertion: Matrix  0 b 0 0 is a diagonal matrix  1 0
30: Assertion: If A    and Trace  A  4, then
 0 0 c 0  1 x 
x  3.
Reason: A   aij  is a square matrix such that
Reason: The trace of a square matrix is the sum of
aij  0i  j then A is called diagonal matrix. elements on the main diagonal of the matrix.
(a) Both Assertion and Reason are correct and Reason (a) Assertion is correct, reason is correct; reason is a
is the correct explanation for Assertion. correct explanation for assertion.
(b) Both Assertion and Reason are correct but Reason (b) Assertion is correct, reason is correct; reason is not
is not the correct explanation for Assertion. a correct explanation for assertion
(c) Assertion is correct but Reason is incorrect. (c) Assertion is correct, reason is incorrect
(d) Assertion is incorrect but Reason is correct. (d) Assertion is incorrect, reason is correct.
MATRICES 27

EXERCISE – 3: Previous Year Questions


1. Write the number of all possible matrices of order (Delhi 2013)
2  2 with each entry 1, 2 or 3. (AI 2014)  a  b 2a  c   1 5 
12. Find the value of b if   
 2a  b 3c  d   0 13
2. Construct a 2  2 matrix A   aij  , whose elements

are given by aij  | (i ) 2  j | . (Delhi 2014 C) (AI 2013)

 x y 2 y  1 4 
3. Write the element a23 of a 3  3 matrix A   aij  13. If   , then write the value of
2 y  z x  y  9 5 
i j
whose elements aij are given by aij 
2
.  x  y  z. (AI 2013C)

(Delhi 2015)  2 x  1 2 y   x  3 10 
14. If   , write the value of
 0 y 2  1  0 26 
4. The element aij of a 3  3 matrix are given by
 x  y . (AI 2012C)
1
aij  3i  j . Write the value of element a32 .
2  x x  y  3 1 
15. If   , then find the value of y.
(AI 2014C) 2 x  y 7  8 7 
(Delhi 2011C)
5. For a 2  2 matrix A   aij  , whose elements are
cos   sin  
2 16. If A    , then for what value of  , A
i  2 j   sin  cos  
given by aij  , write the value of a21 .
4 is an identity matrix? (Delhi 2010)

(Delhi 2012C)  x  y 1 7 1
17. If    , then find x. (Delhi 2010)
6. For a 2  2 matrix, A   aij  whose elements are  2 y 5  4 5

i  3 y  x 2 x   5 2 
given by aij  , write the value of a12 . 18. If    , then find y.
j  3 7  3 7 
(Delhi 2011)
7. If a matrix has 5 elements, then write all possible (AI 2010C)
orders it can have. (AI 2011)
1 0   1 1 
19. If A  B    and A  2 B    , then find
 x y z   1 4  1 1   0 1
8. If   , find the value of x  y.
2 x  y w   0 5  A. (AI 2020)

(AI 2014) 20. If A is a square matrix such that A 2  I , then find the
3 3
 a  4 3b   2a  2 b  2  simplified value of  A  I    A  I   7 A.
9. If    , write the value of
 8 6   8 a  8b  (Delhi 2016)
a  2b. (Foreign 2014)
 1 0 1  1 
 x. y 4  8 w 21. If  2 1 3  1 1 0   0   A, then write the order
10. If z  6  , write the value of
 x  y   0 6   0 1 1   1
 x  y  z . (Delhi 2014C) of matrix A. (Foreign 2016)

 a  b 2a  c   1 5 
11. Find the value of a if   
 2a  b 3c  d   0 13
28 MATRICES

22. Solve the following matrix equation for x: 5 0   4 3


34. If 3A  B    and B    , then find the
 1 0 1 1   2 5
 x 1  O (Delhi 2014C, 2020)
 2 0  matrix A. (Delhi 2012)
3 4   1 y   7 0 
23. If 2     , find  x  y  . 1 2   3 1   7 11 
5 x   0 1  10 5  35. If     , then find the value of k .
3 4   2 5   k 23
(Delhi 2014) (Delhi 2010)
2
24. If A is a square matrix such that A  A, then write the
36. If A is a matrix of order 3  4 and B is a matrix of order
3
value of 7 A   I  3 , where I is an identity matrix.
4  3, find the order of matrix (AB). (Delhi 2010C)
(AI 2014)
37. Find a matrix A such that 2 A  3 B  5C  O , where
x
25. If  2 x 4     O, find the positive value of x.
 8   2 2 0   2 0 2 
B  and C    (Delhi 2019)
 3 1 4 7 1 6 
(AI 2014C)
 9 1 4  1 2 1  2 1  5 2  2 5
26. If  2 1 3   A   0 4 9  , then find the 38. Let
   
A , B   , C    , find a
3 4  7 4  3 8
matrix A. (Delhi 2013) matrix D such that CD  AB  O. (Delhi 2017)
 1 1 2
27. If matrix A    and A  kA, then write the  2 1  1 8
 1 1
  39. Find matrix A such that  1 0  A   1 2
 
value of k . (AI 2013)  3 4   9 22 

 2 2  2
28. If matrix A    and A  pA, then write the (AI 2017)
 2 2   2 0 1 
value of p. (AI 2013) 40. If A   2 1 3 , find A2  5 A  4I and hence find

 3 3  1 1 0 
2
29. If matrix A    and A   A, then write the a matrix X such that A2  5 A  4I  X  O
 3 3 
value of  . (AI 2013) (Delhi 2015)
1 3   y 0  5 6  41. Three schools A, B and C organized a mela for
30. If 2     , then write the value of
 0 x   1 2  1 8  collecting funds for helping the rehabilitation of flood
victims. They sold handmade fans, mats and plates
 x  y . (Delhi 2013C, AI 2012)
from recycled material at a cost of ₹ 25, ₹100 and ₹ 50
each. The number of articles sold are given below.
 cos  sin    sin   cos  
31. Simplify: cos    sin  
  sin  cos   cos  sin   Article/School A B C

(Delhi 2012) Hand-fans 40 25 35

Mats 50 40 50
 2 3   1 3  4 6 
32. If     , find x. (Delhi 2012) Plates 20 30 40
 5 7   2 4   9 x 

33. Find the value of x  y from the following equation: Find the funds collected by each school separately by
x 5  3 4   7 6  selling the above articles. Also, find the total funds
2   (AI 2012)
7 y  3 1 2  15 14  collected for the purpose. Write one value generated
by the above situation. (Delhi 2015)
MATRICES 29

42. To promote the making of toilets for women, an 2 0 1


organisation tried to generate awareness through (i) 47. If A   2 1 3 , then find the value of
house calls (ii) letters and (iii) announcements. The
 1 1 0 
cost for each mode per attempt is given below :
A2  3 A  2 I . (AI 2010)
(i) ₹50 (ii) ₹ 20 (iii) ₹ 40
The number of attempts made in three villages X, Y  3 4
 1 2 1
and Z are given below: 48. If A   1 2 
T
and B   , then find
(i) (ii) (iii)  0 1   1 2 3
X 400 300 100
AT  B T . (AI 2012)
Y 300 250 75
Z 500 400 150 T
a  b 2 6 5
Find the total cost incurred by the organisation for the 49. If   , then find a. (Delhi 2010C)
 5 b   2 2 
three villages separately, using matrices. Write one
value generated by the organisation in the society.
1 2
(AI 2015) 50. If A    , find A  A '. (AI 2010C)
3 4
 1 1  a 1  2 2 2
43. If A  
2 1 , B  b 1 and  A  B   A  B ,
     2x  y 3y   6 0 
T

then find the values of a and b. (Foreign 2015) 51. If    , then find x. (AI 2010C)
 0 4  6 4
44. In a parliament election, a political party hired a public
relations firm to promote its candidates in three ways- 1
telephone, house calls and letters. The cost per contact 52. For the matrices A   4  , and B   1 2 1 ,
(in paise) is given in matrix A as  3 

140  Telephone verify that  AB  '  B ' A '. (AI 2010)


A   200  House call
 0 a 3
150  Letters
53. If the matrix A   2 0 1 is skew symmetric, find
‘The number of contacts of each type made in two
b 1 0 
cities X and Y is given in matrix B as
the values of ‘a’ and ‘b’ (2018)
Telephone House call Letters

1000 500 5000  City X  0 2b 2 


B  City Y
 3000 1000 10000  54. Matrix A   3 1 3  is given to be symmetric,
Find the total amount spent by the party in the two 3a 3 1
cities. What should one consider before casting his/her find values of a and b. (Delhi 2016)
vote-party’s promotional activity or their social
activities? (Foreign 2015) 3 5
55. If A    is written as A = P + Q, where P is a
 1 2  x  7 9 
45. If  2 x 3      O, find x. (Delhi 2015C)
 3 0  3  symmetric matrix and Q is a skew symmetric matrix,
then write the matrix P. (Foreign 2016)
46. A trust fund, ₹ 35,000 is to be invested in two different
types of bonds. The first bond pays 8% interest per  2 4 6 
annum which will be given to orphanage and second 56. Express the matrix A   7 3 5  as the sum of a
bond pays 10% interest per annum which will be given  1 2 4 
to an N.G.O, (Cancer Aid Society). Using matrix
symmetric and a skew symmetric matrix. (AI 2015C)
multiplication, determine how to divide ₹ 35,000
among two types of bonds if the trust fund obtains an 57. Write a 2  2 matrix which is both symmetric and skew
annual total interest of ₹ 3,200. What are the values symmetric. (Delhi 2014C)
reflected in this question? (AI 2015C)
30 MATRICES

 0 1 2  66. Using elementary row transformations, find the inverse


58. For what value of x, is the matrix A   1 0 3  , of the following matrix.

 x 3 0   2 5
A  (Delhi 2010)
a skew-symmetric matrix? (AI 2013C)  1 3
59. If A and B are symmetric matrices, such that both AB 67. Find the inverse of the following matrix using
and BA are defined, then prove that AB - BA is a skew  1 2 2 
symmetric matrix. (AI 2019) elementary operations A   1 3 0 

60. Show that all the diagonal elements of a skew  0 2 1 


symmetric matrix are zero, (Delhi 2017)
(Delhi 2019, AI 2010)
61. If A is a skew-symmetric matrix of order 3, then prove 68. Using elementary row transformation, find the inverse
that det A  0. (AI 2017)  2 3 5 
of the matrix  3 2 4  (AI 2019)
 4 3 1 1 2
62. Express A    as sum of symmetric and skew-
 2 1
symmetric matrix. (Delhi 2020) 69. Using elementary row transformations, find the inverse
of the matrix
 3 2 4 
63. Express A   3 2 5 as the sum of a symmetric 1 2 3
 1 1 2  A   2 5 7 
 (2018)
and skew-symmetric matrix and verify your result.  2 4 5
(AI 2010) 70. Using elementary operations, find the inverse of the
following matrix:
64. Use elementary column operation C2  C2  2C1 in the
following matrix equation:  1 1 2
 1 2 3 (Delhi 2018)
 
2 1  3 1 1 0  3 1 1 
    (AI 2016)
 2 0   2 0   1 1 
65. Use elementary column operation C2  C2  2C1 in
 4 2 1 2 2 0
the matrix equation    
 3 3  0 3 1 1

(Foreign 2014)

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MATRICES
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DETERMINANTS 31

TABLE OF CONTENT

02
DETERMINANTS
32 DETERMINANTS

Chapter at a Glance
 Determinant of a matrix A   a11 11 is given by a11  a11
a a12  a a12
 Determinant of a matrix A   11  is given by A  11  a11a22  a12 a21
 a21 a22  a21 a22
 a1 b1 c1  a1 b1 c1
 Determinant of a matrix A   a2 b2 c2  is given by (expanding along R1 ) A  a2 b2 c2
 a3 b3 c3  a3 b3 c3
b2 c2 a2 c2 a2 b2
 a1  b1  c1
b3 c3 a3 c3 a3 b3
For any square matrix A, the A satisfy following properties.
 A '  A , where A '  transpose of A .
 If we interchange any two rows (or columns), then sign of determinant changes.
 If any two rows or any two columns are identical or proportional, then value of determinant is zero.
 If we multiply each element of a row or a column of determinant by constant, k , then value of determinant is multiplied
by k .
 Multiplying a determinant by k means multiply elements of only one row (or one column) by k .
 If A   aij  , then k. A  k 3 A .
33

 If elements of a row or a column in a determinant can be expressed as sum or two or more elements, then the given
determinant can be expressed as sum of two or more determinants.
 If to each element of a row or a column of a determinant, the equimultiples of corresponding elements of other rows or
columns are added, then value of determinant remains same.
x1 y1 1
1
 Area of a triangle with vertices  x1 , y1  ,  x2 , y2  and  x3 , y3  given by   x2 y2 1
2
x3 y3 1

 Minor of an element aij of the determinant of matrix A is the determinant obtained by deleting ith row and j th column
and denoted by M ij .
i j
 Cofactor of aij is given by Aij   1 M ij .
 Value of determinant of a matrix A is obtained by sum of product of elements of a row (or a column) with corresponding
cofactors.
 For example. A  a11 A11  a12 A12  a13 A13
 If elements of one row (or column) are multiplied with cofactors of elements of any other row (or column), then their
sum is zero. For example, a11 A21  a12 A22  a13 A23  0 .
 a11 a12 a13   A11 A21 A31 
 If A   a21 a22 a23  , then adj A   A12
 A22 A32  , where Aij is cofactor of aij .
 a31 a32 a33   A13 A23 A33 
 A  adj A   adj A A  A I , where A is square matrix of order n .
 A square matrix A is said to be singular or non-singular according as A  0 or A  0 .
DETERMINANTS 33

 If AB  BA  I , where B is square matrix, then B is called inverse of A . Also A 1  B or B 1  A and hence


1 1
A  A.
 A square matrix A has inverse if and only if A is non-singular.
1
 A1   adj A 
A
 If a1 x  b1 y  c1 z  d1 , a2 x  b2 y  c2 z  d 2 , a3 x  b3 y  c3 z  d3 , Then these equations can be written as AX  B , where
 a1 b1 c1  x  d1 
A   a2 b2 c2  , X   y  and B   d 2 
 a3 b3 c3   z   d3 

 Unique solution of equation AX  B is given by X  A1 B, where A  0 .


 A system of equation is consistent or inconsistent according as its solution exists or not.
 For a square matrix A in matrix equation AX  B .
(i) A  0, there exists unique solution.
(ii) A  0 and  adj A B  0, then there exist no solution.
(iii) A  0 and  adj A B  0, then system may or may not be consistent.
34 DETERMINANTS

Solved Examples
Example–1 0 4 6 4 6 0
2   3  5
5 7 1 7 1 5
2 4
Evaluate  2  0  20   3  42  4   5  30  0 
1 2
(NCERT)  40  138  150  28
By interchanging rows and columns, we get
2 4
Sol. We have  2  2   4  1  4  4  8. 2 6 1
1 2
 1  3 0 5
Example–2 5 4 7
x 4 (Expanding along first column)
Find x if  0.
2 2x 0 5 6 1 6 1
2   3 5
x 4 4 7 4 7 0 5
Sol. We have 0
2 2x  2  0  20   3  42  4   5  30  0 
 2 x 2  8  0  x  2  40  138  150  28 Clearly   1
Hence, Property 1 is verified.
Example–3
Example–6
1 2 4
2 3 5
Evaluate the determinant   1 3 0 .
Verify Property 2 for   6 0 4 .
4 1 0
1 5 7
(NCERT)
(NCERT)
Sol. Note that in the third column, two entries are zero.
2 3 5
So expanding along third column  C3  , we get
Sol.  6 0 4
1 3 1 2 1 2 1 5 7
4 0 0
4 1 4 1 1 3 Expanding along first row, we have
 4  1  12   0  0  52   2  0  20   3  42  4   5  30  0 
Example–4  40  138  150  28
0  sin  cos  Interchanging rows R2 and R3 , we have
Evaluate   sin  0  sin  . 2 3 5
 cos  sin  0  1  1 5 7
Sol. Expanding along R1 , we get 6 0 4
  0  sin   0  sin  cos   Expanding the determinant  1 along first row, we
 cos   sin  sin   0  have
  sin  sin  cos   cos  sin  sin   0 5 7 1 7 1 5
1  2   3  5
Example–5 0 4 6 4 6 0
2 3 5  2  20  0   3  4  42   5  0  30 
Verify Property 1 for   6 0 4  40  138  150  28
1 5 7 Clearly  1  
(NCERT) Hence, Property 2 is verified.
Sol. Expanding the determinant along first row, we
have
DETERMINANTS 35

Example–7 Example–10
a b c bc a a
Show that a  2 x b  2 y c  2 z  0 Prove that b ca b  4abc
x y z c c ab
(NCERT) (NCERT)
a b c bc a a
Sol. We have a  2 x b  2 y c  2 z Sol.: Let   b ca b
x y z c c ab
(By property 5) Applying R1  R1  R2  R3 to , we get
a b c a b c 0 2c 2b
 a b c  2x 2 y 2z  b ca b
x y z x y z c c ab
=0+0=0 (Using Property 3 and 4) Expanding along R1 , we obtain
Example–8
ca b b b
Using properties of determinants, prove the following 0   2c 
c ab c ab
1 1 p 1 p  q
b ca
2 3  2 p 1  3 p  2q  1.   2b 
c c
3 6  3 p 1  6 p  3q
Sol.  2c  a b  b  bc   2 b  b c  c  ac 
2 2

1 1 p 1 p  q  2 a b c  2 cb 2  2 bc 2  2 b 2 c  2 bc 2  2 abc
L.H.S.  2 3  2 p 1  3 p  2q  4 abc
3 6  3 p 1  6 p  3q
Example–11
Applying R2  R2  2 R1 and R3  R3  3R1 , we get
yz x y
1 1 p 1 p  q 2
Prove that z  x z x   x  y  z  x  z 
0 1 1  p
x y y z
0 3 2  3 p
yz x y
 1 2  3 p  3  3 p   11  1  R.H .S .
Sol. L.H.S. = z  x z x
Example–9 x y y z
Show that the following determinant vanishes Applying R1  R1  R2  R3 , we get
ab bc ca 2x  y  z x yz x yz
bc ca ab zx z x
ca ab bc x y y z
ab bc ca
Taking  x  y  z common from R1 , we get
Sol. bc ca ab
2 1 1
ca ab bc
x  y  z z  x z x
Applying C1  C1  C2  C3 , we get
x y y z
a b b cca b c c a
Applying C1  C1  2C3 , C2  C2  C3 ,
bccaab ca ab
0 0 1
ca  a bb c a b bc
x  y  z zx zx x
0 bc ca
x  y  2z yz z
 0 c  a a  b  0  C1  0
0 ab bc
36 DETERMINANTS

  x  y  z   z  x  y  z    z  x  6 4
M 12   42  4  46;
1 7
 x  y  2 z 
1 2
A12   1  46   46
  x  y  z  z  x   y  z  x  y  2 z 
2
6 0
  x  y  z  z  x  = R.H.S. M 13   30  0  30;
1 5
Example–12 1 3
Find the area of the triangle whose vertices are A13   1  30   30
(3, 8), (-4, 2) and (5, 1). 3 5
M 21   21  25  4;
(NCERT) 5 7
Sol. The area of triangle is given by 2 1
A21   1  4   4
3 8 1
1 2 5
  4 2 1 M 22   14  5  19;
2 1 7
5 1 1
2 2
1 A22   1  19   19
 3  2  1  8  4  5   1  4  10  
2 2 3
M 23   10  3  13;
1 61 1 5
  3  72  14   sq. units
2 2 2 3
A23   1 13   13
Example–13 3 5
Find minors and cofactors of all the elements of the M 31   12  0  12;
0 4
1 2
determinant A31   1
31
 12   12
4 3
Sol. Minor of the element aij is M ij 2 5
M 32   8  30  22;
6 4
Here a11  1. So M 11  Minor of a11  3 M12 
3 2
Minor of the element a12  4 A32   1  22   22 and

M 21  Minor of the element a21  2 2 3


M 33   0  18  18;
M 22 = Minor of the element a22  1 6 0
3 3
Now, cofactor of aij is Aij . So A33   1 18   18
A11   1
11 2
M 11   1  3   3 Now a11  2, a12  3, a13  5,
1 2 3 A31  12, A32  22, A33  18
A12   1 M 12   1  4   4
1 2 3 So, a11 A31  a12 A32  a13 A33
A21   1 M 21   1  2   2
2 2 4  2  12    3 22   5 18
A22   1 M 22   1 1  1
 24  66  90  0
Example–14
Find minors and cofactors of the elements of the Example–15
2 3 5  2 1
Find adj A for  
determinant 6 0 4 and verify that 4 3 
1 5 7  2 1
Sol. Let A   
a11 A31  a12 A32  a13 A33  0 4 3 

0 4 3 4 
Cofactor matrix of A  
Sol. We have M 11 
5 7
 0  20  20;
1 2 
11  3 4  '  3 1
A11   1  20   20  adj A      4
1 2   2 
DETERMINANTS 37

Example–16 Example–18
 3 1 Solve the following system of equations by matrix
Show that the matrix A    satisfies the method.
 1 2 
3x  2 y  3z  8
equation A2  5 A  7 I  O. Using this equation,
2x  y  z  1
find A1.
4x  3y  2z  4
 3 1
Sol. A  (NCERT)
 1 2  Sol. The system of equations can be written in the form
L.H.S.  A2  5 A  7 I AX = B, where
 3 1  3 1  3 1 1 0  3 2 3  x 8 
    5  7 
 1 2   1 2  1 2  0 1 A   2 1 1 , X   y  and B  1 
   
 8 5 15 5  7 0 
  4 3 2   z   4 
  
 5 3  5 10   0 7  We see that
 8  15  7 5  5  0  0 0 A  3  2  3  2  4  4   3  6  4   17  0
    O  R.H .S
 5  5  0 3  10  7  0 0 Hence, A is non-singular and so its inverse exits.
 A2  5 A  7 I  O Now
Pre-multiplying by A 1 on both sides, we get A11  1, A12  8, A13  10
A  AA 1   5 AA 1  7 IA1  O A21  5, A22  6, A23  1
1
 AI  5I  7 A  O A31  1, A32  9, A33  7
 A  5I  7 A1  O  7 A1  5I  A  1 5 1
1 
1 0   3 1  Therefore A    8 6 9 
1
 7 A 1  5    17
 0 1   1 2   10 1 7 
 2 1 1  2 1  1 5 1 8 
 7 A 1   1
  A  7 1 3  1 
 1 3    So X  A B    8 6 9  1 
1

17
Example–17  10 1 7   4 
Solve the system of equations:
x   17  1 
2 x  5 y  1 , 3x  2 y  7  y    1  34    2 
i.e.,  
(NCERT) 17    
 z   51  3 
Sol. The system of equations can be written in the form
AX  B , where Hence x  1, y  2 and z  3.
2 5 x  1 
A  , X    and B    Example–19
3 2  y 7 
1 2 5 
Now, A  11  0, Hence, A is non-singular
If A   1 1 1 , find A1. Hence solve the
matrix and so has a unique solution.
 2 3 1
1  2 5
Note that A1    following system of equations:
11  3 2  x  2 y  5z  10, x  y  z  2, 2 x  3 y  z  11
Therefore,
1 2 5  1 2 5
X  A 1 B Sol.  
Here, A  1 1 1  A  1 1 1
1  2 5 1   2 3 1 2 3 1
 
11  3 2  7 
 11  3  2  1  2   5  3  2 
x  1  33 3 
i.e.        4  2  25  27  0
 y 11 11   1
 A1 exists.
Hence, x  3, y  1
Now, A11  4, A12  1, A13  5,
38 DETERMINANTS

A21  17, A22  11, A23  1, A31  3, A32  6, A33  3 Now we find adj A
 4 17 3  A11  11  6   7, A12    0  3  3,
 adjA   1 11 6  A13  1 , A21   1  2   3, A22  0,
 5 1 3
A23   2  1  3 , A31   3  1  2,
11
A  adj A A32    3  0   3, A33  1  0   1
A
 4 17 3  7 3 2 

1 
1 11 6  Hence, adjA   3 0 3
27   1 3 1 
 5 1 3
Thus,
The given system of equations can be written as
 7 3 2 
1 2 5  x  1 1
1
A  adj  A    3 0 3
AX  B where, A   1 1 1 ; X   y  and A 9
 1 3 1 
 2 3 1  z 
Since, X  A1 B
10 
B   2   7 3 2   6 
1
 11 X   3 0 3 11
9
 1 3 1   0 
 A 1 exists. So, system of equations has a unique
solution given by X  A1 B x   42  33  0 
1
x  4 17 3   10  Or  y   18  0  0 
1  9

  y  1 11 6  .  2   z   6  33  0 
27 
 z   5 1 3  11 9  1 
1   
x  27   1   18  2
  1  9   
  y  54    2   27  3 
27 
 z  81  3  Thus x  1, y  2, z  3
 x  1, y  2, z  3 Example–21
Example–20 6 4 6
The sum of three numbers is 6. If we multiply third The value of   1 2 4 is:
number by 3 and add second number to it, we get 11. 3 2 3
By adding first and third numbers, we get double of (a) 14 (b) 0
the second number. Represent it algebraically and (c) 122 (d) 2
find the numbers using matrix method. Ans. (b)
(NCERT)
6 4 6
Sol. Let first, second and third numbers be denoted by
Sol. We have,   1 2 4
x, y and z , respectively.
3 2 3
Then, according to given conditions, we have
x yz 6 Taking 2 common from R1, we get
y  3z  11 3 2 3
  2 1 2 4
x  z  2 y or x  2 y  z  0
3 2 3
This system can be written as A X = B, where
 1 1 1 x 6  Here R1 and R3 are identical
A   0 1 3 , X   y  and B  11 Thus,   0.
1 2 1  z   0 
Example–22
Here A  11  6    0  3   0  1  9  0.
40 DETERMINANTS

3 2 1  x   2200  x   4400  3100  6000  300 


1
 4 1 3  y   3100 
       y    2200  6200  6000    400 
 
5
1 1 1   z  1200   z   6600  3100  6000  500 
i.e., PX  Q, where  x  300, y  400 and z  500
3 2 1 x  2200  (i) (b) ₹ 300
P   4 1 3 , X   y  and Q  3100 
    (ii) (d) ₹ 500
1 1 1   z  1200  (iii) (b) ₹ 400
(iv) (c) If a matrix P is both symmetric and skew-
| P | 3 1  3  2  4  3  1 4  1 symmetric then it will be a zero matrix. So, |P| = 0.
 6  2  3  5  0
 X  P 1 Q, provided P 1 exists.
 2  1 5 
 adj P   1 2  5
3  1  5 
1
 P 1   adj P 
|P|
 2  1 5 
1 
 1 2  5 
5 
3  1  5

 2 1  5
1
 1  2 5 
5
 3 1 5 

 2 1  5  2200 
1
 X  1  2 5 3100 
5
 3 1 5  1200 
DETERMINANTS 41

EXERCISE – 1: Basic Subjective Questions


Section–A (1 Mark Questions) 0 xy 2 xz 2

1. If A is invertible matrix of order 3  3, then A1  13. Evaluate: x 2 y 0 yz 2 .


xz 2 zy 2 0
……
2. If A is a matrix of order 3  3, then number of Section–C (3 Marks Questions)
minors in determinant of A are…………… 14. Prove that
3. The sum of the products of elements of any row
1 bc b2  c2
with the co-factors of corresponding elements is
equal to………. 1 c  a c 2  a 2   a  b  b  c  c  a  .
2 4 1 a  b a 2  b2
4. Evaluate .
1 2 ax y z
3 2 3 15. Solve x a y z using the properties of
5. Evaluate   2 2 3. x y az
3 2 3 determinants.
16. Find minors and cofactors of all the elements of the
Section–B (2 Marks Questions)
1 2
1 determinant .
6. Prove that  A '   A1  ' , where A is an 4 3
17. Solve the system of equations
invertible matrix.
2x  5 y  1
2x 5 6 2
7. If  , then find x . 3x  2 y  7
8 x 7 3
1 x x2 1 1 1
8. The area of a triangle with vertices
18. If   1 y y 2 , 1  yz zx xy , then prove
(3, 0), (3, 0), (3, 0) and (0, k ) is 9 sq. units. Find
1 z z2 x y z
the value of k .
9. Find the value of the determinant that   1  0 .

sin 2 23 sin 2 67 cos180 19. If the co-ordinates of the vertices of an equilateral
triangle with sides of length 'a' are
   sin 67  sin 2 23 cos 2 180 .
2

( x1 , y1 ), ( x2 , y2 ), ( x3 , y3 ), then prove that


cos180 sin 2 23 sin 2 67
2
10. Find the value of a if the value of the determinant x1 y1 1
3a 4
x2 y2 1  .
1 2 5 4
2 a 1 is 78. x3 y3 1

0 4 2a
20. If x, y, z are all different from zero and
x2  x  1 x  1
11. Solve using the properties of 1 x 1 1
x 1 x 1
1 1 y 1  0, then find the value of
determinants. 1 1 1 z
1 1 1
x y z .
0 ba ca
12. If   a  b 0 c  b , then show that  bc a a
ac bc 0 21. Prove that b ca b  4abc .
is equal to zero. c c ab
42 DETERMINANTS

1 3 3 cos  x  y   sin  x  y  cos 2 y


22. If A  1 4 3 , then verify that 27. Evaluate: sin x cos x sin y
1 3 4   cos x sin x  cos y
A  adjA  A I . Also find A 1 . 28. The sum of three numbers is 6. If we multiply third
4 x 4 x 4 x number by 3 and add second number to it, we get
11. By adding first and third numbers, we get
23. If 4  x 4  x 4  x  0, then find value of x .
double of the second number. Represent it
4 x 4 x 4 x
algebraically and find the numbers using matrix
x x x method.
24. Evaluate x x x . 29. Show that the ABC is an isosceles triangle if the
x x x determinant
1 1 1
Section–D (5 Marks Questions) 1  cos A 1  cos B 1  cos C 0
2 2 2
25. If a, b, c, are positive and unequal, show that value cos A  cos A cos B  cos B cos C  cos C

a b c bc qr yz a p x


of the determinant   b c a is negative. 30. Prove that c  a r p zx 2b q y .
c a b ab pq x y c r z

26. Evaluate the following determinant.


1 3 5 67 19 21
(i) 2 6 10 (ii) 39 13 14
31 11 38 81 24 26
DETERMINANTS 43

EXERCISE – 2: Basic Objective Questions


Section–A (Single Choice Questions) cos C tan A 0
2x 5 6 2 8. The value of determinant sin B 0  tan A is
1. If  , then value of x is
8 x 7 3 0 sin B cos C
(a) 3 (b)  3 (a) 0 (b) 1
(c)  6 (d) 6 (c) sin A sin B (d) cos A cos B cos C

2 3 2 12 22 32
2. Value of determinant 1 2 3 is 9. The value of   2 2 32 4 2 , is
2 1 3 32 4 2
52

(a) 37 (b) – 37 (a) 8 (b) -8


(c) 74 (d) – 74 (c) 400 (d) 1

k 1 2 10. Cofactors of 2nd row elements of the determinant


3. If 3 k 1  37 then k is equal to 1 3 2
2 3 3 4 5 6 are, respectively
(a) 2 (b) 2 3 5 2
13 (a) 16, 8, 4 (b) 16,  8, 4
(c) (d) None of these
3
(c) 16, 8, 4 (d) None of these
x  2 3
4. If  3, then the values of x are a11 a12 a13
3x 2x
11. If   a21 a22 a23 and Cij is cofactor of aij in
1 1
(a) , 3 (b) ,3 a31 a32 a33
2 2
1 1  , then the value of  is given by
(c)  , 3 (d)  ,  3
2 2 (a) a11C31  a12C32  a13C33

3 y 3 2 (b) a11C11  a12C21  a13C31


5. If  , where x, y are natural (c) a21C11  a22C12  a23C13
x 1 4 1
numbers, then x and y can be respectively, (d) a11C11  a21C21  a31C31
(a) 1, 8 (b) 2, 4 12. Area (in sq units) of the triangle with vertices
(c) a and b both (d) None of these
A 1, 2  , B  5, 2  and C  3,8 is.
6. The value of determinant (a) 0 (b) 8
a2 a 1 (c) 4 (d) 7
cos nx cos  n  1 x cos  n  2  x is independent
13. If the points  a1 , b1  ,  a2 , b2  and  a1  a2 , b1  b2 
sin nx sin  n  1 x sin  n  2  x
are collinear, then
of
(a) a1b2  a2b1 (b) a1b2   a2b1
(a) n (b) a
(c) x (d) none of these (c) a1a2  b2b1 (d) a1a2  b2b1

12 0  1 a 2 
7. If 0 2 1  360 , then the value of  is: 14. Find a, if  3 0 1  is a singular matrix.
2 1 15  2 1 1
(a) 1 (b) 2 (a) 1 (b) – 1
(c) 3 (d) 4 (c) 2 (d) – 2
44 DETERMINANTS

1 1 1 22. Solve the following equations by the matrix


15. Adjoint of matrix A   2 1 3 is method 2 x  y  2, 3x  4 y  3 .
 1 2 3  (a) x  5/11, y  12/11

 9 1 4   9 1 4  (b) x  5/11, y  12/11


(a)  3 4 5  (b)  3 4 5  (c) x  5/11, y  12/11
 5 3 1  5 3 1 (d) x  5/11, y  12/11
 9 1 4  23. Solve the following equations by the matrix
(c)  3 4 5  (d) None of these method. 5x  y  4 z  5, 2 x  3 y  5 z  2 and
 5 3 1 5x  2 y  6 z  1 .
(a) x  3, y  2, z  2
a b  1 0 
16. If A    ,B    , then adj  AB  is (b) x  3, y  2, z  2
c d  0 1 
(c) x  3, y  2, z  2
a b  d b
(a)   (b)  (d) x  3, y  2, z  2
c d  c a 
 d b  24. The cost of 4 dozen pencils, 3 dozen pens and 2
(c)   (d) None of these
 c a  dozen erasers is Rs. 60. The cost of 2dozen pencils,
4 dozen pens & 6 dozen erasers is Rs. 90 & the cost
a 0 0  of 6 dozen pencils, 2dozen pens & 3 dozen erasers
17. If A   0 a 0  , then the value of adj A is is Rs. 70. Find the cost of each item per dozen by
 0 0 a  using matrices.
(a) Cost of pencils = Rs. 8 per dozen, Cost of pens
(a) a 27 (b) a9 = Rs. 5 per dozen, Cost of erasers = Rs. 8 per
(c) a6 (d) a 2 dozen.
(b) Cost of pencils = Rs. 5 per dozen, Cost of pens
10 0 
18. For any 2  2 matrix, if A  adj A     , then = Rs. 8 per dozen, Cost of erasers = Rs. 5 per
 0 10  dozen.
A (c) Cost of pencils = Rs. 5 per dozen, Cost of pens
(a) 20 (b) 100 = Rs. 5 per dozen, Cost of erasers = Rs. 8 per
(c) 10 (d) 0 dozen.
(d) Cost of pencils = Rs. 5 per dozen, Cost of pens
 cos  sin   k 0  = Rs. 8 per dozen, Cost of erasers = Rs. 8 per
19. If A    and A  adj A   ,
  sin  cos   0 k  dozen.
then find the value of k . 25. Find the area of the triangle with vertices:
(a) 2 (b) 1  3, 8 ,  4, 2  ,  5, 1 .
(c) 0 (d) –1 (a) 30 (b) 30.5
 3 4  2 2  1
(c) 32 (d) 32.5
20. If A  
2 4  , B   0 1 , then  A  B 
     2 1
26. The adjoint of the matrix A    is
(a) is skew-symmetric matrix. 4 3 
(b)  A1  B 1
 3 4   2 1
(c) Does not exist (a)   (b)  
(d) None of these 1 2  4 3 
 3 1
21. If A is a square matrix such that A2  I , then A 1 (c)   (d) None of these
 4 2 
is equal to
(a) A  I (b) A
(c) O (d) 2 A
46 DETERMINANTS

5 6 3 33. Assertion: If a, b, c, d are real numbers and


(ii) Find the minor of a21 of 4 3 2. a b  3 2
4  7 3
A
c d  and A  O, then A  O
 
(a) 3 (b) –3 a b 
(c) 39 (d) –39 Reason: For matrix A    , we have
c d 
2 3 5 A 2  (a  d )A  (ad  bc)I  O .
(iii) In the determinant 6 0 4 , find the value (a) Both Assertion and Reason are correct and
1 5 7 Reason is the correct explanation for Assertion.
(b) Both Assertion and Reason are correct but
of a32 . A32 .
Reason is not the correct explanation for Assertion.
(a) 27 (b) –110
(c) Assertion is correct but Reason is incorrect.
(c) 110 (d) –27
(d) Assertion is incorrect but Reason is correct.
2 3 5 34. Assertion: The inverse of singular matrix
(iv) If   6 0 4 , then find the value of  . A   aij  , where aij  0, i  j is
n n
1 5 7
(a) 26 (b) 28 B   aij 1 
  n n
(c) 72 (d) 46 Reason: The inverse of singular square matrix does
not exist.
Section–C (Assertion & Reason Type
(a) Both Assertion and Reason are correct; Reason
Questions) is the correct explanation of Assertion.
2 3 (b) Both Assertion and Reason are correct; Reason
31. Let A be the matrix given by  
1 4 is not the correct explanation of Assertion.
Assertion: A 1 does not exist. (c) Assertion is correct but Reason is incorrect.
(d) Reason is correct but Assertion is incorrect.
Reason: A  0 .
(a) Both Assertion and Reason are correct and 35. Let A be a 2  2 Matrix.
Reason is the correct explanation for Assertion. Assertion: adj  adj A   A
(b) Both Assertion and Reason are correct but n 1

Reason is not the correct explanation for Assertion.


Reason:  adj A  A .
(c) Assertion is correct but Reason is incorrect. (a) Both Assertion and Reason are correct; Reason
(d) Assertion is incorrect but Reason is correct. is the correct explanation of Assertion.
(b) Both Assertion and Reason are correct; Reason
32. Assertion: The determinant of matrix A   aij  , is not the correct explanation of Assertion.
55

where aij  a ji  0 for all i and j is zero. (c) Assertion is correct but Reason is incorrect.
(d) Reason is correct but Assertion is incorrect.
Reason: The determinant of a skew-symmetric
matrix of odd order is zero.
(a) Both Assertion and Reason are correct and
Reason is the correct explanation for Assertion.
(b) Both Assertion and Reason are correct but
Reason is not the correct explanation for Assertion.
(c) Assertion is correct but Reason is incorrect.
(d) Assertion is incorrect but Reason is correct.
DETERMINANTS 47

EXERCISE – 3: Previous Year Questions


1. Find the maximum value of 14. Let A be a square matrix of order 3  3 . Write the
1 1 1 value of 2 A , where A  4.
1 1  sin  1 (Delhi 2016) (AI 2012, Delhi 2011 C)
1 1 1  cos  a 1 0
x  3 2 15. If f  x   ax a 1 , using properties of
2. If x  N and  8, then find the value of
3x 2x ax 2 ax a
x. (AI 2016) determinants find the value of f  2 x   f  x  .
x sin  cos  (Delhi 2015)
3. If  sin  x 1  8 write the value of x.
cos  1 x 16. Using properties of determinants, prove that
(AI 2015) following:
1 2   1 3 a2 bc ac  c 2
4. If A    and B    , write the value of
3 1  1 1 a 2  ab b2 ac  4a 2b 2 c 2 .
ab b 2  bc c2
AB . (Delhi 2015C)
(AI 2015, Foreign 2014)
3x 7 8 7
5. If  , find x. (AI 2014)
2 4 6 4
17. Using properties of determinants, prove that
p p 1 1 a a2
6. Write the value of the determinant . 2
p 1 p following: a 2
1 a  1  a 3  (Foreign 2015)
(Delhi 2014) a a2 1
2 7 65
7. Write the value of 3 8 75 . (AI 2014 C) 18. Using properties of determinants, prove that
5 9 86  a  1 a  2  a2 1

8. If
x 1 x 1

4 1
, then write the value of x.
 a  2  a  3 a  3 1  2. (Delhi 2015C)
x3 x2 1 3  a  3 a  4  a4 1
(AI 2013)
2x x3 1 5 19. Using properties of determinants, sole for x :
9. If  , then write the value of
2  x  1 x 1 3 3 ax ax ax
x. (Delhi 2013C) a  x a  x a  x  0. (AI 2015C, 2011)
cos15 sin15 ax ax ax
10. Evaluate: . (AI 2011)
sin 75 cos 75
20. Using properties of determinants, prove that
3 4 
11. If A    , find the value of 3 A . (AI 2011C) 2y yzx 2y
1 2 
2z 2z z  x  y  ( x  y  z )3
x y yz zx
x yz 2x 2x
12. Write the value of   x x y .
(Delhi 2011)
3 3 3
21. Prove the following using properties of determinants:
(AI 2015)
abc a b
13. If A is a 3  3 matrix, A  0 and 3 A  k A , then c b  c  2a b  2( a  b  c)3
write the value of k. (Foreign 2014) c a c  a  2b
(Delhi 2014, 2012C, 2008)
48 DETERMINANTS

22. Using properties of determinants, prove the 30. Show that   1 , where
following:
Ax x2 1 A B C
x2  1 xy xz
  By y 2 1, , 1  x y z (AI 2014C)
2
xy y 1 yz  1  x 2  y 2   z 2
Cz z2 1 zy zx xy
2
xz yz z 1
(Delhi 2014) 31. Using properties of determinants, prove the
23. Using properties of determinants, prove the following:
following:
x x y x  2y
1 a 1 1
x  2y x x  y  9 y2  x  y  .
1 1 b 1  ab  bc  ca  abc
x y x  2y x
1 1 1 c
(AI 2013)
(AI 2014, Delhi 2012)
24. Using properties of determinants, prove that 32. Using properties of determinants, prove the
bc ca ab a b c following:
qr r p pq 2 p q r. 3x x  y x  z
yz zx x y x y z x y 3y z  y  3  x  y  z  xy  yz  zx 
(AI 2014, 2010C) xz yz 3z
25. Using properties of determinants, show that (AI 2013)
x y x x
5x  4 y 4 x 2 x  x3 . (AI 2014, 2009) 33. Using properties of determinants, prove that
10 x  8 y 8 x 3 x 1 a a3
26. Using properties of determinants, prove that: 1 b b3   a  b  b  c  c  a  a  b  c 
ax y z 1 c c3
x a y z  a2  a  x  y  z . (Delhi 2013C)
x y az
34. Using properties of determinants, prove the
(Foreign 2014)
following:
27. Using properties of determinants, prove that:
x 2x 2x
  
2x x 2 x   5 x      x 
2 2  2
2
2x 2x x
      

(Foreign 2014)
                 
28. Using properties of determinants, prove the (Delhi 2012, 2010C)
following: 35. Using properties of determinants, prove the
a a2 bc following:
b b2 ca   a  b  b  c  c  a  bc  ca  ab  a b c
c c2 ab a  b b  c c  a  a 3  b3  c3  3abc
bc ca ab
(Delhi 2014C)
29. Using properties of determinants, prove the (Delhi 2012C, 2009)
following: 36. Using properties of determinants, prove the
bc a a following:
b ca b  4abc. (AI 2014C, 2012) a bc cb
c c ab ac b c  a   a  b  c  a 2  b2  c2 
ab ba c
(AI 2012C)
DETERMINANTS 49

37. Using properties of determinants, prove that 45. Write the cofactor of the element a32 for
x y z 5 3 8
x2 y2 z 2  xyz  x  y  y  z  z  x    2 0 1. (Delhi 2012)
x3 y3 z3 1 2 3
(Delhi 2011, 2010C) 1 2 3
38. Using properties of determinants, solve the following
46. If   2 0 1 , write the minor of element a22 .
for x .
5 3 8
x2 2x  3 3x  4
(Delhi 2012)
x4 2x  9 3x  16  0. (AI 2011)

x  8 2 x  27 3 x  64 47. In the interval  x   , find the value of x for
2
39. Using properties of determinants, solve the following
 2 sin x 3 
for x : which the matrix  is singular.
 1 2 sin x 
xa x x
(AI 2015C)
x xa x  0, a  0 (AI 2011)
 5 2 
x x xa 48. Find  adj A,  if A   . (Delhi 2014C)
 7 3 
49. If A is a square matrix of order 3 such that
yz  x 2 zx  y 2 xy  z 2
adj A  64, find A . (Delhi 2013C)
40. Prove that zx  y 2 xy  z 2 yz  x 2 is divisible
50. If A is an invertible square matrix of order 3 and
xy  z 2 yz  x 2 zx  y 2
A  5, then find the value of adj A .
by  x  y  z  , and hence find the quotient.
(AI 2013C, 2011C)
(Delhi 2016) 51. For what value of x, is the given matrix
41. If a, b, and c are all non-zero and
3  2 x x  1
1 a 1 1 A singular (AI 2013C, 2008)
 2 4 
1 1 b 1  0, then prove that
1  x 7 
1 1 1 c 52. For what value of x , the matrix   is a
3  x 8 
1 1 1
  1  0 (Foreign 2016) singular matrix? (Delhi 2012C)
a b c
5  x x  1
42. Find the equation of the line joining A 1, 3 and 53. For what value of x , the matrix 
 2 4 
B  0, 0  . Find the value of k if D  k , 0  is a point singular? (Delhi 2011)
such that area of ABD is 3 square units. 2 3 
(AI 2013C) 54. If A   ,  then write A 1 in terms of A.
 5 2 
 5 6 3 (AI 2011)
43. If A   4 3 2  , then write the cofactor of the
 2  x  1 2 x 
 4 7 3  55. For what value of x is A    a
 x x  2
element a21 of its 2 nd row. (Foreign 2015) singular matrix? (AI 2011C)
44. If Aij is the cofactor of the element aij of the  1 2 3
If A   0 1 4 , find  A '  .
1
2 3 5 56. (Delhi 2015)
determinant 6 0 4 , then write the value of  2 2 1 
1 5 7  1 2 2 
a32 . A32 . (AI 2013) 57. Find the adjoint of the matrix A   2 1 2
 2 2 1 
and hence show that A.  adj A  A I3 . (AI 2015)
50 DETERMINANTS

 2 1 66. A shopkeeper has 3 varieties of pens ‘A’ ‘B’ and “C.
58. If   and I is the identify matrix of order 2, Meenu purchased 1 pen of each variety for a total of
 1 2 
₹ 21. Jeevan purchased 4 pens of ‘A’ variety, 3 pens
then show that A2  4 A  3I . Hence find A1. of ‘B’ variety and 2 pens of ‘C’ variety for ₹ 60.
(Foreign 2015) While Shikha purchased 6 pens of ‘A’ variety, 2 pens
1 3 3  of “B’ variety and 3 pens of ‘C’ variety for ₹ 70.
59. Find the inverse of A  1 4 3  . (Delhi 2015C) Using matrix method, find cost of each variety of
1 3 4  pen. (AI 2016)
67. Two schools P and Q want to award their selected
2 3   1 2 
60. If A    ,B    , verify that students on the values of discipline, politeness and
 1 4   1 3  punctuality. The school P wants to award ₹ x each, ₹
1
 AB   B 1 A  1 . (AI 2015 C) y each and ₹ z each for the three respective values
cos   sin  0 to its 3, 2 and 1 students with a total award money of
61. If A   sin  cos  0  , find adj A and verify ₹ 1,000. School Q wants to spend ₹ 1,500 to award
its 4, 1 and 3 students on the respective values (by
 0 0 1 
giving the same award money for the three values as
before). If the total amount of awards for one prize
that A  adj A   adj A A  A I3 , (Foreign 2016) on each value is ₹ 600, using matrices, find the award
62. The monthly incomes of Aryan and Babban are in the money for each value. Apart from the above three
ratio 3 : 4 and their monthly expenditures are in the values, suggest one more value for awards.
ratio 5 : 7. If each saves ₹ 15,000 per month, find (Delhi 2014)
their monthly incomes using matrix method. This 68. A total amount of ₹ 7,000 is deposited in three
problem reflects which value? (Delhi 2016) different savings bank accounts with annual interest
63. A trust invested some money in two type of bonds. 1
rates of 5%, 8% and 8 % respectively. The total
The first bond pays 10% interest and second bond 2
pays 12% interest. The trust received ₹ 2,800 as annual interest from these three accounts is ₹ 550.
interest. However, if trust had interchanged money in Equal amounts have been deposited in the 5% and
bonds they would have got ₹ 100 less as interest. 8% savings accounts. Find the amount deposited in
Using matrix method, find the amount invested by each of the three accounts, with the help of matrices.
the trust. Interest received on this amount will be (Delhi 2014C)
given to Helpage India as donation. Which value is 69. Using matrices, solve the following system of
reflected in this question? (AI 2016) equations:
64. A coaching institute of English (Subject) conducts x  y  z  3; 2 x  3 y  z  10;
classes in two batches I and II and fees for rich and 3x  y  7 z  1 (AI 2012)
poor children are different. In batch I, it has 20 poor
 1 2 1
and 5 rich children and total monthly collection is ₹
70. If A   1 1 1 , find A 1 and hence solve the
9,000, whereas in batch II, it has 5 poor and 25 rich
children and total monthly collection is ₹ 26,000.  1 3 1
Using matrix method, find monthly fees paid by each system of equations x  2 y  z  4,  x  y  z  0,
child of two types. What values the coaching institute x  3y  z  4 (Delhi 2012C)
is inculcating in the society? (Foreign 2016)
71. Determine the product
65. Using elementary transformations, find the inverse of
 4 4 4  1 1 1 
8 4 3  7 1 3  1 2 2  and use it to solve the
the matrix A   2 1 1  and use it to solve the   
 5 3 1  2 1 3 
 1 2 2 
system of equations:
following system of linear equations:
x  y  z  4; x  2 y  2 z  9;
8 x  4 y  3z  19; 2 x  y  z  5;
2 x  y  3z  1 (Delhi 2012C, 2010C)
x  2 y  2z  7 (Delhi 2016)
DETERMINANTS 51

 1 2 3 78. If A is a square matrix of order 3 with A  9, then


72. Find A , where A   2 3 2  .
1
write the value of 2  adj A . (AI 2019)
 3 3 4 
 2 3 1
Hence solve the system of equations 79. Given A    , compute A and show that
x  2 y  3z  4; 2 x  3 y  2 z  2;  4 7 

3x  3 y  4 z  11. (Delhi 2012C) 2 A 1  9 I  A . (2018)

73. Using matrix method, solve the following system of 1 1 1 


equations : 80. If A  1 0 2 , find A 1 . Hence, solve the
2 3 10 4 6 5 3 1 1 
   4,    1,
x y z x y z system of equations x  y  z  6, x  2 z  7,
6 9 20 3x  y  z  12 . (Delhi 2019)
   2; x, y, z  0 (Delhi 2011)
x y z 81. If A is square matrix of order 3, such that
 3 4 2  A  adj A  10I , then adj A is equal to.
74. If A   2 3 5  , find A 1 and hence solve the (AI 2020, Delhi 2020)
1 0 1 
82. If A is a 3  3 matrix such that A  8, then 3A
following system of equations:
equals. (AI 2020, Delhi 2020)
3x  4 y  2 z  1, 2 x  3 y  5x  7 and x  z  2
 3 4  1
(Delhi 2011C) 83. For A    write A . (AI 2020)
75. If A and B are square matrices of the same order 3, 1 1
84. If a, b, c are p th , q th and r th terms respectively of a
such that A  2 and AB  2 I , write the value of
G.P, then prove that
B . (Delhi 2019)
76. Using properties of determinates, find the value of x log a p 1
4 x 4 x 4 x log b q 1 0. (AI 2020)
for which 4  x 4  x 4  x  0 . (AI 2019) log c r 1
4 x 4 x 4 x 85. Solve the following system of equations by matrix
method:
77. Using properties of determinates, prove that
1 1 1  3x x  y  2z  7
1 3y 1 1 2 x  y  3z  12
1 1  3z 1 3x  2 y  z  5 (AI 2020)
 9  3xyz  xy  yz  zx  . (2018)

Find Answer Key and Detailed Solutions at the end of this book

DETERMINANTS
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52 RELATIONS AND FUNCTIONS

03
RELATIONS AND FUNCTIONS
RELATIONS AND FUNCTIONS 53

Chapter at a Glance
 A relation R from a set A to a set B is a subset of A  B .
 Empty relation is the relation R in X given by R    X  X .
 Universal relation is the relation R in X given by R  X  X .
 Reflexive relation R in X is a relation with  a, a   R  a  X .
 Symmetric relation R in X is a relation satisfying  a, b   R implies  b, a   R.
 Transitive relation R in X is a relation satisfying  a, b   R and  b, c   R implies that  a, c   R.
 Equivalence relation R in X is a relation which is reflexive, symmetric, and transitive.
 Equivalence class a  containing a  X for an equivalence relation R in X is the subset of X containing all elements
b related to a.
 A relation f from a set A to set B is said to be a function if every element of set A has one and only one image in set B.
 A function f : X  Y is one-one (or injective) if f  x1   f  x2   x1  x2  x1 , x2  X
 A function f : X  Y is onto (or surjective) if for given any y  Y , for all x  X such that f  x   y.
 A function f : X  Y is one-one and onto (or bijective), if f is both one-one and onto.
 The composition of functions f : A  B and g : B  C is the function gof : A  C given by
  
gof  x   g f  x   x  A.
 A function f : X  Y is invertible if  g : Y  X such that gof  I X and fog  IY .
 A function f : X  Y is invertible if and only if f is one-one and onto.
 Given a finite set X , a function f : X  X is one-one (respectively onto) if and only if f is onto (respectively one-
one). This is the characteristic property of a finite set. This is not true infinite set.
 A binary operation  on a set A is a function  from A  A to A.
 An element e  X is the identify element for binary operation  : X  X  X , if a  e  a  e  a  a  X .
 An element a  X is invertible for binary operation  : X  X  X , if there exists b  X such that a  b  e  b  a
1
where, e is the identity for the binary operation . The element b is called inverse of a and is denoted by a .
 An operation  on X is commutative if a  b  b  a  a , b in X .
 An operation  on X is associative if  a  b   c  a   b  c   a, b, c in X .
54 RELATIONS AND FUNCTIONS

Solved Examples
Example–1 For 1, 2  A, 1, 2   R but  2, 1  R  R is not
Let A be the set of all students of a boys school. symmetric. For 1, 2, 3  A, 1, 2  ,  2, 3  R but
Show that the relation R in A given by R   a, b  : a 1, 3  R  R is not transitive

is sister of b} is the empty relation and R '   a, b  : Example–4


the difference between heights of a and b is less than Show that the relation R in the set Z of integers given
3 meters} is the universal relation.
by R   a, b : 2 divides a  b is an equivalence
(NCERT)
Sol. Since the school is boys’ school, no student of the relation. (NCERT)
school can be sister of any student of the school. Sol. R is reflexive, as 2 divides (a – a) for all a ∈ Z.
Hence, R   , showing that R is the empty relation. Further, if  a, b   R , then 2 divides ab .
It is also obvious that the difference between heights Therefore, 2 divides b  a .
of any two students of the school has to be less than 3 Hence,  b, a   R , which shows that R is symmetric.
meters. This shows that R '  A  A is the universal
relation. Similarly, if  a, b   R and  b, c   R , then a  b

Example–2 and b  c are divisible by 2.


Now, a  c   a  b    b  c  is even. So,  a, c  is
Let L be the set of all lines in a plane and R be the
relation in L defined as divisible by 2.
This shows that R is transitive. Thus, R is an
R  L1 , L2  : L1 is perpendicular to L2 . equivalence relation in Z.
Show that R is symmetric but neither reflexive nor
Example–5
transitive. (NCERT)
Sol. R is not reflexive, as a line L1 cannot be Let A be the set of all 50 students of Class X in a
school. Let f : A  N be function defined by
perpendicular to itself, i.e.,  L1 , L1   R . R is
f  x   roll number of the student x. Show that f is
symmetric as  L1 , L2   R
one-one but not onto. (NCERT)
 L1 is perpendicular to L2 Sol. No two different students of the class can have same
 L2 is perpendicular to L1 roll number. Therefore, f must be one-one. We can

  L2 , L1   R . R is not transitive. assume without any loss of generality that roll


numbers of students are from 1 to 50. This implies
If L1 is perpendicular to L2 and L2 is perpendicular
that 51 in N is not roll number of any student of the
to L3 then L1 can never be perpendicular to L3 .
class, so that 51 cannot be image of any element of X
In fact, L1 is parallel to L3 , i.e.,
under f. Hence, f is not onto.
 L1 , L2   R,  L2 , L3   R but  L1 , L3   R .
Example–6
Example–3
Show that the modulus function f: R  R, given by
Check whether the relation R defined on the set f  x   x is neither one-one nor onto.
A  1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 as R   a , b  : b  a  1 is
Sol. We observe that f  2   f  2  So, f is not one-one.
reflexive, symmetric or transitive.
Also, f  x   x assumes only non-negative values.
Sol. R  1, 2 ,  2, 3 , 3, 4 ,  4, 5 ,  5, 6
So negative real numbers in R (co-domain) do not
For 1  A, 1, 1  R  R is not reflexive have their pre-images in R (domain).
RELATIONS AND FUNCTIONS 55

Example–7 Also, any odd number 2r  1 in the co-domain N is


the image of 2r  2 in the domain N and any even
Show that the function f : N  N, given by
number 2r in the co-domain N is the image of
f 1  f  2   1 and f  x   x  1, for every x  2, 2r  1 in the domain N. Thus, f is onto.
is onto but not one-one. (NCERT) Example–10
Sol. f is not one-one, as f 1  f  2   1 . But f is onto,
If f : R  R is defined by f  x   3 x  2, find
as given any y  N , y  1, we can choose x as y  1
such that f  y  1  y  1  1  y . Also, for 1  N ,
f  f  x  .
we have f 1  1 . Sol. f  f  x    3 f  x   2  3  3 x  2   2  9 x  8.

Example–8 Example–11

Let f: N – {1}  N be defined by f (n) = the highest If the functions f :  2,3, 4,5  3, 4,5,9 and
prime factor of n Show that f is neither one-one nor g : 3, 4,5,9  7,11,15 be defined as
onto. Find the range of f.
Sol. We have, f (6) = (the highest prime factor of 6) = 3 f  2   3, f  3  4, f  4  f  5  5 ,
f (9) = (the highest prime factor of 9) = 3 g 3  g  4  7 and g 5  g 9   11 . Find gof.
So, f is a many-one function.
(NCERT)
Clearly, image of any n  N – {1} is the largest prime
number that divides n. So, the range of f consists of Sol. We have gof  2  g  f  2  g 3  7,
prime numbers only. Consequently, range of f  N gof  3  g  f  3   g  4  7, a
(co-domain). gof  4  g  f  4   g  5  11 and
So, f is not onto function.
Hence, f is neither one-one nor onto. gof  5  g  5  11 .
The range of f is the set of all prime numbers.
Example–12
Example–9
Find gof and fog if: f  x   x and g  x   5 x  2 .
Show that f : N  N , given by
Sol. We have: f  x   x and g  x   5 x  2 .

f  x  x  1, if x is odd
x  1, if x is even
is both one-one and onto. (i)  gof  x   g  f  x    g  x   5 x 2 .
(ii)  fog  x   f  g  x   f  5 x  2 
(NCERT)
Sol. Suppose f  x1   f  x2  .  5x  2  5x  2 .

Note that if x1 is odd and x2 is even, then we will Example–13

have x1  1  x2  1, i.e.,
impossible.
x2  x1  2 which is
Show that if f : R   
7
5
 R
3
5
is defined by

x1 being even and x2


Similarly, the possibility of
being odd can also be ruled out, using the similar
f  x 
3x  4
5x  7
and  
g:R
3
5
 R
7
5
is

argument. Therefore, both x1 and x2 must be either 7x  4


odd or even. defined by g  x   , then fog  I A and
5x  3
Suppose both x1 and x2 are odd. Then,
f  x1   f  x2   x1  1  x2  1  x1  x2 .
gof  I B , where, A R  3
5
,B  R 
7
5
;

Also, if both x1 and x2 are even, then I A  x   x, x  A , I B  x   x, x  B are called

f  x1   f  x2   x1  1  x2  1  x1  x2 . identity functions on sets A and B, respectively.


(NCERT)
Thus, f is one-one.
Sol. We have
56 RELATIONS AND FUNCTIONS

gof  x   g 
 3x  4 


And fog  y   f g  y  
 5x  7 
 y  3  4  y  3
 f   3
 3x  4   4  4
7 4
 5x  7 
  y 33  y
  3 x  4 
5 3 This shows that gof  I N and fog  IY , which
 5 x  7  
implies that f is invertible and g is the inverse of f.
21x  28  20 x  28 41x
  x
15 x  20  15 x  21 41 Example–15

 7x  4  Let A  R  3 and B  R  1 . Consider the


Similarly, fog  x   f  
 5x  3   x2
f  x  
function f : A  B defined by .
 x3
  7 x  4  1
3 4 Show that ‘f’ is bijective and hence find f .
  5 x  3 
 Sol. Let x1 , x2  R  3 .
  7 x  4 
5 7
  5 x  3  Now f  x1   f  x2  
x1  2

x2  2
x1  3 x2  3
2 x  12  20 x  12
 x
35 x  20  35 x  21   x1  2  x2  3   x1  3 x2  2 

Thus, gof  x   x , x  B and fog  x   x, x  A,  x1 x2  3 x1  2 x2  6  x1 x2  2 x1  3 x2  6


 x1  x2 .
which implies that gof  I B and fog  I A .
Thus ‘f’ is one-one.
Example–14
Let y  R  1 and y  f  x0  .
Let f : N  Y be a function defined as
x0  2
Then  y  x0  2  x0 y  3 y
f  x   4 x  3, where Y   y  N : y  4x  3 for x0  3
some x N}. Show that f is invertible. Find the
3y  2
inverse.  x0  y  1  3 y  2  x0  .
y 1
Sol. Consider an arbitrary element y of Y.
1
By the definition of Y , Now, y  R  1   R  3
y 1
y  4 x  3, for some x in the domain N.
 x0  R  3 .
This shows that x
 y  3 .
4 3y  2
2
x0  2 y 1
 y  3 .  f  x0   
Define g : Y  N by g  y   x0  3 3y  2
3
4 y 1

Now, gof  x   g f  x   3y  2  2y  2 y
   y.
3y  2  3y  3 1
 g  4 x  3 
 4 x  3  3  x
4 Thus ‘f’ is onto.
RELATIONS AND FUNCTIONS 57

Hence, ‘f’ is one-one and onto function


 ‘f’ is invertible.


and fog  y   f 
 y 6 3   
2 
x2  
Also y   xy  3 y  x  2  
x3
2

 x  y  1  3 y  2  x 
3y  2 2

 y 6 3    3  6
y 1  2 
 
3y  2 2
 f
1
 y 
y 1
.   
y 6 33  6

2
Hence, f
1
 x 
3x  2
for all x  R  1 .   y6  6
x 1
 y66  y.
Example–16
Hence, gof  I N and fog  I S .
Let f ': N  R be a function defined as
1
This implies that f is invertible with f g.
2
f '  x   4 x  12 x  15 . Show that f : N  S,
Example–17
where, S is the range of f, is invertible. Find the
inverse of f. (NCERT) Show that addition, subtraction, and multiplication
Sol. Let y be an arbitrary element of range f. are binary operations on R, but division is not a
2 binary operation on R. Further, show that division is a
Then y  4 x  12 x  15, for some x in N, which
binary operation on the set R* of non-zero real
2
implies that y   2 x  3  6 .
numbers. (NCERT)

This gives x 
 y6 3   , as y  6 . Sol.  : R R  R is given by  a, b   a  b
2  : R R  R is given by  a, b   a  b

Let us define g : S  N by g  y  
 y 6 3   : R  R  R is given by  a, b   ab .

2 Since ' ', ' ' and ' ' are functions, they are

Now, gof  x   g f  x    operations on R.

a

 g 4 x  12 x  15
2
 But  R  R  R , given by  a, b   , is not a
b

g  2 x  3  6 2 function and hence not a binary operation, as for

a
b  0, is not defined.


  2 x  3
2
66 3   b

2 a
However,  : R  R  R , given by
* *  a, b   is
b

 2 x  3  3  x
2 function and hence a binary operation on R* .
58 RELATIONS AND FUNCTIONS

Example–18 Example–21
Let A  1, 2,3 and R= 1,2 ,  2,3 be a relation in
Find the identity element in Z with respect to the
A. Then, the minimum number of ordered pairs may
operation ‘*’ defined by: a * b  a  b  1  a , b  Z. be added, so that R becomes an equivalence relation,
Sol. Let ‘e’ be the identity element. Then is
(a) 7 (b) 5
a *e  a  a  e 1  a
(c) 1 (d) 4
 e  1, which is the identity element. Ans. (a)
Sol. The given relation is R  1, 2 ,  2,3 in the set
Example–19
A  1, 2, 3 .
Shows that * : R  R  R given by a * b  a  2b Now, R is reflexive, if
is not associative. (NCERT) 1,1 ,  2, 2  ,  3, 3  R.
Sol. The operation * is not associative, since R is symmetric if

8 * 5 * 3  8  10 * 3  8  10  6  24,  2,1 ,  3, 2   R.


R is transitive,
While 8 *  5 * 3  8 *  5  6   8 *11  8  22  30 if 1, 3 and  3,1  R.
Thus, the minimum number of ordered pairs which
Example–20
are to added so that R becomes an equivalence
Let ‘*’ be a binary operation defined on Q. Find relation is 7.
which of the following binary operations are Example–22
commutative: Let f :RR be a function defined by
(i) a*b  a  b for a , b  Q 3
f  x   x  4, then f is
2 2 (a) injective (b) surjective
(ii) a * b  a  b for a , b  Q
(c) bijective (d) None of these
(iii) a * b  a  ab for a , b  Q Ans. (c)
Sol. (i) No. Sol. Let f  x1   f  x2  for x1 , x2  R.
Because a * b  a  b and b * a  b  a. 3
 x1  4  x2  4
3

Since a  b  b  a  a , b  Q, 3 3
 x1  x2  0
 a * b  b * a  a , b  Q.
(ii) Yes.
 2 2
  x1  x2  x1  x2  x1 x1  0 
2
2 2 2 2  x2  3 2
Because a * b  a  b and b * a  b  a .   x1  x2    x1    x 0
 2  4 
2 2 2 2 
But a  b  b  a  a , b  Q.
 x1  x2  0
 a * b  b * a  a , b  Q.
 x1  x2
(iii) No.  f is one-one
Because a * b  a  ab and b * a  b  ba  b  ab. Let k  R .
But a  ab  b  ab  a , b  Q. f  x  k
3
 a * b  b * a  a , b  Q.  x 4k
1
 x   k  4 3  R
 f is onto
60 RELATIONS AND FUNCTIONS

Sol. (i) (a)


Since L1 || L1, Thus, R is reflexive. Also, if L1 || L2
then L2 || L1, thus R is symmetric. And if L1 || L2 &
L2 || L3, then L1 || L3. Thus, R is transitive. Hence R is
Equivalence relation.
(ii) (a)
Since a line cannot be perpendicular to itself, thus R
is not reflexive. And, If L1 is perpendicular to L2 ,
then L2 is perpendicular to L1. Thus, R is symmetric.
Also, if L1 is perpendicular to L2 and L2 is
perpendicular to L3, then L1 is parallel to L3. Thus, R
is not transitive. Hence, R is Symmetric but neither
reflexive nor transitive
(iii) (a)
Here, f ( x1 )  f ( x2 )

 x1  4  x2  4  x1  x2 Thus, f is injective.
Also, Range of f ( x) is equal to R Thus, f is
surjective. Hence, f is bijective.
(iv) (a)
The range of f ( x) is R
(v) (a)
L1 : y  x  4 Slope of L1 = 1 From all the options,
slope is 1 for only 2 x  2 y  5  0 Thus, L2 can be
taken as 2 x  2 y  5  0
RELATIONS AND FUNCTIONS 61

EXERCISE – 1: Basic Subjective Questions

Section–A (1 Mark Questions) Section–C (3 Marks Questions)

1. Define Empty relation. 14. (i) Let f and g be two functions from R to R defined as
x | x | 0; x is rational
2. If f ( x )  , then find f (-1). f ( x)  
|x| 1; x is irrational
3. If n(A) = p and n(B) = q, then find the number of 1; x is rational
and g ( x )   ,
relations from set A to set B.  0; x is irrational
4. A function is called an onto function, if its range is then find  gof  e    fog   .
equal to ________. 2x  1
5. A binary operation * on a set X is said to be ________, (ii) If f ( x)  , then find the value of  fof  2 .
3x  2
if a * b = b * a, where a, b ∈ X.
15. (i) If f (x) = e2x and g(x) = log x (x > 0), then find
fog (x).
Section–B (2 Marks Questions)
(ii) If f(x) = x2 + 1, then find fof(x).
6. The domain of the function f : R  R defined by 16. Let f: R → R be the function defined by
1
2 f  x  ∀ x ∈ R. Then, find the range of f.
f  x   x  3 x  2 is ________.  2  cos x 
7. Find the domain of the real valued function f defined by 17. Show that the binary operation * on Z defined by
a * b = 3a + 7b is not commutative.
f  x   25  x  .
2
18. Prove that the Greatest Integer Function f: R → R given
by f(x) = [x], is neither one-one nor onto, where [x]
8. Consider f: {1, 2, 3} → {a, b, c} given by f(1) = a, denotes the greatest integer less than or equal to x.
f(2) = b and f(3) = c. Find f-1 and show that (f--1)-1 = f. 19. Check whether the relation R defined in the set
9. Let R be the relation on N defined as xRy if x + 2y = 8. {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6} as R = {(a, b) : b = a - 1} is reflexive,
symmetric or transitive.
Find the domain of R.
20. Let n be a fixed positive integer. Define a relation R in Z
10. What is the range of the function as follows: ∀ a, b ∈ Z, aRb if and only if a – b is
divisible by n. Show that R is an equivalence relation.
| x 1 |
f  x  , x  1? 21. Let f, g and h be functions from R to R. Show that
x 1 (f + g)oh = foh + goh and (f.g)oh = (foh).(goh)
11. If f is an invertible function, defined 22. Check the injectivity and surjectivity of the following
functions:
3x  4 2
(i) f : N  N given by f  x   x
1
as f ( x )  , then write f  x .
5
2
3 (ii) f : Z  Z given by f  x   x
12. If R = {(a, a ): a is a prime number less than 5} be a
23. If R is a relation defined on the set of natural numbers
relation. Find the range of R.
N as follows:
13. If A = {1, 2, 3}, B = {4, 5, 6, 7} and f = {(1, 4), (2, 5),
R   x, y  , x  N , Y  N and 2 x  y  24 , then find
(3, 6)} is a function from A to B. State whether f is one-
the domain and range of the relation R . Also, find if
one or not. R is an equivalence relation or not.
62 RELATIONS AND FUNCTIONS

2
24. If the function f : R  R is given by f  x   x  2
x
and g : R  R is given by g  x  ; x  1, then
x 1
find fog and gof and hence, find fog (2) and gof  3 .

Section–D (5 Marks Questions)

25. Show that N  N , given by

 x  1, if x is odd
f  x   is bijective (both one-one
 x  1, if x is even
and onto).
26. Determine which of the following binary operation is
associative and which is commutative:
(i) * on N defined by a * b = 1 for all a, b ∈ N

(ii) * on Q defined by a * b 
 a  b  for all a, b ∈ Q
2
x
27. Show that f : 1,1  R, given by f  x   is
 x  2
one-one. Find the inverse of the function f :  1,1  R
Range f .
28. Show that function f : R   x,  R : 1  x  1
x
defined by f  x   , x  R is one-one and onto
1 | x |
function.
29. Consider the binary operations * : R  R  R and
o : R  R  R defined as a *b  a  b and a ob  a,
such that a, b  R . Show that * is commutative but not
associative, o is associative but not commutative.
Further, show that
a , b, c  R , a *  boc    a * b  o  a * c  .
30. If A = {1, 2, 3, 4}, B = {3, 5, 7, 9}, C = {7, 23, 47, 79}
and f :A → B, f(x) = 2x + 1, g : B → C, g(x) = x2 - 2,
then write (gof)-1 and f-1og-1 in the form of ordered pair.
RELATIONS AND FUNCTIONS 63

EXERCISE – 2: Basic Objective Questions


Section–A (Single Choice Questions)
6. For real number x and y , are write x R y
1. Which of the following functions from I (Set of
Integers) to itself is a bijection  x  y  2 is an irrational number. Then, the
3 relation R is
(a) f  x   x (b) f  x   x  2
(a) Reflexive (b) Symmetric
2
(c) f  x   2 x  1 (d) f  x   x  x
(c) Transitive (d) None of these

2. Let A  Q  Q, where Q is the set of all natural 7. Let ‘*’ be a binary operation on Q defined by:
involves and ‘*’ be the binary operation on A 3ab
a *b  . Its identity element is
defined by:  a , b  *  c , d    ac , b  ad  for 5
 a , b ,  c , d   A. Then 3 5
(a) (b)
(a) Identity element of ‘*’ in A is (0, 1) 5 3
(c) 1 (d) does not exist
1 b
(b) Inverse element of ‘*’ in A is  , 
a a
8. Let S be the set of all real numbers. Then, the
(c) Identity element of ‘*’ in A is (0, -1)
relation R   a , b  : 1  ab  0 on S is.
 1 b 
(d) Inverse element of ‘*’ in A is  ,  (a) Reflexive and symmetric but not transitive
a a 
(b) Reflexive and transitive but not symmetric
(c) Symmetric, transitive but not reflexive
3. The relation R is defined on the set of natural
(d) Reflexive, transitive and symmetric
numbers as  a, b  : a  2b . Then, R 1 is given by
(a)  2,1 ,  4, 2  ,  6, 3 , ... 9. If f : R  R is defined by:
1
(b) 1, 2  ,  2, 4  ,  3, 6  , ...

f  x  3  x 
3 3
, then fof  x  is equal to
1
(c) R is not defined (a) 3x (b) x
(d) None of these 1
(c) (d) None of these
x
4. The relation R on set A = {1, 2, 4} given by
R 1,1 ,  2, 2  , 3, 3 , 1, 2  ,  2, 3 , 1, 3 is 10. Let A 1, 2, 3 and B  2, 4, 6, 8 . Consider the
(a) Reflexive but not symmetric rule f : A  B , f  x   2 x x  A. The domain,
(b) Reflexive but not transitive codomain and range of f respectively are
(c) Symmetric and transitive (a) 1, 2, 3 , 2, 4, 6 , 2, 4, 6, 8
(d) Neither symmetric nor transitive
(b) 1, 2, 3 , 2, 4, 6, 8 , 2, 4, 6

(c) 2, 4, 6, 8 , 2, 4, 6, 7 , 1, 2, 3


5. Let P   x, y  | x 2 2

 y  1, x, y  R . Then, P is
(d) 2, 4, 6 , 2, 4, 6, 8 , 1, 2, 3
(a) Reflexive (b) Symmetric
(c) Transitive (d) None of these
RELATIONS AND FUNCTIONS 65

20. Let function f :R R be defined by (a) Both Assertion and Reason are correct; Reason is
the correct explanation of Assertion.
f  x   2 x  sin x for x  R , then f is
(b) Both Assertion and Reason are correct; Reason is
(a) one-one and onto not the correct explanation of Assertion.
(b) one-one but NOT onto (c) Assertion is correct but Reason is incorrect.
(c) onto but NOT one-one (d) Reason is correct but Assertion is incorrect.
(d) neither one-one nor onto

Section–B (Assertion & Reason Type Questions)


24. Assertion: x  R | x 2
 is a set. Here, R is the
0
set of real numbers.
21. Assertion: Let L be the set of all lines in a plane and
2
R be the relation in L defined as Reason: For every real number x, x  0.
(a) Both Assertion and Reason are correct; Reason is
R  L1 , L2  : L1 is perpendicular to L2  . This
the correct explanation of Assertion.
relation is not equivalence relation. (b) Both Assertion and Reason are correct; Reason is
not the correct explanation of Assertion.
Reason: A relation is said to be equivalence relation
(c) Assertion is correct but Reason is incorrect.
if it is reflexive, symmetric and transitive.
(d) Reason is correct but Assertion is incorrect.
(a) Assertion is correct, reason is correct; reason is a
25. Assertion: A  { x, y   R  R : y  x is an integer}
correct explanation for assertion.
is an equivalence relation on R.
(b) Assertion is correct, reason is correct; reason is
not a correct explanation for assertion Reason: B  { x , y   R  R : x   y for some
rational number  } is an equivalence relation on R.
(c) Assertion is correct but reason is incorrect
(a) Both Assertion and Reason are correct; Reason is
(d) Assertion is incorrect but reason is correct. the correct explanation of Assertion.
(b) Both Assertion and Reason are correct; Reason is
22. Assertion: If the relation R defined in A  1, 2, 3
not the correct explanation of Assertion.
2 2
by aRb, if | a  b |  5, then R
1
R (c) Assertion is correct but Reason is incorrect.
(d) Reason is correct but Assertion is incorrect.
1
Reason: For above relation, domain of R  1
26. Assertion: Let f : R  R be defined by f ( x )  ,
Range of R. x
(a) Assertion is correct, reason is correct; reason is a then f is one-one and onto.

correct explanation for assertion. Reason: x  0 is not in the domain of f .

(b) Assertion is correct, reason is correct; reason is (a) Both Assertion and Reason are correct and
Reason is the correct explanation for Assertion.
not a correct explanation for assertion.
(b) Both Assertion and Reason are correct but
(c) Assertion is correct but reason is incorrect. Reason is not the correct explanation for
(d) Assertion is incorrect but reason is correct. Assertion.
(c) Assertion is correct but Reason is incorrect.
23. Assertion: The relation R on the set N  N , defined
(d) Assertion is incorrect but Reason is correct.
by  a, b  R  c, d   a  d  b  c for all

 a, b  ,  c, d   N  N is an equivalence relation.
Reason: Any relation R is an equivalence relation, if
it is reflexive, symmetric and transitive.
68 RELATIONS AND FUNCTIONS

EXERCISE – 3: Previous Year Questions


10. Show that the relation R defined by (a, b) R (c, d)
1. If R   x, y  : x  2 y  8 is a relation on N, write a  d  b  c on the set N × N is an equivalence
the range of R. (AI 2014)
relation. (AI 2010, 2008)
2. 
Let R  { a, a
3
:a is a prime number less than 5} 11. Let f : X  Y be a function, define a relation R on
be a relation. Find the range of R. (Foreign 2014) X given by R   a, b : f  a   f b  . Show that R
3. Let R be the equivalence relation in the set is an equivalence relation on X.
A  0, 1, 2, 3, 4,5 given by R  { a , b  : 2 (AI 2010 C)
divides  a  b  }. Write the equivalence class [0]. 12. Prove that the relation R in the set A  1, 2, 3, 4, 5
(Delhi 2014 C) given by R   a, b  : a  b is even}, is an
4. State the reason for the relation R in the set {1, 2, 3} equivalence relation. (Delhi 2009)
given by R = {(1, 2), (2, 1)} not to be transitive. 13. Check whether the relation R defined in the set
(Delhi 2011) 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 as R  { a, b : b  a  1} is
5. Let A  1, 2, 3, ..., 9 and R be the relation in reflexive, symmetric or transitive. (AI 2007)
A  A defined by (a, b) R (c, d) if a  d  b  c 14. Let N denote the set of all natural numbers and
for (a, b), (c, d) in A  A . Prove that R is an R be the relation on N  N defined by
equivalence relation. Also obtain the equivalence b, c  R  a, d  , if ad b  c   bc  a  d  , then show
class  2, 5 . (Delhi 2014) that R is an equivalence relation. (Delhi 2015)

6. Let R be a relation defined on the set of natural 15. Show that the relation R in the set
numbers N as follows: A  1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 given by R{ a, b : a  b is
divisible by 2} is an equivalence relation. Write all
R  { x, y  | x  N , y  N and 2x + y = 23}
the equivalence classes of R. (AI 2015 C)
Find the domain and range of the relation R. Also,
16. Let A = 1, 2, 3 , B = 4, 5, 6, 7 and let
find if R is an equivalence relation or not.
(Delhi 2014 C) f  1, 4 ,  2, 5 ,  3, 6 be a function from A to
7. Show that the relation S in the set R of real numbers B, state whether f is one-one or not. (AI 2011)
3
defined as S  { a, b  : a, b  R and a  b } is 17. What is the range of the function
neither reflexive, nor symmetric, nor transitive.
x 1
(Delhi 2010) f  x  ? (Delhi 2010)
 x  1
8. Let Z be the set of all integers and R be the relation
on Z defined as R  {(a, b) : a, b  Z and (a - b) is 18. State whether the function f : N  N given by
divisible by 5}. Prove that R is an equivalence
relation. (Delhi 2010) f  x   5 x is injective, surjective or both.
9. Show that the relation S in the set (AI 2008 C)
A=x  Z: 0  x  12 is given by
19. Show that f : N  N , given by
S  { a, b : a, b  Z, a  b is divisible by 4} is an
equivalence relation. Find the set of all elements
related to 1. (AI 2010)
f  x  x  1, if x is odd
x  1, if x is even
is both one-one and onto.

(AI 2008)
RELATIONS AND FUNCTIONS 69

20. Let f : N  N be defined by 30. If f : R  R is defined by f  x   x 2  3 x  2,

n 1
, if n is odd
find f  f  x  . (AI 2007)

f n   2 31. If the function f :RR be given by
 n , if n is even 2
 2 f  x  x  2 and g:RR be given by

for all n  N . Find whether the function f is x


g  x  , x  1, find fog and gof and hence
bijective. (Delhi 2012 C, AI 2009) x 1
21. If f :RR be the function defined by find fog  2  and gof  3 (AI 2014)
3
f  x   4 x  7, show that f is a bijection. 32. Let f : W  W , be defined as f x  x 1, if x 
(Delhi 2011 C) 
is odd and f x  x 1, if x is even. Show that f
22. Show that the function f :RR given by
is invertible. Find the inverse of f , where W is
f  x   ax  b, where a , b  R , a  0 is a bijective the set of all whole number
function. (Delhi 2010 C)
33. Let A  R  3 , B  R  1 . Let f : A  B be
23. Let f : 1, 3, 4  1, 2, 5 and
 x2
g : 1, 2, 5  1, 3 given by defined by f x    , for all x  A. Then
 x 3
f 1, 2 , 3, 5 ,  4,1 1
show that f is bijective. Hence find f  x  .

(Delhi 2014 C, 2012)


and g  1, 3 ,  2, 3 ,  5,1 .
34. Let f , g : R  R be two functions defined as
Write down gof . (AI 2014 C)
f  x  x  x and g  x  x  x, for all x  R.
2x  7
24. If f : R  R defined as f  x  is an Then find fog and gof . (AI 2014 C)
4
invertible function, write f
1
 x .
(Delhi 2012 C, 2008 C)
35. Show that the function f in A  R  
2
3
defined as

1 4x  3
f  x  is one-one and onto. Hence find
25. If f : R  R is defined by f x    3
3 x 3  , then 6x  4
1
find fof  x  . (AI 2010) f . (Delhi 2013)

26. If f : R  R is defined by f  x   3 x  2, find 36. Consider f : R   4,   given by


2

f f  x .  (Delhi 2010) f  x   x  4. Show that f is invertible with the
1 1
27. If the function f :RR is defined by inverse f of f given by f  y  y  4,

f  x   3 x  4, is invertible, find f 1. (AI 2010C) where R is the set of all non-negative real
numbers. (AI 2013)
3x  5
28. If f : R  R defined by f  x   is an
2 37. Let A  R  2 and B  R  1 . If f : A  B is
1 x 1
invertible function, find f . (AI 2009 C) a function defined f  x   , show that f is
x2
29. If f  x  x  7 and g  x  x  7, x  R, find 1
one-one and onto. Hence find f . (Delhi 2013 C)
 fog  7 . (Delhi 2008)
70 RELATIONS AND FUNCTIONS

38. Let A  R  3 and B  R  1 . Consider the 46. Let * be a binary operation on the set of all non-zero
ab
 x2 real numbers, given by a * b = for all
function f : A  B defined by f  x    . Is 5
 x 3 a , b  R  0 . Find the value of x, given that
f one-one and onto? Justify your answer.
2 *  x * 5  10. (Delhi 2014)
(AI 2012 C)
2
47. Let * : R  R  R, given by ( a, b)  a  4b is a
39. Let f : R  R be defined as f  x   10 x  7. Find
binary operation. Compute  5 *  2*0 .
the function g : R  R such that gof  fog  I R .
(AI 2014 C)
(AI 2011)
48. Let * be a binary operation on N given by
x3
40. If the function f : R  R is given by f  x   a * b  L.C .M .  a, b  for all a, b  N . Find 5 * 7.
2
(Delhi 2012)
and g : R  R is given by g  x   2 x  3. Find
49. The binary operation * : R  R  R, is defined as
1
(i) fog and (ii) gof . Is f  g? a * b  2 a  b. Find  a * 3 * 4. (AI 2015)
(Delhi 2009 C) 50. If the binary operation * on the set of integers Z, is
41. If f : R  R and g:RR are defined 2
defined by a * b  a  3b , then find the value of
2
respectively as f  x  x  3x  1 and 8 * 3. (AI 2012 C)
g  x   2 x  3. Find (a) fog (b) gof . 51. Let * be a binary operation defined on the set of
integers by a * b  2 a  b  3. Find 3 * 4.
(AI 2009 C, 2008)
(Delhi 2011 C, AI 2008)
42. If f be the greatest integer function and g be an
52. Let * be a binary operation defined by 51.
absolute value function, find the value of
a * b  3a  4b  2. Find 4 * 5.
 fog  
3  4
   gof    . (Delhi 2007) (AI 2011C, Foreign 2008)
 2 3 53. If the binary operation * on the set of integers Z is
43. Let f :N N be a function defined as 2
defined by a * b  a  3b , then find the value
2
f  x   9 x  6 x  5. Show that f : N  S, 2 * 4. (Delhi 2009)
where S is the range of f , is invertible. Find the 54. Let * be a binary operation on N given by
1 a * b  H .C .F  a, b  ; a, b  N . Write the value of
inverse of f and hence find f  43 and
1
22 * 4. (AI 2009)
f 163 . (Delhi 2016)
55. Let * be a binary operation on set Q of rational
44. Consider, f : R   9,   given by ab
numbers defined as a * b  , write the identity
2
f  x   5 x  6 x  9. Prove that f is invertible 5

 54  5 y  3  for *, if any. (Delhi 2009 C)


1
with f  y   . (AI 2015)
 5  56. Let S be the set of all rational number except 1 and *

45. Let f :N R be a function defined as be defined on S by a * b  a  b  ab, for all


2 a, b  S. Prove that
f  x   4 x  12 x  15. Show that f : N  S,
where S is the range of f , is invertible. Also find * is a binary operation on S.
the inverse of f . (Foreign 2015, AI 2013 C)
* is commutative as well as associative.

(Delhi 2014 C)
RELATIONS AND FUNCTIONS 71

57. Consider the binary operations * : R  R  R and 64. Let A  R  R and * be the binary operation on A
o: RR  R defined as a *b  a b and defined by  a , b  *  c, d    a  c, b  d  . Show
a o b  a for all, a , b  R. Show that '* ' is that * is commutative and associative. Find the
identity element for * on A. (Delhi 2015 C)
commutative but not associative, 'o' is associative
but not commutative. (AI 2012) 65. Prove that the function f : N  N , defined by
2
58. Consider the binary operation * on the set defined f  x   x  x  1 is one-one but not onto. Find
by a*b = min  a,b  . Write the operation table of inverse of f : N  S , where S is range of f .
the operation *. (AI 2011)
(Delhi 2019)
59. A binary operation * on the set 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 is
66. Show that the function f : R  R defined by

defined as : a *b   a  b, if a  b  6
a  b  6, if a  b  6
f  x  2
x 1
x
, x  R is neither one-one nor onto.

Show that zero is the identity for this operation and Also if g : R  R is defined as g  x   2 x  1, find
each element a  0 of the set is invertible with
fog  x  . (2018)
6  a being the inverse of a . (AI 2011)
67. Let A  x  Z : 0  x  12 . Show that
60. Let * be a binary operation on Q defined by
R  a, b  : a, b  A and a  b  is divisible by 4}.
3ab
a *b  . Show that * is commutative as well as is an equivalence relation. Find the set of all
5
elements related to 1. Also write the equivalence
associative. Also, find its identity element if it class [2]. (2018)
exists. (Delhi 2010)
68. A relation in a set A is called _______ relation, if
61. Let * be a binary operation on the set of rational each element of A is related to itself. (2020)
2
numbers given as a * b   2 a  b  , a , b  Q. Find 4x  3 2
69. If f  x  ,x , then show that
3* 5 and 5 * 3. Is 3 * 5  5 * 3 ? (Delhi 2008 C) 6x  4 3
62. Let * be the binary operation on N given by 2
a * b  L.C .M . of a and b . Find the value of
 fof  x   x, for all x . Also, write inverse of
3
20 *16. Is * (i) commutative, (ii) associative f. (2020)
(AI 2008 C) 70. Check if the relation R in the set R of real numbers
63. Show that the binary operation * on A  R  1 defined as R   a, b : a  b is (i) symmetric, (ii)
defined as a * b  a  b  ab for all a, b  A is transitive (2020)
commutative and associative on A. Also find the
identify element of * in A and prove that every
element of A is invertible. (AI 2016, 2015)

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RELATIONS AND FUNCTIONS


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72 INVERSE TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS

04
INVERSE TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS
INVERSE TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS 73

Chapter at a Glance
 The inverse trigonometric functions are the inverse functions of the trigonometric functions.
 The domain and the range of the trigonometric functions are converted into the range and domain of the inverse
trigonometric functions.
 The domains and ranges (principal value branches) of inverse trigonometric function are given in the following table:

Functions Domain Range (Principal


value Branches)
y  sin 1 x 1,1   
  2 , 2 

y  cos1 x 1,1 0,  


y  cosec1 x R   1,1   
  2 , 2   0

y  sec
1
x R   1,1
0,     
2
1 R
y  tan x   
 , 
 2 2
y  cot 1 x R  0,  

1 1 1 1
 sin x should not be confused with  sin x  . In fact  sin x  
and similarly for other trigonometric functions,
sin x
 The value of an inverse trigonometric functions which lies in its principal value branch is called the principal value of
that inverse trigonometric functions.
 For suitable values of domain, we have
1 1
y  sin x  x  sin y x  sin y  y  sin x
1 1
sin(sin x)  x sin (sin x )  x

1 1 1 1 1
sin 1  cosec1 x ; cos 1  sec 1 x ; tan  cot x
x x x
sin 1 ( x )   sin 1 x cos1 ( x)    cos1 x
1 1 1 1
tan (  x)   tan x cosec ( x )  cosec x
1 1 1 1
cot ( x )    cot x sec ( x )    sec x

  
sin 1 x  cos 1 x  ; tan 1 x  cot 1 x  ; cosec1 x  sec1 x 
2 2 2
x y x y
tan 1 x  tan 1 y  tan 1 ; tan 1 x  tan 1 y    tan 1 , xy  1; x, y  0
1  xy 1  xy
x y 2x
tan 1 x  tan 1 y  tan 1 2 tan 1 x  tan 1
1  xy 1  x2
2
2x 1 1  x
2 tan 1 x  sin 1  cos
1  x2 1  x2
74 INVERSE TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS

Solved Examples
Example–1 Example–4

 1  Solve for x:
Find the principal of sin 1   2
 2  2x  1  1  x  1  2x  
3sin 1  2   4 cos  2   2 tan  2  .
(NCERT)  1 x  1 x   1 x  3
1 Sol. We have:
Sol. Let sin 1    y .
 2
2
1 1  2 x   4 cos 1  1  x   2 tan 1  2 x   
Then, sin y  . 3 sin  2   1  x2   2 
2 1 x    1 x  3
We know that the range of the principal value branch Put x  tan  .
      1 2
of sin 1 is  ,  and sin    .
LHS  3 sin
1  2 tan    4 cos 1  1  tan  
 2 2  4 2    1  tan 2  
 1  tan 2    
 1  
Therefore, principal value of sin 1   is . 1  2 tan  
 2 4 2 tan  2 
 1  tan  
Example–2 1
 3 sin sin 2   4 cos 1  cos 2 
 1 
Write the value of sin   sin 1     . 2 tan
1
 tan 2 
3  2 
 3  2   4  2   2  2 
  1 
Sol. sin   sin 1    1
3  2   6  8  4  2  2 tan x.
 (1) becomes:
 1  1  
 sin   sin   1  1 
3  2  2 tan x  tan x .
3 6
 sin 1   x    sin 1 x  1
Hence, x  tan  .
    6 3
 sin     sin  1 .
3 6 2 Example–5
Example–3 Show that:
1 1
1
Find the principal value of cot 1   .
 3
 
(i) sin 1 2 x 1  x 2  2sin 1 x, 
2
x
2
1
(NCERT) (ii) sin  2 x
1
1  x   2 cos
2 1
x,  x  1.
 1  2
1
Sol. Let cot   y (NCERT)
 3
1
1 Sol. (i) Let x  sin  , then sin x 
Then, cot y 
3 We have,
     2 
  cot    cot      cot 
3  3  3 
 sin
1
 2 x 1  x   sin  2 sin 
2 1
1  sin 
2

We know that the range of principal value branch of 1
 sin  2 sin  cos  
1  2  1
cot is  0,   and cot   1
 3  3  sin sin 2   2
1  1  2 1
Thus, principal value of cot   is 3 .  2 sin x.
 3
INVERSE TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS 75

(ii) Take, x  cos  , then cos


1
x  Example–8

cos x 3 
We get, sin
1
2x 1  x  2
Express: tan
1

1  sin x
,
2
x
2
in the simplest

from
 sin
1
 2 cos  1  cos 
2
 (NCERT)
1 1  cos x 
 sin  2 cos  sin   Sol. We write tan  
 1  sin x 
1
 sin sin 2   2  2 x 2 x 
cos  sin
1 1  2 2 
 2 cos x.  tan  
x x x x
 cos 2  sin 2  2 sin cos 
Example–6  2 2 2 2

1 2 3  x x  x x 
1 1 1
Show that tan  tan  tan   cos  sin  cos  sin  
2 11 4 1  2 2  2 2 
 tan  2
(NCERT)   x x 
1 2
  cos  sin  
   2 2 
1 2 11
Sol. L.H .S  tan  x x
1
2 cos  sin
1  1  2 2
 tan 
2 11 x x
15 3  cos  sin 
 tan
1
 tan
1
 R.H .S .  2 2
20 4
 x
1  tan
Example–7 1  2
 tan 
x
Prove that: 1  tan 
 2
1  1  1  1  1  1  
tan    tan    tan       x 
1
 2 5 8 4  tan tan  4  2 
 
 1  1  1  1   1  1 
Sol. LHS   tan    tan     tan    x
 2  5  8   .
4 2
1 1
 Example–9
 tan
1 5  tan 1  1 
2
1 1  
1 . 8 1
Write tan 1 , x  1 in the simplest form
2 5 x2  1
1 52 1  1  Sol. Put x  sec  .
 tan  tan  
10  1 8 Then
2 2
x  1  sec   1  tan  .
1  7  1  1  1 1 1  1 
 tan    tan    tan  tan  
9 8 2
x 1  tan  
7 1  tan
1
 cot  

 tan
1 8  tan 1 56  9
9
7 1 72  7 1    
1 .  tan  tan      .
9 8   2  2
 65  1 
1 1  Hence, tan 1   sec1 x.
 tan    tan 1  4  RHS. x 12 2
 65 
76 INVERSE TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS

Example–10 x x x
cos  sin 1  tan
 1   2 2  2
Write cot 1   , x  1 in the simplest form x x x
2
 x 1  cos  sin 1  tan
2 2 2
(NCERT)
Sol. Let x  sec  , then  x
Dividing Num. & Denom. by cos
2 2
 2 
tan   sec   1  x  1
Therefore,  x 
 tan   .
1  4 2
cot 1  cot 1  cot      sec1 x,
x2  1
1  cos x   x
which is the simplest form. Hence, tan    .
 1  sin x  4 2

Example–11
Example–13
1
Prove that for x  : Find the domain of the function defined by
3
1
 3x  x3 
2x f  x   sin x 1
1 1 1
tan x  tan 2
 tan  1  3x 2 
1 x   1
Sol. Let f ( x )  sin x 1
(NCERT) 1
Sol. Let x  tan  .  1  sin(sin x  1)  1

Then   tan
1
x . We have   1  sin   1
 3x  x3   x  1  0 and  1  x  1  1
1
R.H.S  tan  1  3x2   0  x 1  1
 
1 x  2
 3 tan   tan 3  
1  x  1, 2
 tan  2 
 1  3 tan  
1
Example–14
 tan  tan 3   3  3 tan 1 x
1 1 1 1 1 
 tan x  2 tan x (i) If sin    cos x  , find x.
3 2
1 1 2x
 tan x  tan 2
 L.H.S.
1 x 1 
(ii) If sec  2  cosec1  y   , find y.
2
Example–12 1 1 1 
Sol. (i) sin    cos x 
1  cos x   x    3 2
Prove that: tan     , x  , 
 1  sin x  4 2  2 2 1  1 1 
2 x 2 x
x .
3  sin x  cos x  2 
cos  sin
cos x 2 2
Sol. Here  
1  sin x 2 x 2 x x x (ii) sec
1
 2  cosec1  y  
cos  sin  2 sin cos
2 2 2 2 2

 x x  x x  1 1 
 cos  sin  cos  sin   y  2.  sec  x   cosec  x   .
 2 2  2 2  2 
 2
 x x
 cos  sin 
 2 2
INVERSE TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS 77

Example–15 9 4
2
Now cos x  1  sin x  1  
1  3  25 5
Find the value of sin  sin 
 5 
64 15
2
(NCERT) and cos y  1  sin y  1  
289 17
1
Sol. We know that sin sin x   x We have, cos  x  y   cos x cos y  sin x sin y
1  3  3 4 15 3 8 84
Therefore, sin  sin       
 5  5 5 17 5 17 85
3      84 
But   , , which is the principal branch of Therefore, x  y  cos
1
5  2 2   
 85 
1
sin x.
1 3 1 8 1  84 
3 3 2 Hence, sin  sin  cos  .
However, sin   
  sin   

  sin 5 17  85 
 5   5  5
2    
and   ,
5  2 2  Example–18
3 2  2 .
Therefore, sin 1  sin  1 
  sin  sin 
 5   5  5 1 12 1 4 1 63
Show that: sin  cos  tan 
13 5 16
Example–16
(NCERT)
1
If sin  sin 1  cos 1 x   1, then find ‘x’. 12 1 4 1 63
 5  Sol. Let sin 1  x, cos  y , tan z
13 5 16
 1  
Sol. sin  sin 1  cos 1 x   1  sin 12 4 63
 5  2 Then, sin x  , cos y  , tan z 
13 5 16
1 1 1 
 sin  cos x 5 3 12
5 2 Therefore, cos x  , sin y  , tan x 
13 5 5
1  1 1 3
 cos x  sin and tan y 
2 5 4
1 1 1 tan x  tan y
 cos x  cos We have, tan  x  y  
5 1  tan x tan y
1 12 3
Hence, x  . 
5
 5 4   63
12 3 16
Example–17 1 
5 4
1 3 1 8 1 84 Hence, tan  x  y    tan z
Show that: sin  sin  cos
5 17 85 tan  x  y   tan   z  or
(NCERT) tan  x  y   tan   z 
1 3 1 8 Therefore, x  y   z or x  y    z
Sol. Let sin  x and sin y
5 17 Since x , y and z are positive, x  y   z
3 8 Hence, x  y  z   or
Therefore, sin x  and sin y 
5 17 1 12 1 4 1 63
sin  cos  tan  .
13 5 16
78 INVERSE TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS

Example–19 Example–21

If tan
1
x  tan
1
y  tan
1
z   , then prove that:  1  1  1  5  
Assertion: tan cos    sin   is
x  y  z  xyz .   82   26 
29
Sol. Put tan
1
x  A, tan
1
y  B and tan
1
zC equal to
3
so that 2 51
tan A  x , tan B  y and tan C  z ... 1

Reason: x cos cot  1

x  sin cot  1
x  
50

1 1 1
(a) Both Assertion and Reason are correct and
 tan x  tan y  tan z  Reason is the correct explanation for Assertion
 ABC  (b) Both Assertion and Reason are correct but
 A  B    C. Reason is not the correct explanation for
 tan  A  B   tan   C  Assertion
(c) Assertion is correct, reason is incorrect
tan A  tan B
   tan C (d) Assertion is incorrect, reason is correct.
1  tan A tan B
 tan A+ tan B   tan C  tan A tan B tan C Ans. (d)
 tan A  tan B  tan C  tan A tan B tan C  1 5 
Sol. tan cos 1  sin 1 
Using (1), we get  82 26 
x  y  z  xyz 1 1
 tan  tan 9  tan 5
Hence Proved.
Example–20
 1 95 
 tan  tan 
 1 59 
1  a cos x  b sin x 
Simplify: tan
 b cos x  a sin x  ,  tan  tan
 1 2

2
 23  23
a
if tan x  1 Thus, Assertion is incorrect
b 2

(NCERT) 
Now, x cos cot  1

x  sin cot  1
x 
Sol. We have, 2
  1 x   1 1 
1  a cos x  b sin x    x cos  cos   sin  sin 
tan 
2
x 1  
2
x  1 
 b cos x  a sin x  
2

 a cos x  b sin x   x2 1
   
1   2 2
b cos x  x 1 x 1 
 tan 
b cos x  a sin x  2

 b cos x


  2
x 1  2
 x 1

a  1
 tan x At x 
  5 2
 tan  b
1
a  We have,
1  tan x 
 b  2 1
x 1  2
1
 tan
1 a
 tan
1
 tan x  5 2 
b
1 51
1 a  1 
 tan x. 50 50
b
Thus, Reason is correct.
INVERSE TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS 79

Example–22  1 1 1  x  y  
 tan x  tan y  tan  1  xy 
  
 2  sin 1 
1 1
The value of expression 2 sec  is
2 1  x  x  y  y  x  y 
 tan  
(a)

(b)
5
 y  x  y  x  x  y
6 6
1  x 2  xy  xy  y 2 
7  tan  xy  y 2  x 2  xy 
(c) (d) 1  
6
Ans. (b) 1  x2  y2 
 tan  x2  y2 
2  5  
 2  sin 1 
1 1
Sol. 2 sec     .
2 3 6 6 1 
 tan 1  .
Example–23 4
Example–25
1  5 
The principal value of sin  sin  is
 3  
Given that: tan 1 x  tan 1 y  , xy  1 ...  i 
4
 5
(a)  (b) tan 1 p  tan 1 q  tan 1 r   ... ii 
3 3
Also given that
 4
(c)  (d) 1 1 1 ab
3 3 tan a  tan b  tan , ab  1 and
1  ab
Ans. (c)
1 1 1  ab 
 5  1 tan a  tan b  tan  ; ab  1.
Sol. Let   sin
sin 3   1  ab 
Based on the information above, answer the questions
 5  that follow:
 sin   sin  sin 2 
3 
 3  Answer the following using the above information.
(i) The value of x  y  xy (from (i)) is

  
 sin    sin  sin   (a) 1
3  3  (b) 2
1  5   (c) 0
Therefore, principal value of sin
sin 3  is 3 (d) None
(ii) The value of p  q  r is
Example–24
(a) pqr
1  x 1  x  y  (b) 0
The value of tan  y   tan  x  y  is
    (c) 1
(d)  pqr
 
(a) (b)
4 3 1 1 1  1  1  1 
(iii) The value of tan    tan    tan   is
  2 5 8
(c) (d) (a) 0
6 2
(b) 
Ans. (a)

 x x y  (c)
1  x  1  x  y  1
 y  x y  2
Sol. tan    tan    tan  x x  y  
 y x y 1  .  (d)
 y x  y  4
80 INVERSE TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS

3
1 1 3x  x 1  7  1  1 
(iv) If x  , then tan is equal to  tan    tan  
2
3 1  3x 9 8
1 2x 1 1 2x  7 1 
(a) tan (b) tan x  tan 
1  
2 2
1 x 1 x 1  56  9 
 tan  9 8   tan  
2x 7 1  72  7 
(c) tan
1
x (d) tan
1
x  tan
1 1   
1 x
2  9 8
1  65  1 

 tan    tan 1  .
Sol. (i) (a) We have, tan
1
x  tan
1
y , xy  1
 65  4
4 (iv) (a) Let x  tan  , so that   tan
1
x
1 x y  x y 
 tan    tan 1  3x  x3 
1  xy 4 1  xy 4 Now, tan  1  3x2 
 
x y
  1  x  y  1  xy  3 tan   tan 3  
1  xy 1
 tan  1  3 tan 2  
 x  y  xy  1.  
1
(ii) (a) We have tan
1
p  tan
1
q  tan
1
r   tan  tan 3   3  3 tan 1 x
1 1 1 2x
Put tan p  A, tan q  B, tan rC 1 1 1 1
 tan x  2 tan x  tan x  tan 2
.
So that p  tan A, q  tan B and 1 x

r  tan C ... 1


1 1 1
tan p  tan q  tan r 
 ABC 
 AB C
tan A  tan B
   tan C
1  tan A tan B
 tan A  tan B   tan C  tan A  tan B  tan C
 tan A  tan B  tan C  tan A  tan B  tan C
 p  q  r  pqr .

1 1 1  1  1  1 
(iii) (a) tan    tan    tan  
2 5 8
 1  1  1  1   1  1 
  tan    tan     tan  
 2  5  8
 1 1 

1   1  1 
 tan  2 5   tan  
1 1 8
1   
 2 5
1  5 2  1  1 
 tan    tan  
 10  1  8
INVERSE TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS 81

EXERCISE – 1: Basic Subjective Questions


1
Section–A (1 Mark Questions) 15. If 2 tan  cos    tan 1  2 cos ec  , then show

1 that   .
1. Find the principal value of tan 3. 4
16. Find the value of
1  3
2. Find the principal value of the sin   .  5  13 
2 1 1 
  tan  tan   cos  cos .
 6   6 
3. The value of 
sin tan
1 1
x  tan 1 / x for x  0  17. Find the domain of cos
1
2 x  sin
1
x.

is…………… 1 1 
18. If cos x  cos y , find the value of
4
1      1 1
4. Evaluate tan  sin  2   . sin x  sin y.
  
19. Prove that
1
5. Find the domain of sin 2x . 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 
tan  tan  tan  tan  .
5 7 3 8 4
Section–B (2 Marks Questions)
1  1  4 
20. Show that 2 tan  3     tan  .
6.
1 1
If 3 tan x + cot x =  , then find x . 2  3 
 2a  1  b2  2x 
1   33  21. If sin 1    cos1 2
 tan 1  2
Find the value of sin cos  2
7.  . 1 a  1 b  1 x 
  5 
then prove that x 
a  b .
1
8. Find the domain of the function cos  2 x  1 . 1  ab 
1 1 4 22. Prove that:
9. If tan x  tan y , then find
5  1  x2  1  x2   1
tan 1  1 2
   cos x
2 2
 1  x  1  x  4 2
cot 1 x  cot 1 y .
1 1 1 1
  2  
1 23. Find the value of 4 tan  tan .
10. Find the value of tan  2 cos   . 5 239
  3 
 1 
24. Prove that cot   2 cot 3   7.
 1 3 1  4   4 
11. Evaluate: cot  sin    sec    .
 4  3 
Section–D (5 Marks Questions)
1 1 1  1  1  2 
12. Prove that: tan    tan    tan   . 
1 1
7  13  9 25. If sin x  sin y
3
13. Which is greater, tan1 or tan 1 1 ?
1 1 
and cos x  cos y , find the values of x
Section–C (3 Marks Questions) 6
and y .
1  1  x  1 1  1 1 3  4  7
14. Solve for x > 0: tan    tan x. Show that tan  sin
1 x  2
26.  and justify
2 4 3

4 7
why the other value is ignored.
3
82 INVERSE TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS

2
2 2 17
27. 
If sin
1
x    cos x
1

16
, find x .

28. Prove that


 1  sin x  1  sin x  x  
cot 1    , x   0, 
 1  sin x  1  sin x  2  4
29. If a1 , a2 , a3 ,....an is an arithmetic progression with
common difference d, then evaluate the following
expression:

  d  1  d  1  d 
tan  tan 1    tan    tan  
  1  a1a2   1  a2 a3   1  a3 a 
 d 
....  tan 1  
 1  an 1  an  

1      
30. Show that: 2 tan tan . tan   
 2  4 2 
1  sin  cos  
 tan  cos   sin   .
 
INVERSE TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS 83

EXERCISE – 2: Basic Objective Questions


Section–A (Single Choice Questions)  1  k
6. If sin 1  1
  cosec  2  has the value , then
 2 12
1  1 
1. Principal value of sin   is equal to value of k is
 2
(a) 1 (b) 2
  (c) 3 (d) 4
(a) (b) 
3 2 7. The principal value of the expression
  cos
1
cos  680 is
(c) (d) 
6 6
1 2 2
2. Principal value of sec  2 is equal to (a) (b)
9 9
 
(a) (b) 34 
6 3 (c) (d)
9 9
2 5
(c)
3
(d)
3
8. 
The value cot sin 1 x is 
3. Principal value of
1  x2 x
(a) (b)
1  1   1  1  x
tan
1
1  cos    sin   is 1  x2
 2 2
2
1 1 x
2 3 (c) (d)
(a) (b) x x
3 4
 9. Let   sin 1 sin  600 , then value of  is
(c) (d) 6
2
 
(a) (b)
1 1
4. cos 1    sin 1 1  tan 1 is equal to 3 2
2 3
2 2
(c) (d) 
 3 3
(a)  (b)
3
4 3
10. The domain of the function y  sin 1  x 2 is  
(c) (d)
3 4 (a) 0,1 (b)  0,1
5. The value of (c) 1,1 (d) 
 5  1  5 
cos
1
 cos   sin  sin  is
 3   3 
11. The domain of y  cos1 x 2  4 is 
 5 (a) 3,5
(a) (b)
2 3 (b)  5,  3   3, 5 
10
(c) (d) 0 (c)  5,  3   5, 3
3
(d) none of these
84 INVERSE TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS

12. The domain of the function defined by 1  1   tan 1  1   ...


1 19. If tan    
f  x   sin x  cos x is  1  1 2  1 2 3 
(a) 1,1 (b) 1,   1 1  1 
....  tan 1 n  n 1 
(c)  ,   (d)    
1
13. The value of the expression is equal to tan  , then  is equal to

  
sin cos 1 cos tan 1 1  is
  (a) n (b)
n
2
(a) 0 (b) 1
n2 n
1 3 (c) (d)
(c) (d) n n2
2 2
1 1 1 1
14.  
The value of tan 2 sec1 2  cot 2 cosec1 2 is   20. 2 tan
5
 tan
8
 _____ .

10 1 4 1 3
(a) 1 (b) (a) tan (b) tan
3 7 7
(c) 6 (d) 0 1
1
(c) tan (d) None of these
3 7
15. The value of cos 1  cos  is equal to
 2 
1 x  
21. If tan 1  1
   tan x, 0  x  1 , then x is
 3 1 x  4
(a) (b) equal to
2 2
(a) (0, 1) (b) (0, 1]
5 7
(c) (d) (c) [0, 1] (d) [0, 1)
2 2
22. cot 1  1 x 2

 x is equal to
 12  4  63 
16. sin    cos 1    tan 1   is equal to
1

 13  5  16   1  1 1
(a)  cot x (b)  cot x
(a)  (b) 2 2 2 2

(c) 3 (d) None of these 1 1 1


(c)   cot x (d)   cot x
2

17. 
sin 1 2 x 1  x 2  _____ .  Section–B (Assertion & Reason Type Questions)
23. Assertion: The value of
1 1 x
(a) sin x (b) sin   3 
2  
sin tan 1  3  cos 1    is 1.
  2 
1 1 x
(c) 2 sin x (d) 2 sin Reason: tan 1   x   tan x and
2
cos 1 (  x )  cos 1 x.
 1  sin x  1  sin x 
18. tan 1   is equal. (a) Both Assertion and Reason are correct and
 1  sin x  1  sin x  Reason is the correct explanation for Assertion
x (b) Both Assertion and Reason are correct but
(a) x (b)
2 Reason is not the correct explanation for
Assertion
  x
(c) x (d)  (c) Assertion is correct but reason is incorrect
2 4 2
(d) Assertion is incorrect but reason is correct.
INVERSE TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS 85

2 27. Assertion: The principal value of


24. Assertion: If 2  sin 1 x   5  sin 1 x   2  0, then
  1  
x has only 1 solution. tan 1 2 cos  2sin 1  is .
  2  4
Reason: The domain of sin 1 x is x  R.

Reason: The principal value of cos 1   cos  is
(a) Both Assertion and Reason are correct and  3
Reason is the correct explanation for Assertion 2
.
(b) Both Assertion and Reason are correct but 3
Reason is not the correct explanation for
(a) Both Assertion and Reason are correct Reason is
Assertion
the correct explanation of Assertion.
(c) Assertion is correct but reason is incorrect
(b) Both Assertion and Reason are correct; Reason is
(d) Assertion is incorrect but reason is correct. not the correct explanation of Assertion
(c) Assertion is correct but Reason is incorrect
25. Assertion: The domain of cos (2  x ) is 1, 2 .
1
(d) Assertion is incorrect but reason is correct

Reason: The domain of cos1   1,1 . Section–C (Case Study Questions)


(a) Both Assertion and Reason are correct and Case Study–1
Reason is the correct explanation for Assertion 28. Following table gives domain of inverse
(b) Both Assertion and Reason are correct but trigonometric functions
Reason is not the correct explanation for
Function Domain
Assertion
(c) Assertion is correct but reason is incorrect 1 [-1, 1]
sin x
(d) Assertion is incorrect but reason is correct.
1 [-1, 1]
cos x

26. Assertion: The principal value of tan


1
x R

tan 1  3  sec 1
(2) is 
3
.

1 Based on above information answer the following


Reason: The principal value branch of tan x is
    and principal value branch of sec 1 x is
(i) Domain of sin 1 2x is
 2 , 2  (a) [-1, 1] (b) [-2, 2]

0,     
2
.
1 1
(c)  , 
 2 2
(d) None of these

(a) Both Assertion and Reason are correct Reason is (ii) Domain of cos1  x  1 is
the correct explanation of Assertion.
(b) Both Assertion and Reason are correct; Reason is (a) [-1, 1] (b) [0, 2]
not the correct explanation of Assertion. (c) [-2, 0] (d) None of these
(c) Assertion is correct but Reason is incorrect. (iii) Domain of tan 1 x 2 is
(d) Assertion is incorrect but reason is correct
(a)  0,   
(b) 0,  

(c)  ,   (d) None of these


1 1
(iv) Domain of sin x  tan x is
(a)  ,   (b) [-1, 1]

(c)  0,   (d) None of these


86 INVERSE TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS

Case Study–2 Case Study–3


29. Two men on either side of a temple of 30 meters 30. In the school project Sheetal was asked to construct
high observe its top at the angles of elevation  and a triangle and name it as ABC. Two angles A and B
 respectively (as shown in the figure). The 1 1 1 1
were given to be equal to tan and tan
distance between the two men is 40 3 meters and 2 3
the distance between the person at A and the temple respectively.

is 30 3 meters. Based on the above information


answer the following:

Based on the above information answer the


Based on the above information, Answer the
Questions that follow:
following Questions:
(i) CAB    _______. (i) The value of sin A is _______.
1 1
 2  1 1 (a) (b)
(a) sin 1   (b) sin   2 3
 3 2
1 2
(c) (d)
1 1  3  5 5
(c) sin  2 (d) sin  
 2  (ii) The principal value of sin
1
cos( A  B  C ) 
(ii) CAB    _______. ______.

1 1 1 2  
(a) cos   (b) cos   (a) (b) 
5 5 2 2
(c)  (d) None of these
 3
1 4
1
(c) cos   (d) cos   1
5 (iii) If B  cos x, then x  ______.
 2 
(iii) BCA    ______. 1 3
(a) (b)
5 10
1  1  1
(a) tan   (b) tan  2 (c)
1
(d)
2
2 10 5
 1  
(c) tan
1
 
 3
(d) tan
1
 3 (iv) If A + B =
4
, Then the third angle, C  ______.

(iv) ABC  ________.  


(a) (b)
  4 2
(a) (b)
4 6  3
(c) (d)
  3 4
(c) (d)
2 3
INVERSE TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS 87

EXERCISE – 3: Previous Year Questions


1. Write the principal value of 1  3
12. Write the value of sin   .
 1
1 1  1   2 
cos     2 sin   . (Foreign 2014)
 2 2 (Delhi 2009)
1     13. Find the principal value of
2. Write the principal value of tan sin   2  .
  1  1  1  1 
sin    cos   . (Delhi 2010)
(AI 2014 C) 2 2
 1  14. Find the principal value of sec
1
 2 .
3. Find the value of cot   2 cot 3 .
2  (AI 2010)
(AI 2014 C)
1 12 1 4 1 56
4. Write the principal value of 15. Prove that cos  cos  tan .
13 5 33

1  cos1  
1 1 (AI 2013 C, Foreign 2019)
tan . (Delhi 2013)
 2 16. Prove that:

1   1 3   1  4  1  12  1  33 
5. Write the value of tan 2 sin  cos  . cos    cos    cos  
  2  5  13   65 
(AI 2013) (AI 2012, Delhi 2010 C, 2009 C)
6. Write the principal value of 17. Prove that:
 1 3 1  1   1  12  1  3  1  56 
cos 2  cos   2  . cos    sin    sin   .
    13  5  65 
(Delhi 2013 C) (AI 2012, Delhi 2010)
7. Write the principal value of
 1 1 1 
  
tan 1  3  tan 1 1 .

18. If sin  sin
 3
 cos x   1, then find x .

(AI 2013)
(Delhi 2014)
8. Write the principal value of
1 1 
1  1 19. If tan x  tan y , xy  1, then write the value
cos    2sin 1    .
1
(Delhi 2012) 4
2  2
of x  y  xy . (AI 2008)
9. Using principal values, write the value of
1  1  1  1   1
cos    2 sin   . (AI 2012 C) Write the value of tan  2 tan
1
2 2
20. . (Delhi 2013)
 5
 1  1   21. Write the principal value of
10. Evaluate: sin   sin   .
3  2  tan
1
 3   cot   3  .1
(AI 2013, 2018)
(Delhi 2011, Delhi 2020) 3
 
22. Evaluate sin 1  sin . (AI 2013 C, Delhi 2009)
 1 1  5 
11. Write the principal value of sin    .
 2 23. Find the principal value of tan
1
3  sec
1
 2 .
(Delhi 2011C) (AI 2018 C)
88 INVERSE TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS

 3  36. Solve for x :


1
24. Find the value of tan  tan  .
 4  1  x2 1  x  2  
tan    tan   .
(Delhi 2011)  x 1   x 1  4
(Foreign 2016)
1  7 
25. Write the principal value of cos  cos  . 37. Prove that:
 6 
(Delhi 2011, AI 2009) 1  1  sin x  1  sin x  x  
cot    , x   0,  .
 1  sin x  1  sin x  2  4
1  2  1  2 
26. Evaluate: cos  cos   sin  sin  . (Foreign 2016, Delhi 2014, 2011)
 3   3 
(AI 2011, 2009 C, 2008) 38. If sin cot
1
 x  1  cos  tan 1 x  , then find x .

1  4  (Delhi 2015)
27. Find the principal value of sin  sin  .
 5  2 2 5
2

(AI 2010)
39. 
If tan
1
x   cot x 1

8
, then find x .

1 1 1  (Delhi 2015)


28. If sin    cos  x   , then find x .
3 2 40. For  0  xy , yz , zx  1 , Prove that:
(Delhi 2010 C)
1  xy  1  1  yz  1  1  zx  1 

cot    cot  y  z   cot  z  x   0 .
1 1  1   x  y     
29. If sin  x   cos    , then find x .
2 2 (AI 2015)
(Delhi 2010 C) 1 8
41. If tan  x  1  tan 1  x  1  tan 1 then find x.
30. Using principal value, find the value of 31
1  13  (AI 2015, Foreign 2008)
cos  cos . (AI 2010 C)
 6  1 
42. Solve for x : tan  2 x   tan 1 3x   .
 4
31. If tan
1
 3   cot 1
 x 
2
, then find x .
(Delhi 2015 C, 2013 C, AI 2012 C, 2019)
(AI 2010 C) 1 63 1 5 1 3
43. Prove that tan  sin  cos .
32. Solve for x : 16 13 5

2 tan
1
 cos x   tan 1  2 cos ecx  . (Delhi 2015 C)
44. Prove that
(Delhi 2016, 2014 C, Foreign 2015)
33. Prove that: 1  1  1  1  1  31 
2 tan    tan    sin  .
 2 7  25 2 
1  1  1  1  1  1  1  1 
tan    tan    tan    tan   
 3 5 7 8 4 (AI 2015)
(Delhi 2016, AI 2010) 1  1  x  1 1
45. Solve for x : tan    tan x, x  0 .
34. Solve the equation for x : 1 x  2
1 1 (AI 2015 C, 2014 C, 2010 C)
sin x  sin 1  x   cos1 x . (AI 2016)
46. Prove that
1 x 1 y
35. If cos  cos  , prove that 1 1 1  5 2  1  1  
a b 2 tan    sec    2 tan    .
2 2 5  7  8 4
x xy y 2
2
2 cos   2
 sin  . (AI 2016) (Delhi 2014)
a ab b
INVERSE TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS 89

47. Prove that 1 8 1 3 1 77


58. Prove that: sin  sin  tan .
 1  x  1  x   1 1 1
1 17 5 36
tan     cos x, 2  x  1 .
 1 x  1 x  4 2 (Delhi 2013 C)
(AI 2014, 2011, 2010 C) 59. Solve for x:

1  x2 1  x  2   1 
48. If tan    tan    ; find the sin 1  x   2 sin 1 x  . (Delhi 2012)
 x4  x4 4 2
value of x. 60. Prove that
(AI 2014)  cos x   x   
tan 1     , x   .
 1  sin x  4 2  2 2
 3
49. Find x if cos tan  1

x  sin  cot

1

4
. (Delhi 2012)
61. Prove the following:
(Foreign 2014, AI 2013)
 1 3 1 3 6
50. Prove that: cos  sin  cot  . (AI 2012)
1 1 1 1
 5 2  5 13
cot 7  cot 8  cot 18  cot 3 .
62. Solve for x :
(Foreign 2014)
1  x 1  1  x  1  
51. Prove that: tan    tan   .
 x2  x2 4
 x 3  3x2  
cos 1  x   cos 1    . (Delhi 2012 C, AI 2010)
 2 2  3
63. Prove that:
(AI 2014 C)
3 3  8  
tan 1    tan 1    tan 1    .
1 1 2 4 5  19  4
52. Solve for x : tan x  2 cot x .
3 (Delhi 2012 C, AI 2009 C)
(AI 2014 C, Delhi 2009 C) x
1 1  x  y 
64. Find the value of tan  y   tan  x  y  .
1 3 1 8 1 36    
53. Prove that: sin  sin  cos .
5 17 85 (Delhi 2011)
(AI 2014 C, Delhi 2012, 2010 C) 65. Prove that:
54. Find the value of the following: 1 1  31 
2 tan 1    tan 1    tan 1   .
2 2 7  17 
1  1 2 x 1 1  y 
tan sin  cos 2
, x  1, y  0 (AI 2011, Delhi 2009)
2 2 1 y 
1 x
66. Prove that:
and xy  1 . (Delhi 2013)
3 17 
55. Prove that: 2 tan 1  tan 1  . (Delhi 2011 C)
4 31 4
1 1 1  67. Solve for x , 1  x  1
tan 1    tan 1    tan 1    .
2
  5
  8 4 2
1  2x  1  1  x  
(Delhi 2013, 2012 C, 2008, AI 2011) tan  2 
 cot    .
1 x   2x  3
56. Show that:
(Delhi 2011 C)
 1 1 3  4  7 68. Prove that:
tan  sin  . (AI 2013)
2 4 3 1 2 1 4
tan 1  tan 1  tan 1 . (AI 2011 C)
4 9 2 3
57. Write the value of the following:
1
a
1 1  a  b 
tan    tan 
69. Solve for x : cos 2 sin  1

x 
9
,x  0.
. (Delhi 2013 C)
b ab (AI 2011 C)
90 INVERSE TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS

1 1 1  1  x  1 1 
70. Prove that: tan x cos   , x   0,1 . 79. Solve: tan 4 x  tan 6x 
4
. (Delhi 2019)
2 1 x 
(Delhi 2010)
1 1 1
71. Prove that: tan 1  tan  2  tan 3   . 1 1 1  1 
80. If tan x – cot x  tan   , x  0, find the
(Delhi 2010)  3
72. Prove that: 2
1
2 value of x and hence find the value of sec  .
1 x x
cos  tan

1
sin cot x 1

2 x
2
. (AI 2010)
(AI 2019)
73. Prove that:
3
1  2x  1  3 x  x
1   1 1 1  9
tan x  tan  2 
 tan  2 . 81. Prove that tan 2 tan   – cot 3  .
1 x   1  3x   2  13
(AI 2010) (Delhi 2020)
74. Solve for x :  1 3 1 3
82. Find the value of tan  sin  tan .
1 x 1 x   5 4
tan  tan  ;0  x  6 .
2 3 4 (AI 2020)
(Delhi 2010 C)   17 
1
75. Solve for x , x > 0: 83. Find the value of sin sin   8  .
 
 x  2  tan 1  x  2  tan 1  .
1 8
tan  (AI 2020)
 79 
(Delhi 2010 C)
1 1 1 1 
84. The principal value of cot
1
 – 3  is.
76. Prove that: 2 tan  tan  . (AI 2010 C) (AI 2020)
3 7 4
 1  cos x  3x 
1  x 
77. Solve for x : cos
1
x  sin    . (AI 2010 C) 85. Express tan  , –  x  in the
2 6  1 – sin x  2 2
simplest form. (AI 2020)
1 
3cos x  cos  4 x – 3 x  , x  ,1 .
1 1 3
78. Prove that
 2 
(2018 C)

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INVERSE TRIGONOMETRIC
FUNCTIONS
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CONTINUITY AND DIFFERENTIABILITY 91

05
CONTINUITY AND DIFFERENTIABILITY
92 CONTINUITY AND DIFFERENTIABILITY

Chapter at a Glance
 A real valued function is continous at a point in its domain if the limit of the function at that point equals the value of the
function at that point. A function is continuous if it is continous on the whole of its domain.
 Sum, differnce, product and quotient of continuous functios are continuous.
i.e., if f and g are continuous functions, then
 f  g  x   f  x   g  x  is continuous.
 f .g  x   f  x  .g  x  is continuous.
 f  f x
 x  (Wherever g  x   0 ) is continuous.
g g  x
 Every differentiable function is continuous, but the converse is not true.
 Chain rule is rule to differentiate composites of functions.
dt dv df dv dt
If f  v o u , t  u  x  and if both and exist, then  
dx dt dx dt dx
 Following are some of the standard derivatives (in appropriate domains):
d 1
dx
 sin 1 x  
1  x2
d
dx
 cos1 x    1 2
1 x
d 1
dx
 tan 1 x  
1  x2
d
dx
 cot 1 x  1 1x2
d 1
dx
 sec 1 x  
x 1  x2
d 1
dx
 cos ec 1 x  
x 1  x2
d x
dx
 e   ex
d 1
 log x  
dx x
v x 
 Logarithmic differentiation is a powerful technique to differentiate functions of the from f  x   u  x   . Here both
f  x  and u  x  need to be positive for this technique to make sense.
 Rolle’s Theorem: If f :  a, b   R is continuous on  a, b  and differentiable on  a, b  such that f  a   f  b  , then
there exists some c in  a, b  such that f   c   0 .
 Mean Value Theorem: If f :  a, b   R is continuous on  a , b  and differentiable on  a, b  . Then there exists some c
f b  f  a 
in  a, b  such that f   c  
ba
CONTINUITY AND DIFFERENTIABILITY 93

Solved Examples
Example–4
Example–1
Show that the function f given by
Check the continuity of the function f given by
f  x   2 x  3 at x  1 .  x3  3, if x  0
f  x   is not continuous at x  0 .
1, if x  0
(NCERT)
Sol. First note that the function is defined at the given (NCERT)
point x  1 and its value is 5. The find the limit of Sol. The function is defined at x  0 and its value at
the function at x  1 . Clearly x  0 is 1.
lim f  x  lim  2 x  3  2 1  3  5 When x  0, the function is given by a polynomial.
x 1 x 1
Hence,
Thus lim f  x   5 f 1
x 1 lim f  x   lim  x 3  3  03  3  3
x 0 x 0
Hence, f is continuous at x  1 .
Since the limit of f at x  0 does not coincide with
Example–2 f  0  , the function is not continuous at x  0 . It may
If we can draw the graph of the function around a be noted that x  0 is the only point of discontinuity
point without lifting the pen from the plane of the for this function.
paper, then the function is
(a) not continuous Example–5
(b) continuous The function f  x   cot x is discontinuous on the set
(c) not defined
(a)  x  n , n  Z 
(d) None of these
Ans. (b) (b)  x  2 n , n  Z 
Sol. A function is continuous at a fixed point, if we can   
draw the graph of the function around that point (c)  x   2n  1 ; n  Z 
 2 
without lifting the pen from the plane of the paper.
 n 
Example–3 (d)  x  ;n Z 
 2 
Discuss the continuity of the function f given by Ans. (a)
f  x   x at x  0 . Sol. f  x   cot x is discontinuous if cot x  

(NCERT)  tan x  0
Sol. By definition  x  n , n  Z
 x, if x  0 Example–6
f  x  
 x, if x  0
Discuss the continuity of the function f defined by
Clearly the function is defined at 0 and f  0   0 .
1
Left hand limit of f at 0 is f  x  , x  0 . (NCERT)
x
lim f  x   lim   x   0 Sol. For any non zero real number c, we have
x0 x0

Similarly, the right hand limit of f at 0 is 1 1


lim f  x   lim 
x c x c x c
lim f  x  lim x  0
x0 x0 1
Also, since for c  0, f  c   , we have
Thus, the left hand limit, right hand limit and the c
value of the function coincide at x  0 . Hence, f is lim f  x   f  c  and hence, f is continuous at
x c
continuous at x  0 .
every point in the domain of f . Thus f is a
continuous function.
94 CONTINUITY AND DIFFERENTIABILITY

Example–7 Sol. Define g by g  x   1  x  x and h by h  x   x


Discuss the continuity of the function defined by for all real x . Then
 x  2, if x  0  h o g  x   h  g  x  
f  x   .
  x  2, if x  0
 h 1  x  x 
(NCERT)
Sol. Observe that the function is defined at all real  1 x  x  f  x
numbers except at 0. Domain of definition of this
function is We know that h is a continuous function. Hence g
D1  D2 where D1   x  R : x  0 and being a sum of a polynomial function and the
modulus function is continuous. But then f being a
D2   x  R : x  0
composite of two continuous functions is continuous.
Case 1 If c  D1 , then lim f  x   lim  x  2 
x c x c
Example–10
 c  2  f  c  and hence f is continuous in D1 .
Case 2 If c  D2 , then Differentiate sin cos x 2     with respect to x .
lim f  x   lim   x  2   c  2  f  c  and hence (NCERT)
x c x c
Sol. y  sin  cos x 2

f is continuous in D2 .
Therefore
Since f is continuous at all points in the domain of
dy d d
f , we deduce that f is continuous.  sin  cos x 2   cos  cos x 2   cos x 2 
dx dx dx
Example–8 d 2
 cos  cos x 2   sin x 2  x 
dx
3 x  4, 0  x  2
Let f  x      sin x 2 cos  cos x 2   2 x 
 2 x  , 2  x  9
If f is continuous at x  2, then what is the value of  2 x sin x 2 cos  cos x 2  .
 ?
Example–11
(a) 0 (b) 2
(c) 2 (d) 1 dy
Ans. (c) Find , if y  sin y  cos x . (NCERT)
dx
3 x  4, 0  x  2 Sol. We differentiate the relationship directly with respect
Sol. Given function is: f  x   
 2 x  , 2  x  9 to x, i.e.,
and also given that f  x  is continuous at x  2 dy d d
  sin y    cos x 
For a function to be continuous at a point dx dy dx
LHL  RHL  Value of a function at that point. which implies using chain rule
f 2  2 dy dy
 cos y    sin x
dx dx
 RHL : lim  2 x     3  2   4
x 2 dy sin x
This gives 
 lim 2  2  h     6  4 dx 1  cos y
h 0
 4  2 where y   2n  1  .
   2 Example–12
Example–9 Differentiate the following w.r.t. x:
Show that the function f defined by (i) e  x (ii) sin  log x  , x  0
f  x   1  x  x , where x is any real number, is a (iii) cos 1  e x  (iv) ecos x
continuous function. (NCERT)
x
(NCERT) Sol. (i) Let y  e .
Using chain rule, we have
CONTINUITY AND DIFFERENTIABILITY 95

dy d Example–15
 e x    x   e x
dx dx sin x dy
If y   tan x  , then is equal to
(ii) Let y  sin  log x  . dx
Using chain rule, we have (a) sec x  cos x (b) sec x  log tan x
cos  log x  sin x
dy d (c)  tan x  (d) None of these
 cos  log x    log x  
dx dx x Ans. (d)
(iii) Let y  cos 1  e x  . Using chain rule, we have Sol. We have, y   tan x 
sin x

dy 1 d ex Taking logarithm on both sides


   ex  
dx 1   ex  dx
2
1  e2 x log y  sin x log  tan x 
Differentiating w.r.t. x
(iv) Let y  e cos x . Using chain rule, we have
1 dy sin x
 .sec 2 x  cos x log  tan x 
dy y dx tan x
 e cos x    sin x     sin x  e cos x .
dx
sin x  1 2 
  tan x  sin x tan x sec x  cos x  log tan x  
Example–13  
sin x
dy   tan x  sec x  cos x log tan x 
If y  2  x , then is equal to:
dx Example–16
x dy
(a)  x 1
(b) 2 x log 2 Find , if x  a   sin   , y  a 1  cos  .
2 dx
1 dx dy
log Sol. We have  a 1  cos  ,  a  sin  
(c) 2  x log 2 (d) 2 d d
2x dy
Ans. (d) dy d a sin  
Therefore    tan .
Sol. Let y  2  x dx dx a 1  cos   2
d
dy
   1 2 x  log 2  Example–17
dx

1 If x  sin t cos 2t and y  cos t sin 2t , then at t  ,
log 4
 log 2 2
 
2x 2x dy
the value of is equal to:
dx
Example–14
(a) 2 (b) 2
sin x
Differentiate x , x  0 w.r.t. x. 1 1
(c) (d) 
(NCERT) 2 2
Sol. Let y  x sin x . Taking logarithm on both sides, we Ans. (c)
Sol. Let x  sin t cos 2t and y  cos t. sin 2t
have log y  sin x log x
Differentiate both w.r.t 't'
1 dy d d
Therefore   sin x  log x   log x  sin x  dx
y dx dx dx  cos t cos 2t  2sin t.sin 2t
dt
1 dy 1 dy
or   sin x   log x cos x and  2 cos t.cos 2t  sin 2t.sin t
y dx x dt
dy  sin x  dy dy / dt
or  y  cos x log x  Now, 
dx  x  dx dx / dt
 sin x  2 cos t.cos 2t  sin 2t.sin t
 xsin x   cos x log x  
 x  cos t.cos 2t  2sin t.sin 2t
 x sin x 1  sin x  x sin x  cos x log x . 
Put t  ,
4
96 CONTINUITY AND DIFFERENTIABILITY

    dy dy / dt
2 cos .cos  sin sin  
dy 4 2 2 4 dx dx / dt

dx cos  cos   2sin  sin 
10t 9 5 2
4 2 4 2  7
 t
8t 4
1 / 2
1
  2
d y 5 dt
2 / 2 2    2t 
dx 4 dx
Example–18
5 1 5
d2 y   2t  7 
Find , if y  x 3  tan x . 4 8t 16t 6
dx2
(NCERT) Example–21
3
Sol. Given that y  x  tan x . Then
Verify Rolle’s theorem for the function
dy y  x 2  2, a  2 and b  2 . (NCERT)
 3x2  sec2 x
dx Sol. The function y  x 2  2 is continuous in  2, 2  and
2
d y d
Therefore   3x 2  sec2 x  differentiable in  2, 2  .
dx 2 dx
 6 x  3sec x.sec x tan x Also f  2   f  2   6 and hence the value of

 6 x  2sec2 x tan x . f  x  at  2 and 2 coincide.


Rolle’s theorem states that there is a point
Example–19
c    2, 2  , where f '  c   0 .
If y  3e 2 x  2e 3 x , prove that
Since f '  x   2 x, we get c  0 .
d2y dy Thus at c  0, we have
2
 5  6y  0 .
dx dx
f '  c   0 and c  0   2, 2  .
(NCERT)
Sol. Given that y  3e 2 x  2e3 x . Then Example–22
dy Verify Mean Value theorem for the function
 6e2 x  6e3 x  6  e2 x  e3 x 
dx f  x   x 2 in the interval  2, 4 .
d2y (NCERT)
Therefore  12e2 x  18e3 x  6  2e2 x  3e3 x 
dx 2 Sol. The function f  x   x 2 is continuous in  2, 4 and
d2y dy differentiable in  2, 4  as its derivative f '  x   2 x
Hence 2
 5  6 y  6  2e2 x  3e3 x 
dx dx
is defined in  2, 4  .
30  e 2 x  e3 x   6  3e 2 x  2e3 x   0 .
Now, f  2   4 and f  4   16 .
Example–20 Hence,
f b  f  a 
16  4
d2y 6
Let y  t10  1 and x  t 8  1 , then is equal to ba 42
dx 2
MVT states that there is a point c   2, 4  such that
5
(a) t (b) 20t 8 f 'c   6 .
2
5 But f '  x   2 x which implies c  3 .
(c) 6
(d) None of these
16t Thus at c  3   2, 4  , we have
Ans. (c)
f 'c   6 .
Sol. y  t10  1, x  t 8  1
dy dx
 10t 9 ,  8t 7
dt dt
CONTINUITY AND DIFFERENTIABILITY 97

Example–23 Example–25
2 cos x
Differentiate sin x w.r.t. e . If y  f  u  is a differentiable function of u and
Sol. Let u  x   sin 2 x and v  x   e cos x .
u  g  x  is a differentiable function of x, then
du du / dx
We want to find  . y  f  g  x   is a differentiable function of x and
dv dv / dx
du dy dy du
Clearly  2 sin x cos x and   . This rule is also known as CHAIIN
dx dx du dx
dv RULE.
 e cos x   sin x  Based on the above information, answer the
dx
following questions:
   sin x  ecos x
(i) Find the derivative of cos x w.r.t. x.
du 2sin x cos x
  sin x sin x
dv  sin x ecos x (a) (b)
2 x 2 x
2 cos x
 cos x . (c) sin x (d)  sin x
e
1
x
x
Example–24 (ii) The derivative of 7 w.r.t. x. is
1
2
 x 1  x  x2  1  x  1
Assertion: The function defined by f  x   cos x 2   (a)  2  .7 x
.log 7 (b)  2  .7 x .log 7
 x   x 
is a continuous function.
Reason: The cosine function is continuous in its  x2  1  x  1  x2  1  x  1
(c)  2  .7 x .log 7 (d)  2  .7 x .log 7
domain i.e., x  R  x   x 
(a) Assertion is correct, reason is correct; reason is a 1  cos x
correct explanation for assertion. (iii) Find the derivative of w.r.t. x (where x
1  cos x
(b) Assertion is correct, reason is correct; reason is
lie in I quadrant).
not a correct explanation for assertion
1 x 1 x
(c) Assertion is correct, reason is incorrect (a) sec 2 (b)  sec 2
(d) Assertion is incorrect, reason is correct 2 2 2 2
Ans. (b) x x
(c) sec 2 (d)  sec 2
Sol. Let h  x   x 2 and g  x   cos x 2 2
1 x 1 x
Now, h  x  is a polynomial function, so it is (iv) The derivative of tan 1    tan 1   w.r.t. x is
b b a a
continuous for all x  R.
1 1 1 1
g  x  is a cosine function, so it is continuous function (a) 2 2
 2 (b)  2
x b x  a2 2
x b 2
x  a2
in its domain
1 1
  goh  x   g  h  x    g  x 2   cos x 2 (c)  2 (d) None of these
x  b x  a2
2 2

Since g  x  and h  x  are both continuous functions x


(v) What is the derivative of sec1 x  cosec 1
for all x  R , so composition of g  x  and h  x  is 2
x 1
also a continuous function for all x  R . w.r.t. x?
Thus, f  x   cos x   is a continuous function for all
2 2 2
(a) (b)
x2 1 x2 1
xR .
Thus, Reason itself is true but not correct explanation 1 2
(c) (d)
2
of Assertion. x x 1 x x2  1
Sol. (i) (a) Let y  cos x
dy d
 
dx dx
cos x  
98 CONTINUITY AND DIFFERENTIABILITY

dy d x

dx
  sin x .
dx
 x (v) (d) Let y  sec 1 x  cosec 1
2
x 1
1
1  sin x Put x  sec     sec x
  sin x  
2 x 2 x  sec  
x
1 y  sec 1  sec    cosec 1  
(ii) (a) Let y  7 x  sec 2  1 
 
dy d  x  1x     sin 1  1  cos 2  
  7   
dx dx  
   sin 1  sin       2  2sec1 x
1
x
x
d  1
7 .log 7. x  
dy d
 2  sec1 x   2 
1
dx  x
1
dx dx x x2  1
x
x  1 
7 .log 7.  1  2 
 x  2

 x 1  x  1
2 x x2  1
  2  .7 x .log 7
 x 
x
1  1  2sin 2
1  cos x 2  tan  x 
(iii) (a) Let y    
1  cos x x 2
2 cos 2  1  1
2
dy x 1 1 x
  sec2 .  sec2
dx 2 2 2 2
1 x
  1 x
(iv) (b) Let y  tan 1    tan 1  
b b a a
dy 1 1 1 1 1 1
   2
   2

dx b x b a x a
1 2 1 2
b a
1 1
 
b2  x2 a 2  x2
CONTINUITY AND DIFFERENTIABILITY 99

EXERCISE – 1: Basic Subjective Questions


2
Section–A (1 Mark Questions) d2 y  dy 
18. If ey(x + 1) = 1, then show that 2
  .
dx  dx 
1. Find the derivative of log(tan x) w.r.t. x.  sin 3 x
 , if x  0
   tan 2 x
2. If f (x) = |cos x|, then find f '  .
4   3
19. Show that: f  x    , if x  0 is continuous
3.
 
If f (x) = cos x - sin x, then f '    ______. 2
 log 1  3 x 
3  ,if x  0
2x
dy 1 1  e  1
4. For the function x  y  1, findat  ,  at x = 0.
dx 4 4
20. Discuss the continuity of the function
5. Discuss the continuity of the function f (x) = sin x. cos x.
 2 x  1, if x  2

Section–B (2 Marks Questions) f  x    3x at x = 2.
 2 , if x  2
6. Find the derivative of cos-1 (2 x 2 - 1) w.r.t. x. 21. Show that f (x) = x1/3 is not differentiable at x = 0.
7. Find the points of discontinuity of the function 22. If f (x) = λ x2 + 7x – 4 and f ’(5) = 97, find λ.
4  x2 23. Verify the Rolle's theorem for f  x   sin 4 x  cos 4 x
f  x  3
.
4x  x
 
 1  x2  dy in  0,  .
If y  log  , then find  2
8. 2 
 .
 1 x  dx 24. Find the values of p and q so that
9. Let f (x + y) = f (x) + f (y) ∀ x, y ∈ R. Suppose that 2
 x  3 x  p, if x  1
f '  0   1 , then find f '  6  . f  x   is differentiable at x = 1.
 qx  2, if x  1
10. The value of c in Rolle's theorem for the function
f (x) = x3 - 3x in the interval [0, 3] is continuous is ........ Section–D (5 Marks Questions)
1 dy
11. Given the function f ( x)  . Find the points of if y x  x y  x x  ab
x2 25. Find
dx .
discontinuity of the composite function y = f (f (x)).
dy
dy 2t 2t 26. If x y + y x = a b, then find .
12. Find if sin x  2
, tan y  . dx
dx 1 t 1 t2 27. Show that the function f is continuous at x = 2, but not
13. Let f(x) = |sin x|. Then show that f is everywhere differentiable at x = 2. f is defined as follows:
continuous but not differentiable at x  n , n  Z . 3 x  2, 0  x  1

Section–C (3 Marks Questions) f  x    2 x 2  x,1  x  2 is.
5 x  4, x  2
  
 mx  1, x  2  28. Find the value of a for which the function f defined by
14. If f ( x)   , is continuous at x  ,
sin x  n, n   2  
  a sin 2  x  1 , x  0
2 f  x   is continuous at x = 0.
then what is the relation between m and n.  tan x  sin x , x  0
15. If f (x) = x3 + 7x2 + 8x – 9, find f '  4  .  x3
16. Examine the differentiability of f, where f is defined by 29. If x m . y n  ( x  y)m  n , then prove that
1  x, if x  2
f  x   at x = 2. dy y d2y
5  x, if x  2  and 0.
dx x dx 2
17. Show that f (x) = |x - 5| is continuous but not
30. Discuss the differentiability of the function f given by f
differentiable at x = 5.
(x) = |2x - 1|sin x.
100 CONTINUITY AND DIFFERENTIABILITY

EXERCISE – 2: Basic Objective Questions


Section–A (Single Choice Questions) 7. If a function f x is defined as
 x
x 1 x2  ,x  0
1. f  x  is continuous for f  x    x2 then:
2x  3 x  2  0, x  0

(a) for x  2 only.
(b) for all real value of x such that x  2 (a) f x is continuous at x0 but not
(c) for all real value of x differentiable at x  0
(b) f  x  is continuous as well as differentiable at
(d) for all integral value of x only.
x0
dy y (c) f  x  is discontinuous at x  0
2. If y  log  log x  , then the value of e is:
dx
(d) None of these
y 1
(a) e (b)
x 4 x 2
8. If f  x   , x  0 be continuous at x  0,
1 1 x
(c) (d)
 log x   x log x  then f  0  

dy 1 1
3.  
If y  cot 1 x 2 , then the value of
dx
is equal to: (a)
2
(b)
4
3
(c) 2 (d)
2x 2x 2
(a) (b)
1  x4 1  4x
dy
2 x 2 x 9. If x 1  y  y 1  x  0, then 
(c) (d) dx
1  x4 1  x2
x 1 1
dy (a) (b)
4. 
If y  log tan x then
dx
is:  x 1 x
1 x
(c) 2
(d)
2 1 x
(a)
1
(b)
sec x 1  x 
2 x x tan x
dy
sec2 x 10. If, y  e3 x  7 , then the value of is
(c) 2 sec 2 x (d) dx x 0
2 x tan x
(a) 1 (b) 0
dy
If y  e
1 loge x 
5. , then is equal to: (c)  1 (d) 3e7
dx

(a) e (b) 1 d2y


11. Let y  t10  1 and x  t 8  1 , then is equal to
(c) 0 (d) loge x.x dx 2

dy 5
2 (a) t (b) 20t 8
6. 
If y  cos x 2  , then
dx
is equal to: 2
5
(c) (d) None of these
(a)  4 x sin 2 x 2 (b)  x sin x 2 16t 6
(c)  2 x sin 2 x 2 (d)  x cos 2 x 2
CONTINUITY AND DIFFERENTIABILITY 101

dy 17. Consider the following statements:


12. If x x  y y , then is equal to
dx I. The function f  x    x , where [.] is greatest
y x integer function, is a continuous function.
(a)  (b) 
x y II. All trigonometric functions are continuous on R.
x 1  log x
(c) 1  log   (d) Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
 y 1  log y
(a) Only I (b) Only II
d2y (c) Both I and II (d) Neither I nor II
13. If x  f  t  and y  g  t  , then is equal to
dx 2
 x , x 3

g " t  18. If f  x    4 , x  3 is continuous at x  3,
(a) 3x  5, , x  3
f " t  
g " t  f '  t   g '  t  f "  t  then the value of  is equal to:
(b) 3
 f 't  (a) 1 (b)  1
(c) 0 (d) does not exist
g " t  f '  t   g '  t  f "  t 
(c)
 f '  t  2 19. If f : R  R is defined by

(d) None of these  2 sin x  sin 2 x


 , if x  0
f  x    2 x cos x then the value
 a, if x  0
14. The relationship between a and b, so that the of a, so that f is continuous at 0, is
 ax  1, if x  3
function f defined by f  x    is (a) 2 (b) 1
bx  3, if x  3 (c)  1 (d) 0
continuous at x  3, is
dn y
2 3 20. If y  a cos x  b sin x and   a cos x  b sin x,
(a) a  b  (b) a  b  dx n
3 2 then minimum value of n 
2
(c) a  b  (d) a  b  2 (a) 2 (b) 4
3
(c) 6 (d) 8
x dy
15. If y  e x , then .   x 2 , if x  4
dx 21. If the function f  x    is continuous at
 ax, if x  4
(a) y 1  log e x  (b) yx x 1  log e x  x  4, then a 
(c) ye x 1  log e x  (d) None of these (a) 2 (b) 4
(c) 6 (d) 8

 x k cos 1/ x  , x  0  1
16. If f  x    is continuous at  x sin , x0
22. f  x   x at x  0 is
 0, x0
 0, x0
x  0, then
(a) continuous as well as differentiable
(a) k  0 (b) k  0 (b) differentiable but not continuous
(c) k  0 (d) k  0 (c) continuous but not differentiable
(d) neither continuous nor differentiable
102 CONTINUITY AND DIFFERENTIABILITY

Section–B (Assertion & Reason Type Questions) 26. Assertion: If u  f  tan x  , v  g  sec x  and
1
23. Assertion: If x  at 2 and y  2at , f ' 1  2, g '  2   4, then  du 

dv  x  / 4

2
d2y 1 Reason: If u  f  x  , v  g  x  , then the derivative
then 
dx 2 t  2 16a
du du / dx
of f with respect to g is 
2 2 dv dv / dx
d  y  dy   dt 
Reason:     
dx 2  dt   dx  (a) Assertion is correct, reason is correct; reason is a
correct explanation for assertion.
(a) Assertion is correct, reason is correct; reason is a
correct explanation for assertion. (b) Assertion is correct, reason is correct; reason is
not a correct explanation for assertion
(b) Assertion is correct, reason is correct; reason is
not a correct explanation for assertion (c) Assertion is correct, reason is incorrect

(c) Assertion is correct, reason is incorrect (d) Assertion is incorrect, reason is correct.

(d) Assertion is incorrect, reason is correct. 27. Assertion: Every differentiable function is
continuous but converse is not true.
24. Assertion: If a function f is discontinuous at c, then
c is called a point of discontinuity. Reason: Function f  x   x is continuous.

Reason: A function is continuous at x = c, if the (a) Assertion is correct, reason is correct; reason is a
function is defined at x = c and the value of the correct explanation for assertion.
function at x = c equals the limit of the function at x
(b) Assertion is correct, reason is correct; reason is
= c.
not a correct explanation for assertion
(a) Assertion is correct, reason is correct; reason is a
(c) Assertion is correct, reason is incorrect
correct explanation for assertion.
(d) Assertion is incorrect, reason is correct.
(b) Assertion is correct, reason is correct; reason is
not a correct explanation for assertion Section–C (Case Study Questions)
(c) Assertion is correct, reason is incorrect Case Study–1
(d) Assertion is incorrect, reason is correct. 28. Let f  x  be a real valued function, then its

25. Assertion: f  x   x sin x , is differentiable at Left Hand Derivative (L.H.D.) :


x  0. f  a  h  f  a 
Lf '  a   lim
h 0 h
Reason: If f  x  is not differentiable and g  x  is
Right Hand Derivative (R.H.D.) :
differentiable at x  a , then f ( x).g ( x) can still be
differentiable at x  a . f a  h  f a
Rf '  a   lim
h 0 h
(a) Assertion is correct, reason is correct; reason is a
Also, a function f(x) is said to be differentiable at
correct explanation for assertion.
x  a if its L.H.D. and R.H.D. at x  a exists and
(b) Assertion is correct, reason is correct; reason is are equal.
not a correct explanation for assertion
 x 3 , x 1

(c) Assertion is correct, reason is incorrect For the function f  x    x 2 3x 13 ,
   ,x1
(d) Assertion is incorrect, reason is correct. 4 2 4
answer the following questions:
CONTINUITY AND DIFFERENTIABILITY 103

(i) R.H.D. of f  x  at x  1 is 1 2 3 dy
(iv) If y  u 4 and u  x  5 , then 
4 3 dx
(a) 1 (b) -1
2 2 3 2 2 3
(c) 0 (d) 2 (a) x  2 x3 15 (b) x  2 x3  15
27 7
(ii) L.H.D. of f  x  at x  1 is
2 3 2 3
(c) x  2 x3  5 (d)  2 x 15
3

(a) 1 (b) -1 27 7
(c) 0 (d) 2 Case Study–3

(iii) f  x  is non-differentiable at 30. Derivative of y  f  x  w.r.t. x (if exists) is denoted


dy
by or f '  x  and is called the first order
(a) x  1 (b) x  2 dx
derivative of y .
(c) x  3 (d) x  4
dy
(iv) Find the value of f '  2  . If we take derivative of again, then we get
dx
(a) 1 (b) 2 d  dy  d 2 y
  or f ''  x  and is called the second
(c) 3 (d) -1 dx  dx  dx 2
d  d2 y 
Case Study–2 order derivative of y. Similarly,   is
dx  dx 2 
29. Let x  f  t  and y  g  t  be parametric forms
d3 y
dy dy dt g '  t  denoted and defined as or f '''  x  and is
with t as a parameter, then    , dx 3
dx dt dx f '  t  known as third order derivative of y and so on.
where f '  t  Based on the above information, answer the
following question.
On the basis of above information, answer the
following questions: d2 u
(i) If u  x 2  y 2 and x  s  3t, y  2s  t, then is
ds 2
 equal to (where t is a constant)
(i) The derivative of f  tan x  w.r.t. g  sec x  at x  ,
4 (a) 12 (b) 32
where f ' 1  2 and g '  2   4, is (c) 36 (d) 10
(ii) If f  x   2 log sin x, then f ''  x  is equal to
1
(a) (b) 2
2 (a) 2cosec3 x
(c) 1 (d) 0 (b) 2cot 2 x  4 x 2 cosec2 x 2
 2x  (c) 2 x cot x 2
(ii) The derivative of sin 1  2 
with respect to
1 x  (d) 2cosec2 x

 1  x2  (iii) If f  x   e x sin x, then f '''  x  


cos 1  2 
is
1 x 
(a) 2e x  sin x  cos x  (b) 2e x  cos x  sin x 
(a) -1 (b) 1
(c) 2e x  sin x  cos x  (d) 2e x cos x
(c) 2 (d) 4
d 3
(iii) The derivative of e x3
with respect to log x is (iv) If y 2  ax 2  bx  c, then
dx
 y y2  
3 3
(a) e x (b) 3 x 2 2e x (a) 1 (b) -1

(c) 3 x 3 e x
3 3
(d) 3 x 2 e x  3 x 4ac  b 2
(c) (d) 0
a2
104 CONTINUITY AND DIFFERENTIABILITY

EXERCISE – 3: Previous Year Questions


1. Find the value of p and q, for which 7. If the function f  x  given by
 1  sin 3 x   3ax  b, if x  1
 , if x  
 3cos 2 x 2 f  x    11, if x  1 is continuous at x  1,
  5ax  2b,
f  x   p, if x   if x  1
 2 find the values of a and b .
 q 1  sin x   (Delhi 2012C, 2011, AI 2010C)
 2
, if x 
   2 x  2
8. For what value of a is the function f defined by
  
is continuous at x  .
2  a sin 2  x  1 , x  0
f  x   continuous at x  0 .
(Delhi 2016, Foreign 2008)  tan x  sin x , x  0
 x3
2. Find the value of the constant k so that the function (Delhi 2011)
f , defined below, is continuous at x  0, where
9. Find the relationship between a and b so that the
 1  cos 4 x   ax  1, if x  3
 if x  0 function ' f ' defined by f  x   
f  x    8 x 2  . (AI 2014C) bx  3, if x  3
 k, if x  0 is continuous at x  3 . (AI 2011)

10. Discuss the continuity of the function f  x  at
3. Find the value of k , for which
1
x , when f  x  is defined as follows:
 1  kx  1  kx 2
 , if  1  x  0
f  x   x 1 1
2x 1  2  x, 0  x  2
 , if 0  x  1 
 x 1  1 . (Delhi 2011C)
f  x    1, x
is continuous at x  0 . (AI 2013)  2
3 1
 1, if x  3  2  x, 2  x  1


4. If f  x   ax  b, if 3  x  5, find the values of 11. Find the value of ' a ' if the function f  x  defined
 7, if x  5
 2 x  1, x  2

a an b so that f  x  is a continuous function. by f  x    a, x  2 is continuous at x  2 .
 x  1, x  2
(AI 2013C, Delhi 2012C) 
(AI 2011C)
5. Find the value of k so that the following function is
12. For what value of k is the function defined by
continuous at x  2 .
 k  x 2  2  , if x  0
 x 3  x 2  16 x  20 f  x   continuous at x  0 ?
 ; x2
f  x    x  2
2
. (Delhi 2012C)  3 x  1, if x  0
 Also, write whether the function is continuous at
 k ; x2
x 1. (Delhi 2010C)
6. Find the value of k so that the following function is
 k cos x  13. Find the values of a and b, if the function f
    2 x ; if x  2  x 2  3 x  a, x  1
continuous at x  : f  x    . defined by f  x   is
2  5,   bx  2, x 1
if x 
 2 differentiable at x  1 . (Foreign 2016)
(Delhi 2012C)
CONTINUITY AND DIFFERENTIABILITY 105

 1  x2  1  x2  2 dy a xa
14. If y  tan 1   , x  1 then find . 25. If y  tan 1    log , prove that
 1  x2  1  x2  dx x xa
 
(Delhi 2015) dy 2a 3
 4 . (AI 2014 C)
x  1 dx x  a 4
15. If f  x   x 2  1; g  x   2 and h  x   2 x  3,
x 1 26. If log  
1  x2  x  y 1  x2 , show that
then find f '  h '  g '  x    . (AI 2015)
16. Show that the function f  x   x  1  x  1 , for all
1  x  dy
2

dx
 xy  1  0 . (AI 2011C)
cos x
x  R , is not differentiable at the points x  1 and 27. Differentiate x sin x   sin x  with respect to x .
x 1 . (AI 2015) (AI 2016, Delhi 2009)
17. Find whether the following function is differentiable
x dy
at x  1 and x  2 or not. 28. If y   sin x   sin 1 x , then find
dx
 x, x 1
 (Delhi 2015C, 2013C)
f  x    2  x, 1 x  2 . (Foreign 2015) dy y
mn
2  3x  x 2 , x  2 29. If x m y n   x  y  , then prove that  .
 dx x
18. For what value  of the function defined by (Foreign 2014)
  x  2  , if x  0
2 x
dy
f  x   is continuous at 30. If  x  y   e x y
 a , then prove that y  x  2y .
 4 x  6, if x  0 dx
(Delhi 2014 C)
x  0? Hence check the differentiability of f  x 
31. Differentiate the following function with respect to
at x  0 . (AI 2015 C) x
x :  log x   x log x . (Delhi 2013)
19. If cos y  x cos  a  y  , where cos x  1, prove
2
dy 1  log y 
dy cos 2  a  y  32. x
If y  e yx
, then prove that  .
that  . (Foreign 2014) dx log y
dx sin a
20. Show that the function f  x   x  3 , x  R , is
(AI 2013)
dy log x
continuous but not differentiable at x  3 . 33. If x y  e x  y , then prove that  .
dx 1  log x 2
(Delhi 2013, AI 2012)
21. If sin y  x sin  a  y  , then prove that (AI 2013, Delhi 2010 C)
x 1
2 dy  2 
dy sin  a  y  34. Find , if y  sin 1  x . (AI 2013 C)
 . (Delhi 2012, 2011C) dx 1 4 
dx sin a
 1  x2  1 y x dy
35. If  cos x    cos y  , find .
22. Differentiate tan 1   with respect to x . dx
 x 
(Delhi 2012, AI 2009)
(AI 2012)  1  x2 1  1 2 x
x cos 1 x 36. Differentiate tan 1   w.r.to sin 2
,
23. If y 2
 log 1  x , then prove that  x  1  x
 
1  x2
if x   1,1 .
dy cos 1 x
 3
. (Delhi 2015 C) (Foreign 2016, Delhi 2014)
dx
1  x 
2 2
37. If x  ae t  sin t  cos t  and y  aet  sin t  cos t  ,
dy y  x dy x  y
24. If e x  e y  e x  y , then prove that e  0 . prove that  . (AI 2015 C)
dx dx x  y
(Foreign 2014)
 1  x2 
38. Differentiate tan 1   with respect to
 x 
 

 
cos 1 2 x 1  x 2 , when x  0 . (Delhi 2014)
106 RELATIONS AND FUNCTIONS

 x  51. If x  a  cos t  t sin t  and y  a  sin t  t cos t  ,


39. Differentiate tan 1   with respect to
 1 x
2
 d2y 
then find the value of 2
at t  .
dx 4

sin 1 2 x 1  x 2 .  (Delhi 2014)
(Delhi 2014 C)
40. If x  2cos   cos 2 and y  2sin   sin 2 , then  t
52. If x  a  cos t  log tan  , y  a sin t , evaluate
dy  3   2 
prove that  tan   . (Delhi 2013 C)
dx  2  d2y 
at t  . (Delhi 2014 C)
sin 1 t cos1 t dy y dx 2 3
41. If x  a ,y a , then show that  .
dx x   t 
53. If x  a sin t and y  a  cos t  log tan    , find
(AI 2012)   2 
dy
42. If x  a   sin   and y  a 1  cos   , find d2y
dx . (Delhi 2013 C)
dx 2

at  
3
. (Delhi 2011 C) 54. If y  log x   x2  a2 ,  show that

d2y dy
43.
 t
If x  a  cos t  log tan  and y  a sin t , find
dy
. x 2
 a2 
dx 2
 x  0.
dx
 2 dx
(Delhi 2013)
(Delhi 2011 C)
3 3
2 55. If x  a cos  and y  a sin  , then find the value
d 2 y 1  dy  y
44. If y  x x , then prove that     0.
dx 2 y  dx  x d2y 
of 2
at   .
(Delhi 2016, 2014) dx 6
45. If y  2 cos  log x   3sin  log x  , prove that (AI 2013)
1 
d2y dy 56. If x  tan  log y  , then show that
x2 x  y 0. (AI 2016) a 
dx 2 dx 2
46. If x  sin t and y  sin pt . Prove that 1  x  ddx y   2 x  a  dy
2
2
dx
0.
2

1  x  ddx y  x dy
2
2
dx
p 2
y0. (Foreign 2016) (Delhi 2013 C, 2011)
57. If x  cos and y  sin 3  , then prove that
47. If x  a cos   b sin  , y  a sin   b cos  , then 2
d 2 y  dy 
d y 2
dy y     3sin 2   5 cos 2   1 .
show that y 2  x  y  0. dx 2  dx 
dx 2 dx (AI 2013 C)
(Delhi 2015, Foreign 2014, AI 2013 C) 2

48. If
1
y  em sin x , 1  x  1, then show that
58. If y  sin 1 x, show that 1  x 2   ddx y  x dx
2
dy
 0.
2 (Delhi 2012)
1  x  ddx y  x dx
2
2
dy
m 2
y  0. (AI 2015, 2010) 2
59. If y   tan x  ,
1
show that
n
49. If 
y  x  1  x2 , then show that
x 2
 1
d2y
2 dy
 2 x  x 2  1  2 .
2
2 dx dx
1  x  ddx y  x dy
2
2
dx
n y. 2
(Delhi 2012, AI 2012)
60. If x  a  cos t  t sin t  and x  a  sin t  t cos t  ,
(Foreign 2015, Delhi 2013C)
d2y   d2x d2 y 2
50. If x  a sec3  , y  a tan 3  , find at   . 0t , find 2
, 2 and d y .
dx 2
4 2 dt dt dx 2

(Delhi 2015 C) (AI 2012, 2011 C, Delhi 2012 C)


CONTINUITY AND DIFFERENTIABILITY 107

 t d2y y dy
61. If x  a  cos t  log tan  , y  a sin t , find 71. If  sin x   x  y, then find . (AI 2019)
 2 dt 2 dx
2
d2y 72. 
If y  sin 1 x  , prove that
and . (AI 2012)
dx 2
2
62. If y  cos ec 1 x, x  1, then show that 1  x  ddx y  x dy
2
2
dx
 2  0. (Delhi 2019)
2
d y dy
x  x 2  1   2 x 2  1  0 . (AI 2010) t
dx 2 dx 73. If x  cos t  log tan   , y  sin t , then find the
2
 1  cos x 
63. Differentiate tan 1   with respect to x . d2y d2y 
 sin x  value of 2
and 2
at t  . (Delhi 2019)
dt dx 4
(2018)
d
2 dy 74. If f  x   x  1, then find  fof  x  . (Delhi 2019)
64. 
If x 2  y 2   xy , find
dx
. (2018) dx

65. If x  a  2  sin 2  and y  a 1  cos 2  , find


d2y
dy  75. If y  Ae5 x  Be 5 x , then find .
when   . (2018) dx 2
dx 3 (AI 2020)
 cos x  sin x  76. If the function f is defined as
66. Differentiate tan 1   with respect to
 cos x  sin x  x 9 2

x. (2018C)  , x3
f  x   x  3 is continuous at x  3 , find
67. If sin y  x cos  a  y  , then show that  k, x  3

2
dy cos  a  y  dy the value of k. (AI 2020)
 . Also, show that  cos a,
dx cos a dx 77. Differentiate sin x w.r.to e 2 cos x
. (AI 2020)
when x  0. (2018 C)
d2y  dy
68. If x  a sec3  and y  a tan 3  , find 2
at   . 78. If y  tan 1 x  cot 1 x , x  R , then is equal to
dx 3 dx
(2018 C) ______. (AI 2020)
tan 1 x 79. If cos  xy   k , where k is a constant and
69. If ye , then prove that
2 dy
1  x  ddx y   2 x  1 dy
2
2
dx
 0. xy  n , n  Z , then
dx
is equal to ____.

(AI 2019) (AI 2020)


70. If sin y  x sin  a  y  , then prove that 80. Differentiate sin
2
 x  with respect x.
2
dy sin  a  y  (AI 2020)
 (AI 2019)
dx sin a

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108 APPLICATION OF DERIVATIVES

06
APPLICATION OF DERIVATIVES
APPLICATION OF DERIVATIVES 109

Chapter at a Glance
dy
 If a quantity y varies with another quantity x, satisfying some rule y  f  x  , then ( or f   x  ) represents the rate
dx
dy
of change of y with respect to x and (or f   x0  ) represents the rate of change of y with respect to x at
dx x  x0

x  x0 .
 If two variables x and y are varying with respect to another variable t , i.e., if x  f  t  and y  g  t  , then by chain
dy
dy dt dx
rule  , if 0
dx dx dt
dt
 A function f is said to be
(a) Increasing on an interval  a, b  if x1  x2 in  a, b   f  x1   f  x2  for all x1 , x2   a, b 
Alternatively, if f   x   0 for each x in  a, b 
(b) decreasing on  a, b  if x1  x2 in  a, b   f  x1   f  x2  for all x1 , x2   a, b 
Alternatively, if f   x   0 for each x in  a, b 
dy
 The equation of the tangent at  x0 , y0  to the curve y  f  x  is given by  y  y0    x  x0 
dx  x0 , y0 
dy
 If does not exist at the point  x0 , y0  , then the tangent at this point is parallel to the y -axis and its equation is
dx
x  x0 .
dy
 If tangent to a curve y  f  x  at x  x0 is parallel to x -axis, then  0.
dx x  x0

1
 Equation of the normal to the curve y  f  x  at a point  x0 , y0  is given by y  y0   x  x0 
dy
dx  x0 , y0 
dy
 If at the point  x0 , y0  is zero, then equation of the normal is x  x0 .
dx
dy
 If at the point  x0 , y0  does not exist, then the normal is parallel to x -axis and its equation is y  y0 .
dx
 Let y  f  x  ,  x be a small increment in x and y be the increment in y corresponding to the increment in x, i.e.,
 dy 
y  f  x  x   f  x  . Then dy is given by dy  f   x  dx or dy     x
 dx 
Is a good approximation of y when dx  x is relatively small and we denote it by dy  y.
 A point c in the domain of a function f at which either f   c   0 or f is not differentiable is called a critical point of
f .
 First Derivative Test: Let f be a function defined on an open interval I . Let f be continuous at a critical point c in
I . Then
(i) If f   x  changes sign from positive to negative as x increasing through c, i.e., if f   x   0 at every point
sufficiently close to and to the left of c, and f   x   0 at every point sufficiently close to and to the right of c, then c
is a point of local maxima.
110 APPLICATION OF DERIVATIVES

(ii) If f   x  changes sign from negative to positive as x increases through c, i.e., if f   x   0 at every point
sufficiently close to and to the left of c, and f   x   0 at every point sufficiently close to and to the right of c, then c
is a point of local maxima.
(iii) If f   x  does not change sign as x increase through c, then c is neither a point of local maxima nor a point of
local minima. Infact, such a point is called point of inflection.

 Second Derivative Test: Let f be a function defined on an interval I and c  I . Let f be twice differentiable at c.
Then
(i) x  c is a point of local maxima if f   c   0 and f   c   0
The values f  c  is local maximum value of f .
(ii) x  c is a point of local minima if f   c   0 and f   c   0
In this case, f  c  is local minimum value of f .
(iii) The test fails if f   c   0 and f   c   0
In this case, we go back to the first derivative test and find whether c is a point of maxima, minima, or a point of
inflexion.
 Working rule for finding absolute maxima and/or absolute minima
Step 1: Find all critical points of f in the interval, i.e., find points x where either f   x   0 or f is not differentiable.
Step 2: Take the end points of the interval.
Step 3: At all these points (listed in step 1 and 2), calculate the values of f .
Step 4: Identify the maximum and minimum values of f out of the values calculated in step 3. This maximum value will
be the absolute maximum value of f and the minimum value will be the absolute value of f .
APPLICATION OF DERIVATIVES 111

Solved Examples
Example–1 dR
Marginal revenue  MR    20 x  13
Find the rate of change of the area of a circle per dx
second with respect to its radius r when r  5 cm. When x = 5, MR  20  5  13  113
(NCERT)
Sol. The area A of a circle with radius r is given by Example–4

A   r2. Prove that the function given by f  x   cos x is


Therefore, the rate of change of the area A with
(a) decreasing in  0,  
respect to its radius r is given by
dA d (b) increasing in  , 2  , and
  r 2   2 r.
dr dr (c) neither increasing nor decreasing in  0, 2  .
dA (NCERT)
When r  5 cm,  10 .
dr Sol. Note that f '  x    sin x
Thus, the area of the circle is changing at the rate of
(a) Since for each x   0,   , sin x  0, we have
10 cm2 / s.
f '  x   0 and so f is decreasing in  0,   .
Example–2
(b) Since for each x   , 2   , sin x  0, we have
A stone is dropped into a quiet lake and waves move
in circles at a speed of 4cm per second. At the instant, f '  x   0 and so f is increasing in  , 2  .
when the radius of the circular wave is 10 cm, how (c) Clearly by (a) and (b) above, f is neither
fast is the enclosed area increasing? (NCERT)
increasing nor decreasing in  0, 2  .
Sol. The area A of a circle with radius r is given by
A   r2. Example–5
Therefore, the rate of change of area A with respect
The values of x for which the function
to time t is 2
f  x   x  6 x  8 is increasing is –
dA d d dr dr
  r 2     r 2  .  2 r (a) x > 2 (b) x < 2
dt dt dr dt dt
(c) x > 3 (d) x < 3
dr
It is given that  4cm / s Ans. (c)
dt
Sol. f  x   x2  6 x  8
dA
Therefore, when r  10cm,  2 10  4   80  f ' x  2x  6
dt
Thus, the enclosed area is increasing at the rate of For f (x) to be increasing, f '  x   0
2
80 cm / s, when r  10cm.  2x  6  0
 2x  6
Example–3
 x3
The total marginal revenue in Rupees received from
the sale of x units of a product is given by Example–6
R  x   10 x 2  13x  24 . The marginal revenue when x Find intervals in which the function given by
= 5 is -  
f  x   sin 3x, x   0,  is
(a) 113 (b) 210  2
(c) 116 (d) 97 (a) increasing (b) decreasing.
Ans. (a) (NCERT)
Sol. Given: R  x   10 x 2  13x  24 Sol. We have
We know that, f  x   sin 3x
 f '  x   3cos 3 x
112 APPLICATION OF DERIVATIVES

Therefore, f '  x   0 gives cos3x  0 which in turn Example–8

 3 Find the intervals in which f  x    x  1  x  3 is


3 3
gives 3x  ,
2 2
increasing or decreasing.
   3  Sol. We have,
as x   0,  implies 3x  0,  .
 2  2 3
f  x    x  1  x  3
3

  
So x  and . The point x  divides the  f '  x   3  x  1
2 3
 x  3   x  1
3
 3  x  3
2
6 2 6
2 2
     f '  x   3  x  1  x  3  x  1  x  3 
interval 0,  into two disjoint intervals 0, 
 2  6 2 2
 f '  x   6  x  1  x  3  x  1
  
and  ,  . For f (x) to be increasing, we must have
 6 2
f ' x  0
2 2
 6  x  1  x  3  x  1  0
 x  1  0 and x  1,3
 
Now, f ' x  0 for all x  0,  as
 6  6  x  1 2  x  32  0 for all x  1,3
 
 
0 x  0  3x  and f ' x  0 for all  x  1 and x  1,3
6 2
      3  x  1,3   3,  
x   ,  as  x    3 x  .
6 2 6 2 2 2 So, f (x) is increasing on 1,3   3,  
  For f (x) to be decreasing, we must have
Therefore, f is increasing in 0,  and decreasing
 6 f ' x  0
  
in  ,  .  6  x  1
2 2
 x  3  x  1  0
2 2
Also, the given function is continuous at x  0 and  x  1  0 and x  1,3

x  . Therefore, by Theorem 1, f is increasing on  6  x  1 2  x  32  0 for all x  1,3
6  
      x  1 and x  1,3
0, 6  and decreasing on  6 , 2  .
     x   ,  1   1,1 .
Example–7 So, f(x) is decreasing on  ,  1   1,1 .
x   
The function f  x     sin x on   ,  is – Example–9
2  3 3
(a) increasing (b) decreasing Find the slope of the tangent to the curve y  x3  x
(c) constant (d) None of these at x  2. (NCERT)
Ans. (a) Sol. The slope of the tangent at x  2 is given by
x dy 
Sol. f  x     sin x  3 x 2  1  11.
2 dx  x  2 x 2

1
f '  x     cos x Example–10
2
   1  Find the equations of the tangent and normal to the
Now, for x    ,  , cos x   , 1
 3 3 2  2 2
curve x 3  y 3  2 at point (1, 1).
1
 f '  x     cos x  0 (NCERT)
2 2 2
   Sol. Equation of curve: x  y  2 3 3
Hence, f (x) is an increasing function on   ,  .
 3 3 Differentiating with respect to x, we get
APPLICATION OF DERIVATIVES 113

2 31 2 31 dy Therefore, the point of tangency is (1, 2).


x  y 0 Hence, the option (a) is correct.
3 3 dx
1
Example–12
dy  y 3
   
dx  x Find the equations of all lines having slope 0 which
Therefore, the slope of the tangent at (1, 1) is 1
are tangent to the curve y  2 .
dy  x  2x  3
 1.
dx  1,1 1
Sol. Equation of the curve y 
So, the equation of the tangent at (1, 1) is x2  2 x  3
y  1  1 x  1 dy 2x  2
Therefore, slope of tangent  2
dx  x  2 x  3
2
 y x2 0
Also, the slope of the normal at (1, 1) is given by Given that the slope of tangent to the curve is 0.
-1 2x  2
1  2
0
dy  
2
x  2x  3 
dx  1,1
 2x  2  0
Therefore, the equation of the normal  x 1
at (1, 1) is
1 1
y  1  1 x  1 If x = 1, then y   , therefore, the
12  2 1  3 2
 yx0
 1
point of tangency is  1,  .
Example–11  2
Hence, the equation of tangent is given by,
The line y = x +1 is a tangent to the curve y 2  4 x at
1
the point y   0  x  1
2
(a) (1, 2) (b) (2, 1)  2 y 1  0
(c) (1, -2) (d) (-1, 2)
Ans. (a) Example–13
2
Sol. Differentiating y  4 x with respect to x, we get Find the approximate value of
3
2y
dy
4
f  2.01 , where f  x   x  1 is -
dx Sol.
Therefore, slope of tangent to the curve y 2  4 x is Let x  2 and x  0.01. Then
dy 2 f  2.01  f  x  x 

dx y 3
  x  x   1
Slope of the line y = x + 1 is 1.
It is given that the line y = x + 1 is tangent to the Note that y  f  x  x   f  x  .
dy Therefore,
curve. Therefore, slope of line will be equal to at
dx f  x  x   f  x   y
the point of tangency.
 f  x   f '  x  x  as dx  x 
dy
i.e., 1
dx f  2.01   x 3  1   3 x 2  x
2

y
1   2  1  3 2   0.01
3 2

 y2  9  0.12
 9.12
Putting y = 2 in y 2  4 x , we have,
Hence, approximate value of f  2.01 if 9.12.
2
 2  4x
 x 1
114 APPLICATION OF DERIVATIVES

Example–14 f  x   0, for all x  R and f  x   0 if x  0.


If the radius of a sphere is measured as 9 cm with an Therefore, the function f has a minimum value 0
error of 0.03 cm, then find the approximate error in
and the point of minimum value of f is x  0.
calculating its volume.
(NCERT) Also, the graph clearly shows that f has no
Sol. Let r be the radius of the sphere and r be the error maximum value in R and hence no point of maximum
in measuring the radius. value in R.
Then r  9 cm and  r  0.03 cm. Now, the volume Example–17
V of the sphere is given by
Find all points of local maxima and local minima as
4 dV
V   r3   4 r 2 well as local maximum and local minimum if exist
3 dr
for the function f  x   x 2  4 x  7 .
 dV 
 r   4 r  r
2
Therefore dV  
 dr  Sol. f  x   x2  4 x  7
2
 4  9   0.03   9.72 cm3  f ' x   2x  4  2  x  2
Thus, the approximate error in calculating the volume Finding critical points, by putting f '  x   0
is 9.72 cm3 .  2  x  2  0  x  2
Example–15 For x just less than 2,
The approximate change in the volume V of a cube of x2 0
side x metres caused by increasing side by 1 % is-
 2  x  2  0  f ' x   0
(a) 0.01x3 m3 (b) 0.02 x3 m3
For x just greater than 2,
(c) 0.03x3 m3 (d) None of these x2  0
Ans. (c)  2  x  2  0  f '  x   0
Sol. The volume of a cube (V) of side x is given by V  x 3 ve ve
 f '  x  changes its sign from    to    at x  2
 dV 
dV    x  x  2 is a point of local minima.
 dx 
Now, value of local minimum at
  3x 2  x 2
x  2 is f  2   2  4  2  7  3
  3 x 2   0.01x   as 1% of x is 0.01x 
 0.03x 3
Example–18
Hence, the approximate change in the volume of the
Find both the maximum and the minimum value of
cube is 0.03x3 m3 .
3 x 4  8 x 3  12 x 2  48 x  1 on the interval 1, 4 .
Example–16
Sol. Let f ( x)  3x 4  8x3  12 x 2  48x  1 . Then,
Find the maximum and minimum values of f , if
f '( x)  12 x3  24 x 2  24 x  48
any, of the function given by f  x  x , x  R
and f " x   36 x 2  48x  24
(NCERT)
Now, f '( x )  0
Sol. From the graph of the given function (fig.), note that
 12 x3  24 x 2  24 x  48  0
 x3  2 x 2  2 x  4  0
 x2  x  2  2  x  2   0
  x  2  x2  2  0
x2
At x  2, we have
2
f "  x   36  2   48  2   24  72  0 .
APPLICATION OF DERIVATIVES 115

So, x  2 is a point of local minimum.


Now, f  2   63, f 1  40 and f  4   257. Example–20
So, the minimum and maximum values of f (x) on
Mr. Sahil is the owner of a high-rise residential
[1, 4] are -63 and 257 respectively.
society having 50 apartments. When he set rent at Rs
Example–19 10000/month, all apartments are rented. If he
increases rent by Rs 250/month, one fewer apartment
Prove that the radius of the right circular cylinder of
is rented. The maintenance cost for each occupied
greatest curved surface area which can be inscribed in
unit is Rs 500/month.
a given cone is half of that of the cone.
(NCERT)
Sol. Let OC  r be the radius of the cone and OA  h be
its height. Let a cylinder with radius OE  x
inscribed in the given cone (Fig). The height QE of
the cylinder is given by

Based on the above information answer the


following questions.

(i) If P is the rent price per apartment and N is the


number of rented apartment, then profit is given by

(a) NP (b) (N – 500) P


(c) N (P – 500) (d) None of these
QE EC
 (since QEC ~ AOC )
OA OC (ii) If x represent the number of apartments which are
QE r  x
or  not rented, then the profit expressed as a function of
h r
x is
h r  x
or QE 
r (a) (50 – x)(38 + x) (b) (50 + x)(38 - x)
Let S be the curved surface area of the given
(c) 250 (50 – x)(38 + x) (d) 250(50 + x)(38 – x)
cylinder. Then
2 xh  r  x  2 h
S  S  x 
r

r
 rx  x 2  (iii) If P = 10500, then N =

 2 h (a) 47 (b) 48
 S '  x   r  r  2 x 
or  (c) 49 (d) 50
 S "  x   4 h
 r (iv) If P = 11000, then the profit is
r
Now S '  x   0 gives x  . Since S "  x   0 for all
2 (a) Rs 4,83,000 (b) Rs 5,00,000
r
  r (c) Rs 5,05,000 (d) Rs 6,50,000
x, S "    0. So x  is a point of maxima of S.
2 2
Hence, the radius of the cylinder of greatest curved (v) The rent that maximizes the total amount of profit is
surface area which can be inscribed in a given cone is
half of that of the cone. (a) Rs 11000 (b) Rs 11500
116 APPLICATION OF DERIVATIVES

(c) Rs 15800 (d) Rs 16500

Sol. (i) (c)


If P is the rent price per apartment and N is the
number of rented apartment, the profit is given by
NP – 500N = N (P – 500)
[ Rs 500/month is the maintenance charges for
each occupied unit]
(ii) (c) Now, if x be the number of non-rented
apartments, then
N = 50 – x and P = 10000 + 250 x
Thus, profit = N (P – 500)
= (50 – x)(10000 + 250 x – 500)
= (50 – x)(9500 + 250 x) = 250 (50 – x)(38 + x)
(iii) (b) Clearly, if P = 10500, then
10500 = 10000 + 250 x
 x2
 N  48
(iv) (a) Also, if P = 11000, then
11000 = 10000 + 250 x
x  4
And so profit is
P(4) = 250 (50 – 4)(38 + 4) = Rs 483000
(v) (b) We have, P(x) = 250 (50 – x)(38 + x)
Now, P’(x) = 250 [50 – x – (38 + x)] = 250 [ 12 – 2x]
For maxima/minima, put P’(x) = 0
 12  2x  0  x  6
Thus, price per apartment is,
P = 10000 + 1500 = 11500
Hence, the rent that maximizes the profit is Rs 11500.
APPLICATION OF DERIVATIVES 117

EXERCISE – 1: Basic Subjective Questions


16. The slope of tangent to the curve 2 y 2  ax 2  b at
Section–A (1 Mark Questions)
1, 1 is –1. Find  a, b  .
4
1. If V   r 3 , at what rate in cubic units is V increasing, 17. Find the points on the curve y  x3 at which the slope of
3
the tangent is equal to the y  coordinate of the point.
dr
when r = 10 and  0.01? 18. Find the co-ordinates of the point on the curve
dt
x  y  4 at which tangent is equally inclined to the
2. Find the slope of tangent to the curve y  e2x at the
axes.
point (0, 1).
19. If the area of a circle increases at a uniform rate, then
3. Find the interval on which the function
prove that perimeter varies inversely as the radius.
f  x   2 x 2  9 x  12 is decreasing. 20. Determine two positive numbers whose sum is 15 and
4. Let f : R  R be defined by f  x   2 x  cos x, then the sum of whose squares is minimum.
21. Find the intervals in which function
prove that f  x  is an increasing function 3 2
f  x    x  1  x  2  is increasing or decreasing.
5. Prove that, in a sphere the rate of change of surface area
is 8 times the rate of change of radius. 22. Calculate the absolute maximum and absolute
x 1
Section–B (2 Marks Questions) minimum value of function f  x   ,0  x  2 .
x2  1
6. The sides of an equilateral triangle are increasing at the 23. Find absolute maximum and minimum values of a
rate of 2 cm/sec. Find the rate at which the area 4 1
increases, when side is 10 cm. function f given by f  x   12 x 3  6 x 3 , x   1,1 .
7. If x is real, then what is the minimum value of x2 – 8x +
17. 24. Find the values of k for which
3 2
8. If an error of k % is made in measuring the radius of a f  x   kx  9kx  9 x  3 is increasing on R.
sphere, then find the percentage error in its volume.
1/ 5
9. Find the approximate value of  33 . Section–D (5 Marks Questions)
10. Find the equation of normal to the curve y  tan x at
25. Find the equation of the normal lines to the curve
 0, 0 . 3x 2  y 2  8 which are parallel to the line x  3 y  4 .
11. Find the approximate value of f  3.02  , where 26. Find the points of local maxima or local minima and
2
f  x   3x  5 x  3 . corresponding maximum and minimum values for the
5
function f  x   x 4  62 x 2  120 x  9 .
12. Find the approximate value of 1.999 
27. A closed cylinder has volume 2156 cm3.What will be
13. Prove that the function f given by f  x   log sin x is the radius of its base so that its total surface area is
  minimum.
strictly increasing on  0,  and strictly decreasing on 28. A man is moving away from a tower 41.6 m high at the
 2
rate of 2m/s. Find the rate at which the angle of
 
 , . elevation of the top of tower is changing when he is at a
2  distance of 30 m from the foot of tower. Assume that
Section–C (3 Marks Questions) the eye level of the man is 1.6 m from the ground.
29. Find the equations of the tangent and the normal to the
14. Find the equation of the tangent to the curve 
2 2 curve x  1  cos  , y    sin  at  
.
x  y  2 at 1,1 .
3 3 4
30. Show that the right circular cylinder of given surface
15. Divide 64 into two parts such that the sum of the cubes
and maximum volume is such that its heights is equal to
of two parts is minimum.
the diameter of the base.
118 APPLICATION OF DERIVATIVES

EXERCISE – 2: Basic Objective Questions


Section–A (Single Choice Questions)
2
1. If the function f  x   2 x 2  kx  5 is increasing on 7. y  x  x  3 decrease for the values of x in

[1, 2], then k lies in the interval (a) 1  x  3 (b) x  0

(a)  , 4  (b)  4,   3


(c) x  0 (d) 0  x 
2
(c)  ,8  (d)  8,  
8. The function f  x   tan x  x
2. Let f  x   tan 1  g  x   , where g  x is
(a) Always increases

monotonically increasing for 0 x . Then, (b) Always decreases
2 (c) Never increases
f  x  is (d) Sometimes increases sometimes decreases
(a) Increasing on  0,  / 2  1
9. Approximate value of  25  3 is
(b) Decreasing on  0,  / 2 
(a) 2.926 (b) 2.525
(c) Increasing on  0,  / 4  and decreasing on
(c) 2.725 (d) 2.826
 / 4,  / 2 
10. The equation of the normal to the curve
(d) None of these
y  x  2  x  at the point  2, 0  is
3. The function f  x   cos x  2 x is monotonic
(a) x  2 y  2 (b) x  2 y  2  0
decreasing when
(c) 2 x  y  4 (d) 2 x  y  4  0
(a)   1 / 2 (b)   1 / 2
(c)   2 (d)   2 11. The point on the curve y 2  x where tangent makes
45 angles with x-axis is.
4. Function f  x   2 x3  9 x 2  12 x  29 is
monotonically decreasing when 1 1 1 1
(a)  ,  (b)  , 
2 4 4 2
(a) x  2 (b) x  2 (c)  4, 2  (d) 1,1
(c) x  3 (d) 1  x  2
12. The equation of tangent to the curve xy  4 at
5. The total revenue in Rupees received from the sale
of x units of a product is given by  2, 2  is
R  x   3x 2  36 x  5. Find the marginal revenue, (a) x  y  4 (b) x  y  4
when x = 5, where, by marginal revenue we mean (c) x  y  4 (d) x  y  4
the rate of change of total revenue with respect to
the number of items sold at an instant. 13. The equation of tangent at those points where the
curve y  x 2  3x  2 meets x-axis are
(a) 56 (b) 66
(c) 55 (d) 65 (a) x  y  2  0  x  y  1
6. The function f  x   x9  3 x7  64 increasing on (b) x  y  1  0  x  y  2
(c) x  y  1  0  x  y
(a) R (b)  , 0  (d) x  y  0  x  y
(c)  0,   (d) None of these
APPLICATION OF DERIVATIVES 119

14. The slope of tangent to the curve 22. Maximum slope of the curve
2 2 3 2
x  t  3t  8, y  2t  2t  5 at point  2, 1 is y   x  3x  9 x  27 is

22 6 (a) 0 (b) 12
(a) (b)
7 7 (c) 16 (d) 32
7
(c) 6 (d)
6 23. The function f  x   x 2  2 x  1 assume minimum
value at x 
15. At what points the slope of the tangent to the curve
x 2  y 2  2 x  3  0 is zero. (a) 0 (b) 1
(c) 2 (d) 3
(a)  3, 0  ,  1, 0  (b)  3, 0  , 1, 2 
24. Let x, y be two variables and x  0, xy  1 then
(c)  1, 0  , 1, 2  (d) (1, 2), (1, -2) minimum value of x  y is

16. If the line y  x touches the curve y  x 2  bx  c (a) 1 (b) 2


at a point 1,1 then 1 1
(c) 2 (d) 3
2 3
(a) b  1, c  2 (b) b  1, c  1
(c) b  2, c  1 (d) b  2, c  1 25. f  x   2 x3  15 x 2  36 x  4 is maximum at x 
17. The slope of the tangent to the curve (a) 3 (b) 0
2 3
x  3t  1, y  t  1 at x  1 is
(c) 4 (d) 2
(a) 1/2 (b) 0
(c) –2 (d)  Section–B (Case Study Questions)
Case Study–1
18. The curves y  ae x and y  be x cut orthogonally, if
26. Megha wants to prepare a handmade gift box for her
(a) a  b (b) a  b
(c) ab  1 (d) ab  2 friend’s birthday at home. For making lower part of box,
she takes a square piece of cardboard of side 20 cm.
19. The slope of tangent to the curve x 2  y 2  25 at
 3, 4  is

3 3
(a) (b)
4 4
4 4
(c) (d)
3 3

20. The slope of tangent to curve y  sin x at x  is Based on the above information, answer the
6
following questions.
1 1
(a) (b)
2 2 (i) If x cm be the length of each side of the square

3 cardboard which is to be cut off from corners of the


(c) (d) 1
2 square piece of side 20 cm, then possible value of x

21. The normal at the point 1,1 on the curve will be given by the interval.
2 y  x 2  3 is (a)  0, 20 (b)  0,10
(a) x  y  0 (b) x  y  0 (c)  0,3 (d) None of these
(c) x  y  1  0 (d) x  y  1
120 APPLICATION OF DERIVATIVES

(ii) Volume of the open box formed by folding up the (ii) If x denotes the length of side of garden
cutting corner can be expressed as perpendicular to brick wall and y denote the length
of side parallel to brick wall, then find the relation
(a) V  x  20  2 x  20  2 x 
representing total amount of fencing wire.
x
(b) V   20  x  20  x 
2 (a) x  2 y  150 (b) x  2 y  50
x
(c) V   20  2 x  20  2 x  (c) y  2 x  200 (d) y  2 x  100
3
(d) V  x  20  2 x  20  x  (iii) Area of the garden as a function of x, say A  x  ,

dV can be represented as
(iii) The values of x for which  0 , are
dx
(a) 200  2x 2 (b) x  2 x 2
10
(a) 3, 4 (b) 0, (c) 200 x  2 x 2 (d) 200  x 2
3
10 (iv) Maximum area of garden will be
(c) 0, 10 (d) 10,
3
(a) 2500 sq. ft (b) 4000 sq. ft
(iv) The maximum value of the volume is (c) 5000 sq. ft (d) 6000 sq. ft

17000 3 11000 3
(a) cm (b) cm Case Study–3
27 27
28. The Government declare that farmers can get 300 Rs
8000 3 16000 3
(c) cm (d) cm per quintal for their onions on 1st July and after that,
27 27
the price will be dropped by 3rs per quintal per extra
Case Study–2 day. Shyam’s father has 80 quintals of onions in the
27. Shobhit’s father wants to construct a rectangular field on 1st July and he estimates that crop is
garden using a brick wall on one side of the garden increasing at the rate of 1 quintal per day.
and wire fencing for the other three sides as shown
in figure. He has 200 ft of wire fencing.

Based on the above information, answer the


following questions.
Based on the above information, answer the
following questions. (i) If x is the number of days after 1st July, then price and
quantity of onion respectively can be expressed as
(i) To construct a garden using 200 ft of fencing, we
need to maximize its (a) Rs  300  3x  ,  80  x  quintals

(a) volume (b) area (b) Rs  300  3x  ,  80  x  quintals


(c) perimeter (d) length of the side
(c) Rs  300  x  ,80 quintals

(d) None of these


APPLICATION OF DERIVATIVES 121

(ii) Revenue R as a function of x can be represented as 31. Assertion: Let f : R  R be a function such that

(a) R  x   3 x 2  60 x  24000 f  x   x3  x 2  3x  sin x. Then f is one-one

(b) R  x   3x 2  60 x  24000 Reason: f  x  is neither increasing nor decreasing

(c) R  x   3x 2  40 x  16000 function.

(a) Assertion is correct, reason is correct; reason is a


(d) R  x   3x 2  60 x  14000
correct explanation for assertion.
(iii) Find the number of days after 1st July, when
(b) Assertion is correct, reason is correct; reason is
Shyam’s father attain maximum revenue.
not a correct explanation for assertion
(a) 10 (b) 20
(c) 12 (d) 22 (c) Assertion is correct, reason is incorrect

(d) Assertion is incorrect, reason is correct.


(iv) Maximum revenue is equal to
32. Assertion: The curves x  y 2 and xy  k cut at
(a) 20,000 rs (b) 24,000 rs
right angle, if 8k 2  1.
(c) 24,300 rs (d) 24,700 rs
Reason: Two curves intersect at right angle, if the
Section–C (Assertion & Reason Type Questions)
tangents to the curves at the point of intersection are
x x
ae  be perpendicular to each other i.e., product of their
29. Assertion: The function f  x  is
ce x  de  x slope is –1.
increasing function of x , then bc  ad .
(a) Assertion is correct, reason is correct; reason is a
Reason: f  x  is increasing if f '  x   0 for all x . correct explanation for assertion.

(a) Assertion is correct, reason is correct; reason is a (b) Assertion is correct, reason is correct; reason is

correct explanation for assertion. not a correct explanation for assertion

(b) Assertion is correct, reason is correct; reason is (c) Assertion is correct, reason is incorrect

not a correct explanation for assertion (d) Assertion is incorrect, reason is correct.

(c) Assertion is correct, reason is incorrect 33. Assertion: The point at which the tangent to the

(d) Assertion is incorrect, reason is correct. 3


curve y  3x  6  2 has its slope is  2, 0  .
4
30. Assertion: f  x   2 x3  9 x 2  12 x  3 is increasing
Reason: Slope of the tangent to the curve
outside the interval 1, 2  .
1  3
y  3x  6  2 at  , 4  is .
Reason: f '  x   0 for x  1, 2  . 3  2 7

(a) Assertion is correct, reason is correct; reason is a


(a) Assertion is correct, reason is correct; reason is a
correct explanation for assertion.
correct explanation for assertion.
(b) Assertion is correct, reason is correct; reason is
(b) Assertion is correct, reason is correct; reason is
not a correct explanation for assertion
not a correct explanation for assertion
(c) Assertion is correct, reason is incorrect
(c) Assertion is correct, reason is incorrect
(d) Assertion is incorrect, reason is correct.
(d) Assertion is incorrect, reason is correct.
122 APPLICATION OF DERIVATIVES

34. Assertion: The function f  x   sin x is strictly 35. Assertion: In a right angled triangle of given
hypotenuse, let p be the perpendicular, b be the
 
increasing in  0, 
 2 base and h be the hypotenuse of the triangle, then

h2
Reason: If the function f   x   0 for x in an the maximum area of the triangle is .
4
interval excluding the end points, then f is strictly
1
Reason: Area of the triangle A  p h2  p 2 .
increasing. 2
(a) Assertion is correct, reason is correct; reason is a (a) Assertion is correct, reason is correct; reason is a
correct explanation for assertion. correct explanation for assertion.
(b) Assertion is correct, reason is correct; reason is (b) Assertion is correct, reason is correct; reason is
not a correct explanation for assertion not a correct explanation for assertion
(c) Assertion is correct, reason is incorrect (c) Assertion is correct, reason is incorrect
(d) Assertion is incorrect, reason is correct. (d) Assertion is incorrect, reason is correct.
APPLICATION OF DERIVATIVES 123

EXERCISE – 3: Previous Year Questions


is the height of the sand cone increasing when the
1. The amount of pollution content added in air in a
height is 4 cm (Delhi 2011)
city due to x  diesel vehicles is given by
P  x   0.005 x3  0.02 x 2  30 x . Find the marginal 8. Find the intervals in which the function
increase in pollution content when 3 diesel vehicles f  x   3x 4  4 x3  12 x 2  5 is
are added and write which value is indicated in the
(a) Strictly increasing
above question. (Delhi 2013)
(b) Strictly decreasing (Delhi 2014)
2. The money to be spent for the welfare of the
employees of a firm is proportional to the rate of 2
9. Find the value(s) of x for which y   x  x  2   is
change of its total revenue (in rupees) received from
the sale of x units of a product is given by an increasing function. (AI 2014)
2
R  x   3x  36 x  5, find the marginal revenue, 10. Find the intervals in which the function
when x  5, and write value does the question
3 4 4 3 36
indicate. (AI 2013) f  x  x  x  3 x 2  x  11 is.
10 5 5
3. The total coast C  x  associated with provision of (a) Strictly increasing (b) Strictly decreasing
free mid-day meal to x students of a school in
(AI 2014C)
primary classes is given by
11. Find the intervals in which the function given by
C  x   0.005 x3  0.02 x 2  30 x  50
dC f  x   sin x  cos x, 0  x  2 is
If the marginal coast is given by rate of change
dx
(a) increasing (b) Decreasing
of total cost, write the marginal cost of food for 300
students. What value is shown here. (Delhi 2013C) (Delhi 2012C)

4. The total expenditure (in Rs.) required for providing 12. Find the intervals in which the following function is
the cheap edition of a book for poor and deserving (a) increasing (b) decreasing:
students is given by R  x   3 x 2  36 x where x is f  x   x 4  8 x3  22 x 2  24 x  21 . (AI 2012C)
the number of sets of books. If the marginal
4sin 
dR 13. Prove that y  is an increasing
expenditure is defined as , write the marginal 2  cos 
dx
expenditure required for 1200 such sets. What value  
function in 0,  . (AI 2011)
is reflected in the question. (AI 2013C)  2

5. The side of an equilateral triangle is increasing at the 14. Find the intervals in which the following function is
rate of 2 cm/s. At what rate its area increasing when (a) increasing (b) decreasing:
the side of the triangle is 20cm. (Delhi 2015C) f  x   2 x3  9 x 2  12 x  15 . (Delhi 2011C)

6. A ladder 5 m is leaning against a wall. The bottom 15. Find the intervals in which the following function is
of the ladder is pulled along the ground, away, from (a) increasing (b) decreasing:
the wall, at the rate of 2 cm/s. How fast is its height f  x   2 x 2  9 x 2  12 x  20 . (Delhi 2011C)
on the wall decreasing when the foot of the ladder is
4 m away from the wall. (AI 2012) 16. Find the intervals in which the function
3 2
7. Sand is pouring from a pipe at the rate of f  x    x  1  x  2  is (a) increasing (b)
12cm 3 / sec . The falling sand forms a cone on the decreasing.
ground in such a way that the height of the cone is
(AI 2011C)
always one-sixth of the radius of the base. How fast
124 APPLICATION OF DERIVATIVES

17. Show that the function f given by (Delhi 2011C)


3 2
f  x   x  3x  4 x, x  R is strictly increasing on 29. Find the equation of the tangent to the curve
R. (AI 2011C) 4 x 2  9 y 2  36 at the point  3cos  , 2sin   .
18. Prove that the function f defined by
(Delhi 2011C)
2
f  x  x  x 1 is neither increasing nor
30. Find the equations of tangents to the curve
decreasing in  1,1 . Hence, find the intervals in y   x 2  1  x  2  at the points where the curve
which f  x  is (i) strictly increasing (ii) strictly cuts the x  axis. (AI 2011C)
decreasing. (AI 2014C)
31. Find the equation of tangent to the curve
19. Show that the equation of normal at any point t on 
x  sin 3t , y  cos 2t at t  . (AI 2011C)
the curve x  3 cos t  cos3 t and y  3sin t  sin 3 t 4
is 4  y cos3 t  x sin 3 t   3sin 4t . (Delhi 2016) 32. Find the equation of tangents to the curve
y  cos  x  y  , 2  x  2 that are parallel to the
20. The equation of tangent at  2,3 on the curve
line x  2 y  0 . (Foreign 2016)
2 3
y  ax  b is y  4 x  5 . Find the values of a
33. Find the value of p for which the curves
and b . (AI 2016)
x 2  9 p  9  y  and x 2  p  y  1 cut each other at
2
21. Find the angle of intersection of the curves y  4ax
right angles. (AI 2015)
and x2  4by . (Foreign 2016)
34. Find the equation of the tangents line to the curve
22. Find the point on the curve 9 y  x , where the 2 3 y  x 2  2 x  7 which is
normal to the curve makes equal intercepts on the
axes. (Foreign 2015) (i) parallel to the line 2 x  y  9  0,

23. Find the equation of the tangent and normal to the (ii) perpendicular to the line 5 y  15 x  13 .

curve x  a sin 3  and y  a cos3  at   . (Delhi 2014C)
4
35. Find the equation of the normal at a point on the
(Delhi 2014) curve x 2  4 y which passes through the point
24. Find the equations of the tangent and normal to the (1, 2). Also find the equation of the corresponding
x2 y2 tangent.
curve 2  2  1 at the point 2a, b .
a b
 
(Delhi 2013)
(AI 2014)
36. Find the equations of tangents to the curve
25. Find the point on the curve y  x3  11x  5 at 4 
3x 2  y 2  8 . Which pass through the point  , 0  .
which the equation of tangent is y  x  11 . 3 

(AI 2014, Delhi 2012) (AI 2013)


26. Show that the equation of tangent to the parabola 37. For the cure y  4 x3  2 x5 , find all the points on the
2
y  4ax at  x1 , y1  is yy1  2a  x  x1  . (AI 2012C) curve at which the tangents passes through the
origin. (Delhi 2013C, 2012C)
27. Find the points on the curve x 2  y 2  2 x  3  0 at
38. Find the equation of the tangent to the curve
which the tangents are parallel to x  axis.
y  3x  2 which is parallel to the line
(Delhi 2011) 4x  2 y  5  0 . (Delhi 2013C, 2009)
28. Find the equation of the tangent to the curve
y  x 4  6 x3  13x 2  10 x  5 at the point x  1 . 39. Prove the curve x  y 2 and xy  k cut at the right
angles if 8k 2  1 . (Delhi 2013C)
APPLICATION OF DERIVATIVES 125

40. Prove that all normal to the curve 52. A point on the hypotenuse of a right triangle is at
x  a cos t  at sin t , y  a sin t  at cos t are at a distance 'a' and 'b' from the sides of the tringle.
constant distance ' a ' from the origin. (AI 2013C) Show that the minimum length of the hypotenuse is
3

41. Find the equations of the tangents and normal to the  23 2 2



 a  b3  . (Delhi 2015C)
parabola y 2  4ax at the point  at 2 , 2at  .  

(AI 2013C) 53. Of all the closed right circular cylindrical cans of
volume 128 cm 3 , find the dimensions of the can
42. Find the approximate value of f  3.02  , upto 2 which has minimum surface area. (Delhi 2014)
places of decimals, where f  x   3x 2  5 x  3 . 54. Show that the semi vertical angle of the cone of the
maximum volume and of given slant height is
(Foreign 2014C) 1
cos 1 . (Delhi 2014)
43. Using differentials, find the approximate value of 3
3/ 2
 3.968  . (Delhi 2014C)
55. Prove that the semi vertical angle of the right
circular cone of given volume and least curved
44. Using differentials find the approximate value of
surface area is cot 1 2 . (Delhi 2014)
49.5 . (Delhi 2012)
56. Prove that the height of the cylinder of maximum
45. If the radius of a sphere is measured as 9 cm with an
volume that can be inscribed ina sphere of radius R
error of 0.03 cm, then find the approximate error in
calculating its surface area. (AI 2011C) 2R
is . Also find the maximum volume.
3
46. Show that the altitude of the right circular cone of
maximum volume that can be inscribed in a sphere (AI 2014, 2012 C, Delhi 2013, 2012C)
4r 57. The sum of the perimeters of a circle and a square is
of radius r is . Also find maximum volume in
3 k , where k is some constant. Prove that the sum of
terms of volume of the sphere. their areas is least when the side of the square is
(Delhi 2016, AI 2014) equal to the diameter of the circle.
47. If the sum of lengths of hypotenuse and a side of a (Foreign 2014, Delhi 2014C)
right-angled triangle is given, show that area of
triangle is maximum, when the angle between them 58. Show that a cylinder of a given volume which is
 open at the top has minimum total surface area when
is . (AI 2016, 2014, 2009) its height is equal to the radius of its base.
3
(Foreign 2011, Delhi 2011C)
48. Find the local maxima and local minima of the
function f  x   sin x  cos x, 0/, x /, 2 . Also find 59. A window is of the form of a semi-circle with a
rectangle on its diameter. The total perimeter of the
the local minimum and local minimum values.
window is 10 m. Find the dimension of the window
(Delhi, 2015) to admit maximum light through the whole opening.

49. Find the minimum value of  ax  by  , where (Foreign 2014)

xy  c 2 . (Foreign 2015) 60. AB is a diameter of a circle and C is any point on


the circle. Show that the area of ABC is maximum
50. Find the coordinates of a point of the parabola when it is isosceles. (AI 2014C)
y  x 2  7 x  2 which is closest to the straight line
61. Find the point P on curve y 2  4ax which is nearest
y  3x  3 . (Foreign 2015)
to the point 11a,0  . (AI 2014C)
51. A tank with rectangular base and rectangular sides
open at the top is to be constructed so that its depth 62. If the length of three sides of a trapezium other than
is 3 m and volume is 75 m 3 . If building of tank base is 10 cm each, then find the area of the
costs Rs.100 per square metre for the base and Rs.50 trapezium when it is maximum.
per square metre for the sides, find the cost of least
(AI 2014C, 2010, Delhi 2013C)
expensive tank. (Delhi 2015C)
126 APPLICATION OF DERIVATIVES

63. Find the area of the greatest rectangle that can be 73. A ladder 13 m long is leaning against a vertical wall.
x2 y2 The bottom of the ladder is dragged away from the
inscribed in an ellipse 2  2  1 . wall along the ground at the rate 2 cm/sec. How fast
a b
is the height on the wall decreasing when the foot of
(AI 2013C)
the ladder is 5 m away from the wall. (AI 2019)
64. Prove that all the rectangle inscribed ina given
circle, the square has the maximum area. 74. Find the intervals in which the function
(Delhi 2013C, 2011) x4
65. Prove that the radius of the right circular cylinder of f  x   x 3  5 x 2  24 x  12 is.
greatest curved surface area which can be inscribed 4
in a given cone, is half that of the cone. (a) Strictly increasing (b) Strictly decreasing
(AI 2013C, 2012)
66. Show that the right circular cone of least curved (2018)
surface and given volume has an altitude equal to
75. Find the equations of the tangent and the normal to
2 times the radius of the base. the curve 16x 2  9 y 2  145 at the point  x1 , y1  ,
(AI 2013 C, 2011)
67. Show that the height of a closed right circular where x1  2 and y1  0 . (2018)
cylinder of given surface and maximum volume, is
equal to the diameter of its base. 76. An open tank with a square base and vertical sides is
to be constructed from a metal sheet so as to hold a
(Delhi 2012)
68. An open box with a square base is to be madeof a given quantity of water. Show that the cost of
material will be least when depth of the tank is half of
given quantity of cardboard of area c 2 square units.
its width. If the cost is to be borne by nearby settled
c3 lower income families, for whom water will be
Show that the maximum volume of the box is
6 3 provided, what kind of value is hidden in this
cubic units. (AI 2012, 2012C) question. (2018)
69. Prove that area of a right-angled triangle of given 77. A tank with rectangular base and rectangular sides,
hypotenuse is maximum when the triangle is open at the top is to constructed so that its depth is 2
isosceles. (Delhi 2012C)
m and volume is 8 m 3 . If building of tank costs ` 70
70. Show that of all the rectangles with a given
per square metre for the base and ` 45 per square
perimeter, the square has the largest area.
metre for the sides, what is the cost of least
(Delhi 2011)
expensive tank. (Delhi 2019)
71. A window has the shape of a rectangle surmounted
by an equilateral triangle. If the perimeter of the 78. Find the maximum value of slope of the curve
window is 12 m, find the dimensions of the y   x3  3x 2  12 x  5 . (AI 2020)
rectangle that will produce the largest area of the
window. (AI 2011)
79. Find the points on the curve 9 y 2  x3 , where the
72. The total cost associated with the production of x
units of an items given by normal to the curve makes equal intercepts with both
the axes. Also find the equation of the normal.
C  x   0.005 x  0.02 x  30 x  5000 .
3 2
Find the
marginal cost when 3 units are produced, whereby (AI 2020)
marginal cost we mean the instantons rate of change 80. Find the slope of the tangent to the cure
of total cost at any level of output. (2018)
y  2sin 2  3x  at x   / 6 . (Delhi 2020)

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APPLICATION OF DERIVATIVES
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LINEAR PROGRAMMING 127

07
LINEAR PROGRAMMING
128 LINEAR PROGRAMMING

Chapter at a Glance
 A linear programming problem is one that is concerned with finding the optimal value (maximum or minimum) of a
linear function of several variables (called objective function) subject to the conditions that the variables are non-
negative and satisfy a set of linear inequalities (called linear constraints). Variables are sometimes called decision
variables and are non-negative.
 A few important linear programming problems are:
(i) Diet problems
(ii) Manufacturing problems
(iii) Transportation problems
 The common region determined by all the constraints including the non-negative constraints x  0, y  0 of a linear
programming problem is called the feasible region (or solution region) for the problem.
 Points within and on the boundary of the feasible region represent feasible solutions of the constraints.
Any point outside the feasible region is an infeasible solution.
 Any point in the feasible region that gives the optimal value (maximum or minimum) of the objective function is called
an optimal solution.
 The following Theorems are fundamental in solving linear programming problems:
Theorem 1 Let R be the feasible region (convex polygon) for a linear programming problem and let Z  ax  by be the
objective function. When Z has an optimal value (maximum or minimum), where the variables x and y are subject to
constraints described by linear inequalities, this optimal value must occur at a corner point (vertex) of the feasible region.
Theorem 2 Let R be the feasible region for a linear programming problem and let Z  ax  by be the objective function.
If R is bounded, then the objective function Z has both a maximum and a minimum value on R and each of these
occurs at a corner point (vertex) of R.
 If the feasible region is unbounded, then a maximum or a minimum may not exist. However, if it exists, it must occur at a
corner point of R.
 Corner point method for solving a linear programming problem. The method comprises of the following steps:
 (i) Find the feasible region of the linear programming problem and determine its corner points (vertices).
(ii) Evaluate the objective function Z  ax  by at each corner point. Let M and m respectively be the largest and smallest
values at these points.
(iii) If the feasible region is bounded, M and m respectively are the maximum and minimum values of the objective
function.
If the feasible region is unbounded, then
(i) M is the maximum value of the objective function if the open half plane determined by ax  by  M has no point in
common with the feasible region. Otherwise, the objective function has no maximum value.
(ii) m is the minimum value of the objective function if the open half plane determined by ax  by  M has no point in
common with the feasible region. Otherwise, the objective function has no minimum value.
 If two corner points of the feasible region are both optimal solutions of the same type, i.e., both produce the same
maximum or minimum, then any point on the line segment joining these two points is also an optimal solution of the
same type.
LINEAR PROGRAMMING 129

Solved Examples
Example–2
Example–1
Solve the following linear programming problem
Solve the following linear programming problem
graphically:
graphically:
Minimize Z  200 x  500 y ... 1
Maximize Z  4 x  y ... 1
subject to the constraints:
subject to the constraints:
x  2 y  10 ...  2 
x  y  50 ...  2 
3x  4 y  24 ...  3
3x  y  90 ...  3
x  0, y  0 ...  4 
x  0, y  0 ...  4 
(NCERT)
(NCERT)
Sol. The shaded region in Fig is the feasible region ABC
Sol. The shaded region in Fig is the feasible region
determined by the system of constraints (2) to (4),
determined by the system of constraints (2), (3) and
which is bounded. The coordinates of corner points
(4). We observe that the feasible region OABC is
bounded. So, we now use Corner Point Method to
determine the maximum value of Z.
The coordinates of the corner points O, A, B and C
are (0, 0), (30, 0), (20, 30) and (0, 50) respectively.
Now we evaluate Z at each corner point.

Corner Point Corresponding value of Z


(0, 5) 2500
(4, 3) 2300  Minimum
(0, 6) 3000
A, B and C are (0,5), (4,3) and (0,6) respectively.
Now we evaluate Z = 200x + 500y at these points.
Hence, minimum value of Z is 2300 attained at the
point (4, 3)
Example–3
Solve the following problem graphically:
Minimise and Maximise
Corner Point Corresponding value of Z
(0, 0) 0 Z  3x  9 y ...1
(30, 0) 120  Maximum subject to the constraints:
(20, 30) 110 x  3 y  60 ...  2 
(0, 50) 50
x  y  10 ...  3
Hence, maximum value of Z is 120 at the point
(30, 0). x y ...  4 
x  0, y  0 ...  5
130 LINEAR PROGRAMMING

Sol. First of all, let us graph the feasible region of the We now evaluate Z at the corner points.
system of linear inequalities (2) to (5). The feasible
region ABCD is shown in the Fig. Note that the
region is bounded. The coordinates of the corner
points A, B, C and D are (0, 10), (5, 5), (15, 15) and
(0, 20) respectively.

Corner Corresponding value of Corner Point Z  50 x  20 y


Point Z  3x  9 y
(0, 5) 100
A  0,10  90 (0, 3) 60
60  Minimum (1, 0) –50
B  5,5 
180  (6, 0) –300  smallest
C 15,15   From this table, we find that – 300 is the smallest
180 
D  0, 20  Maximum(Multiple value of Z at the corner point (6, 0). We say that
optimal solutions) minimum value of Z is – 300
But here we see that the feasible region is
We now find the minimum and maximum value of unbounded. Therefore, – 300 may or may not be the
Z . From the table, we find that the minimum value minimum value of Z. To decide this issue, we graph
of Z is 60 at the point B  5,5  of the feasible the inequality 50 x  20 y  300
region. i.e., 5 x  2 y  30
The maximum value of Z on the feasible region and check whether the resulting open half plane has
occurs at the two corner points C 15,15  and points in common with feasible region or not. If it
has common points, then –300 will not be the
D  0, 20  and it is 180 in each case.
minimum value of Z. Otherwise, –300 will be the
Example–4 minimum value of Z.
As shown in the Fig, it has common points.
Determine graphically the minimum value of the Therefore, Z  50 x  2 y has no minimum value
objective function
subject to the given constraints.
Z  50 x  20 y ... 1
Example–5
subject to the constraints:
2 x  y  5 ... 2  Minimize Z  3 x  2 y

3x  y  3 ...  3 subject to the constraints:


x y 8 ... 1
2 x  3 y  12 ...  4 
3x  5 y  15 ...  2 
x  0, y  0 ... 5 
x  0, y  0 ... 3
. (NCERT)
Sol. First of all, let us graph the feasible region of the (NCERT)
system of inequalities (2) to (5). The feasible region Sol. Let us graph the inequalities (1), (2) and (3)
(shaded) is shown in the Fig. Observe that the
feasible region is unbounded.
LINEAR PROGRAMMING 131

Hence, the mathematical formulation of the problem


is:
Minimise Z  50 x  70 y ...1
subject to the constraints:
2x  y  8 ...  2 
x  2 y  10 ...  3
x, y  10 ...  4 
Let us graph the inequalities (2) to (4). The feasible
region determined by the system is shown in the Fig.
Here again, observe that the feasible region is
unbounded.
Let us evaluate Z at the corner points A  0,8  ,
From Fig., you can see that there is no point B  2, 4  and C 10, 0  .
satisfying all the constraints simultaneously. Thus,
the problem is having no feasible region and hence
no feasible solution.
Example–6
A dietician wishes to mix two types of foods in such
a way that vitamin contents of the mixture contain
atleast 8 units of vitamin A and 10 units of vitamin
C. Food ‘I’ contains 2 units/kg of vitamin A and 1
unit/kg of vitamin C. Food ‘II’ contains 1 unit/kg of
vitamin A and 2 units/kg of vitamin C. It costs Rs 50
per kg to purchase Food ‘I’ and Rs 70 per kg to
purchase Food ‘II’. Formulate this problem as a
linear programming problem to minimise the cost of
such a mixture.
Sol. Let the mixture contain x kg of Food ‘I’ and y kg of Corner Point Z  50 x  70 y
Food ‘II’. Clearly, x  0, y  0. We make the
 0,8 560
following table from the given data:
Resource Food Requirement  2, 4  380  Minimum
I II 10, 0  500
 x  y In the table, we find that smallest value of Z is 380
Vitamin 2 1 8 at the point (2, 4).
(units/kg) Here the feasible region is unbounded.
Vitamin C 1 2 10 Therefore, we have to draw the graph of the
(unit/kg inequality 50 x  70 y  380 i.e., 5 x  7 y  38 to
Cost (Rs/kg) 50 70 check whether the resulting open half plane has any
Since the mixture must contain at least 8 units of point common with the feasible region.
vitamin A and 10 units of vitamin C, we have the From the Fig. we see that it has no points in common.
constraints: Thus, the minimum value of Z is 380 attained at the
2x  y  8 point (2, 4).
x  2 y  10 Hence, the optimal mixing strategy for the dietician
Total cost Z of purchasing x kg of food ‘I’ and y would be to mix 2 kg of Food ‘I’ and 4 kg of Food
‘II’, and with this strategy, the minimum cost of the
kg of Food ‘II’ is Z  50 x  70 y
mixture will be Rs 380.
132 LINEAR PROGRAMMING

Example–7
Corner Point Z  10500x  9000 y
(Allocation problem) A cooperative society of
farmers has 50 hectare of land to grow two crops X O  0, 0  0
and Y . The profit from crops X and Y per hectare A  40, 0  420000
are estimated as Rs 10,500 and Rs 9,000 respectively.
B  30, 20  495000  Maximum
To control weeds, a liquid herbicide has to be used
for crops X and Y at rates of 20 litres and 10 litres C  0,50  450000
per hectare. Further, no more than 800 litres of Hence, the society will get the maximum profit of Rs
herbicide should be used in order to protect fish and 4,95,000 by allocating 30 hectares for crop X and 20
wildlife using a pond which collects drainage from hectares for crop Y .
this land. How much land should be allocated to each Example–8
crop so as to maximise the total profit of the society.
(Manufacturing problem) A manufacturing company
(NCERT)
makes two models A and B of a product. Each piece
Sol. Let x hectare of land be allocated to crop X and y of Model A requires 9 labour hours for fabricating
hectare to crop Y . Obviously, and 1 labour hour for finishing. Each piece of Model
x  0, y  0. B requires 12 labour hours for fabricating and 3
Profit per hectare on crop X  Rs 10500 labour hours for finishing. For fabricating and
Profit per hectare on crop Y  Rs 9000 finishing, the maximum labour hours available are
Therefore, total profit = Rs 10500 x  9000 y  180 and 30 respectively. The company makes a profit
of Rs 8000 on each piece of model A and Rs 12000
The mathematical formulation of the problem is as
on each piece of Model B. How many pieces of
follows:
Model A and Model B should be manufactured per
Maximise Z  10500 x  9000 y
week to realise a maximum profit? What is the
subject to the constraints: maximum profit per week?
x  y  50 (constraint related to land) ... 1 Sol. Suppose x is the number of pieces of Model A and y
20 x  10 y  800 (constraint related to use of is the number of pieces of Model B. Then
herbicide) Total profit (in Rs)  8000 x  12000 y
i.e., 2 x  y  80 ...  2  Let Z  8000 x  12000 y
x  0, y  0 (non negative constraint) ...  3 We now have the following mathematical model for
the given problem.
Let us draw the graph of the system of inequalities
(1), (2) and (3). The feasible region OABC is shown Maximise Z  8000 x  12000 y ... 1
(shaded) in the Fig. Observe that the feasible region is subject to the constraints:
bounded. 9 x  12  180 (Fabricating constraint)
The coordinates of the corner points O, A, B and C i.e. 3x  4 y  60 ...  2 
are (0, 0), (40, 0), (30, 20) and (0, 50) respectively.
x  3 y  30 (Finishing constraint) ...  3
Let us evaluate the objective function
Z  10500x  9000 y at these vertices to find which x  0, y  0 (non-negative constraint) ...  4 
one gives the maximum profit. The feasible region (shaded) OABC determined by
the linear inequalities (2) to (4) is shown in the Fig.
Note that the feasible region is bounded.
LINEAR PROGRAMMING 133

Let us evaluate the objective function Z at each


corner point as shown below:
Corner Point Z  8000 x  12000 y
0  0,0  0

A  20, 0  160000

B 12, 6  168000  Maximum

C  0,10  120000
We find that maximum value of Z is 1,68,000 at B
(12, 6). Hence, the company should produce 12
pieces of Model A and 6 pieces of Model B to realise
maximum profit and maximum profit then will be Rs
1,68,000. The coordinates of the corner points L, M and N are
Example–9 (2, 72), (15, 20) and (40, 15) respectively. Let us
evaluate Z at these points:
A dietician has to develop a special diet using two Corner Point Z  6x  3 y
foods P and Q . Each packet (containing 30 g) of
 2, 72  228
food P contains 12 units of calcium, 4 units of iron,
6 units of cholesterol and 6 units of vitamin A. Each 15, 20  150  Minimum
packet of the same quantity of food Q contains 3 285
 40,15
units of calcium, 20 units of iron, 4 units of
From the table, we find that Z is minimum at the
cholesterol and 3 units of vitamin A. The diet
point (15, 20). Hence, the amount of vitamin A under
requires atleast 240 units of calcium, atleast 460 units
the constraints given in the problem will be
of iron and at most 300 units of cholesterol. How
minimum, if 15 packets of food P and 20 packets of
many packets of each food should be used to
food Q are used in the special diet. The minimum
minimise the amount of vitamin A in the diet? What
is the minimum amount of vitamin A? amount of vitamin A will be 150 units.
(NCERT) Example–10
Sol. Let x and y be the number of packets of food P and
A manufacturer has three machines I, II and III
Q respectively. Obviously x  0, y  0.
installed in his factory. Machines I and II are capable
Mathematical formulation of the given problem is as of being operated for at most 12 hours whereas
follows: machine III must be operated for atleast 5 hours a
Minimize Z  6 x  3 y (vitamin A) day. She produces only two items M and N each
subject to the constraints requiring the use of all the three machines. The
12 x  3 y  240 (constraint on calcium), i.e. number of hours required for producing 1 unit of
4 x  y  80 ...1 each of M and N on the three machines are given in
the following table:
4 x  20 y  460 (constraint on iron), i.e.
Items Number of hours required on
x  5 y  115 ...  2  machines
6 x  4 y  300 (constraint on cholesterol), i.e. I II III
M 1 2 1
x  0, y  0 ...  4 
N 2 1 1.25
Let us graph the inequalities (1) to (4). She makes a profit of Rs 600 and Rs 400 on items M
The feasible region (shaded) determined by the and N respectively. How many of each item should
constraints (1) to (4) is shown in figure and note that she produce so as to maximise her profit assuming
it is bounded. that she can sell all the items that she produced?
What will be the maximum profit?
134 LINEAR PROGRAMMING

Sol. Let x and y be the number of items M and N Example–11


respectively. There are two factories located one at place P and the
Total profit on the production = Rs  600 x  400 y  other at place Q. From these locations, a certain
Mathematical formulation of the given problem is as commodity is to be delivered to each of the three
follows: depots situated at A, B and C. The weekly
Maximise Z  600 x  400 y requirements of the depots are respectively 5, 5 and 4
units of the commodity while the production capacity
subject to the constraints:
of the factories at P and Q are respectively 8 and 6
x  2 y  12 (constraint on Machine I) ... 1
units. The cost of transportation per unit is given
2 x  y  12 (constraint on Machine II) ...  2  below:
5 From/To Cost (in Rs)
x y  5 (constraint on Machine III) ...  3 A B C
4
P 160 100 150
x  0, y  0 ...  4 
Q 100 120 100
Let us draw the graph of constraints (1) to (4). How many units should be transported from each
ABCDE is the feasible region (shaded) as shown in factory to each depot in order that the transportation
Fig. determined by the constraints (1) to (4). Observe cost is minimum. What will be the minimum
that the feasible region is bounded, coordinates of the transportation cost?
corner points A, B, C, D and E are (5, 0) (6, 0), (4, 4), (NCERT)
(0, 6) and (0, 4) respectively. Sol. The problem can be explained diagrammatically as
follows (Fig.):
Let x units and y units of the commodity be
transported from the factory at P to the depots at A
and B respectively. Then  8  x  y  units will be
transported to depot at C

Let us evaluate Z  600 x  400 y at these corner


points.
Corner point Z  600 x  400 y
(5, 0) 3000
(6, 0) 3600 Hence, we have x  0, y  0 and 8  x  y  0
(4, 4) 4000  Maximum i.e. x  0, y  0 and x  y  8
(0, 6) 2400 Now, the weekly requirement of the depot at A is 5
(0, 4) 1600 units of the commodity. Since x units are
We see that the point (4, 4) is giving the maximum transported from the factory at P, the remaining
value of Z. Hence, the manufacturer has to produce 4  5  x  units need to be transported from the factory
units of each item to get the maximum profit of Rs at Q . Obviously, 5  x  0, i.e. x  5.
4000. Similarly,  5  y  and 6   5  x  5  y   x  y  4
units are to be transported from the factory at Q to
the depots at B and C respectively.
LINEAR PROGRAMMING 135

Thus, 5  y  0, x  y  4  0 respectively. Corresponding to this strategy, the


i.e. y  5, x  y  4 transportation cost would be minimum, i.e., Rs 1550.
Total transportation cost Z is given by Example–12
Z  160 x  100 y  150  8  x  y   100
A vertex of bounded region of inequalities
 5  x   120  5  y   100  x  y  4  x  0, x  2 y  0 and 2 x  y  4, is.
 10  x  7 y  190  (a) 1,1 (b)  0,1
Therefore, the problem reduces to (c)  3,0  (d)  0,0 
Minimise Z  10  x  7 y  190  Ans. (d)
Sol.
subject to the constraints:

Example–13
x  0, y  0 ... 1
A vertex of the linear inequalities 2 x  3 y  6 ,
x y 8 …(2)
x  4 y  4 and x, y  0 , is.
x5 ...  3
(a) 1,0  (b) 1,1
y5 ...  4 
 12 2   2 12 
(c)  ,  (d)  , 
and x  y  4 ...  5   5 5 5 5 
The shaded region ABCDEF represented by the Ans. (c)
constraints (1) to (5) is the feasible region (Fig.). Sol. Solving 2 x  3 y  6 and x  4 y  4, we get
Observe that the feasible region is bounded. The 12 2
x ,y .
coordinates of the corner points of the feasible region 5 5
are (0, 4), (0, 5), (3, 5), (5, 3), (5, 0) and (4, 0).
Let us evaluate Z at these points.
Corner Point Z  10  x  7 y  190 
(0, 4) 1620
(0, 5) 1550  Minimum
(3, 5) 1580
(5, 3) 1740
(5, 0) 1950
(4, 0) 1940
From the table, we see that the minimum value of Z  12 2 
is 1550 at the point (0, 5). Hence, the optimal Hence a vertex is  ,  .
 5 5
transportation strategy will be to deliver 0, 5 and 3
units from the factory at P and 5, 0 and 1 units from
the factory at Q to the depots at A, B and C
136 LINEAR PROGRAMMING

Example–14 Example–17
The necessary condition for third quadrant region in If a point  h, k  satisfies an inequation ax  by  4,
xy-plane, is. then the half plane represented by the inequation is.
(a) x  0, y  0 (b) x  0, y  0 (a) The half plane containing the point  h, k  but
(c) x  0, y  0 (d) x  0, y  0
excluding the points on ax  by  4
Ans. (b)
Sol. In third quadrant, both x and y coordinates are (b) The half plane containing the point  h, k  and the
negative. points on ax  by  4
Example–15 (c) Whole xy-plane
(d) None of these
The region represented by 2 x  3 y  5  0 and Ans. (b)
4 x  3 y  2  0, is.
Sol. Since  h, k  satisfies an inequation ax  by  4 ,
(a) Not in first quadrant
hence it represents the half plane containing the point
(b) Bounded in first quadrant
(c) Unbounded in first quadrant
 h, k  and the points on ax  by  4 .
(d) None of these Example–18
Ans. (b)
Inequation y  x  0 represents.
Sol.
(a) The half plane that contains the positive x-axis
(b) Closed half plane above the line y  x which
contains positive y-axis
(c) Half plane that contains the negative x-axis
(d) None of these
Ans. (a)
Sol.

Example–16
The region represented by the inequation system
x, y  0, y  6, x  y  3 is.
(a) Unbounded in first quadrant Example–19
(b) Unbounded in first and second quadrants
Assertion: The objective function z  x1  2 x2
(c) Bounded in first quadrant
(d) None of these subject to x1  x2  1, x1  0, x2  0 has no solution.
Ans. (c) Reason: There is no feasible point that will make
Sol. z  x1  2 x2 largest.
(a) Both Assertion and Reason are correct and Reason
is the correct explanation for Assertion.
(b) Both Assertion and Reason are correct but Reason
is not the correct explanation for Assertion.
(c) Assertion is correct but Reason is incorrect.
(d) Assertion is incorrect but Reason is correct.
Ans. (a)
Sol. First we graph the constraints
x1  x2  1, x1  0, x2  0
The shaded portion is the set of feasible solution.
LINEAR PROGRAMMING 137

(iii) Which among these is not a constraint for this LPP?


(a) x  0 (b) x  y  200
(c) x  80 (d) 4 x  y  0
(iv) The profit when x  20 and y  80 is ___.
(a) ₹ 60000 (b) ₹ 68000
(c) ₹ 64000 (d) ₹ 136000
(v) The maximum profit is
(a) ₹ 136000 (b) 128000
(c) 68000 (d) 120000
Ans. (i) (b) (ii) (d) (iii) (c) (iv) (b) (v) (a)
Now, we have to maximize the objective function.
The value of z at A (1, 0) is 1. Sol. Objective function:
The value of z at B (0, 1) is 2. Maximize Z  1000 x  600 y
If we take the value of z at any other point from the Constraints
feasible region, say (1, 1) or (2, 3) or (5, 4) etc. then x  y  200
we notice that every time we can find another point
y  20, x  0
which gives the larger value than the previous one.
Hence, there is no feasible point that will make z y  4x
largest. Since there is no feasible point that makes z
largest, we conclude that this linear programming
problem has no solution.
Example–20
An aeroplane can carry a maximum of 200
passengers. A profit of ₹ 1000 is made on each
executive class ticket and a profit of ₹ 600 is made on
each economy class ticket. The airline reserves at
least 20 seats for the executive class. However, at
least 4 times as many passengers prefer to travel by
economy class, than by executive class. It is given
that the number of executive class tickets is x and
that of economy class tickets is y. The corner points are A(20, 180),
B(40, 160), and C(20, 80).
Evaluating the objective function
Z  1, 000 x  600 y at A, B and C
At A  20,180  , Z  1, 000  20  600 180
 20, 000  1, 08, 000 ₹  1, 28, 000
At B  40,160  , Z  1, 000  40  600 160
 40, 000  96, 000
= ₹ 1,36, 000  max.

Based on the above data, answer the following At C  20,80  , Z  1000  20  600  80
questions.  20, 000  48, 000
(i) The maximum value of x  y is _____. = ₹ 68,000
(a) 100 (b) 200 or Z is maximum, when x  40, y  160.
(c) 20 (d) 80 or 40 tickets of executive class and 160 tickets of
(ii) The relation between x and y is ____. economy class should be sold to get the maximum
(a) x  y (b) y  80 profit of ₹ 1,36,000.
(c) x  4 y (d) y  4 x
138 LINEAR PROGRAMMING

EXERCISE – 1: Basic Subjective Questions


Section–A (1 Mark Questions)
5. Corner points of the feasible region determined by the
1. The feasible solution for a LPP is shown in following system of linear constraints are (0, 3), (1, 1) and (3, 0).
figure. Let Z  3 x  4 y be the objective function. Find Let Z  px  qy, where pq  0 . Then find the
where minimum of Z occurs.
condition on p and q, so that the minimum of Z occurs
at (3, 0) and (1, 1).

Section–B (2 Marks Questions)


6. Maximize Z  3 x  4 y, subject to the constraints
x  y  1, x  0, y  0 .
7. Maximize the function Z  11x  7 y, subject to the
constraints x  3, y  2, x  0 and y  0 .
8. Minimize Z  13 x  15 y subject to the constraints
x  y  7, 2 x  3 y  6  0, x  0 and y  0 .
9. Determine the maximum value of Z  3 x  4 y, if the
2. The feasible region for an LPP is shown in the following feasible region (shaded) for a LPP is shown in
figure. Let F  3x  4 y be the objective function. Then following figure.
find the Maximum value of F .

3. The feasible region for an LPP is shown in the following


figure. Let F  3x  4 y be the objective function. Then
find the Minimum value of F . 10. Feasible region (shaded) for a LPP is shown in
following figure.
Maximize Z  5  7 y .

4. Corner points of the feasible region for an LPP are


(0, 2), (3, 0), (6, 0), (6, 8) and (0, 5). Let F  4 x  6 y
be the objective function. Then find the value of
Maximum of F- minimum of F .
LINEAR PROGRAMMING 139

11. The feasible region for a LPP is shown in following 16. A firm has to transport 1200 packages using large vans
figure. Find the minimum value of Z  11x  7 y . which can carry 200 Packages each and small vans
which can take 80 packages each. The cost for engaging
each large van is Rs 400 and each small van is Rs 200.
Not more than Rs 3000 is to be spent on the job and the
number of large vans cannot exceed the number of
small vans. Formulate this problem as a LPP given that
the objective is to minimize cost.
17. A company manufactures two types of screws A and B.
All the screws have to pass through a threading
machine and a slotting machine. A box of type A screws
requires 2 min on the threading machine and 3 min on
the slotting machine. A box of type B screws requires 8
min on the threading machine and 2 min on the slotting
12. The feasible region for a LPP is shown in following machine. In a week, each machine is available for 60 h.
figure. Find the maximum value of Z  11x  7 y . On selling these screws, the company gets a profit of Rs
100 per box on type A screws and Rs 170 per box on
type B screws. Formulate this problem as a LPP given
that the objective is to maximize profit.
18. A company manufactures two types of sweaters type A
and type B. It costs Rs 360 to make a type A sweater and
Rs 120 to make a type B sweater. The company can make
atmost 300 sweaters and spend atmost Rs 72000 a day.
The number of sweaters of type B cannot exceed the
number of sweaters of type A by more than 100. The
company makes a profit of Rs 200 for each sweater of type
13. The feasible region for a LPP is shown in the following A and Rs 120 for every sweater of type B. Formulate this
problem as a LPP to maximize the profit to the company.
figure. Evaluate Z  4 x  y at each of the corner points of
19. A man rides his motorcycle at the speed of 50 km/h. He
this region. Find the minimum value of Z , if it exists.
has to spend Rs 2 per km on petrol. If he rides it at a
Section–C (3 Marks Questions) faster speed of 80 km/h, the petrol cost increases to Rs 3
per km. He has almost Rs 120 to spend on petrol and
14. In following figure, the feasible region (shaded) for a one hour's time. He wishes to find the maximum
LPP is shown. Determine The maximum and minimum distance that he can travel. Express this problem as a
value of Z  x  2 y . linear programming problem.
20. Solve the following LPP
Maximize Z  5 x  3 y , subject to constraints
3x  5 y  15,5x  2 y  10 and x  0, y  0
21. Solve the following linear programming problem
Minimize Z  200 x  500 y
Subject to the constraints x  2 y  10
3x  4 y  24 and x  0, y  0
22. Solve the following linear programming problem
15. A manufacturer of electronic circuits has a stock of 200 graphically:
resistors, 120 transistors and 150 capacitors and is required Maximize Z  2 x  3 y, Subject to constraints
to produce two types of circuits A and B. Type A requires
4 x  6 y  60 , 2 x  y  20 , x  0, y  0 .
20 resistors, 10 transistors and 10 capacitors. Type B
requires 10 resistors, 20 transistors and 30 capacitors. If the 23. Minimize Z  3x  5 y
profit on type A circuit is Rs 50 and that on type B circuit Subject to the constraints
is Rs 60, formulate this problem as a LPP, so that the x  3 y  3 , x  y  2 and x  0, y  0 .
manufacturer can maximize his profit.
140 LINEAR PROGRAMMING

24. A human requires definite amount of two type of 27. A dietician wishes to mix two types of foods in such a
vitamin (Vitamin A and Vitamin B) for balanced food. way that vitamin contents of the mixture contain atleast
These vitamins find in two different food product 8 units of vitamin A and 10 units of vitamin C. Food I
 F1 and F2  . Vitamin contained in one unit of each contains 2 units/kg of vitamin A and 1 unit/kg of
vitamin C. Food II contains 1 unit/kg of vitamin A and
food product, minimum requirement for balanced food
2 units/kg of vitamin C. It costs Rs. 5 kg to purchase
and prices of per unit food product is given in table.
food ‘I’ and 7/kg to purchase food ‘II’. Formulate this
Food Daily
Vitamin Requirement problem as a LPP to minimize the cost of such a
Product
mixture and solve it graphically.
F1 F2
28. A housewife wishes to mix together two kinds of food,
A 2 4 40
X and Y in such a way that the mixtures contains at
B 3 2 50
least 10 units of vitamin A, 12 units of vitamin B and 8
Price per units (In Rs) 3 2.5
units of vitamin C.
How much unit of both produce is used so that the
The vitamin contents of one kg of food are given below:
minimum requirement for balanced food is fulfilled.
Vitamin Vitamin Vitamin
Section–D (5 Marks Questions) A B C
Food X 1 2 3
25. A firm manufacturing two types of electric items, A and
Food Y 2 2 1
B. Can make a profit of Rs. 20 per unit of A and Rs. 30
per unit of B. Each unit of A requires 3 motors and 2 One kg of food X costs Rs. 6 and one kg of food Y cost
transformers and each unit of B requires 2 motors and 4 Rs. 10. Find the least cost of the mixture which will
transformers. The total supply of these per month is produce the diet.
restricted to 210 motors and 300 transformers. Type B 29. One kind of cake requires 300 kg of flour and 15g of fat
is an expert model requiring a voltage stabilizer which and another kind of cake requires 150 g of flour and 30
has a supply restricted to 65 units per month. Formulate g of fat, find the maximum number of cakes which can
the LPP for maximum profit and solve it graphically. be made from 7.5 kg of flour and 600 g of fat assuming
26. There are two factories located one at place P and the that there is no shortage of the other ingredients used in
other at place Q. From these locations, a certain making the cakes. Formulate the LPP solve the problem
commodity is to be delivered to each of the three depots by graphical method.
situated at A, B and C. The weekly requirements of the 30. A manufacturer produces nuts and bolts. It takes 1 hour
depots are respectively 5, 5 and 4 units of the of work on machine A and 3 hour on machine B to
commodity while the production capacity of the produce a package of nuts, it takes 3 hour of work on
factories of P and Q are respectively 8 and 6 units. The machine A and 1 hour on machine B to produce a
cost of transportation per unit is given below: package of bolts. He earns a profit of Rs. 2.50 per
From Cost (In Rs.) package on nuts and Rs. 1 per package on bolts. How
many packages of each should be produced each day so
To A B C
as to maximize his profit, if he operates his machines
P 16 10 15 for at the most 12 hours a day? Translate this problem
Q 10 12 10 mathematically and then solve it.
How many units should be transported from each
factory to each depot in order that the transportation
cost is minimum. What will be the minimum
transportation cost ?
LINEAR PROGRAMMING 141

EXERCISE – 2: Basic Objective Questions


Section–A (Single Choice Questions) 6. The objective function Z  4 x  3 y can be
maximized subjected to the constraints
1. The solution set of the inequation 2 x  y  5 is 3x  4 y  24,8 x  6 y  48, x  5, y  6; x, y  0

(a) half plane that contains the origin (a) At only one point

(b) open half plane not containing the origin (b) At two points only
(c) At an infinite number of points
(c) whole xy-plane except the points lying on the
line 2 x  y  5 (d) None of these
(d) None of these 7. If the constraints in a linear programming problem
are changed

2. Objective function of a LPP is (a) the problem is to be re-evaluated

(a) a constraint (b) solution is not defined


(b) a function to be optimized (c) the objective function has to be modified
(c) a relation between the variable
(d) none of these (d) the change in constraints is ignored

8. Which of the following statement is correct?


3. Which of these following sets are convex?
(a) Every LPP admits an optimal solution
(a)  x, y  : x  y  1
2 2

(b)  x, y  : y  x
2 (b) A LPP admits unique optimal solution

(c)  x, y  : 3 x  4 y  5
2 2 (c) If a LPP admits two optimal solution it has an
infinite number of optimal solutions
(d)  x, y  : y  2, y  4
(d) The set of all feasible solutions of a LPP is not a
4. Let X 1 and X 2 are optimal solutions of a LPP, then converse set

(a) X   X1  1    X 2   R is also an optimal 9. Which of the following is a convex set?


solution
(a)  x, y  : 2 x  5 y  7
(b) X   X 1  1    X 2 , 0    1 gives an optimal
solution (b)  x, y  : x 2
 y 2  4
(c) X   X 1  1    X 2 , 0    1 gives an optimal (c)  x :| x | 5
solution (d)  x, y  : 3x 2
 2 y 2  6
(d) X   X1  1    X 2 ,   R given an optimal
solution 10. By graphical method, the solution of linear
programming problem Maximize Z  3x1  5 x2
5. The maximum value of the objective function is
Subject to 3x1  2 x2  18 x1  4 , x2  6 ,
attained at the points
(a) given by intersection of inequations with the axes x1  0, x2  0, is
only
(a) x1  2, x2  0, Z  6
(b) given by intersection of inequations with x-axis
only (b) x1  2, x2  6, Z  36
(c) given by corner points of the feasible region (c) x1  4, x2  3, Z  27
(d) none of these (d) x1  4, x2  6, Z  42
142 LINEAR PROGRAMMING

11. The value of objective function is maximum under 17. The position of points O  0, 0  and P  2, 2  in the
linear constraints
region of graph of inequation 2 x  3 y  5, will be
(a) at the centre of feasible region
(a) O inside and P outside
(b) at (0, 0)
(b) O and P both inside
(c) at any vertex of feasible region
(c) O and P both outside
(d) the vertex which is maximum distance from (0, 0)
(d) O outside and P inside
12. The corner points of the feasible region determined
by the following system of linear inequalities: 18. A firm produces two types of products A and B. The
profit on both is Rs. 2 per item. Every product
2 x  y  10, x  3 y  15, x, y  0 are requires processing on machines M1 and M 2 . For
A, machines M1 and M 2 takes 1 minute and 2
 0, 0  ,  5, 0  ,  3, 4  and  0,5  .
minutes respectively and for B, machines M1 and
Let Z  px  qy, where p, q  0 .
M 2 takes the time 1 minute each. The machines
Condition on p and q so that the maximum of Z M1 , M 2 are not available more than 8 hours and 10
occurs at both  3, 4  and  0,5  is hours, any of day, respectively. If the products made
x of A and y of B, then the objective function is.
(a) p  q (b) p  2q
(a) 2x  y (b) x  2 y
(c) p  3q (d) q  3 p
(c) 2 x  2 y (d) 8 x  10 y
13. Which of the following is not a vertex of the positive
region bounded by the inequalities 2 x  3 y  6 , 19. In a test of Mathematics, there are two types of
5x  3 y  15 and x, y  0 questions to be answered–short answered and long
(a)  0,2  (b)  0,0  answered. The relevant data is given below

(c)  3,0  (d) None of these Type of ques. Time taken Marks No. of
14. For the constraints of a L.P. problem given by to solve ques
x1  2 x2  2000, x1  x2  1500, x2  600, and
Short 5 minutes 3 10
x1 , x2  0, which one of the following points does
answered
not lie in the positive bounded region
(a) 1000, 0 (b)  0, 500  Long 10 minutes 5 14
answered
(c)  2, 0  (d)  2000, 0 

15. The solution of set of constraints The total marks is 100. Students can solve all the
questions. To secure maximum marks, a student
x  2 y  11,3x  4 y  30, 2 x  5 y  30, x  0, y  0 solves x short answered and y long answered
includes the point questions in three hours, then the linear constraints
(a)  2,3 (b)  3,2  except x  0, y  0, are

(c)  3,4  (d)  4,3 (a) 5x  10 y  180, x  10, y  14

16. The graph of x  2 and y  2 will be situated in the. (b) x  10 y  180, x  10, y  14

(a) First and second quadrant (c), 5x  10 y  180, x  10, y  14

(b) Second and third quadrant (d) 5x  10 y  180, x  10, y  14


(c) First and third quadrant

(d) Third and fourth quadrant


LINEAR PROGRAMMING 143

20. In a test of Mathematics, there are two types of Section–B (Case Study Questions)
questions to be answered–short answered and long
Case Study–1
answered. The relevant data is given below
23. Deepa rides her car at 25 km/hr. she has to spend ₹2
Type of ques. Time taken Marks No. of per km on diesel and if she rides it at a faster speed of
to solve ques 40 km/hr, the diesel cost increases to ₹5 per km. She
has ₹100 to spend on diesel. Let she travels x kms
Short answered 5 minutes 3 10 with speed 25 km/hr and y kms with speed 40 km/hr.
The feasible region for the LPP is shown below:
Long answered 10 minutes 5 14

The total marks is 100. Students can solve all the


questions. To secure maximum marks, a student
solves x short answered and y long answered
questions in three hours, then the objective function
is.

(a) 10 x  14 y (b) 5 x  10 y

(c) 3x  5 y (d) 5 y  3x

21. A factory produces two products A and B. In the


manufacturing of product A, the machine and the
carpenter requires 3 hour each and in manufacturing (i) Based on the above information, answer the
of product B, the machine and carpenter requires 5 following questions.
hour and 3 hour respectively. The machine and What is the point of intersection of line l1 and l2 .
carpenter work at most 80 hour and 50 hour per  40 50   50 40 
week respectively. The profit on A and B is Rs. 6 (a)  ,  (b)  , 
 3 3   3 3 
and 8 respectively. If profit is maximum by
50 40  50 40 
manufacturing x and y units of A and B type product (c)  ,  (d)  , 
respectively, then for the function 6 x  8 y the  3 3   3 3 
constraints are. (ii) The corner points of the feasible region shown in
above graph are.
(a) x  0, y  0,5 x  3 y  80,3x  2 y  50  40 50 
(a)  0, 25 ,  20, 0  ,  , 
(b) x  0, y  0,3x  5 y  80,3x  3 y  50  3 3 
(b)  0, 0  ,  25, 0  ,  0, 20 
(c) x  0, y  0,3x  5 y  80, 2 x  3 y  50
 40 50 
(d) x  0, y  0,5 x  3 y  80,3x  2 y  50 (c)  0, 0  ,  ,  ,  0, 20 
 3 3 
22. The sum of two positive integers is at most 5. The  50 40 
(d)  0, 0  ,  25, 0  ,  ,   0, 20 
difference between two times of second number and  3 3 
first number is at most 4. If the first number is x and (iii) If Z  x  y be the objective function and max
second number y, then for maximizing the product Z  30 . The maximum value occurs at point.
of these two numbers, the mathematical formulation
 50 40 
is. (a)  ,  (b)  0, 0 
 3 3 
(a) x  y  5, 2 y  x  4, x  0, y  0 (c)  25, 0  (d)  0, 20 
(b) x  y  5, 2 x  y  4, x  0, y  0 (iv) If Z  6 x  9 y be the objective function, the
maximum value of Z is.
(c) x  y  5, 2 y  x  4, x  0, y  0 (a) – 20 (b) 150
(d) None of these (c) 180 (d) 20
144 LINEAR PROGRAMMING

Case Study–2 Case Study-3


24. Suppose a dealer in rural area wishes to purpose a 25. Let R be the feasible region (convex polygon) for a
number of sewing machines. He has only ₹5760 to linear programming problem and let Z  ax  by be
invest and has space for at most 20 items for storage. the objective function. When Z has an optimal value
An electronic sewing machine costs him ₹360 and a (maximum or minimum), where the variables x and y
manually operated sewing machine ₹240. He can sell are subject to constraints described by linear
an electronic sewing machine at a profit of ₹22 and a inequalities, this optimal value must occur at a corner
manually operated sewing machine at a profit of ₹18. point (vertex) of the feasible region.
Based on the above information, answer the
following questions.
(i) Objective function of a L.P.P. is.
(a) a constant
(b) a function to be optimized
(c) a relation between the variables
(d) none of these
(ii) Which of the following statement is correct.
Based on the above information, answer the
(a) Every LPP has at least one optimal solution.
following questions.
(b) Every LPP has a unique optimal solution.
(i) Let x and y denotes the number of electronic sewing
machines and manually operated sewing machines (c) If an LPP has two optimal solutions, then it has
purchased by the dealer. If it is assumed that the infinitely many solutions.
dealer purchased at least one of the given machines, (d) None of these
then. (iii) In solving the LPP: “minimize f  6 x  10 y subject
(a) x  y  0 (b) x  y  0 to constraints x  6, y  2, 2 x  y  10, x  0, y  0"
(c) x  y  0 (d) x  y  0 redundant constraints are.
(ii) Let the constraints in the given problem is (a) x  6, y  2
represented by the following inequalities. (b) 2 x  y  10, x  0, y  0
x  y  20 (c) x  6
360 x  240 y  5760
(d) none of these
x, y  0 (iv) The feasible region for a LPP is shown shaded in the
Then which of the following point lie in its feasible figure. Let Z  3 x  4 y be the objective function.
region. Minimum of Z occurs at.
(a)  0, 24  (b)  8,12 
(c)  20, 2  (d) None of these
(iii) If the objective function of the given problem is
maximise z  22 x  18 y, then its optimal value
occur at.
(a)  0, 0  (b) 16, 0 
(c)  8,12  (d)  0, 20 
(iv) If an LPP admits optimal solution at two consecutive
vertices of a feasible region, then.
(a) the required optimal solution is at the midpoint
of the line joining two points.
(b) the optimal solution occurs at every point on the (a)  0, 0  (b)  0,8 
line joining these two points.
(c) the LPP under consideration is not solvable. (c)  5,0  (d)  4,10 
(d) the LPP under consideration must be
reconstructed.
LINEAR PROGRAMMING 145

Section–C (Assertion & Reason Type Questions) 29. Assertion: A dealer wishes to purchase a number of
fans and sewing machines. He has only Rs. 5760.00
26. Assertion: The maximum value of Z  5 x  2 y to invest and has space for at most 20 items. A fan
subjected to the constraints costs him Rs. 360.00 and a sewing machine Rs.
x  y  2,3x  3 y  12; x, y  0 can’t be determined. 240.00. His expectation is that he can sell a fan at a
Reason: There is no common region in the graph of profit of Rs. 22.00 and a sewing machine at a profit
constraints x  y  2,3x  3 y  12; x, y  0 . Rs. 18.00. Assuming that he can sell all the items
that he can buy, the maximum profit he can make is
(a) Assertion is correct, reason is correct; reason is a Rs. 360.
correct explanation for assertion.
Reason: The total profit is Z  22 x  18 y .
(b) Assertion is correct, reason is correct; reason is
not a correct explanation for assertion (a) Assertion is correct, reason is correct; reason is a
correct explanation for assertion.
(c) Assertion is correct, reason is incorrect
(b) Assertion is correct, reason is correct; reason is
(d) Assertion is incorrect, reason is correct.
not a correct explanation for assertion
27. Assertion: The coordinates of the point at which the
(c) Assertion is correct, reason is incorrect
Maximum value of z  0.25 x1  0.45 x2 subjected to
(d) Assertion is incorrect, reason is correct.
the constraints x1  2 x2  300, 3x1  2 x2  480
30. Assertion: m is the minimum value of Z , If the
x1  0, x2  0 is attained is  90,105 . open half of plane determined by ax  by  m has
Reason: Let R be the feasible region for a linear no point in common with the feasible region.
programming problem and Z  ax  by be the Reason: In every LPP, we set up the non-negative
objective function, if R is bounded, then the condition to the decision variables.
objective function Z has no solution. (a) Assertion is correct, reason is correct; reason is a
(a) Assertion is correct, reason is correct; reason is a correct explanation for assertion.
correct explanation for assertion. (b) Assertion is correct, reason is correct; reason is
(b) Assertion is correct, reason is correct; reason is not a correct explanation for assertion
not a correct explanation for assertion (c) Assertion is correct, reason is incorrect
(c) Assertion is correct, reason is incorrect (d) Assertion is incorrect, reason is correct.
(d) Assertion is incorrect, reason is correct.
28. Assertion: The objective function Z  20 x  10 y
Subject to x  2 y  40, 3x  y  30,
4 x  3 y  60 and x, y  0 has minimum value 240
at point  6,12  .
Reason: The linear inequalities or equation or
restrictions on the variables of a linear programming
problem is called objective function.
(a) Assertion is correct, reason is correct; reason is a
correct explanation for assertion.
(b) Assertion is correct, reason is correct; reason is
not a correct explanation for assertion
(c) Assertion is correct, reason is incorrect
(d) Assertion is incorrect, reason is correct.
146 LINEAR PROGRAMMING

EXERCISE – 3: Previous Year Questions


1. Find graphically, the maximum value of The person needs to supplement at least 18
z  2 x  5 y, subject to constraints given below: milligrams of iron, 21 milligrams of calcium and 16
2 x  4 y  8,3x  y  6, x  y  4; x  0, y  0 milligrams of vitamins. The price of each tablet of X
and Y is Rs 2 and Rs 1 respectively. How many
(Delhi 2015) tablets of each type should the person take in order
to satisfy the above requirement at the minimum
2. Maximise z  8 x  9 y subject to the constraints
cost? Make an LPP and solve graphically.
given below:
(Foreign 2016)
2 x  3 y  6,3x  2 y  6, y  1; x, y  0 .
6. A company manufactures three kinds of calculators :
(Foreign 2015) A, B and C in its two factories I and II. The
company has got an order for manufacturing at least
3. A manufacturer produces two products A and B.
6400 calculators of kinds A, 4000 of kind B and
Both the products are processed on two different
4800 of kind C. The daily output of factory I is of 50
machines. The available capacity of first machine is
calculators of kind A, 50 calculators of kind B and
12 hours and that of second machine is 9 hours per
30 calculators of kind C. The Daily output of factory
day. Each unit of product A requires 3 hours on both
II is of 40 calculators of kind A, 20 of kind B and 40
machines and each unit of product B requires 2
of kind C. The cost per day to run factory I is Rs
hours on first machine and 1 hour on second
12,000 and of factory II is Rs 15,000. How many
machine. Each unit of product A is sold at Rs 7
days do the two factories have to be in operation to
profit and that of B at a profit of Rs 4. Find the
produce the order with the minimum cost ?
production level per day for maximum profit
Formulate this problem as an LPP and solve
graphically. (Delhi 2016)
graphically. (AI 2015)
4. There are two types of fertilisers ‘A’ and ‘B’. ‘A’
7. One kind of cake requires 200 g of flour and 25 g of
consists of 12% nitrogen and 5% phosphoric acid
fat, another kind of cake requires 100 g of flour and
whereas ‘B’ consists of 4% nitrogen and 5%
50 g of fat. Find the maximum number of cakes
phosphoric acid. After testing the soil conditions,
which can be made from 5 kg of flour and 1 kg of
farmer finds that he needs at least 12 kg of nitrogen
fat, assuming that there is no shortage of the other
and 12 kg of phosphoric acid for his crops. If ‘A’
ingredients used in making the cakes. Make it an
costs Rs 10 per kg and ‘B’ costs Rs 8 per kg, then
LPP and solve it graphically.
graphically determine how much of each type of
fertiliser should be used so that the nutrient (Delhi 2015C, AI 2014C, 2011C)
requirements are met at a minimum cost.
8. A manufacturer produces nuts and bolts. It take 2
(AI 2016) hours work on machine A and 3 hours on machine B
to produce a package of nuts. It takes 3 hours on
5. In order to supplement daily diet, a person wishes to
machine A and 2 hours on machine B to produce a
take X and Y tablets.
package of bolts. He earns a profit of Rs 24 per
The contents (in milligrams per tablet) of iron, package on nuts and Rs 18 per package on bolts.
calcium and vitamins in X and Y are given as below: How many package of each should be produced
each day so as to maximise his profit, if he operates
Tablets Iron Calcium Vitamin his machines for at the most 10 hours a day. Make
an LPP from above and solve it graphically.
X 6 3 2
(AI 2015C)
Y 2 3 4
LINEAR PROGRAMMING 147

9. A dealer in rural area wishes to purchase a number what is the maximum distance he can travel within
of sewing machines. He has only Rs 5760 to invest one hour. Express this problem as an LPP. Solve it
and has space for at most 20 items for storage. An graphically to find the distance to be covered with
electronic sewing machine costs him Rs 360 and a different speeds. What value is indicated in this
manually operated sewing machine Rs 240. He can question.
sell an electronic sewing machine at a profit of Rs
(Delhi 2014C, 2013C)
22 and a manually operated sewing machine at a
profit of Rs 18. Assuming that he can sell all the 13. A cooperative society of farmers has 50 hectares of
items that he can buy, how should he invest his land to grow two crops A and B. The profits from
money in order to maximise his profit ? Make it as crops A and B per hectare are estimated as Rs 10,500
an LPP and solve graphically. and Rs 9,000 respectively. To control weeds a liquid
herbicide has to be used for crops A and B at the rate
(Delhi 2014C, AI 2007)
of 20 litres and 10 litres per hectare, respectively.
10. A manufacturing company makes two types of Further not more than 800 litres of herbicide should
teaching aids A and B of Mathematics for class XII. be used in order to protect fish and wildlife using a
Each type of A requires 9 labour hours of fabricating pond which collects drainage from this land. Keeping
and 1 labour hour for finishing. Each type of B in mind that the protection of fish and other wildlife is
requires 12 labour hours for fabricating and 3 labour more important than earning profit, how much land
hours for finishing. For fabricating and finishing, the should be allocated to each crop so as to maximise the
maximum labour hours available per week are 180 total profit? Form an LPP from the above information
and 30 respectively. The company makes a profit of and solve it graphically. Do you agree with the
` 80 on each piece of type A and ` 120 on each piece message that the protection of wildlife is utmost
of type B. How many pieces of type A and type B necessary to preserve the balance in environment.
should be manufactured per week to get a maximum
(Delhi 2013)
profit? Make it as an LPP and solve graphically.
What is the maximum profit per week. 14. A manufacturer considers that men and women
workers are equally efficient and so he pays them at the
(AI 2014)
same rate. He has 30 and 17 units of workers (male and
11. A cottage industry manufactures pedestal lamps and female) and capital respectively; which he uses to
wooden shades, each requiring the use of a produce two types of goods A and B. To produce one
grinding/cutting machine and a sprayer. It takes 2 unit of A, 2 workers and 3 units of capital are required
hours on grinding/cutting machine and 3 hours on while 3 workers and 1 unit of capital is required to
the sprayer to manufacture a pedestal lamp. It takes produce one unit of B. If A and B are priced at Rs 100
1 hour on the grinding/ cutting machine and 2 hours and Rs 120 per unit respectively, how should he use his
on the sprayer to manufacture a shade. On any day, resources to maximise the total revenue? Form the
the sprayer is available for at the most 20 hours and above as an LPP and solve graphically. Do you agree
the grinding/cutting machine for at the most 12 with this view of the manufacturer that men and
hours. The profit from the sale of a lamp is Rs 25 women workers are equally efficient and so should be
and that from a shade is Rs 15. Assuming that the paid at the same rate.
manufacturer can sell all the lamps and shades that
(AI 2013)
he produces, how should he schedule his daily
production in order to maximise his profit ? 15. A dietician wishes to mix two types of foods in such
Formulate an LPP and solve it graphically. a way that the vitamin contents of the mixture
contains at least 8 units of vitamin A and 10 units of
(Foreign 2014)
vitamin C. Food I contains 2 units/kg of vitamin A
12. If a young man rides his motorcycle at 25 km per and 1 unit/kg of vitamin C while food II contains 1
hour, he had to spend Rs 2 per km on petrol with unit/kg of vitamin A and 2 units/kg of vitamin C. It
very little pollution in the air. If he rides it at a faster costs Rs 5 per kg to purchase food I and Rs 7 per kg
speed of 40 km per hour, the petrol cost increases to to purchase food II. Determine the minimum cost of
Rs 5 per km and rate of pollution also increases. He such a mixture. Formulate the above as an LPP and
has Rs 100 to spend on petrol and wishes to find solve it graphically. (AI 2012)
148 LINEAR PROGRAMMING

16. A decorative item dealer deals in two items A and B. problem and find graphically the minimum cost for
He has Rs 15,000 to invest and a space to store at diet that consists of mixture of these foods and also
the most 80 pieces. Item A costs him Rs 300 and meets the minimal nutritional requirements.
item B costs him Rs 150. He can sell items A and B
(Delhi 2009)
at respective profits of Rs 50 and Rs 28. Assuming
he can sell all he buys, formulate the linear 21. A manufacturer has employed 5 skilled men and 10
programming problem in order to maximise his semi-skilled men and makes two models A and B of
profit and solve it graphically. (Delhi 2012C) an article. The making of one item of model A
requires 2 hours work by a skilled man and 2 hours
17. A factory makes tennis rackets and cricket bats. A
work by a semi-skilled man. One item of model B
tennis racket takes 1.5 hours of machine time and 3
requires 1 hour by a skilled man and 3 hours by a
hours of craftsman’s time in its making while a
semi-skilled man. No man is expected to work more
cricket bat takes 3 hours of machine time and 1 hour
than 8 hours per day. The manufacturer's profit on
of craftsman’s time. In a day, the factory has the
an item of model A is Rs.15 and on an item of
availability of not more than 42 hours of machine
model B is Rs.10. How many of items of each model
time and 24 hours of craftsman’s time. If the profit
should be made per day in order to maximize daily
on a racket and on a bat are Rs 20 and Rs 10
profit? Formulate the above LPP and solve it
respectively, then find the number of tennis rackets
graphically and find the maximum profit.
and cricket bats that the factory must manufacture to
(Delhi 2019)
earn maximum profit. Form it as an LPP and solve it
graphically. (Delhi 2011) 22. A dietician wishes to mix two types of food in such
a way that the vitamin contents of the mixture
18. A merchant plans to sell two types of personal
contains at least 8 units of vitamin A and 10 units of
computers - a desktop model and a portable model
vitamin C. Food I contains 2 units/kg of vitamin A
that will cost Rs 25,000 and Rs 40,000 respectively.
and 1 unit/kg of vitamin C. It costs Rs.50 per kg to
He estimates that the total monthly demand of
produce food 1. Food II contains I unit/kg of vitamin
computers will not exceed 250 units. Determine the
A and 2 units/kg of vitamin C and it costs Rs.70 per
number of units of each type of computers which the
kg to produce food II. Formulate this problem as a
merchant should stock to get maximum profit, if he
LPP to minimize the cost of a mixture that will
does not want to invest more than Rs 70 lakhs and
produce the required diet. Also find the minimum
his profit on the desktop model is Rs 4500 and on
cost. (AI 2019)
the portable model is Rs 5,000. Form it as an LPP
and solve it graphically. (AI 2011) 23. A factory manufactures two types of screws A and
B, each type requiring the use of two machines, an
19. A library has to accommodate two different types of
automatic and a hand-operated. It takes 4 minutes on
books on a shelf. The books are 6 cm and 4 cm thick
the automatic and 6 minutes on the hand-operated
1
and weigh 1 kg and 1 kg each respectively. The machines to manufacture a packet of screws 'A'
2 while it takes 6 minutes on the automatic and 3
shelf is 96 cm long and at most can support a weight minutes on the hand-operated machine to
of 21 kg. How should the shelf be filled with the manufacture a packet of screws ‘B’. Each machine
books of two types in order to include the greatest is available for at most 4 hours on any day. The
number of books ? Form it as an LPP and solve it manufacturer can sell a packet of screws 'A' at a
graphically. (AI 2010C) profit of Rs 7 and screws 'B' at a profit of Rs.10.
20. A diet is to contain at least 80 units of vitamin A and Assuming that he can sell all the screws be
100 units of minerals. Two foods F1 and F2 are manufactures, how many packets of each type
should the factory owner produce in a day in order
available. Food F1 costs Rs 4 per unit and F2 costs
to maximize his profit? Also, find the maximum
Rs 6 per unit. One unit of food F1 contains 3 units profit. (Delhi 2018)
of vitamin A and 4 units of minerals. One unit of
food F2 contains 6 units of vitamin A and 3 units of
minerals. Formulate this as a linear programming
LINEAR PROGRAMMING 149

24. A company manufactures two types of novelty 25. Solve the following LPP graphically:
souvenirs made of plywood. Souvenirs of type A
Minimize z  5x  7 y
requires 5 minutes each for cutting and 10 minutes
each for assembling. Souvenirs of type B require 8 Subject to the constraints
minutes each for cutting and and 8 minutes each for
assembling. Given that total time for cutting is 3 2x  y  8
hours 20 minutes and for assembling 4 hours. The
x  2 y  10
profit for type A souvenir is Rs.100 each and for
type B souvenir, profit is Rs.120 each. How many x, y  0
souvenirs of each type should the company
manufacture in order to maximize the profit? (Delhi 2019)
Formulate the problem as an LPP and solve it
graphically. (AI 2020, Delhi 2020)

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LINEAR PROGRAMMING
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150 INTEGRALS

08
INTEGRALS
INTEGRALS 151

Chapter at a Glance
 Integration is the inverse process of differentiation.
d
Let F  x   f  x  . Then, we write  f  x  dx  F  x   C.
dx
These integrals are called indefinite integrals or general integrals, C is called constant of integration. All these integrals
differ by a constant.
 From the geometric point of view, an indefinite integral is collection of family of curves, each of which is obtained by
translating one of the curves parallel to itself upwards or downwards along the y -axis.
 Some properties of indefinite integrals are as follows:
(i)   f  x   g  x  dx   f  x  dx   g  x  dx
(ii) For any real number k ,  k f  x  dx  k  f  x  dx

More generally,   k1 f1  x   k2 f2  x   ...  kn fn  x  dx  k1  f1  x  dx  k 2  f 2  x  dx  ...  k n  f n  x  dx


 Some standard integrals
x n 1 dx 1
(i) x
n
dx 
n 1
 C , n  1. (x)  1  x 2  tan xC

dx
Particularly,  dx  x  C (xi)    cot 1 x  C
1  x2
(ii)  cos x dx  sin x  C x x
(xii)  e dx  e C
(iii)  sin xdx   cos x  C
x ax
(xiii)  a dx  C
(iv)  sec 2 x dx  tan x  C log a

(v)  co sec 2 x dx   cot x  C dx


(xiv) x  sec1 x  C
2
x 1
(vi)  sec x tan x dx  sec x  C
dx
(xv) x   cos ec 1 x  C
(vii)  sec x tan xdx  sec x  C 2
x 1
dx 1
(viii)   sin 1 x  C (xvi)  x dx  log | x | C
2
1 x
dx
(ix)    cos 1 x  C
2
1 x

 Integration by partial fractions


P  x
Recall that a rational function is ratio of two polynomials of the form , where P  x  and Q  x  are polynomials in x
Q  x
and Q  x   0.
If degree of the polynomial P  x  is greater than the degree of the polynomial Q  x  , then we may divide P  x  by Q  x 
P  x P  x
so that  T  x  1 , where T  x  is a polynomial in x and degree of P1  x  is less than the degree of Q  x  .
Q  x Q  x
T  x  being polynomial can be easily integrated.
P1  x  P  x
can be integrated by expressing 1 as the sum of partial fractions of the following type:
Q  x Q  x
152 INTEGRALS

px  q A B
  ,a  b
 x  a   x  b x  a x  b
px  q A B
2
 
 x  a x  a  x  a 2

px2  qx  r A B C
  
 x  a   x  b  x  c x  a x  b x  c
px 2  qx  r A B C
2
  
 x  a  x  b x  a  x  a 2 x  c

px 2  qx  r A Bx  c
  2 , where x   bx  c cannot be factorized further.
 x  a x 2
 bx  c  x  a x  bx  c

 Integration by substitution: A change in the variable of integration often reduces an integral to one of the fundamental
integrals. The method in which we change the variable to some other variable is called the method of substitution. When the
integrand involves some trigonometric functions, we use some well known identities to find the integrals. Using substitution
technique, we obtain the following standard integrals.
(i)  tan xdx  log sec x  C
(ii)  cot x dx  log sin x  C

(iii)  sec x dx  log sec x  tan x  C

(iv)  cos x dx  log cosec x  cot x  C


 Integrals of some special functions
dx 1 xa
(i)  2 2
 log C
x a 2a xa
dx 1 xa
(ii)  a 2  x2  2a log x  a  C
dx 1 1 x
(iii)  x2  a 2  a tan a
C

dx
(iv)   log x  x 2  a2  C
2 2
x a
dx x
(v)   sin 1 C
a2  x2 a
dx
(vi)   log x  x2  a2  C
2 2
x a
 Integration by parts
d 
For given functions f1 and f 2 , we have  f1  x  . f 2  x  dx  f1  x   f 2  x  dx   dx f1  x  . f2  x  dx  dx,
i.e., the integral of the product of two functions = first function  integral of the second function - integral of {differential
coefficient of the first function  integral of the second function}.
Care must be taken in choosing the first function and the second function.
Obviously, we must take that function as the second function whose integral is well known to us.
One of the applications of the integration by parts is as follows:
x x
 e  f  x   f '  x  dx   e f  x  dx  C
INTEGRALS 153

 Some special types of integrals


2
x a
(i)  x 2  a 2 dx  2
x a 
2
log x 
2
x a C
2

2 2
2
x a
(ii)  x 2  a 2 dx  2
x a 
2
log x 
2
x a
2
C
2 2
2
2 2 x 2 2 a 1 x
(iii)  a  x dx  x a  sin C
2 2 a
dx dx
(iv) Integrals of the types  ax 2  bx  c or  can be transformed into standard form by expressing
2
ax  bx  c
 2
 b c b   c b2  
ax 2  bc  c  a  x 2  x    a  x     
 a a  2a   a 4a 2  

 px  q  dx  px  q  dx
(v) Integrals of the types  ax 2  bx  c or  can be transformed into standard form by expressing
ax 2  bx  c
d
px  q  A
dx
 
ax 2  bx  c  B  A  2ax  b   B, where A and B are determined by comparing coefficients on both sides.
b
 We have defined a f  x  dx as the area of the region bounded by the curve y  f  x  , a  x  b, the x -axis and the
b
ordinates x  a and x  b. Let x be a given point in  a, b . Then a f  x  dx represents the Area function A  x  . This
concept of area function leads to the Fundamental Theorems of Integral Calculus.
 First fundamental theorem of integral calculus
x
Let the area function be defined by A  x    f  x  dx for all x  a, where the function f is assumed to be continuous on
a

 a, b . Then A '  x   f  x  for all x   a, b  .


 Second fundamental theorem of integral calculus
Let f be a continuous function of x defined on the closed interval  a, b  and let F be another function such that
d b b
F  x   f  x  for all x in the domain of f , then  f  x  dx   F  x   C   F  b   F  a  .
dx a a

 This is called the definite integral of f over the range  a, b , where a and b are called the limits of integration, a being
the lower limit and b the upper limit.
154 INTEGRALS

Solved Examples
Example–1 1
1 2 1
Find the following integrals (iii) Derivative of x is
x  .
2 2 x
(i)   sin x  cos x dx Thus, we use the substitution
(ii)  cos ecx  cos ecx  cot x dx x  t so that
1
dx  dt
1  sin x 2 x
(iii)  dx (NCERT) giving dx  2t dt .
cos 2 x
Sol. (i) We have tan 4 x sec 2 x
Thus,  dx
  sin x  cos x dx   sin x dx   cos x dx x
  cos x  sin x  C 2t tan 4 t sec 2 t dt
  2  tan 4 t sec2 t dt
(ii) We have t
Again, we make another substitution tan t  u so that
  cosec x  cosec x  cot x  dx
sec2 dt dt  du
  cosec 2 x dx   cosec x cot x dx
u5
  cot x  cos ecx  C Therefore, 2  tan 4 t sec 2 t dt  2  u 4 du  2 C
(iii) We have 5
1  sin x 1 sin x 2 5
 tan t  C  since u  tan t 
 cos2 x dx   cos2 xdx   cos2 xdx 5
2
  sec 2 x dx   tan x sec x dx  tan5 x  C since t  x
5
 
 tan x  sec x  C .
tan 4 x sec 2 x 2
Example–2 Hence,  dx  tan 5 x  C .
x 5
Integrate the following functions w.r.t. x:
Alternatively, make the substitution
(i) sin mx 
(ii) 2 x sin x 2  1  tan x  t

(iii)
tan 4 x sec 2 x
(iv)

sin tan 1
x  (iv) Derivative of tan 1 x 
1
. Thus, we use the
x 1  x2 1  x2
substitution
(NCERT)
dx
Sol. tan 1 x  t so that  dt
(i) We know that derivative of mx is m . Thus, we 1  x2
make the substitution mx  t so that mdx  dt Therefore,
Therefore, 
sin tan 1 x  dx 
1  1 x 2  sin t dt
 sin mx dx  m  sin t dt
1

  cos t  C   cos tan 1 x  C 
  cos t  C Example–3
m
1 Find the following integrals
  cos mx  C sin x
3
m (i)  sin x cos 2 x dx (ii)  sin  x  a  dx
(ii) Derivative of x 2  1 is 2x . Thus, we use the
1
substitution x 2  1  t so that 2x dx  dt . (iii)  1  tan xdx
Therefore,
Sol. We have
2
 
 2 x sin x  1 dx   sin t dt 3 2 2 2
 sin x cos x dx   sin x cos x  sin x  dx
 
  cos t  C   cos x 2  1  C   1  cos2 x  cos 2 x  sin x  dx
INTEGRALS 155

Put t  cos x so that dt   sin x dx Example–4


2
Find: (i)  cos x dx (ii)  sin 2 x cos 3 x dx
Therefore,  sin
2
 
x cos 2 x  sin x  dx    1  t 2 t 2 dt
3
(iii)  sin x dx . (NCERT)
 t3 t5 
 2 4

   t  t dt       C Sol. Recall the identity
3 5
1 1 cos 2 x  2 cos 2 x  1, which gives
  cos3 x  cos5 x  C 1  cos 2 x
3 5 cos 2 x 
(ii) Put x  a  t . Then dx  dt . 2
Therefore Therefore,
sin  t  a  2 1
sin x
 sin  x  a  dx   sin t dt  cos x dx  2  1  cos 2 x  dx
1 1
sin t cos a  cos t sin a   dx   cos 2 x dx
 dt 2 2
sin t x 1
  sin 2 x  C
 cos a  dt  sin a  cot t dt 2 4
(ii) Recall the identity
  cos a  t   sin a  log sin t  C1 
1
sin x cos y  sin  x  y   sin  x  y  
  cos a  x  a    sin a  log sin  x  a   C1  2
 x cos a  a cos a   sin a  log sin  x  a   C1 sin a Then  sin 2 x cos 3 x dx

sin x 1
 sin 5 x dx   sin x dx 
 sin  x  a  dx 2 
Hence,

1 1 
 x cos a  sin a log sin  x  a   C ,    cos 5 x  cos x   C
2 5 
where, C  C1 sin a  a cos a, is another arbitrary
1 1
constant.  cos 5 x  cos x  C
10 2
dx cos x dx
(iii)  1  tan x   cos x  sin x (iii) From the identity sin 3 x  3sin x  4 sin 3 x,
3sin x  sin 3x
1  cos x  sin x  cos x  sin x  dx we find that sin 3 x 
  4
2 cos x  sin x
3 1
1 1 cos x  sin x Therefore,  sin3 x dx   sin x dx   sin 3 x dx
  dx   dx 4 4
2 2 cos x  sin x
3 1
x C 1 cos x  sin x   cos x  cos 3 x  C .
  1  dx …(1) 4 12
2 2 2 cos x  sin x
cos x  sin x Example–5
Now, consider I   dx
cos x  sin x dx dx
Put cos x  sin x  t so that Find: (i)  x 2  16 (ii)  (NCERT)
2 x  x2
 cos x  sin x  dx  dt Sol.
Therefore dx dx 1 x4
dt
I    log t  C2  log cos x  sin x  C2
(i)  x2  16   x2  42  log
8 x4
C
t
dx dx
Putting it in (1), we get (ii)  
2 2
dx x C 1 C 2x  x 1   x  1
 1  tan x  2  21  2 log cos x  sin x  22 Put x  1  t . Then dx  dt .
x 1 C C dx dt
  log cos x  sin x  1  2 Thus,    sin 1  t   C
2 2 2 2 2x  x 2
1 t 2

x 1  C C 
  log cos x  sin x  C ,  C  1  2   sin 1  x  1  C .
2 2  2 2 
156 INTEGRALS

Example–6 (iii) We have


Find the following integrals dx dx
 
dx dx 2
5x  2 x  2x 
(i)  2 (ii)  3x 2  13x  10 5  x2  
x  6 x  13  5 
dx 1 dx
(iii)  (NCERT) 
5x2  2 x 5  2 2
(completing the square)
 1 1
Sol.  x  
  
 5 5
(i) We have
1
x 2  6 x  13  x 2  6 x  32  32  13 Put x   t . Then dx  dt .
2
5
  x  3  4 dx 1 dt
Therefore,  
dx 1 2
5x  2 x 5 1
2
So,  x2  6 x  13    x  32  22 dx t2   
5
Let x  3  t . Then dx  dt 2
1 1
dx dt  log t  t 2     C
Therefore,  x 2  6 x  13   t 2  22 5 5

1 t 1 x3 1 1 2x
 tan 1  C  tan 1 C  log x   x 2  C .
2 2 2 2 5 5 5
(ii) We write the denominator of the integrand,
Example–7
 13x 10 
3x 2  13 x  10  3  x 2    Find the following integrals
 3 3 x2
2 2
(i)  2 dx
 13   17   2x  6x  5
 3  x       (Completing the square)
6   6   x3
 (ii)  dx (NCERT)
dx 1 dx 5  4 x  x2
Thus  3x 2  13x  10  3   2
13   17 
2 Sol.
x    (i) We express
 6  6
d
Put x 
13
 t . Then dx  dt .
x2 A
dx

2 x2  6 x  5  B 
6
 A  4 x  6  B
dx 1 dt
Therefore,  2   2 Equating the coefficients of x and the constant terms
3x  13x  10 3  17 
t2    from both sides, we get
 6
1 1
17 4 A  1 and 6 A  B  2 or A  and B  .
t 4 2
1 6 C
 log 1 x2
17 17 Therefore,  2 dx
3 2  t 2x  6x  5
6 6
1 4x  6 1 dx
13 17   2 dx   2
x  4 2x  6x  5 2 2x  6x  5
1 6 6 C
 log 1 1 1
17 13 17  I1  I 2 (say) …. (1)
x  4 2
6 6
1 6x  4 In I1 , put 2 x 2  6 x  5  t , so that
 log  C1
17 6 x  30  4 x  6  dx  dt
1 3x  2 1 1 dt
 log  C1  log Therefore, I1    log t  C1
17 x5 17 3 t
1 3x  2 1 1  log 2 x 2  6 x  5  C1 …. (2)
 log  C , where C  C1  log
17 x5 17 3
INTEGRALS 157

dx 1 dx dt t
and I 2   2
  Therefore, I 2    sin 1  C2
2x  6x  5 2 5 2 3
2
x 2  3x  3 t
2
x2
1 dx  sin 1  C2 …. (3)
 3
2 2
3 1
2
Substituting (2) and (3) in (1), we obtain
x   
 2 2 x3
3  5  4 x  x 2 dx
Put x   t , so that dx  dt , we get
2 x2
1 dt 1   5  4 x  x 2  sin 1  C,
I2    tan 1 2t  C2 3
2 2  1 2 2  1 C
t   2 where C  C2  1 .
2 2
 3 Example–8
 tan 1 2  x    C2  tan 1  2 x  3  C2
 2 x2  1
Using (2) and (3) in (1), we get
Find  x2  5 x  6 dx (NCERT)

x2 x2  1
 2 x 2  6 x  5 dx Sol. Here the integrand is not proper rational
x2  5x  6
1 1
 log 2 x 2  6 x  5  tan 1  2 x  3  C function, so we divide x 2  1 by x 2  5 x  6 and
4 2
find that
C1 C2
Where, C   x2  1 5x  5 5x  5
4 2 1 2 1
(ii) Let us express x2  5x  6 x  5x  6  x  2  x  3
d 5x  5 A B
x3 A
dx
5  4x  x2  B  Let  
 x  2  x  3 x  2 x  3
 A  4  2 x   B So that 5 x  5  A  x  3  B  x  2 
Equating the coefficients of x and the constant terms Equating the coefficients of x and constant terms on
from both sides, we get both sides, we get A  B  5 and 3 A  2 B  5 .
1 Solving these equations, we get A  5 and B  10
2 A  1 and 4 A  B  3, i.e., A   and B  1
2
x2  1 5 10
Therefore, Thus, 2
 1 
x  5x  6 x2 x3
x3
 5  4 x  x 2 dx Therefore,
x2  1 1 dx
1  4  2 x  dx dx  x 2  5x  6dx   dx  5 x  2dx  10 x  3
  
2 5  4x  x 2
5  4 x  x2  x  5log x  2  10log x  3  C
1
  I1  I 2 …. (1) Example–9
2
3x  2
In I1 , put 5  4 x  x 2  t , so that  4  2x  dx  dt Find   x  12  x  3 dx (NCERT)

Therefore, I1  
 4  2 x  dx 
dt
 2 t  C1 Sol. We write
2 t
5  4x  x 3x  2 A B C
2
  
 2 5  4x  x  C1 2
…. (2)  x  1  x  3 x  1  x  12 x  3

Now consider So that


2
dx dx 3x  2  A  x  1 x  3  B  x  3  C  x  1
I2   
2 2
5  4x  x 9   x  2
  
 A x 2  4 x  3  B  x  3  C x 2  2 x  1 
Put x  2  t , so that dx  dt .
Comparing coefficient of x 2 , x and constant term on
158 INTEGRALS

both sides, we get A  C  0, 4 A  B  2C  3 and Example–11


3 A  3B  C  2 . 2
x
11 5
Evaluate  e dx as the limit of a sum. (NCERT)
Solving these equations, we get A  , B  and 0
4 2
Sol. By definition
11
C . 2 x 1 0
2 4 2n  2 
4 e dx  2  0  lim  e  e  e  ....  e 2 
n n
Thus the integrand is given by
0 n  n  

3x  2 11 5 11 Using the sum to n terms of a G.P., where
2
  2

 x  1  x  3 4  x  1 2  x  1 4  x  3 2

Therefore, a  1, r  e n , we have
2n
3x  2  
  x  12  x  3 dx 2 x 1 e n 1 1  e2  1 
 e dx  2 lim [ 2 ]  2 lim
0 n  n n  n  2 
11 dx 5 dx 11 dx
n
e 1  e n  1 
  
4  x  1 2   x  12 4  x  3 
2 e2  1   
eh  1  
  e2  1  using lim  1
11 5 11  2   h0 h 
 log x  1   log x  3  C  e n  1  
4 2  x  1 4 lim  2
n  2 
11 x 1 5  
 log  C .  n 
4 x  3 2  x  1
Example–12
Example–10 1 4
Evaluate 1 5x x5  1dx . (NCERT)
2
x
Find  dx (NCERT)
Put t  x 5  1, then dt  5 x 4 dx .
x 2

 1 x2  4  Sol.
Therefore,
x2 3 3
Sol. Consider and put x 2  y . 2 2 2 5
x 2
1 x  4 2
 4 5
 5x x  1dx   tdt  3

t  x 1
3
 2

1
x2 y 1 2
3
Then 
x 2

 1 x2  4   y  1 y  4  Hence, 1 5x
4
3

x  1dx   x5  1 2 
5

  1
y A B 3
Write   2 5  3 
 y  1 y  4  y 1 y  4  
 1 1
3 
 2

5
   1 1 2  
 
So that y  A  y  4   B  y  1
3 3
Comparing coefficients of y and constant terms on 2 2
 2  0 2 
3  
both sides, we get A  B  1 and 4 A  B  0, which
give 2 4 2
1 4

3

2 2 
3

A   and B 
3 3 Example–13
x2 1 4 1 tan 1 x
Thus,   Evaluate dx .
x 2
1 x  4  2
  2
3 x 1  3 x 2
4  0 1  x 2 (NCERT)

Therefore, 1
Sol. Let t  tan 1 x, then dt  dx .
1  x2
x 2 dx 1 dx 4 dx
  
3  x2  1 3  x2  4
The new limits are, when x  0, t  0 and when
x 2

1 x  4 2
 
x  1, t  .
1 4 1 x 4
  tan 1 x   tan 1  C
3 3 2 2 
Thus, as x varies from 0 to 1, t varies from 0 to .
1 2 x 4
  tan 1 x  tan 1  C
3 3 2 Therefore,
INTEGRALS 159

 Example–16

1 tan 1x t2  4 1
0 t dt  4 t dt
0  2 
1  x2  0
Find
x 4
x  4
dx .
 x5
(NCERT)
1  2  2
   0  Sol. We have
2  16  32
1 1
Example–14 1 4
2
x 4
x  4
dx  
(1  )
x3 dx
Evaluate 1 x3  x dx . (NCERT)  x 5
x4
Sol. We note that x3  x  0 on  1, 0 and x3  x  0 on 1 3
Put 1  3
 1  x 3  t , so that 4 dx  dt
x x
0,1 and that x3  x  0 on 1, 2 .
Therefore,
2 0 1
So, 
1
x3  x dx  
1
x 3
 0

 x dx    x3  x dx  x 4
x 
1
4
1 4
1

 dx  t dt
3
0 1 2

1
x 3
 
 x dx   x  x3 dx  
0
 1
x 3

 x dx x5
5
0
 x 4 x2   x 2 x 4   x 4 x 2 
1 2 1 4
  t4 C .
         3 5
4 2 1  2 4 0  4 2 1
5

1 1 1 1 1 1 4 1 4
           4  2      1  3   C
15  x 
4 2 2 4 4 2
1 1 1 1 1 1 Example–17
     2  x
4 2 2 4 4 2 Given  2 dx  f  x   C , then f  x  is :
3 3 11 (a) 2x (b) 2 x loge 2
  2 
2 4 4
Example–15 2x 2x  1
(c) (d)
3 log e 2 x 1
Evaluate 21 x sin  x  dx . Ans. (c)
(NCERT) d  2x  1
Sol. As     2 x  log e 2  2 x
Sol. Here dx  log e 2  log e 2
 x sin  x for 1  x  1
 x 2x
f  x   x sin  x   3  2 dx  C
  x sin  x for 1  x  2 log e 2

Therefore 2x
 f  x 
3
1
3 log e 2
 2 x sin  x dx   x sin  x dx   2  x sin  x dx
1 1 1

1
3 Example–18
  x sin  x dx   x sin  xdx 2
If  sec 2  7  4 x  dx  a tan  7  4 x   C , then the
1 1
Integrating both integrals on right hand side, we get value of a is:
3 1
  x cos  x sin  x  (a) 7 (b) –4
 2 x sin  x dx   
1    2  1 (c) 3 (d) 
1
3 4
  x cos  x sin  x  2 Ans. (d)
 
   2 1 2
Sol.  sec  7  4x  dx
2  1 1
   2   tan  7  4 x 
     C
4
3 1 1
  .   tan  7  4 x   C
 2 4
160 INTEGRALS

Example–19 Example–21
2
x  1 x  x
e   dx is equal to : Evaluate:  1  sin dx
 1  x2  4
ex  x x
(a) C (a)  sin  cos   C
1  x2  4 4

ex  x x
(b)  C (b) 8  sin  cos   C
 8 8
1  x2
 x x
ex (c) 8  cos  sin   C
(c) C  8 8 
2 2
1  x   x x
(d)  cos  sin   C
ex  8 8 
(d) C
1  x  2 Ans. (b)

Ans. (a) x
Sol.  1  sin dx
2 4
x  1 x 
Sol.  e  1  x2  dx   cos 2
x x x x
 sin 2  2 sin cos dx
8 8 8 8
 2

2
 1  x  2x   x x  x x
  ex  2 
dx    cos  sin  dx    cos  sin  dx
 1  x2 
 
   8 8  8 8
x x  x x
   8sin  8 cos  C  8  sin  cos   C
 1 2x  8 8  8 8
  ex  2
 2 
dx
Example–22
1 x

1  x2   
 1
1
Evaluate:   3  x 2  1 dx
 ex  C.
1  x2
x x (a) tan 1  x   C (b) tan 1  3x   C
[using  e  f  x   f '  x   dx  e f  x   C ]
(c) sec1  3x  1  C (d) tan 1  3  x   C
Example–20 Ans. (d)
sin x 6 1 x
1  3  1
 cos8 x dx is equal to : Sol.   3  x 2  1 dx  tan    tan  3  x   C
 1 
tan 7 x tan3 x Example–23
(a) C (b) C
7 3 Assertion: Geometrically, derivative of a function is
the slope of the tangent to the corresponding curve at
cos3 x 2 cos3 x
(c) C (d) C a point.
3 3
Reason: Geometrically, indefinite integral of a
Ans. (a)
function represents a family of curves parallel to each
sin 6 x other.
Sol. Let I   dx
cos8 x (a) Assertion is correct, reason is correct; reason is a
 I   tan 6 x  sec 2 x dx correct explanation for assertion.
(b) Assertion is correct, reason is correct; reason is
Let tan x  t
not a correct explanation for assertion
 sec2 x dx  dt (c) Assertion is correct, reason is incorrect
 I   t 6 dt (d) Assertion is incorrect, reason is correct.
Ans. (b)
t2 tan 7 x Sol. The derivative of a function has a geometrical
 C  C
7 7 meaning, namely, the slope of the tangent to the
corresponding curve at a point.
INTEGRALS 161

Similarly, the indefinite integral to a function  


(iv) If g ( x)  log(1  tan x) , then g   x  
represents geometrically, a family of curves placed 4 
parallel to each other having parallel tangents at the
1
points of intersection of the curves of the family with (a) log 2  g ( x) (b) g ( x)  log 2
2
the lines orthogonal (perpendicular) to the axis
1
representing the variable of integration. (c) g ( x)  log 2 (d) log 2  g ( x)
2

Example–24
Assertion: Derivative of a function at a point exists.
(v) 04 log(1  tan x)dx 
Reason: Integral of a function at a point where it is  
(a) log 2 (b) log 2
defined, exists. 4 8
(a) Assertion is correct, reason is correct; reason is a  
(c)  log 2 (d)  log 2
correct explanation for assertion. 4 8
(b) Assertion is correct, reason is correct; reason is Sol.
not a correct explanation for assertion. (i) (b)
(c) Assertion is correct, reason is incorrect. a f ( x)
Let I   dx …..(1)
(d) Assertion is incorrect, reason is correct. 0 f ( x)  f (a  x)
Ans. (c) a f (a  x)
Sol. We can speak of the derivative at a point. We never  dx
0 f ( a  x)  f ( a  ( a  x))
speak of the integral at a point, we speak of the
a f (a  x )
integral of a function over an interval on which the I   dx …..(2)
0 f (a  x )  f ( x)
integral is defined.
Adding (1) and (2), we get
Example–25 a f ( x) f (a  x) 
2I      dx
In a Maths class, while teaching properties of 0
 f ( x)  f (a  x) f (a  x)  f ( x) 
Integrals, the teacher wrote the following statement a  f ( x)  f (a  x)  a
on the board.  2I     dx   1.dx
0
 f (a  x)  f ( x)  0
If f ( x ) is a continuous function defined on  0, a  , a
 2 I   x 0  a
a a
then 0 f ( x)dx   f (a  x)dx . a
0
I 
Based on the above information, answer the 2
following questions. (ii) (b)
a f ( x) sin x  cos x
(i) 0 f ( x)  f (a  x) dx  f ( x) 
1  sin x cos x
a    
(a) a (b) sin   x   cos   x 
2   2  2 
f  x 
a 2  1  sin    x  .cos    x 
(c)  (d) 2a    
2 2  2 
sin x  cos x     cos x  sin x (sin x  cos x)
(ii) If f ( x)  , then f   x   f  x  
1  sin x cos x 2  2  1  cos x.sin x 1  cos x.sin x
(a) f ( x ) (b)  f ( x)  
Thus, f   x    f ( x)
1 2 
(c) (d) 2 f ( x)
f ( x)
 (iii) (c)
sin x  cos x
(iii)  2 dx  
sin x  cos x
0 1  sin x cos x Let I   2 dx …..(1)
  0 1  sin x cos x
(a) (b)
2 4
(c) 0 (d) None of these
162 INTEGRALS

    (v) (b)
 sin   x   cos   x  
 2   2  dx
2 Let, I   4 log(1  tan x)dx …..(1)
0     0
1  sin   x  .cos   x 
2  2  
  

  4 log 1  tan   x  dx
cos x  sin x 0
  4 
I   2 dx ……(2)
01  cos x.sin x  
 1  tan x   2 
Adding (1) and (2), we get  I   4 log 1  dx  04 log   dx
0  1  tan x   1  tan x 

 sin x  cos x cos x  sin x  
2I   2   dx
0  1  sin x.cos x 1  cos x.sin x 
   4  log 2  log(1  tan x)  dx …..(2)
0
 2I  0  I  0 Adding (1) and (2), we get
(iv) (a) 

g ( x)  log(1  tan x) 2 I   4 log 2 dx


0

      /4 
Now, g   x   log  1  tan   x    2 I  log 2. x 0  log 2
4  4  4


   1  tan x  I log 2
g   x   log 1   8
4   1  tan x 
 1  tan x  1  tan x   2 
 log    log  
 1  tan x   1  tan x 
 log 2  log(1  tan x)  log 2  g ( x)
INTEGRALS 163

EXERCISE – 1: Basic Subjective Questions


Section–A (1 Mark Questions) e2 x  1
19. Integrate with respect to x .
e2 x  1
1. Find  1  x  x dx. 20. Find the integral of sin 4 x with respect to x .
2 1
21. Find the integral of with respect to x
2. Evaluate  1  cos 2 xdx.  x  a  x  b 
5 x
 2x 
3. Find 4 e dx. 22. Integrate the function sin 1   with respect to x .
 1  x2 
 /4
4. Find 0 tan x dx.  /2sin 4 x
23. Evaluate 0 dx.
1 dx sin x  cos 4 x
4
5. Evaluate 0 .
1  x2 
24. Evaluate  e x 
 1  sin x 
 /2  dx .
 1  sin x 
Section–B (2 Marks Questions)
Section–D (5 Marks Questions)
6. Evaluate  
cosec 2 x  cot x e x dx.
2 dx
7. Evaluate 3
 sin x dx.
25. Evaluate the integral 0 x2  x  4.
1  cos 2 x 1
Evaluate dx. 26. Integrate the rational function with respect to x
8. 
1  cos 2 x x4  1
3
2  3sin x 2
9. Write the value of  dx. 27. Evaluate  (2 x  5 x) dx as limit of sum.
cos 2 x 1
2 cos x 3x  5
10. Evaluate  dx. 28. Integrate the rational function with
sin 2 x x  x2  x  1
3

0
1  tan x respect to x .
11. Write the value of  1  tan x dx . 5x  3
 29. Integrate the function with respect to x
2
4 x  4 x  10
12. Find  log x dx.
30. Integrate the function

x3 sin tan 1 x 4  with respect to
a 1  1 x 8
13. If 0 2
dx  , then find the value of a.
4 x 8 x.
Section–C (3 Marks Questions)
1 x
14. Evaluate 1 e dx.
 /2
15. Evaluate 0 cos 2 x dx.

sec2 x
16. Find the integral of with respect to x .
tan 2 x  4
17. Integrate e x sin x with respect to x .
1
18. Integrate with respect to x
1  cot x
164 INTEGRALS

EXERCISE – 2: Basic Objective Questions



Section–A (Single Choice Questions) dx
7. 02 1  sin x =
1 1
1. The value of  sin 2 x cos2 x dx is: (a) 0 (b)
2
(a) sin 2 x  cos 2 x  C (b) 1 3
(c) 1 (d)
(c) tan x  cot x  C (d) tan x  cot x  C 2
cos 2 x  cos 2 2 dx 2 dx
dx is equal to : 8. Let I1   and I 2   , then
2.  cos x  cos  1
1 x 2 1 x
(a) 2  sin x  x cos    C (a) I1  I 2 (b) I 2  I1
(b) 2  sin x  x cos    C (c) I1  I 2 (d) I1  2 I 2
(c) 2  sin x  2 x cos    C a
9. If a is such that 0 x dx  a  4, then
(d) 2  sin x  2 x cos    C
(a) 0  a  4 (b) 2  a  0
3. The value of (c) a  2 or a  4 (d) 2  a  4
sin x  cos x 3 7 d
 1  sin 2 x dx, 4  x  4 is equal to: 10. If  
3x 2  sin x  e x  6 x  cos x  e x , then the
dx
(a) log sin x  cos x  C (b) x  C representation of the expression in the form of anti-
derivative is
(c) log x  C (d)  x  C
(a) 3x  sin x  e x  C (b) 6 x  cos x  e  x  C
4. The value of  for which
(c) 6 x  cos x  e  x  C (d) 3x 2  sin x  e x  C
4 x3   4 x x 4
 4 x  x 4 dx  log 4  x  C is x 3

 1  x  2
11. Evaluate:  2
dx
(a) 1 (b) log e 4 x x2
(c) log 4 e (d) 4 x3 x 2 x 4 x3
(a)   xC (b)  C
3 2 4 3
1 1
5. If  dx  sin 1  x   C , then the value
2 3 x 4 x3 x4  x2  x
4  9x (c)   2 x2  C (d) C
4 3 4
of  is :
 e 
x log a
12. Find  ea log x  e a log a dx .
(a) 2 (b) 4 x a 1 xa
(a) a x   ax x  C (b) a x   xC
a 1 a
3 2
(c) (d)
2 3 ax x a 1
(c)   a a x  C (d) none of these
log e a a  1
y dt d2y 1
6. If x   and   y , then the value of
0
1  9t 2 dx 2
13. Evaluate:  4  9 x2 dx
 3x 
 is equal to : (a) tan 1 3x  C (b) tan 1    C
 2 
(a) 3 (b) 6 1  3x 
(c) tan 1    C (d) none of these
6  2 
(c) 9 (d) 1
INTEGRALS 165

dx 
14. The value of  x2  4 x  8 is cos x  cos3 x dx is equal to:
20. 2
2
x 21  1  x2
(a) tan  C (b) tan 1  C 4 1
 2  2  2  (a) (b)
3 3
x 4 x3 1 8
(c)  C (d) x 2  x  C (c) (d)
4 3 6 5
dx 
15. The value of  5  8x  x2 is equal to: cos x dx is:
21. The value of 0
x4 (a) – 2 (b) 
(a) log C
x4 
(c) (d) 2
2
1 x4
(b) log C  3
2 21 x4 22. The value of  sin x cos 2 x dx is ______

1 21  x  4 (a) – 1 (b) 0
(c) log C
2 21 21  x  4 5 5
(c) (d)
(d) none of these 6 3
1

Evaluate:
dx 23. The value of 1 x x dx is:
16.  2
3  2x  x 
(a) 0 (b)
 x 1 2
(a) sin 1  C
 2  1
(c) 2 (d)
 x 2
(b) sin 1    C
2 

x 11 
24. Evaluate: 02 log  tan x  dx
(c) tan  C 1
 2  (a) 0 (b)
2
(d) tan 1  x   C 1
(c) 1 (d)
x 2
17. e sec x 1  tan x  dx  ________  C ?

 sin 
93
x x 25. Evaluate: x  x 295 dx
(a) e sec x (b) e tan x

ex  
(c) (d) e x cos x (a) (b)
sec 2 x 2 2
4 4
18. If 1 f  x  dx  4 and 2  3  f  x   dx  7, then (c)  (d) 0
1
the value of 2 f  x  dx is 1 89
(a) 5 (b) – 1
26. Evaluate: 0 x(1  x) dx

(c) – 6 (d) – 5
1 1

(a) (b)
3
sin x  810 8190
19. If 02 3 sin x  3 cos x dx  a  2 , then a is equal to:

(a) 1 (b) 2 1 1
(c) (d)
792 910
3 1
(c) (d)
2 2
INTEGRALS 167

Case Study–3 Reason: If f is an odd function, then


30. The given integral can be transformed into a
 f ( x)dx
another form by changing the independent variable
 f  x  dx  0.
a
x to t by substituting x  g (t ) . (a) Assertion is correct, reason is correct; reason is a
Consider I   f ( x ) dx correct explanation for assertion.
(b) Assertion is correct, reason is correct; reason is
dx
Put x  g (t ) , so that  g '(t ) not a correct explanation for assertion.
dt (c) Assertion is correct, reason is incorrect.
We write dx  g '(t )dt (d) Assertion is incorrect, reason is correct.
Thus, I   f ( x ) dx   f  g (t )  g '(t ) dt . 33. Assertion: If the derivative of function x is
Based on the above information, answer the d
 x   1, then its anti-derivatives or integral is
following questions. dx
(i) 2
 1)dx  ______ . d  x n 1 
 2 x sin( x  dx  x  C . Reason: If 
dx  n  1 
n
  x , then the
(a) cos( x 2  1)  c (b)  cos( x 2  1)  c
corresponding integral of the function is
(c) 2 cos( x 2  1)  c (d) 2 cos( x 2  1)  c n x n 1
 x dx  n 1
 C , n  1.
sin(tan 1 x) (a) Assertion is correct, reason is correct; reason is a
(ii)  1  x 2 dx is equal to correct explanation for assertion.
(b) Assertion is correct, reason is correct; reason is
(a)  sin(tan 1 x)  c (b)  cos(tan 1 x)  c not a correct explanation for assertion.
(c) tan x  c (d) None of these (c) Assertion is correct, reason is incorrect.
(d) Assertion is incorrect, reason is correct.
(iii)  tan xdx is equal to 34. Assertion: The value of the integral
(a) sec x  c x 2 x
(b) cot x  c  e  tan x  sec x  dx is e tan x  C
(c) log | x |  c (d) None of these Reason: The value of the integral
2x e x  f  x   f '  x  dx is e x f  x   C.
(iv)  1  x 2 dx is equal to (a) Assertion is correct, reason is correct; reason is a
correct explanation for assertion.
(a) 1  x 2  c (b) log 1  x 2  c (b) Assertion is correct, reason is correct; reason is
not a correct explanation for assertion.
2 (c) Assertion is correct, reason is incorrect.
(c) log c (d) None of these
1  x2 (d) Assertion is incorrect, reason is correct.
b b
Section–C (Assertion & Reason Type Questions) 35. Assertion: The value of  f  t  dt and  f  u du are
a a
 
 equal
31. Assertion:  x sin x cos2 x dx   sin x cos
2
x dx
0
2 0 Reason: The value of definite integral of a function
b b over any particular interval depends on the function
ab
Reason:  xf  x  dx  2 a
f  x  dx and the interval and not on the variable of
a integration.
(a) Assertion is correct, reason is correct; reason is a (a) Assertion is correct, reason is correct; reason is a
correct explanation for assertion. correct explanation for assertion.
(b) Assertion is correct, reason is correct; reason is (b) Assertion is correct, reason is correct; reason is
not a correct explanation for assertion. not a correct explanation for assertion.
(c) Assertion is correct, reason is incorrect. (c) Assertion is correct, reason is incorrect.
(d) Assertion is incorrect, reason is correct. (d) Assertion is incorrect, reason is correct.
2
1 x 
32. Assertion:  log  1  x  dx  0.
2
168 INTEGRALS

EXERCISE – 3: Previous Year Questions


 1  x3
1. Find the antiderivative of  3 x   . (Delhi 2014) 19. Find:  x 4  3x 2  2 dx (AI 2014C)
 x
1 3x  1
2. Evaluate:  cos  sin x  dx (Delhi 2014) 20. Evaluate:   x  12  x  3 dx (Delhi 2013C)
dx
3. Evaluate:  sin 2 x cos2 x (Foreign 2014)
3x  5
21. Evaluate:  x3  x2  x  1 dx (Delhi 2013C)
4. Evaluate:  1  x  xdx (Delhi 2012)
8
3 22. Evaluate:   x  2 dx (AI 2013C)
5. Write the value of   ax  b  dx (AI 2011) x 2
4 
x3  x 2  x  1 23. Evaluate:
2
dx (Delhi 2012)
6. Evaluate:  dx (Delhi 2012)  1  x  1  x 2
x 1  
sin 6 x 2 x dx
7. Find:  cos8 x dx (AI 2014C) 24. Evaluate:  (Delhi 2011)
x 2

 1 x2  3 
x  cos 6 x
8. Write the value of  3x 2  sin 6 x dx (AI 2012C)
25. Given x x
 e  tan x  1 sec xdx  e f  x   c Write

 3sin   2  cos  f  x  satisfying above. (AI 2012)


9. Find  5  cos2   4 sin  d . (Delhi 2016, 2013C)

26. Find:   3x  1 4  3 x  2 x 2 dx (AI 2016)


sin  x  a 
10. Evaluate:  dx (Foreign 2015)
sin  x  a 
27. Find:   x  3 3  4 x  x 2 dx. (Delhi 2015, 20114C)
dx
11. Write the value of  x 2  16 . (Delhi 2011)
28. Integrate w.r.t. x.
x 2  3x  1
(Delhi 2015)
1  x2
x
12. Find  dx. (Delhi 2016)
a  x3
3
Find:  
x 2  1 log x 2  1  2 log x 
 dx 
sin x  cos x
29.  x4
13. Evaluate:  dx (Delhi 2011C)
sin 2 x (AI 2014C, 2012C)
1 sin 1 x  cos 1 x
14. Evaluate:  cos4 x  sin 4 x dx (AI 2014) 30. Find:  sin 1 x  cos 1 x
dx, x   0,1 (AI 2014C)

1 5
15. Evaluate:  sin 4 x  sin 2 x cos2 x  cos4 x dx 31. Evaluate: x
2

 3 dx as limit of sums.
2
(AI 2014)
(Delhi 2012C)
6x  7
16. Evaluate:   x  5 x  4  dx (AI 2011) 4

x 
2
32. Evaluate:  x dx as limit of sums.
1
x2
17. Find:  x4  x 2  2 dx (AI 2016) (AI 2012C, Delhi 2010)
2
   dx  3x 
2
x2  1 x2  4 33. Evaluate:  2 dx as limit of sums.
18. Find:  (Foreign 2016) 0
x 2
 3 x 2
 5
(AI 2011C)
INTEGRALS 169

1  /2
1 dx
34. Evaluate:  dx (AI 2014C, 2011C) 50. Evaluate:  (Delhi 2015C)
2 1  tan x
0 1 x 0

2 4
x3  1
35. Evaluate:  dx (Delhi 2011) 51. Evaluate: 0  x  x  2  x  4  dx (Delhi 2013)
1
x2
5
3
1 52. Evaluate:   x  2  x  3  x  5  dx (Delhi 2013)
36. Evaluate:  x dx (Delhi 2012) 2
2
2
1
2
4  x dx 2
53. Evaluate:  1  esin x dx (Delhi 2013)
37. Evaluate:  (AI 2012) 0
0

x
38. Evaluate: 
1
dx
(Delhi 2011C)
54. Evaluate:  1  sin x dx (AI 2012C, Delhi 2010)
2 0
0 1 x
1
1 
 /2
2
x sin x dx
55. Evaluate:  log  x  1 dx (AI 2011)
39. Evaluate:  (Delhi 2014C) 0
0

1 4 3
x 1 1
56. Evaluate:  1 dx (AI 2011, Delhi 2007)
40. Evaluate:  x2  1 dx (AI 2011C)
 tan x
0
6
4 x
41. Evaluate: 2 2
dx (AI 2011C) 4
x 1 Evaluate:
57.   x  1  x  2  x  4 dx (Delhi 2011C)
1
e2
dx
42. Evaluate:  . (AI 2014) 2 x3
x log x 58. x e dx equals (AI 2020, Delhi 2020)
e

1 4
x2 Find the value of (AI 2020, Delhi 2020)
43. Evaluate:  xe dx (Foreign 2014) 59.  x  5 dx.
0 1

1 x
tan 1 x 60. Find  x 2  3x  2 dx. (AI 2020)
44. Evaluate:  1  x2 dx (AI 2014C)
0
2 1 1  2x
ex 1
61. Evaluate 1  x  2 x2  e dx (Delhi 2020)
45. Write the value of  dx (Delhi 2012 C)
0 1  e2 x
1
n
Evaluate:
 /4 sin 2 d 62. Find the value of  x 1  x  dx. (Delhi 2020)
46. 0 sin 4   cos4 
(AI 2013C) 0

 /4 e x 1  x  dx
sin x  cos x 63.  is equal to (AI 2020)
47. Evaluate:  dx (Delhi 2014C)
0
9  16 sin 2 x  
cos 2 xe x

 /4
 64. Evaluate:  4 x 3 x dx (Delhi 2020)
48. Evaluate:  
tan x  cot x dx  2.
2
0 dx
65. Find:  9  4 x2 (AI 2020)
(Delhi 2012)
2  
66. Find:  1  sin 2 xdx, x (Delhi 2019)
49. Evaluate:  x3  x dx. (Delhi 2016, AI 2012, 2011) 4 2
1
170 RELATIONS AND FUNCTIONS

cos 2 x  2sin 2 x
67. Evaluate:  dx (2018)
cos 2 x
cos( x  a )
68. Integrate with respect to x (AI 2019)
sin( x  b)

sec 2 x
69. Find:  dx (Delhi 2019)
tan 2 x  4
dx
70. Find:  (AI 2019)
5  4 x  2 x2
3x  5
71. Find:  2
dx (Delhi 2019)
x  3x  18

72. Find:  sin 1 (2 x) dx (Delhi 2019)

73. Find:  x  tan 1 xdx (AI 2019)


0 1  tan x
74. Find:   1  tan x dx (AI 2019)
4

75. Evaluate 10 x2 (1  x)n dx (AI 2019)

Find Answer Key and Detailed Solutions at the end of this book

INTEGRALS
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APPLICATION OF INTEGRRALS 171

09
APPLICATION OF INTEGRALS
172 APPLICATION OF INTEGRALS

Chapter at a Glance
 The  area  of  the  region  bounded  by  the  curve  y  f ( x ) ,    x-axis  and  the  lines  x  a   and  x  b(b  a )   is  given  by  the 
formula:  
b b
Area    ydx   f  x  dx  
a a

 The area of the region bounded by the curve  x   ( y ) , y-axis and the lines  y  c, y  d  is given by the formula: Area  


d d
 xdy    y  dy  
 
c c

 The of the  region enclosed  between  two  curves  y  f ( x), y  g ( x )   and  the  lines  x  a , x  b   is  given by the  formula, 
b
 f  x   g  x  dx,  where, f ( x )  g ( x )  in   a, b  
Area    a

 If  f ( x )  g ( x )  in   a, c  and  f ( x )  g ( x )  in   c, b  , a  c  b,  then , Area =  


c b
a  f  x   g  x   dx  c  g  x   f  x dx  
 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
APPLICATION OF INTEGRRALS 173

Solved Examples
a
Example–1  Required Area  4  ydx  (taking vertical strips)  
0

  Find the area enclosed by the circle  x 2  y 2  a 2 .  x2 y 2 b 2
Now,    1 gives  y   a  x 2 ,     but  as 
    (NCERT) a2 b2 a
Sol. From Fig, the whole area enclosed by the given circle  the  region  AOBA   lies  in  the  first  quadrant,  y  is 
 4   (area  of  the  region  AOBA   by  the  curve,  x-axis  taken as positive.  
and the ordinates  x  0  and  x  a )   ab
So, the required area   4 a 2  x 2 dx   
0 a

a
4b  x 2 2 a2 x
  a  x  sin 1   
a 2 2 a 0

4b  a a2 1 

   0  sin 1  0   
a  2 2  
4b a 2 
   ab sq. units. 
a 2 2
 
a Example–3
Required area  4  ydx  (taking vertical strips)  
0
a
Find the area bounded by the ellipse 
 4 a 2  x 2 dx    x2 y 2
0
  1  and the ordinates  x  0  and 
a2 b2
[Since  x 2  y 2  a 2  gives  y   a 2  x 2  ] 
a
x  ae,  where,  b 2  a 2 1  e 2   and  e  1 . 
2
x a x
 4  a 2  x 2  sin 1         (NCERT)
 2 2 a 0 Sol. The  required  area  of  the  region  BOB’RFSB  is 
 a a2   enclosed  by  the  ellipse  and  the  lines  x  0   and 
 4   0  sin 1 1  0  
 2 2   x  ae .  
 a2    
 4       a 2 sq. units. 
 2  2 

Example–2
Find the area enclosed by the ellipse  
x2 y 2
    1 .   (NCERT)                     
a2 b2
 
Sol. From the Fig, the area of the region  ABA ' B ' A  is the 
  Note that the area of the region BOB’RFSB
required area 
ae b ae
   2 ydx  2  a 2  x 2 dx   
0 a 0
ae
2b  x 2 2 a2 1 x 
  a  x  sin    
a 2 2 a 0
2b 
 ae a 2  a 2 e2  a 2 sin 1 e    
2a  

 ab e 1  e 2  sin 1 e   sq units. 
 

Example–4
Required Area = 4 (Area of the region  AOBA ) 
174 APPLICATION OF INTEGRALS

Find  the  area  of  the  region  bounded  by  the  two  From the fig., the required area of the region OPQCO 
2
parabolas  y  x  and  y  x .  2
(NCERT)  included between these two curves above  x -axis is  
Sol. The  point  of  intersection  of  these  two  parabolas  are  =  (area  of  the  region  OCPO)  +  (area  of  the  region 
PCQP)  
O  0, 0   and  A 1,1  
4 8
  ydx   ydx   
0 4

4 8 2
 2 xdx   4 2   x  4  dx  
0 4

4 4
2 3
   2   x 2    4 2  t 2 dt ,  
3  0 0

  [where  x  4  t ] 
4
32  t 1 t
  4 2  t 2   4 2  sin 1    
3  2 2 4 0
Here, we can set  y 2  x  or  y  x  f  x   and 
32    32
y  x 2  g  x  ,  where,  f  x   g  x   in   0,1 .    0  8    4
3  2 3
Therefore, the required area of the shaded region  
1 4
   f  x   g  x   dx     (8  3 ) . 
0 3
1
1  2 3 x3  2 1 1
   x  x 2  dx   x 2      .  Example–6
3 3 0 3 3 3
0

In  the  given  figure,  AOBA  is  the  part  of  the  ellipse 
Example–5 9 x 2  y 2  36  in the first quadrant such that  OA  2  
Find  the  area  lying  above  x -axis  and  included  and  OB  6 .  Find  the  area  between  the  arc  AB  and 
2 2
between  the  circle  x  y  8 x   and  inside  of  the  the chord AB. 
     (NCERT)
parabola  y 2  4 x . 
Sol.   Given  equation  of  the  ellipse  9 x 2  y 2  36   can  be 
     (NCERT)
Sol. The given equation of the circle  x 2  y 2  8 x  can be  x y x2 y2
expressed as    1  or  2  2  1  
2
4 36 2 6
expressed  as   x  4   y 2  16 .  Thus,  the  centre  of 
the  circle  is   4, 0    and  radius  is  4.  Its  intersection 
with the parabola  y 2  4 x  gives  
x 2  4 x  8 x or  x 2  4 x  0   
or  x  x  4   0  or  x  0, x  4  

 
Accordingly, the equation of the chord AB is  
60
y0  x  2    
02
or  y  3  x  2    
 
Thus,  the  points  of  intersection  of  these  two  curves  or  y  3x  6   
are  O  0, 0   and  P  4, 4   above the  x -axis.   Area of the shaded region as shown in the figure  
APPLICATION OF INTEGRRALS 175

 3
2 2
4  x 2 dx    6  3 x  dx    Find the area of the region enclosed between the two 
0 0 2
2
circles:  x 2  y 2  4  and   x  2   y 2  4 . 
2 
x 4 x  3x 
 3 4  x 2  sin 1   6 x           (NCERT) 
2 2 2  0  2  0 Sol. Equations of the given circles are   
2   12  x 2  y 2  4        …. (1)  
 3   0  2sin 1 1   12    
2   2 2
and   x  2   y  4   2
  …. (2)  
 Equations (1) is a circle  with centre  O  at the origin 
3 2   6  3  6 . 
2 and  radius  2.  Equation  (2)  is  a  circle  with  centre 
Example–7
C  2, 0   and radius 2.  
Using integration find the area of region bounded by 
the triangle whose vertices are  1, 0  ,  2, 2  and   3,1 Solving equations (1) and (2), we have  
2
  (NCERT)  x  2  y 2  x 2  y 2   
  or  x 2  4 x  4  y 2  x 2  y 2   
Sol. Let  A 1, 0  , B  2, 2    and  C  3,1   be  the  vertices  of 
  or  x  1  which gives  y   3   
triangle  ABC
Thus,  the  points  of  intersection  of  the  given  circles 
 
are  A 1, 3  and  A ' 1,  3    

Area of   ABC   
= Area of  ABD   Area of trapezium  BDEC   Area 
of   AEC     
  Now equation of the sides  AB, BC  and  CA  are given  Required  area  of  the  enclosed  region  OACA′O 
between circles 
by 
= 2 [area of the region ODCAO] 
1
y  2  x  1 , y  4  x, y   x  1 ,  respectively.  =  2  [area  of  the  region  ODAO  +  area  of  the  region 
2 DCAD]  
Hence, area of    1 2
3 x 1
 2   ydx   ydx    
2 3  0 1 
ABC   2  x  1 dx    4  x dx   dx   
1 2 1 2 1 2
 2   4   x  2  dx   4  x 2 dx   
2
2 3 3
x  2
x  1 x  2 2  0 1 
 2   x    4 x      x     1
 2 1  2  2  2 1 1 2 1  x  2   
2  2   x  2  4   x  2    4sin 1  
 22   1    2 2  2  0
32 
 2    2     1     4  3   2
 2   2   
   2  1 1 x
 2  x 4  x 2   4sin 1    
2 2 2 1
 22   1  32   1  1
 4 2       3     1       x  2 
 2 2
  x  2  4   x  2   4sin 1 
   2  2   2       
  2 0
3 2
  sq units.   x
2   x 4  x 2  4sin 1   
   2 1

Example–8
176 APPLICATION OF INTEGRALS

  1    Example–10 
   3  4sin 1     4sin 1  1    
 2
     Find  the  area  bounded  by  the  curve  y  cos x  
 1 between  x  0  and  x  2  
  4sin 1 1  3  4 sin 1   
 2      (NCERT) 
Sol. The required area = area of the region  OABO   area 
     
   3  4    4     4   3  4   of the region  BCDB   area of the region  DEFD .
 6 2  2 6
 2   2 
    3   2    2  3   
 3   3 
8
  2 3 . 
3
   
Example–9  
  Find  the  area  of  the  region  bounded  by  the  line 
y  3x  2,   the  x-axis  and  the  ordinates  x  1   and 
x  1 .   (NCERT)   
Thus, we have the required area 
2
Sol. The  line  y  3x  2   meets  x-axis  at  x    and  its   3
2
3   2 cos xdx  2
cos xdx  3 cos xdx   
0  2
 2  2
graph  lies  below  x-axis  for  x   1,    and  above   3
 3  2
 sin x 02  sin x   sin x 3   
2

 2  2 2
x-axis for  x   ,1 . 
 3   1  2  1  4 . 

Example–11 

  Prove  that  the  curves  y 2  4 x   and  x 2  4 y   divide 


the area of the square bounded by  x  0, x  4, y  4  
and  y  0  into three equal parts.  
(NCERT) 
Sol. Note that the point of intersection of the 
parabolas  y 2  4 x   and  x 2  4 y   are   0, 0    and 
 4, 4   

 
The required area = Area of the region  ACBA  Area 
of the region  ADEA  
2
1
   3x  2  dx    3x  2 dx   
1
3
2
3

2
1
 3x2  3  3x2 
     2x    2x  
 2  1  2  2
3

1 25 13
   sq units. 
6 6 3  
 
APPLICATION OF INTEGRRALS 177

Now, the area of the region  OAQBO  bounded by  Sol. Here, we have to find the area of the region bounded 


2 2
curves  y  4 x  and  x  4 y .   by the curve  y  x3 ,  the line  x  2, x  5  and the 
4 x-axis  
4 x2   2 3 x3 
   2 x  dx   2  x 2     
0
 4   3 12  0 So, the area enclosed by the given curves is given by  
32 16 16 5
         …(1)  5  x4 
3 3 3   A   x3 dx     
2
 4 2
Again,  the  area  of  the  region  OPQAO   bounded  by 
the curves  x 2  4 y , x  0, x  4  and x-axis.   1
        625  16  152.25 sq. units.  
x2 4 1 4 16 4
 dx   x3       ... (2)  
0 4 12 0 3 Example–14 
Similarly,  the  area  of  the  region  OBQRO   bounded    What  is  the  area  of  the  region  enclosed  between  the 
2
by the curve  y  4 x, y -axis,  y  0  and  y  4   curve  y 2  2 x  and the straight line  y  x ? 
4 y2
4 1 4 16 1
  xdy   dy   y 3     ... (3)     (a) 
                                         (b) 1 
0 0 4 12 0 3 2
From (1), (2) and (3), it is concluded that the area of  2
(c)                                                                 (d)  2 
the  region  OAQBO  =  area  of  the  region  OPQAO  =  3
area  of  the  region  OBQRO,  i.e.,  area  bounded  by  Ans. (c)
parabolas  y 2  4 x   and  x 2  4 y   divides  the  area  of  Sol. The  point  of  intersection  of  the  curve  y 2  2 x   and 
the square in three equal parts.  the straight line  y  x  
Example–12   Put  y  x  in  y 2  2 x,  we get  

The area under curve  y  x 4  and the lines  x  1, x  5   x 2  2 x    x 2  2 x  0   
and x-axis is   x  x  2   0   

(a) 
3124
 sq. units    (b) 
3124
 sq. units     x  0  or  x  2
3 7  y  0  or  y  2   
3124 3124
(c)   sq. units    (d)   sq. units    Hence,   0, 0   and   2, 2   are the point of intersection 
5 9
Ans. (c)  of the curve  y 2  2 x  and the straight line  y  x .
Sol. The area under the function  y  f  x   from  x  a  to 
x  b  and the x-axis is given by the definite integral 
b
 f  x  dx  
a

5
5  x5  55 15
I   x 4 dx       
1
 5 1 5 5
3125  1 3124
     sq. units.  
5 5
 
Example–13
  Therefore, the required area is  
Find  the  area  of  the  region  bounded  by  the  curves  2

y  x 3 ,  the line  x  2, x  5  and the  x -axis. 


  Area   
0
 
2x  x dx  

2
  (a) 173.50                              (b) 230.25   3   3 
 2 x 2 x2   22 2 22  2
  (c) 175.35                              (d) 152.25            sq. units. 
 3 2  3 2 3
Ans. (d)   2 0  2 
178 APPLICATION OF INTEGRALS

Example–15  Example–17 

The area enclosed between the curves  y 2  x     Find the area between the curves  y  2 x, x  3  and x-


axis. 
and  y  x  is 
  (a) 5                                       (b) 11 
2 (c) 4      (d) 9 
(a)   sq. units    (b) 1 sq. units 
3 Ans. (d) 
1 1 Sol. Given:  y  2 x  and  x  3  
(c)   sq. units    (d)   sq. units          Finding a point of intersection:  
6 3
Ans. (c)     y  2  3  y  6   
Sol. On solving the curves  y 2  x  and  y  x ,  we get   Draw  the  graph  of  the  curve  between  y  2 x, x  3  
and x-axis.   
intersecting points  1,1  and   0, 0  ,  as shown below: 

 
Required area is
 
1
 1 1  Therefore, the required area is 
1
1 1  x 2   x11  3 3
  
2
A 0
x dx   x dx  
0

 
 1  1  1  1  0
A   2 x  dx   x
0
  
0

 2 0  A  9  0  9 sq. units
2 1 1
 1  0  1  0     sq. units.  Example–18
3 2 6
The  area  bounded  by  the  parabola  y 2  8 x,   the  x-
Example–16 
axis, and the latus rectum is. 
What is the area of the loops between the curve   
(a)  16       (b)  23  
y = c sin x and x-axis.  3 3
(a) c (b) 2c 
    (c) 3c     (d) 4c  (c)  32       (d)  16 2  
3 3
Ans. (b) 
Ans. (a) 
Sol.  
Sol. Given parabola  y 2  8 x  
   4a  8  a  2  
The area bounded by  y 2  8 x , x-axis and latus 
rectum is. 
  2

  Area under curve     c sin x  dx  
   A  8 x dx  
0 0
 2
                             c
 sin x dx    3
0  x2  16
2 2    sq. units.
                             c   cos x     3 3
0  
                             c  cos   cos 0     2 0

                             c  1  1    2c . 
APPLICATION OF INTEGRRALS 179

Example–19
  (i) The point of intersection of the curves are   0, 0   and 
Assertion: Area common to the curve  y  x   ________.
 
  (a) (4, 8)  (b) (8, 4) 
1
and  x  y is  sq. units.    (c) (6, 3)  (d) (3, 6) 
3
 
b
Reason: Area =  
a
 g  x   f  x  dx (ii) Apart  from   0, 0  ,   the  curves  y  6 x  x 2   and 
y  x 2  2 x  meets x-axis at _______ and _______.
  (a) (4, 0) and (2, 0)  (b) (6, 0) and (3, 0) 
  (c) (6, 0) and (2, 0)  (d) (4, 0) and (3, 0) 
 
(iii) The  vertex  of  y  6 x  x 2   and  y  x 2  2 x   are 
  _______ and _______ respectively.
(a) Assertion is correct, reason is correct; reason is a    (a) (3, 6) and (1, 2)  (b) (3, 9) and (1, -1) 
correct explanation for assertion.    (c) (-3, -6) and (2, -1)  (d) (-3, -9) and (-1, 1) 
  (b) Assertion  is  correct,  reason  is  correct;  reason  is   
not a correct explanation for assertion.  (iv) The area of the Region  R2  is equal to:
  (c) Assertion is correct, reason is incorrect  2
  (a) 1 sq. unit  (b)   sq. unit 
  (d) Assertion is incorrect, reason is correct.  3
Ans. (a)  4
  (c)   sq. units  (d) 2 sq. units 
Sol. y  x  and x  y  3
Sol. (i) (a)
1

0

x  x 2 dx   The given curves are  y  6 x  x 2 ... 1  
2 1 and  y  x 2  2 x ...  2   
 (1) 
3 3
1
 sq.units
3

 
Solving (1) and (2):  6 x  x 2  x 2  2 x  
 
 2 x2  8x  0  x2  4 x  0  
Example–20 
 x  x  4   0  x  0, 4.  
2
It is given that the parabolas  y  6 x  x  and 
When  x  0,  from (1),  
y  x 2  2 x  intersects as shown in the figure.   y  6  0    0   0.  
2
When  x  4,  from (1),  y  6  4    4   24  16  8.   
  Thus (1) and (2) intersect at  O  0, 0   and  A  4,8 .  
2  5
  

3 6 6
(ii) (c) 
  The given curves are  
Based on the information above answer the following 
questions.  y  6 x  x2 ... 1  and  y  x 2  2 x ...  2 
180 APPLICATION OF INTEGRALS

y  6  0    0   0.  
When  x  4 ,  from (1), 
2
y  6  4    4   24  16  8.   
Thus (1) and (2) intersect at  O  0, 0   and  A  4,8  .  
Also (1) meets x-axis, where 
2
(1) meets x-axis, where  0  6 x  x  x  0, 6.   0  6 x  x 2  x  0, 6.  
Thus (1) meets x-axis at  O  0, 0   and  B  6, 0  .   Thus (1) meets  x -axis at  O  0, 0   and  B  6, 0  .  
Similarly (2) meets x-axis, where  Similarly (2) meets x-axis, where  0  x 2  2 x  
0  x 2  2 x  x  0.2    x  0, 2.  
Thus (2) meets x-axis at  O  0, 0   and  C  2, 0  .   Thus (2) meets x-axis at  O  0, 0   and  C  2, 0  .  
(iii)  (b)  2

x  2 x  dx  
2
The given curves are   Reqd. area   R2  
0
2
y  6x  x 2
... 1  and  y  x  2 x ...  2  2
 x3  8 4
     x 2    4  sq. units. 
3 0 3 3
 
 
 
 
 
 

From (1),  y  9   x 2  6 x  9     
2  
     y  9    x  3  
 
2
  x  3    y  9  ,    
 
which is downward parabola with vertex  P  3,9  . 
 
From (2),  y  1  x 2  2 x  1     
2
  x  1  y  1,    
 
which is upward parabola with vertex  Q 1, 1 .   
(iv)  (c)   
The given curves are    
y  6 x  x2 ... 1 and  y  x 2  2 x ...  2   
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
   
Solving (1) and (2):  6 x  x 2  x 2  2 x    
 
 2 x2  8x  0  x2  4 x  0  
 
 x  x  4   0  x  0, 4.    
When  x  0,  from (1),    
APPLICATION OF INTEGRRALS 181

EXERCISE – 1: Basic Subjective Questions 


Section–A (1 Mark Questions) 16. Find the area of the region in the first quadrant 
1. Find  the  area  of  the  region  bounded  by  the  curve enclosed  by  x-axis,  line  x  2 y   and  the  circle 
 x 2  y 2  9 . 
y  sin x   between  the  ordinates  x  0, x    and 
2 x2 y 2
the x-axis. 17. 
Find  the  area  bounded  by  the  ellipse  1
a b2
2. Find  the  area  of  the  region  bounded  by  the  curve 
and  the  ordinates  x  0   and  x  ae ,  where
y  x  1  and the lines  x  2  and  x  3 .
b 2  a 2 1  e 2  , e  1 . 
3. Find the area of the region bounded by the 
curve  x  2 y  3  and the line  y  1 and y  1 .  18. Find  the  area  of  the  smaller  part  of  the  circle 
4. Find  the  area  of  the  region  bounded  by  the  curve  a
x 2  y 2  a 2  cut by the line  x  . 
x  y 2 , y   axis and the lines  y  3  and y = 4.  2
5. Using  integration,  find  the  area  of  the  region  19.    Find  the  area  between  the  parabola  x 2  4 y   and 
bounded  by  the  line  2 y  5 x  7,   x-axis  and  the  line  x  4 y  2 . 
lines  x  2 and x  8 .  20. Find the area in first quadrant bounded by curves 
x 2  y 2   2  and  y  sin x .
Section–B (2 Marks Questions) 21.    Using the method of integration find the area of the 
triangle  ABC ,   coordinates  of  whose  vertices  are 
6. Find  the  area  of  the  region  bounded  by  the  curve 
y  cos x  between  x  0  and  x   .  A  2, 0  , B  4,5   and  C  6,3 .

7. Find  the  area  bounded  by  the  parabola    y 2  4 x   22.  Find  the  area  of  smaller  region  between 
and line  x  3 .  x 2  y 2  2  and  x  y 2 . 
8. Find  the  area  of  the  region  bounded  by  the  23. Find  the  area  of  the  region  bounded  by  the 
parabolas  y 2  6 x and x 2  6 y.   y  cos x  and  y  sin x, 0  x   . 
9. The  area  of  the  region  bounded  by  the  ellipse  24. Find  the  area  of  the  region  above  the  x -axis, 
x2 y 2 included  between  the  parabola  y 2  ax   and  the 
  1  is ______. 
25 16 circle  x 2  y 2  2ax .
10. Find the area of the parabola  y 2  4ax  bounded by  Section–D (5 Marks Questions)
its latus rectum.  25. Draw  a  rough  sketch  of  the  given  curve 
2
11.    Find the area enclosed by parabola  y  4 x  and  y  1 | x  1 |, x  3, x  3, y  0   and  find  the  area 
lines,  y  1  and  y  4 . of the region bounded by them, using integration. 
2 26. Compute  the  area  bounded  by  the  lines 
12. Find the area enclosed by the curve  y   x  and 
x  2 y  2, y  x  1 and 2 x  y  7 . 
the straight line  x  y  2  0 . 
27.  Find  the  area  bounded  by  the  lines 
13.    Find  the  area  bounded  by  the  curve y  x , y  4 x  5, y  5  x  and  4 y  x  5 . 
  x  2 y  3  in the first quadrant and x-axis.  28.  Find  the  area  bounded  by  circle  x 2  y 2  a 2   and 
Section–C (3 Marks Questions) curve  y  x . 
14. Find the area of the region in the first quadrant  29.    Find the area between the parabolas  y 2  4ax  and 
enclosed  by  the  x-axis,  the  line  y  x   and  the  x 2  4by .  
2 2
circle  x  y  32 .  30.    Find  the  area  of  the  region  bounded  by  the  curve 
15.    2
Find  the  area  bounded  by  parabola  y  4ax   and  y 2  2 x  and  x 2  y 2  4 x . 

line  y  x  in first quadrant. 
182 APPLICATION OF INTEGRALS

EXERCISE – 2: Basic Objective Questions 


Section–A (Single Choice Questions)  8. The  area  common  to  the  parabola  y  2 x 2   and 

1. The  area  included  between  the  parabolas  y 2  4 x   y  x 2  4  is 

and  x 2  4 y  is (in square units)  2 3
(a)   sq. units  (b)   sq. units 
3 2
4 1
(a) (b)    32 3
3  3   (c)   sq. units  (d)   sq. units 
3 32
16 8 9. The  area  of  the  region  bounded  by  the  parabola 
  (c) (d)   
3   3
y  x 2  1  and the straight line  x  y  3  is given by 
2
2. The area bounded by  y  2  x  and  x  y  0  is 
45 25
  (a)  (b)   
7 9 7 4
(a)  sq. units  (b)   sq. units 
2 2  9
  (c)  (d)   
  (c) 9 sq. units  (d) None of these  18   2

3.   The area bounded by the parabola  x  4  y 2  and y- 10. The ratio of the areas between the curves  y  cos x ,

axis, in square units, is  
y  cos 2 x  and  x -axis from  x  0  to  x   is 
3
3 32
(a) (b)  (a) 1 : 2 (b) 2 : 1
32   3        
33 16 (c)  3 :1 (d) None of these
(c)   (d)         
  2 3 11. The area between  x -axis and curve  y  cos x  when 
4.   The  area  bounded  by  the  curves  y  sin x   between  0  x  2  is 
the ordinates  x  0, x    and the x-axis is  (a) 0  (b) 2 
(a) 2 sq. units  (b) 4 sq. units    (c) 3  (d) 4 
  (c) 3 sq. units  (d) 1 sq. units  12. Area bounded by parabola  y 2  x  and straight  line 
5.   The  area  bounded  by  the  parabola  y 2  4ax   and  2 y  x  is 

x 2  4ay  is  4
(a)      (b) 1 
2 2
3
8a 16a
(a)   (b)    2 1
3 3   (c)      (d)   
3 3
32a 2 64a 2
  (c)   (d)    13. The area bounded by the curve  y  4 x  x 2  and  x -
3 3
axis is.
6. The  area  bounded  by  the  parabola  y 2  4ax ,  latus   
30 31
rectum and  x  axis is  (a)   sq. units  (b)   sq. units 
7 7
4
(a) 0  (b)  a 2   32 34
3   (c)  sq. units  (d)   sq. units 
3 7
2 2 a2
  (c)  a   (d)    14.   The area of the region (in square units) bounded by 
3 3
the curve  x 2  4 y,  line  x  2  and  x -axis is.   
7. The area of the region  {( x, y ) : x 2  y 2  1  x  y}  is 
2
  (a) 1  (b)   
(a) (b)    3
5  4
4 8
 1 2   (c)    (d)   
  (c)     (d)    3 3
4 2 2
APPLICATION OF INTEGRRALS 183

15. The  area  bounded  by  the  curve  y 2  8 x   and  22. Area  lying  in  first  quadrant  and  bounded  by  the 
x 2  8 y  is circle  x 2  y 2  4   and  the  lines  x  0   and 
 
x 2  y 2  4  and the lines  x  0  and  x  2 . 
16 64
(a)   sq. units (b)   sq. units
3   3    1  1 1
(a)  cot x  (b)   cot x 
14 3 2 2 2
(c)   sq. units (d)   sq. units 
  3   14 1 1 1
  (c)    cot x  (d)    cot x 
16. The area  bounded  by the  parabola  y 2  8 x,   the  x - 2
axis, and the latus rectum is 
Section -B (Case Study Questions)
16 23
(a)   (b)    Case Study–1
3 3
23. The  bridge  connects  two  hills  100  feet  apart.  the 
32 16 2
  (c)   (d)    arch  on the bridge in  a  parabolic form.  The highest 
3 3
point on the  bridge  is 10  feet  above the  road  at  the 
17. Area bounded by the curve  y  x 3 ,  the  x -axis and  middle of the bridge as seen in the figure. 
the ordinates  x  2  and  x  1 . 
15
  (a) –9  (b)     
4
15 17
(c) (d) 
  4   4  
18. The  area  bounded  by  the  curve  y  x x   and  the 
ordinates  x  1  and  x  1  is given by  Based  on  the  information  given  above,  answer  the 
following questions:  
1 (i)  The equation of the parabola designed on the bridge 
  (a) 0  (b)   
3 is 
2 4 (a)  x 2  250 y     (b)  x 2  250 y  
  (c)   (d)   
3 3 (c)  y 2  250 x     (d)  y 2  250 y
19. The  area  bounded  by  y-axis,  y  cos x   and  50 x2
(ii)  The value of the integral    is 
 50 250
y  sin x,  when  0  x   is.
2 1000 250
(a)       (b)   
3 3
(a)  2  
2 1   (b)  2  1  
(c) 1200      (d) 0 
50
  (c)  2  1 (d)  2 x 2 dx   is 
 
(iii)  The  integrand  of  the  integral  
50
20. Smaller area enclosed by the circle  x 2  y 2  4  and  ___________.   
the line  x  y  2  is  (a) Even     
(b) Odd 
(a) 2   2    (b)    2  
(c) Neither odd nor even   
  (c) 2  1   (d)  2   2    (d) None 
(iv)  The  area  formed  by  the  curve x 2  250 y   and 
2
21. Area lying between the curves  y  4 x  and  y  2 x  
y  10  in first quadrant is  
is 
1000 2 4
2 1 (a)        (b)   
(a)   (b)    3 3
3 3
1000
1 3 (c)       (d) 0  
  (c)    (d)    3
4 4
184 APPLICATION OF INTEGRALS

Case Study–2 (i)  Equation of  PQ  is _________. 

24. In the figure  O  0, 0   is the centre of the circle. The  (a) x  0 (b)  x  2


   
line  y  x   meets  the  circle  in  the  first  quadrant  at  (c) x  4 (d)  y  4
   
the point  B .  (ii)  The co-ordinates of Q is _______. 
(a) ( 2, 2)  (b) (4, 4) 
  (c) (1, 1)  (d) (5, 5) 
(iii)  Area received by son B _________ sq. units. 
(a) 4  (b) 16 
16 8
  (c)    (d)   
3 3
(iv) Area received by son  A  is _______ sq. units.   
(a) 4      (b) 16 
  16 8
(c)        (d) 
Based  on  the  information  given  above,  answer  the  3 3
following questions:  
Section -C (Assertion & Reason Type Questions)
(i)  The equation of the circle is _______. 
(a)  x 2  y 2  4 2 (b)  x 2  y 2  16 26. Assertion:  Area  between  y  2  x 2   and  y   x  is 
  2
  2

 
(c)  x 2  y 2  32
 

(d)  x  4 2  0 
equal to   2  x  x 2 dx  
1
(ii)  What are the co-ordinates of B. 
  Reason:    When  a  region is  determined  by  curves 
(a) 1,1 (b)   2, 2 
    that  intersect,  the  intersection  points  give the  limits 

 

(c) 4 2, 4 2   (d)   4, 4  of integration. 

(iii)  Area of  OBM  is ______ sq. units.    (a) Assertion is correct, reason is correct; reason is a 


correct explanation for assertion  
(a) 8 (b) 16
      (b) Assertion  is  correct,  reason  is  correct;  reason  is 
(c) 32 (d)  32  
    not a correct explanation for assertion  
(iv)  Area of the shaded region is __________ sq. units. 
  (c) Assertion is correct, reason is incorrect 
(a)  32 (b)  4
      (d) Assertion is incorrect, reason is correct 
(c) 8 (d)  4  8
    27. Assertion: Area of the region bounded by the lines 
Case Study–3
2 y   x  8, x -axis  and  the  lines  x  3   and  x  5  
25. A  farmer  has  a  square  plot  of  land.  Three  of  its 
boundaries are  x  0, y  0  and  y  4 . He wants to  is 4 sq. units. 
divide this land among his three sons  A, B  and C as  Reason:    Area  of  the  region  bounded  by the  lines 
shown in figure.   x  a , x  b,   x-axis  and  the  curve  y  f  x    is 
b

 f  x  dx . 
a

  (a) Assertion is correct, reason is correct; reason is a 
correct explanation for assertion  
  (b) Assertion  is  correct,  reason  is  correct;  reason  is 
not a correct explanation for assertion  

    (c) Assertion is correct, reason is incorrect 
Based  on  the  above  information,  answer  the    (d) Assertion is incorrect, reason is correct 
following questions.    
APPLICATION OF INTEGRRALS 185

28. Assertion: The area of the region included between  30. Assertion:  Let  f  be  a  non-zero  odd  function  and 
2 a
3x
the parabola  y 
4
 and  the line  3 x  2 y  12  0   a  0. then,   f  x   0.
a

is 27 sq. units.  Reason: Area bounded by  y  f  x  , x  a, x  a  


Reason:  The  area  bounded  by  the  curve  y  f  x    and x-axis is zero. 
b (a) Assertion is correct, reason is correct; reason is a  
the  x-axis  and  x  a , x  b   is   f  x  dx,   where 
a
f   correct explanation for assertion  
  (b) Assertion  is  correct,  reason  is  correct;  reason  is 
is a continuous function defined on   a, b .   not a correct explanation for assertion  
(a) Assertion is correct, reason is correct; reason is a    (c) Assertion is correct, reason is incorrect 
correct explanation for assertion     (d) Assertion is incorrect, reason is correct 
  (b) Assertion  is  correct,  reason  is  correct;  reason  is   
not a correct explanation for assertion  
 
  (c) Assertion is correct, reason is incorrect 
 
  (d) Assertion is incorrect, reason is correct 
 
29. Assertion:  Area  under  the  curve  y  sin x,   and  x-
 
axis  between  two  ordinates  x  0   and  x  2   is  4 
units.  
2
 
Reason:  sin x dx  4 . 
0  
(a) Assertion is correct, reason is correct; reason is a    
correct explanation for assertion    
  (b) Assertion  is  correct,  reason  is  correct;  reason  is   
not a correct explanation for assertion  
 
  (c) Assertion is correct, reason is incorrect 
 
  (d) Assertion is incorrect, reason is correct 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
186 APPLICATION OF INTEGRALS

EXERCISE – 3: Previous Year Questions 


 
1. Using integration, find the area of the region bounded  13. Prove  that  the  curves  y 2  4 x   and  x 2  4 y   divide 
by  the  line  x  y  2  0,   the  curve  x  y   and  y- the area of the square bounded by  x  0, x  4, y  4  
axis.     (Foreign 2015) and  y  0  into three equal parts. 
2.  Find  the  area  of  the  region  in  the  first  quadrant  (AI 2016, 2015, Delhi 2009)
enclosed  by the x-axis, the  line  y  x  and  the circle  14. Using  integration,  find  the  area  of  the  region 
2 2
x  y  32,  using integration. (Delhi 2015 C)
bounded by the curves  y  4  x 2 , x 2  y 2  4 x  0  
3.  Find  the  area  of  the  region  included  between  the  and the x-axis.       (Foreign 2016)
parabola  4 y  3 x 2  and the line  3 x  2 y  12  0 .  15. Using  integration,  find  the  area  of  the  triangle 
(AI 2015 C, 2009) formed  by positive x-axis  and tangent ad  normal to 
4.  Find the area of the smaller region bounded by the  the circle  x 2  y 2  4  at  1, 3 .         (Delhi 2015) 

x2 y 2 x y 16. Find the area of the region 
  ellipse    1  and the line    1 . 
9 4 3 2
 x, y  : y 2
 4 x, 4 x 2  4 y 2  9 ,  using integration. 
(Foreign 2014)
    (AI 2015 C, 2013, 2008 C)
5. Using integration, find the area of the region bounded 
by the curves:  17. Using  integration,  find  the  area  of  the  region 
bounded  by  the  triangle  whose  vertices  are 
y  x  1  1, x  3, x  3, y  0   (Delhi 2014 C)
 1, 2  , 1,5  and   3, 4 .                       (AI 2014)
6. Using integration, find the area bounded by the curve 
18. Using the method of integration, find the area of the 
x 2  4 y  and the line  x  4 y  2 . 
region bounded by the lines  2 x  y  4, 3 x  2 y  6  
(Delhi 2014 C, 2013, 2013 C, 2010) 
and  x  3 y  5  0 .  (AI 2014 C, Delhi 2009)
7. Find the  area  of the  region  bounded  by the  parabola 
19. Using  integration,  find  the  area  of  the  region 
y  x 2  and  y  x . (AI 2013) 
enclosed  between  the  two  circles  x 2  y 2  4   and 
8. Using integration, find the area of the region enclosed  2
 x  2  y 2  4 . 
by the curves  y 2  4 x  and  y  x . 
   (Delhi 2013, 2008, AI 2013 C, 2012 C, 2010 C)
   (Delhi 2013 C) 
9. Find the area of the region   20. Find  the  area  of  the  region 

 x, y  : x 2
 y 2  4, x  y  2 .            (AI 2012 )   x, y  : y 2 2
 6ax and x  y  16a 2 2
  using method 
of integration. (AI 2013) 
10. Draw the graph of  y  x  1  and using integration, 
21. Using the method of integration, find the area of the 
find the area below  y  x  1 ,  above x-axis and  region bounded by the lines:  
between  x  4  to  x  2               3 x  2 y  1  0, 2 x  3 y  21  0  and  x  5 y  9  0 . 
(Delhi 2011, Delhi 2020)  (Delhi 2012) 
11.  Using  integration,  find  the  area  of  the  following  22. Using integration, find the area of the triangle  ABC
region:   x, y  : x  1  y  5 x 2
. (Delhi 2010) where  A  is   2,3 , B  is   4, 7   and  C  is   6, 2  .  

12. Using  integration  find  the  area  of  the  region    (Delhi 2012 C)

 x, y  : x 2
 y 2  2ax, y 2  ax; x, y  0 . 23. Using  integration,  find  the  area  of  the  circle 
x 2  y 2  16,   which  is  exterior  to  the    parabola 
(Delhi 2016) 
y2  6x . (AI 2012 C, 2007) 
APPLICATION OF INTEGRALS 187

24. Using  integration,  find  the  area  of  the  triangular  28. Using  integration  find  the  area  of  the  region 
region  whose  sides  have  equations  y  2 x  1,   bounded  between  the  two  circles  x 2  y 2  9   and 
y  3 x  1  and  x  4 . (Delhi 2011, AI 2011 C) 2
 x  3  y2  9 . (AI 2020, Delhi 2020)  
25. Using integration, find the area of the region: 
29. Using  integration,  find  the  area  of  a  triangle  whose 
 x, y  : 0  2 y  x , 0  y  x, 0  x  3 .
2
(2018)   vertices are  1, 0  ,  2, 2   and   3,1 .           (AI 2020)  
26. Using integration, find the area of the triangle whose  30. Using  integration,  find  the  area  of  the  parabola 
vertices are   2,3 ,  3,5   and   4, 4  .      (Delhi 2019)   y 2  4ax  bounded by its latus rectum.      (AI 2020)  
27. Find  the  area  of  the  region  lying  about  x-axis  and 
included  between  the  circle  x2  y 2  8x   and  inside 
of the parabola  y 2  4 x .                            (AI 2020)
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
   
         
 
 
   
 
 
   
 
   

 
 
 
           
     
 
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188 DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS

10
DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS

Chapter 01
Matrices
DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS 189

Chapter at a Glance
 An equation involving derivatives of the dependent variable with respect to independent variable (variables) is known as
a differential equation.
 Order of a differential equation is the order of the highest order derivative occurring in the differential equation.
 Degree of a differential equation is defined if it is a polynomial equation in its derivatives.
 Degree (when defined) of a differential equation is the highest power (positive integer only) of the highest order
derivative in it.
 A function which satisfies the given differential equation is called its solution. The solution which contains as many
arbitrary constants as the order of the differential equation is called a general solution and the solution free from arbitrary
constants is called particular solution.
 To form a differential equation from a given function we differentiate the function successively as many times as the
number of arbitrary constants in the given function and then eliminate the arbitrary constants.
 Variable separable method is used to solve such an equation in which variables can be separated completely i.e. terms
containing y should remain with dy and terms containing x should remain with dx .
dy dx
 A differential equation which can be expressed in the form  f  x, y  or  g  x, y  where, f  x, y  and
dx dy
g  x, y  are homogeneous functions of degree zero is called a homogeneous differential equation.
dy
 A differential equation of the form  Py  Q, where P and Q are constants or functions of x only is called a first
dx
order linear differential equation.
DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS 191

dy dy dy
or x  y a    1  x dx
dx dx 1 y2
dy
x y x2
dx …. (2)  tan 1 y  x  c
or a  2
dy
dx Given y  0   0  x  0, y  0
Substituting the value of a from equation (2) in x0
equation (1), we get x2
dy   tan 1 y  x 
 2
 x  y dx 
2 2
x  y  2y  x2 
dy  y  tan  x   .
 2 
dx
dy 2 dy Example–8
or
dx
 
x  y 2  2 xy  2 y 2
dx
Find the particular solution of the differential
dy 2 xy
or  dy
dx x 2  y 2 equation  4 xy 2 given that y  1, when x  0 .
dx
Example–6 (NCERT)
Sol. If y  0, the given differential equation can be
Find the general solution of the differential
dy
dy x  1 written as  4 x dx …. (1)
equation  ,  y  2 . (NCERT) y2
dx 2  y
Integrating both sides of equation (1), we get
dy x  1
Sol. We have,  …. (1) dy
dx 2  y  y 2  4 x dx
Separating the variables in equation (1), we get
1
 2  y  dy   x  1 dx …. (2) or  2x 2  C
y
Integrating both sides of equation (2), we get
1
  2  y  dy    x  1dx or  2x 2  C …. (2)
y
y2 x2 Substituting y  1 and x  0 in equation (2), we
or 2 y    x  C1
2 2 get, C  1 .
or x 2  y 2  2 x  4 y  2C1  0 Now substituting the value of C in equation (2),
or x 2  y 2  2 x  4 y  C  0, we get the particular solution of the given
where C  2C1 1
differential equation as y  2 .
2x  1
which is the general solution
Example–9
Example–7
Find the equation of a curve passing through the
Find the solution of the differential equation
dy point  2,3 , given that the slope of the tangent to
 1  x  y 2  xy 2 , y  0   0 .
dx 2x
the curve at any point  x, y  is . (NCERT)
dy y2
Sol.  1  x  y 2  xy 2
dx Sol. We know that the slope of the tangent to a curve is
dy dy

dx

 1  x  1  y 2  given by
dx
dy dy 2 x
  1  x  dx so  …. (1)
1 y 2 dx y 2
192 DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS

Separating the variables, equation (1) can be  y


written as y cos    x
dy x
Integrating both sides of equation (2), we get  …. (1)
dx  y
2 x cos  
y dy   2 x dx  x
It is a differential equation of the form
y3
or  x2  C …. (3) dy
3  F  x, y  .
dx
Substituting x  2, y  3 in equation  3 , we get
 y
C 5. y cos    x
Here, F  x, y   x
Substituting the value of C in equation  3 , we
 y
x cos  
get the equation of the required curve as  x
1
y3 Replacing x by  x and y by  y, we get
3
 x 2  5 or y  3 x 2  15   3 .
  y 
  y cos    x 
Example–10  x
  
F   x,  y     0  F  x, y  
 y 
In a bank, principal increases continuously at the   x cos 
 x
rate of 5% per year. In how many years Rs 1000
double itself. (NCERT) Thus, F  x, y  is a homogeneous function of
Sol. Let P be the principal at any time t . According to degree zero.
the given problem, Therefore, the given differential equation is a
dp  5  dp P homogeneous differential equation. To solve it we
   P or  …. (1) make the substitution
dt  100  dt 20
separating the variables in equation (1), we get
y  vx …. (2)
dp dt Differentiating equation  2  with respect to x, we
 …. (2)
P 20 get
Integrating both sides of equation  2  , we get dy dv
 v x …. (3)
t dx dx
t
log P   C1 or P  e 20  eC1 dy
20 Substituting the value of y and in equation
t
dx
or P  C e 20 (where eC1  C ) …. (3) 1 , we get
Now P  1000, when t  0 dv v cos v  1
vx 
Substituting the values of P and t in  3 , we get dx cos v

C  1000 . Therefore, equation  3 , gives dv v cos v  1


or x  v
dx cos v
t
P  1000 e 20 dv 1 dx
or x  or cos v dv 
Let t years be the time required to double the dx cos v x
principal. Then 1
Therefore  cos v dv   x dx
t
2000  1000 e 20  t  20 log e 2 . or sin v  log x  log C
Example–11 or sin v  log Cx
Show that the following differential equation: y
Replacing v by , we get
 y  dy  y x
x cos    y cos    x is homogeneous and
 x  dx x  y
sin    log Cx
solve it. (NCERT) x
Sol. The given differential equation can be written as which is the general solution of the differential
equation (1).
DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS 193

Example–12 x
or  2y  C
Find the general solution of the differential y
dy or x  2 y 2  Cy
equation x  y  x 2 .
dx which is a general solution of the given differential
dy equation.
Sol. x  y  x2
dx
Example–14
dy y
  x Find the particular solution of the differential
dx x
dy
dy equation  y cot x  2 x  x 2 cot x  x  0  given
Comparing with  Py  Q dx
dx

1 that y  0 when x  . (NCERT)
P ,Q  x 2
x
1
Sol. The given equation is a linear differential equation
 Pdx  x
dx
 log x 1 dy
I.F. e e e  of the type  Py  Q, where P  cot x and
x dx
1
Multiplying on both sides, Q  2 x  x 2 cot x . Therefore
x
cot xdx
1 dy y I .F  e  elogsin x  sin x
 1
x dx x 2 Hence, the solution of the differential equation is
d  y given by
  1  
y.sin x   2 x  x 2 cot x sin xdx  C
dx  x 
y or y sin x   2 x sin dx   x 2 cos x dx  C
 xc
x
 2 x2   2 x2 
y  x 2  cx or y sin x  sin x     cos x  dx
 2   2 
y  x 2  cx .
  x 2 cos x dx  C
Example–13 or
Find the general solution of the differential y sin x  x 2 sin x   x 2 cos x dx   x 2 cos x dx  C

equation y dx  x  2 y 2 dy  0 .  (NCERT)
or y sin x  x 2 sin x  C
Sol. The given differential equation can be written as 
dx x Substituting y  0 and x  in equation 1 , we
  2y 2
dy y get
This is a linear differential equation of the type 2
   
dx 1  0   sin    C
 P1 x  Q1 , where P1   and 2
  2
dy y
 2
Q1  2 y . Therefore or C 
4
1
 y 1 1 Substituting the value of C in equation 1 , we
I .F .  e  e log y  elog y 
y get
Hence, the solution of the given differential 2
y sin x  x 2 sin x 
equation is 4
1 1  2
x   2 y   dy  C
y   y
or y  x 2 
4sin x
 sin x  0 
x which is the particular solution of the given
or   2dy   C
y  differential equation.
194 DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS

Example–15 Example–17
Integrating factor of the differential equation The solution of the differential equation
dy dy
cos x  y sin x  1, is  1  e x  y , is
dx dx
(a) sin x (b) sec x (a)  x  y  e x  y  0
(c) tan x (d) cos x
(b)  x  C  e x  y  0
Ans. (b)
dy (c)  x  C  e x  y  1
Sol. cos x  y sin x  1
dx
(d)  x  C  e x  y  1  0
dy y sin x 1
   Ans. (d)
dx cos x cos x
dy
dy Sol.  1  ex y
  y tan x  sec x dx
dx
dy
dy   ex y  1 ....  i 
Comparing with  Py  Q dx
dx
Let, x  y  v
P  tan x, Q  sec x
dy dv
Integrating factor  1 
dx dx
Pdx tan xdx
 e  e  elogsec x  sec x . dv
 ev  ………… from (i)
Example–16 dx

The solution of the differential equation  dx  e v dv


dy y   dx   e v dv
x  y  x tan , is
dx x  x  e v  c
x y
 x  c  e  
 x y
(a) sin  xC (b) sin  Cx
y x
  x  c  e x y  1  0 .
x y
(c) sin  Cy (d) sin  Cy
y x Example–18
Ans. (b)
dy
dy  y The solution of x 2  y 2  4, is.
Sol. x  y  x tan   dx
dx x
(a) x 2  y 2  12 x  C
dy y  y
   tan   ....  i  (b) x 2  y 2  3 x  C
dx x  x
y (c) x 3  y 3  3 x  C
Put  v or y  vx
x (d) x3  y 3  12 x  C
dy dv Ans. (d)
 vx
dx dx dy
Sol. x2  y2 4
dv dx
v  tan v  v  x (from (i))
dx dy
y2  4  x2
dx dx
  cot vdv
x
dx

y 2 dy  4  x 2 dx
  cot vdv
x  
y3 x3
 4x   c
 log x  log C  log sin v 3 3
 y 3  12 x  x 3  c
 y
 Cx  sin v  sin    Cx .
 x  x3  y 3  12 x  c .
DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS 195

Example–19 (iii) Solution of the differential equation

Assertion:
dy
 x 2 y  5 is a first order linear x 2
 3 xy  y 2
 dx  x dy  0 is.
2

dx
x y
differential equation. (a)  log x  c
Reason: If P and Q are functions of x only or x
constant then differential equation of the form x y
(b)  log x  c
dy x
 Py  Q is a first order linear differential
dx x
(c)  log x  c
equation. x y
x
(a) Assertion is correct, Reason is correct; Reason (d)  log x  c
x y
is a correct explanation for assertion.
(iv) General solution of the differential equation
(b) Assertion is correct, Reason is correct; Reason
is not a correct explanation for Assertion dy y   y  
 log    1 is.
(c) Assertion is correct, Reason is incorrect dx x   x  
(d) Assertion is incorrect, Reason is correct (a) log  xy   c
Ans. (a)
(b) log y  cx
Sol. Here, P  x 2 and Q  5 .  y
(c) log    cx
P is function of x and Q is a constant. x
(d) log x  cy
Example–20
(v) Solution of the differential equation
dy f  x, y  y
If the equation is of the form  or  dy  ex
dx g  x, y   x  y  x 2 cos x is.
 dx 
dy  y y
 F  , where f  x, y  , g  x, y  are
dx x (a) e x  sin x  c
homogeneous functions of the same degree in x y

dy dv (b) e x  sin x  c
and y, then put y  vx and  v  x , so that y
dx dx x
(c) e  sin x  c
the dependent variable y is changed to another y
variable v and then variable separable method. (d) ex  sin x  c
Based on the above information, answer the
dy x 2  xy  y 2
following questions. Sol. (i) We have, 
dx x2
dy
(i) The general solution of x 2  x 2  xy  y 2 is. dy dv
dx Put y  vx and  v x
dx dx
x y
(a) tan 1  log x  c (b) tan 1  log x  c dv x 2  x  vx  v 2 x 2
y x v  x   1  v  v2
dx x2
(c) y  x log x  c (d) x  y log y  c
dv dv dx
(ii) Solution of the differential equation x  1  v2     c
dx 1  v2 x
dy
2 xy  x 2  3 y 2 is.  tan 1 v  log x  c
dx
(a) x 3  y 2  cx 2 y
 tan 1  log x  c .
x
x2 y3
(b)   y2  c dy
2 3 (ii) We have, 2 xy  x2  3 y2
dx
(c) x 2  y 3  cx 2
dy x 2  3 y 2
2 2 3  
(d) x  y  cx dx 2 xy
196 DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS

dy dv dy y   y  
Put y  vx and  v x (iv) We have,  log    1
dx dx dx x   x  
dv x 2  3v 2 x 2 dv 1  3v 2 dy dv
v  x   x  v Put y  vx and  v x
dx 2vx 2 dx 2v dx dx
dv 1  v 2 v  x
dv
 v log  v   1
x 
dx 2v dx
2v dx dv
 dv    log c x  v log v
1 v 2 x dx
 log 1  v 2  log x  log c dv dx
 
v log v x
 log v 2  1  log xc
 log log v  log x  log c
y2  y
 v 2  1  xc   1  xc  log    cx .
x2 x
 x 2  y 2  x3 c . y
 dy 
(v) We have,  x  y  e x  x 2 cos x
 
(iii) We have, x 2  3 xy  y 2 dx  x 2 dy  0  dx 
y
x 2  3 xy  y 2 dy  dy y 
      e x  x cos x
x2 dx  dx x 
dy dv dy dv
Put y  vx and  v x Put y  vx and  v x
dx dx dx dx

x2  3x2 v  x2v2  dv 

 dv 
 v  x    v  x  v  ev  x cos x
 dx 
x2  dx 
dv
 1  3 y  v2  v  x
dv  xev  x cos x
dx dx

dv   ev dv   cos xdx
2
 1  2v  v  x
dx  ev  sin x  c
dx 2 y
   v  1 dv  c
x   e x  sin x  c .
1
 log x  c
v 1
x
 log x  c.
x y
DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS 197

EXERCISE – 1: Basic Subjective Questions


Section–A (1 Mark Questions) 11. Show that the General solution of the differential
dx
1. The degree of the differential equation equation of the type  P1 x  Q1 is given by
dy
2
 d 2 y   dy  2  dy  P1dy P1dy
 2      x sin   is______. xe    Q1e  dy  C .
 dx   dx   dx 
12. Find the differential equation of all non-vertical
2. The integrating factor of differential equation
lines in a plane.
dy
cos x  y sin x  1 is_______. dy
dx 13. Solve:  y  1, y  0   1 .
dx
3. Integrating factor of the differential of the form
dx Section–C (3 Marks Questions)
 P1 x  Q1 is given by _____.
dy
14. If y  e x  A cos x  B sin x  , then verify that y is
4. State True or False. Correct substitution for the
d2y dy
solution of differential equation of the type a solution of 2
2  2y  0 .
dx dx
dx
 f  x. y  , where f  x, y  is a homogeneous 15. Find the general solution of differential equation
dy
tan y sec2 xdx  tan x sec2 ydy  0
function of zero degree is v  xy .
16. Find the general solution of the following
5. Find the degree of the differential equation
dy
3 differential equation: 1  x 2
dx
 
 2 xy  4 x 2  0 .
  dy 2  2 d 2 y
1      2 . 17. Find the general solution of the differential
  dx   dx
dy
equation given by  2 yx .
Section–B (2 Marks Questions) dx
dy
6. Find the solution of the differential equation 18. Solve the differential equation  2 xy  y .
dx
dy
x  2 y  x2 . dy
dx 19. Find the general solution of  ay  e mx .
dx
7. Find the order and degree of the differential
dy
1
1 20. Given that  e 2 y and y  0 when x  5 . Find
d 2 y  dy  4 dx
equation     x5  0
dx 2  dx  the value of x when y  3 .
8. Form the differential equation for
dy
21. Solve the differential equation  1  ex y .
y  A cos  x  B sin  x, where A and B are dx
arbitrary constants. 22. Solve: ydx  xdy  x 2 ydx .
9. Show that the solution of differential equation
xdy  ydx  0 represents a straight line passing
23. Find the general solution of x  2 y 3   dy
dx
 y.

through origin. 24. Form the differential equation having

10. What is/are the number of solutions of


dy y  1
 ,  
y  sin x 1  A cos 1 x  B, where A and B are
dx x  1
arbitrary constants, as its general solution.
when y 1  2 .
198 DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS

Section–D (5 Marks Questions)


25. Solve the following differential equation, 28. Find the general solution of the differential
dy 1 dy
 1  x  y 2  xy 2 when y  0 and x  0 equation 1  y 2   x  e tan y 
   0.
dx   dx
29. Find the equation of a curve passing through origin,
 2  sin x  dy
26. If y  x  is a solution of     cos x and if the slope of the tangent to the curve at any point
 1  y  dx
 x, y  is equal to the square of the difference of the
  1
y  0   1, then show that y    .
2 3 abscissa and ordinate of the point.

dy 30. Solve the differential equation


27. If y  t  is a solution of 1  t   ty  1 and
dt dy  cos x  2  y cosec x  dx given that y  2,
1
y  0   1 . Then show that y 1   . 
2 when x  .
2
DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS 199

EXERCISE – 2: Basic Objective Questions


Section–A (Single Choice Questions)
1. The integrating factor of the differential equation 8. The solution of the differential equation
dy dy y  x  1
 x log x   y  2 log x is   0 is given by
dx dx x
(a) log  log x  (b) e x (a) y  xe x  c (b) x  ye x
(c) log x (d) x (c) y  x  c (d) xy  e x  c
2. The general solution of the differential equation 9. The order of the differential equation satisfying
dy y
 is
dx x

1  x 4  1  y 4  a x 2  y 2 is. 
(a) 1 (b) 2
(a) log y  kx (b) y  kx
(c) 3 (d) 4
(c) xy  k (d) y  k log x
10. The solution of the differential equation y1 y3  y2 2
3. The degree of the differential equation
is
2
 d 2 y   dy  3 (a) C  C1eC2 y  C3 (b) y  C1eC2 x  C3
 2      y is
 dx dx
   (c) 2 x  C1eC2 y  C3 (d) None of these
1 11. The differential equation of the ellipse
(a) (b) 2
2 x 2
y 2

(c) 3 (d) 4 2
 C is
a b2
4. The solution of the differential equation y  y ' 1 y  y ' 1
dy (a)   0 (b)   0
 y cot x  cosec x is y' y x y' y x
dx
y  y ' 1
(a) x sin x  y  C (b) x cos x  y  C (c)   0 (d) None of these
y' y x
(c) y cos x  x  C (d) y sin x  x  C
dy y
5. The differential equation obtained on eliminating A 12. Solution of the differential equation   sin x
dx x
and B from the curve y  A cos  t  B sin  t , is is
(a) y   y  0 2
(b) y    y  0 (a) x  y  cos x   sin x  C

(c) y    2 y (d) y   y  0 (b) x  y  cos x   sin x  C


6. The equation of the curve whose slope is given by (c) x  y  cos x   cos x  C
dy 2 y (d) None of these
 ; x  0, y  0 and which passes through
dx x 13. The equation of the curve passing through (1, 1)
the point (1, 1) is and satisfying the differential equation
(a) x 2  y (b) y 2  x   
y x  y 3 dx  x y 3  x dy is 
(c) x 2  2 y (d) y 2  2 x
(a) y 3  2 x  3 x 2 y  0
7. The solution of the differential equation
(b) y 3  2 x  3x 2 y  0
dy 2 y
  0 with y 1  1 is given by (c) y 3  2 x  3 x 2 y  0
dx x
1 1 (d) None of these
(a) y  2
(b) x  2 14. The solution of the differential equation
x y
dy
1 1 2 x  y  3 represents
(c) x  (d) y  dx
y x
(a) Circles (b) Straight lines
(c) Ellipses (d) Parabolas
200 DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS

15. The differential equation satisfied by ax 2  by 2  1 21. The number of arbitrary constants in the particular
solution of a differential equation of third order is.
is
(a) 3 (b) 2
(a) xyy2  y12  yy1  0 (c) 12 (d) 0
(b) xyy2  xy12  yy1  0 22. Which of the following differential equations has
(c) xyy2  xy12  yy1  0 y  C1e x  C2 e x as the general solution.
(d) None of these d2y d2y
(a) y0 (b) y0
16. The differential equation which represents the dx 2 dx 2
family of curve y  eCx is d2 y d2 y
(c) 2
1  0 (d) 1  0
(a) y1  C 2 y (b) xy1  ln y  0 dx dx 2
(c) x ln y  yy1 (d) y ln y  xy1 Section–B (Assertion & Reason Type Questions)
17. If m and n are the order and degree of the
23. Assertion: Order of the differential equation whose
3
5 4  y2  2 solution is y  c1e x  c2  c3e x  c4 is 4.
differential equation  y2    y3  x  1,
y3
Reason: Order of the differential equation is equal
then. to the number of independent arbitrary constant
(a) m  3, n  3 (b) m  3, n  2 mentioned in the solution of differential equation.
(c) m  3, n  5 (d) m  3, n  1 (a) Assertion is correct, Reason is correct; Reason
18. The solution of the differential equation is a correct explanation for assertion.
x dx  y dy  x 2 y dy  y 2 x dx, is. (b) Assertion is correct, Reason is correct; Reason
is not a correct explanation for Assertion
 
(a) x 2  1  C 1  y 2 (c) Assertion is correct, Reason is incorrect
(d) Assertion is incorrect, Reason is correct
(b) x 2  1  C 1  y 
2

24. Assertion: The differential equation of all circles


(c) x 3
 1  C 1  y 
3
in a plane must be of order 3.
Reason: If three points are non-collinear, then only
(d) x3  1  C 1  y 
3
one circle always passing through these points.
19. The solution of the differential equation (a) Assertion is correct, Reason is correct; Reason
dy is a correct explanation for assertion.
1  x2
dx
 1  y 2  0, is. (b) Assertion is correct, Reason is correct; Reason
is not a correct explanation for Assertion
(a) tan 1 x  tan 1 y  tan 1 C
(c) Assertion is correct, Reason is incorrect
(b) tan 1 y tan 1 x  tan 1 C (d) Assertion is incorrect, Reason is correct
(c) tan 1 y  tan 1 x  tan C d2y
25. For the differential equation  y  0, let its
(d) tan 1 y  tan 1 x  tan 1 C dx 2
20. The solution of the differential equation  
solution be y  1  x   2sin  x   .
 4
dy x 2  xy  y 2
 , is. Assertion: The function y  1  x  is called the
dx x2
x particular solution.
(a) tan 1    log y  C Reason: The solution which is free from arbitrary
 y
constant, is called a particular solution.
 y
(b) tan 1    log x  C (a) Assertion is correct, Reason is correct; Reason
x is a correct explanation for assertion.
x (b) Assertion is correct, Reason is correct; Reason
(c) tan 1    log x  C
 y is not a correct explanation for Assertion
(c) Assertion is correct, Reason is incorrect
 y
(d) tan 1    log y  C (d) Assertion is incorrect, Reason is correct
x
DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS 201

26. Assertion: The degree of the differential equation (ii) Order and degree of the differential equation
2 2 2 dy x
d y  dy  d y y  are respectively.
 3    x 2 log  2  is not defined.
2 dx dy  dy 3
dx  dx   dx   
Reason: If the differential equation is a polynomial dx  dx 
in terms of its derivatives, then its degree is (a) 1, 1 (b) 1, 2
defined. (c) 1, 3 (d) 1, 4
(a) Assertion is correct, Reason is correct; Reason (iii) Find order and degree of the equation
is a correct explanation for assertion. 2 y'
y ''' y  e  0 .
(b) Assertion is correct, Reason is correct; Reason
is not a correct explanation for Assertion (a) Order = 3, degree = undefined
(c) Assertion is correct, Reason is incorrect (b) Order = 1, degree = 3
(d) Assertion is incorrect, Reason is correct (c) Order = 2, degree = undefined
(d) Order = 1, degree = 2
dy
27. Assertion:  x 2 y  5 is a first order linear (iv) Determine degree of the differential equation
dx
 dy 
differential equation.  
a  c .   x  0 .
 dx 
Reason: If P and Q are functions of x only or
constant then differential equation of the form (a) 3 (b) Not defined
dy (c) 1 (d) 2
 Py  Q is a first order linear differential
dx
Case Study–2
equation.
(a) Assertion is correct, Reason is correct; Reason 29. A differential equation is said to be in the variable
is a correct explanation for assertion. separable form if is expressible in the form
(b) Assertion is correct, Reason is correct; Reason f  x  dx  g  y  dy . The solution of this equation is
is not a correct explanation for Assertion
(c) Assertion is correct, Reason is incorrect given by  f  x  dx   g  y  dy  c, where c is the
(d) Assertion is incorrect, Reason is correct constant of integration.
Based on the above information, answer the
Section–C (Case Study Questions) following questions.
Case Study–1 (i) If the solution of the differential equation
28. Order: The order of a differential equation is the dy ax  3
 represents a circle, then the value of
order of the highest order derivative appearing in dx 2 y  f
the differential equation. ' a ' is.
Degree: The degree of differential equation is the (a) 2 (b) –2
power of the highest order derivative, when (c) 3 (d) –4
differential coefficients are made free from radicals
and fractions. Also, differential equation must be a dy 1 y2
(ii) The differential equation  determines
polynomial equation in derivatives for the degree to dx y
be defined. a family of circle with.
Based on the above information, answer the (a) Variable radii and fixed centre (0, 1)
following questions. (b) Variable radii and fixed centre (0, -1)
(i) Find the degree of the differential equation. (c) Fixed radius 1 and variable centre on x-axis
2
d2 y  dy  (d) Fixed radius 1 and variable centre on y-axis
2 2
 3 1    y  0 .
dx  dx  (iii) If y ' y  1, y  0   1, then y  ln 2  
(a) 3 (b) 4
(a) 1 (b) 2
(c) 2 (d) 1
(c) 3 (d) 4
DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS 203

EXERCISE – 3: Previous Year Questions


1. Write the sum of the order and degree of the 11. Write the differential equation representing the
3
d  dy   family of curves y  mx, where m is an arbitrary
following differential equation     0.
dx  dx   constant. (AI 2013)
(AI 2015) 12. Form the differential equation of the family of
2. Write the sum of the order and degree of the circles in the second quadrant and touching the
2
 d 2 y   dy 3 coordinate axes. (AI 2016, 2012)
4
differential equation  2      x  0
 dx   dx  13. Form the differential equation of the family of
(Foreign 2015) parabolas having vertex at origin and axis along

3. Write the sum of the order and degree of the positive y-axis (Delhi 2011)
4 3 14. Form the differential equation representing the
 dy   d2y 
differential equation 1     7  2  . family of ellipses having foci on x-axis and centre
 dx   dx 
 
at the origin. (AI 2010C, Delhi 2009C)
(Delhi 2015C)
15. Find the integrating factor of the differential
4. Write the degree of the differential equation
4  e –2 x y  dx
 dy  d2y equation  –   1.
   3 x 2  0. (Delhi 2013)  x
 x  dy
 dx  dx
5. Write the degree of differential equation
2
(Delhi 2015, AI 2015C)
4
3 d2 y   dy 
x  2   x    0. (Delhi 2013) 16. Write the integrating factor of the following
 dx   dx 
 
dy
6. Write the degree of the differential equation
 
differential equation: 1  y 2   2 xy – cot y 
dx
0

3 4
 d2y   dy  (AI 2015)
x  2   y    x3  0. (Delhi 2013)
 dx   dx 
 
17. Write the solution of the differential equation
7. Write the degree of the differential equation :
dy
 dy 
4
d2y  2– y . (Foreign 2015)
   3y 2  0 . (Delhi 2013C) dx
 dx  dx
8. Write the degree of the differential equation 18. Find the solution of the differential equation
2 3 dy
 d 2 s   ds   x3 e –2 y . (AI 2015C)
 2      4  0. (AI 2013C) dx
 dt   dt 
9. Find the differential equation representing the 19. Find the particular solution of the differential
A
family of curves v   B, where A and B are equation 1 – y  1  log x  dx  2 xydy  0,
2
given
r
arbitrary constants. (Delhi 2015) that y  0 when x  1. (Delhi 2016)

10. Write the differential equation obtained by 20. Solve the differential equation:
eliminating the arbitrary constant C in the equation dy dy
yx  x– y . (AI 2016)
representing the family of curves xy  C cos x. dx dx
(Delhi 2015C)
21. Solve the following differential equation
2
 2
y dx  x – xy  y 2
 dy  0 (Foreign 2016)
204 DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS

22. Solve the following differential equation 33. If y  x  is a solution of the differential equation
 cot –1

y  x dy  1  y  2
 dx . (Foreign 2016)  2  sin x  dy
 – cos x and y  0   1, then find the
 
23. Find the particular solution of the differential  1  y  dx
dy x  2 log x  1   
equation  , given that y  , value of y   . (Delhi 2014C)
dx sin y  y cos y 2 2
when x  1. (Delhi 2014) 34. Find the general solution of the differential
24. Solve the following differential equation: dy
dy 2 equation  x – y   x  2 y.
x2 – 1
dx

 2 xy  2
x –1
, x  1. (Delhi 2014) dx
(Delhi 2014D, AI 2010)
25. Find the particular solution of the differential
y 35. Solve the differential equation
equation e x 1 – y 2 dx  dy  0 given that y  1
x dy  
x  y  x cos x  sin x, given y    1.
when x  0. (Delhi 2014) dx 2
(AI 2014C)
26. Solve the
following differential equation:
dy 36. Solve the following differential equation:
cosec x log y  x 2 y 2  0. (Delhi 2014)
 y  dy  y
dx x cos    y cos    x; x  0.
27. Find the particular solution of the differential x
  dx x
dy (AI 2014C, Delhi 2012C)
equation  1  x  y  xy, y  0 when x  1 .
dx
37. Find the particular solution of the following
(AI 2014)
dy
differential equation: xy   x  2  y  2  ;
28. Find the particular solution of the differential dx
  
equation x 1  y 2 dx – y 1  x 2 dy  0, given that  y  –1 when x  1 (Delhi 2012)
38. Solve the following differential equation:
y  1 when x  0. (AI 2013)
dy
2 x2 – 2 xy  y 2  0 . (Delhi 2012)
29. Find the particular solution of the differential dx
39. Find the particular solution of the following
 dy 
equation log    3x  4 y, given that y  0 dy
 dx  differential equation;  1  x2  y2  x2 y 2 ,
dx
when x  0. (AI 2014)
given that y  1 when x  0. (Delhi 2012)
30. Solve the differential equation 40. Find the particular solution of the following
x 2
– yx 2
 dy   y 2 2 2
x y  dx  0, given that differential equation:  x  1
dy
 2e – y – 1; y  0
dx
y  1 when x  1. (Foreign 2014)
when x  0. (Delhi 2012)
31. Solve the differential equation 41. Find the particular solution of the following
dy
 y cot x  2 cos x, given that y  0 when
dx 
differential equation: x x 2 – 1  dy
dx
 1; y  0 when

x . (Foreign 2014) x  2. (AI 2012)
2

32. Find a particular solution of the differential 42. Solve the following differential equation:
equation
dy
dx
 2 y tan x  sin x, given that y  0, 1  x  dy  2 xydx  cot xdx;
2
x0

 (AI 2012, 2012C, Delhi 2011C)


when x  . (Foreign 2014)
3
DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS 205

43. Find the particular solution of the differential 55. Find the order and the degree of the differential
dy 4
equation :  y cot x  4 x cosec x,  x  0  ,   dy  2 
d2y
dx equation x 2  1     . (Delhi 2019)
dx 2   dx  

given that y  0 when x  . (AI 2012) 56. From the differential equation representing the
2
44. Solve the following differential
equation : A
family of curves y   5, by eliminating the
dy x
– y  cos x, given that if x  0, y  1. arbitrary constant A. (AI 2019)
dx
57. From the differential equation representing the
(Delhi 2012C)
family of curves y  e2 x  a  bx  , where ' a ' and
45. Find the particular solution of the following
differential equation, given that x  2, y  1: ' b ' are arbitrary constants. (Delhi 2019)
dy
x  2 y  x2 ,  x  0  . (Delhi 2012C) 58. Find the differential equation representing the
dx
46. Find the particular solution of the differential family of curves y  aebx  5 , where a and b are
dy arbitrary constants. (AI 2018)
equation :  y cot x  2 x  x 2 cot x, x  0,
dx
59. Solve the following differential equation:

given that y  0, when x  . (Delhi 2012C) dy
2  y  cos x  sin x . (AI 2019)
dx
47. Solve the following differential
equation:
60. Solve the differential equation:
dy
x  y – x  xy cot x  0, x  0.
dx xdy  ydx  x 2  y 2 dx, given that y  0 when
(AI 2012C, Delhi 2011C) x 1. (Delhi 2019)
61. Solve the differential equation:
48. Solve the following differential equation :
1  y  1  log x  dx  xdy  0.
2
(Delhi 2011) 1  x   2 xy  4 x
2 2
 0, subject to the initial
49. Solve the following differential equation: condition y  0   0 . (Delhi 2019)
x

e tan ydx  1 – e sec ydy  0. x
 2
(Delhi 2011) 62. Solve the differential equation:
dy
50. Solve the differential equation:  1  x 2  y 2  x 2 y 2 , given that y  1 when
dx

xdy  y – x dx  0.3
 (AI 2011) x  0. (AI 2019)
63. Find the particular solution of the differential
51. Solve the differential equation: dy xy
equation  2 , given that y  1 when

xdy – y  2 x 2 dx  0.  (AI 2011) dx x  y 2
x  0. (AI 2019, Delhi 2015)
52. Solve the following differential equation :
64. Find the particular solution of the differential
xdy – ydx  x 2  y 2 dx . (AI 2011)  
equation e x tan y dx  2  e x sec 2 y dy  0, given
53. Find the particular solution of the differential

dy xy that y  when x  0 . (2018)
equation  given that y  1, when 4
dx x 2  y 2
65. Find the particular solution of the differential
x  0. (Delhi 2015) dy
equation  2 y tan x  sin x, given that y  0
dx
dy y2
54. Show that the differential equation  is 
dx xy – x 2 when x  . (2018, Foreign 2014)
3
homogeneous and also solve it. (AI 2015)
206 DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS

66. The integrating factor of the differential equation 69. The order of the differential equation of the family
dy of circles touching x-axis at the origin is ______.
x  2 y  x 2 is. (AI 2020, Delhi 2020)
dx (AI 2020)
67. Solve the differential equation: 70. Find the particular solution of the differential
 y  dy  y dy  
x sin    x  y sin    0 . Given that x  1 equation  y sec x  tan x, where x  0, 
 x  dx  x dx  2
 
when y  . (AI 2020, Delhi 2020) given that y  1, when x  . (AI 2020)
2 4
68. Find the general solution of the differential
 
equation x 2 y dx  x3  y 3 dy  0 . (AI 2020)

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DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS
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VECTOR ALGEBRA 207

11
VECTOR ALGEBRA
208 VECTOR ALGEBRA

Chapter at a Glance
 A  linear  programming  problem  is  one  that  is  concerned  with  finding  the  optimal  value  (maximum  or  minimum)  of  a 
linear  function  of  several  variables  (called  objective function)  subject  to  the  conditions  that  the  variables  are  non-
negative  and  satisfy  a  set  of  linear  inequalities  (called  linear  constraints).  Variables  are  sometimes  called  decision
variables and are non-negative.  
 
 Position vector of a point  P  x, y , z   is given as  OP   r   xiˆ  yjˆ  zkˆ , and its magnitude by  x 2  y 2  z 2 .
 The scalar components of a vector are its direction ratios, and represent its projections along the respective axes.
 The magnitude   r  , direction ratios   a, b, c   and direction cosines   l , m, n   of any vector are related as:
a b c
l ,m ,n
r r r

 The vector sum of the three sides of a triangle taken in order is  0 .
 The vector sum of two coinitial vectors is given by the diagonal of the parallelogram whose adjacent sides are the given 
vectors.
  The multiplication of a given vector by a scalar   ,  changes the magnitude of the vector by the multiple   ,  and keeps 
the direction same (or makes it opposite) according as the value of A is positive (or negative).

 a 
 For a given vector  a, the vector  aˆ     gives the unit vector in the direction of  a .
a
 
 The position vector of a point R dividing a line segment joining the points P and Q whose position vectors are  a  and  b  
respectively, in the ratio  m : n
 
na  mb
(i) internally, is given by   
mn
 
mb  na
(ii) externally, is given by  
mn
    
 The scalar product of two given vectors  a  and  b  haying angle    between them is defined as  a.b  a b cos  .  

   a.b
 Also, when  a.b is given the angle  ' '  between the vectors  a  and  b  may be determined by  cos      
a b
     
 If    is the angle between two vectors  a  and  b ,  then their cross product tis given as  a  b  a b sin  nˆ  
   
where  n̂  is a unit vector perpendicular to the plane containing  a  and  b.  Such that  a , b , nˆ  form right handed system of 
coordinate axes. 
   
 If  we  have  two  vectors  a   and  b ,   given  in  component  form  as  a  a1iˆ  a2 ˆj  a3 kˆ   and  b  b1iˆ  b2 ˆj  b3 kˆ   and     any 
scalar, 
  
then a  b   a1  b1  iˆ   a2  b2  ˆj   a3  b3  kˆ;  a    a1  iˆ    a2  ˆj    a3  kˆ;  

iˆ ˆj kˆ
  
a.b  a1b1  a2 b2  a3b3 ; and  a  b  a1 b1 c1 .  
a2 b2 c2
 

 
VECTOR ALGEBRA 209

Solved Examples
Thus, the required unit vector is  
Example–1
1  1
  Represent graphically a displacement of 40 km,  30   cˆ   c 
c 29

4iˆ  3 ˆj  2kˆ    
west of south.            (NCERT) 
 4 ˆ 3 ˆ 2 ˆ
Sol. The vector  OP  represents the required displacement.    i j k .  
29 29 29
Example–5

  Find  the  vector  joining  the  points  P  2, 3, 0    and 


Q  1, 2, 4   directed from  P  to  Q . 
                            (NCERT) 
Sol. Since  the  vector  is  to  be  directed  from  P   to  Q ,  
clearly  P   is  the  initial  point  and  Q   is  the  terminal 
point. So, the required vector joining  P  and  Q  is the 

vector  PQ,   given by   

  PQ   1  2  iˆ   2  3 ˆj   4  0  kˆ   

Example–2   i.e.  PQ  3iˆ  5 ˆj  4kˆ .  
  Classify  the  following  measures  as  scalars  and  Example–6
vectors.                         
  (i) 5 seconds    (ii) 1000  cm   3     
Show that the points  A 2iˆ  ˆj  kˆ , B iˆ  3 ˆj  5kˆ , 
  (iii) 10 Newton  
3
(iv) 30 km/hr  
C 3iˆ  4 ˆj  4kˆ  are  the  vertices  of  a  right  angled 
  (v) 10  g/cm     (vi) 20 m/s  towards north   
triangle.       (NCERT) 
(NCERT)  Sol. We have  
Sol. (i) Time-scalar     (ii) Volume-scalar   
AB  1  2  iˆ   3  1 ˆj   5  1 kˆ  
(iii) Force-vector     (iv) Speed-scalar  
(v) Density-scalar     (vi) Velocity-vector    iˆ  2 ˆj  6 kˆ

Example–3 BC   3  1 iˆ   4  3 ˆj   4  5  kˆ   
  Find the values of  x, y  and  z  so that the vectors   2iˆ  ˆj  kˆ  
  
a  xiˆ  2 ˆj  zkˆ  and  b  2iˆ  yjˆ  kˆ  are equal.     and  CA   2  3 iˆ   1  4  ˆj  1  4  kˆ  
  (NCERT)   iˆ  3 ˆj  5kˆ  
Sol. Note  that  two  vectors  are  equal  if  and  only  if  their    Further, note that  
corresponding components are equal.    2  2  2
  AB  41  6  35  BC  CA   
Thus, the given vectors  a  and  b  will be equal if and 
only if  x  2, y  2, z  1 .    Hence, the triangle is a right angled triangle. 

Example–4 Example–7

  Find angle  ' '  between the vectors  a  iˆ  ˆj  kˆ  and 
  Find the unit vector in the direction of the sum of the  
  b  iˆ  ˆj  kˆ .            (NCERT) 
vectors,  a  2iˆ  2 ˆj  5kˆ  and  b  2iˆ  ˆj  3kˆ .   

                           (NCERT)  Sol. The angle    between two vectors  a  and  b  is given 
 
Sol. The sum of the given vectors is   a b
by  cos       
  
a  b   c , say   4iˆ  3 ˆj  2kˆ    a b
 ˆ ˆ ˆ 
 2 Given,  a  i  j  k  and  b  iˆ  ˆj  kˆ   
and  c  4 2  32   2   29   
 
210 VECTOR ALGEBRA

 
 
Now,  a  b  iˆ  ˆj  kˆ  iˆ  ˆj  kˆ     Example–11

 1  1  1  1
  Show  that  the  points   
A 2iˆ  3 ˆj  5kˆ ,  
 
And, a b  12  12  (1) 2 . 12  (1) 2  12  3      
B iˆ  2 ˆj  3kˆ  and  C 7iˆ  kˆ   are collinear.  

1      (NCERT) 
Therefore, we have  cos     
3 Sol. AB  1  2  i   2  3 j   3  5 k  3i  j  2kˆ
ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ
 1

Hence the required angle is    cos 1    .   BC   7  1 iˆ   0  2  ˆj   1  3 kˆ  6iˆ  2 ˆj  4kˆ   
 3 
AC   7  2  iˆ   0  3 ˆj   1  5 kˆ  9iˆ  3 ˆj  6kˆ   
Example–8   

  Find the projection of the vector  a  2iˆ  3 ˆj  2kˆ  on  AB  14, BC  2 14  and  AC  3 14   
   
the vector  b  iˆ  2 ˆj  kˆ                      (NCERT)    Therefore  AC  AB  BC   
 
Sol. The projection of vector  a  on the vector  b  is      Hence the points A, B and C are collinear.  
1    2 1  3  2  2 1 10 5
b
 a b  2 2 2

6 3
 6  .    Example–12
1   2   1   Find  the  area  of  a  triangle  having  the  points 
A 1,1,1 , B 1, 2, 3   and  C  2, 3,1  as its vertices. 
Example–9
            (NCERT) 
  Find  a  b ,   if  two  vectors  a   and  b   are  such  that   
ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ
Sol.   We have  AB  j  2k  and  AC  i  2 j . The area of 
   
a  2, b  3  and  a  b  4 .    (NCERT)  1  
the given triangle is  AB  AC  
 2     2
Sol. We have  a  b  a  b  a  b       ˆi ˆj kˆ
         
 a  a  a  b  b  a  b  b    Now  AB  AC  0 1 2  4iˆ  2 ˆj  kˆ   
2   2 1 2 0
 a  2 a  b  b      
2 2 Therefore  AB  AC  16  4  1  21   
  2   2  4    3    
  Thus, the required area is 
1
21 .  
Therefore  a  b  5 .   
2
Example–10 Example–13
    
  For  any  two  vectors  a   and  b ,   we  always  have    Let  a, b   and  c   be  three  vectors  such  that 
      
a  b  a  b  (triangle inequality).   a  3, b  4, c  5   and  each  one  of  them  being 
               
(NCERT)  perpendicular  to  the  sum  of  the  other  two,  find 
    
Sol. The inequality holds trivially in case either  a  0  or  a  b  c .              (NCERT) 
    
b  0  . So, let  a  0  b . Then,   Sol. Given  
        
 2   2   
a  b  c  0, b   c  a   0, c  a  b  0    
a  b  a  b    
      Now  

 a b  a b      2    2
       
a b c  a b c 
 a  a  a  b  a  b  b         
2   2  
 a  b  c  a  b  c    
 a  2a  b  b         
2   2
 
 a a  a  b  c b
 a  2 a  b  b            
 
b  b   a  c   c  a  b  c  c
2   2 2 2 2
 a  2 a b  b     a  b  c   
  2  9  16  25  50   

 a b  .   
  
Therefore,  a  b  c  50  5 2 .  
VECTOR ALGEBRA 211

 
Example–14 Sol. a  2 x 2 iˆ  4 x ˆj  kˆ,   b  7iˆ  2 ˆj  x kˆ  
    
  There  vectors  a , b   and  c   satisfy  the  condition 
Let,    be the angle between vectors  a  and  b   
   
a  b  c  0 .  Evaluate  the  quantity  
        Given     
  a  b  b  c  c  a,   if  a  3, b  4   and  c  2 .  2
 cos   0  
            (NCERT) 
    14 x 2  7 x
Sol. Since  a  b  c  0,     0 
    4x 4
 16 x 2  1 53  x 2 
we have  a  b  c  0  0   
       14 x 2  7 x  0  
or  a  a  a  b  a  c  0   
    2  x  2 x  1  0  
Therefore  a  b  a  c   a  9         …. (1)  
    1
 
Again,  b  a  b  c  0    0 x
2
...(i )  
     
or  a  b  b  c   b  16             …. (2)   Given, the angle between  b  and z-axis is acute   

    b. kˆ
Similarly  a  c  b  c  4       …. (3)     0 
Adding (1), (2) and (3), we have   b kˆ
     
 
2 a  b  b  c  a  c  29   

x
0
29 53  x 2
or  2   29,  i.e    .   
2  x0 ...(ii )
 
Example–15  
  If  with  reference  to  the  right  handed  system  of  From (i) and (ii),
mutually  perpendicular  unit  vectors  iˆ, ˆj , kˆ   and  1
  0  x  . 
 2
  3iˆ  ˆj ,   2iˆ  ˆj  3kˆ,   then  express     in  the 
      Example–17
form    1   2 ,  where  1  is parallel to    and   2     
 If  a , b , c     are  any  three  mutually  perpendicular 
is perpendicular to   . 
 
(NCERT)    
 vectors  of  equal  magnitude  a,  then  a  b  c   is 
Sol. Let  1   ,   is a scalar, i.e.,  1  3 i   ˆj .  
ˆ
   equal to 
Now   2    1   2  3  iˆ  1    ˆj  3kˆ .  
  (a)  a (b)  2a  
Now,  since   2   is  to  be  perpendicular  to   ,   we  (c)  3a (d)  2a  
 
should have     2  0 . i.e.,   Ans. (c)
3  2  3   1     0      
Sol. Given  that  a , b , c   are  any  three  mutually 
1 perpendicular vectors of equal magnitude a.  
or         
2  a  b  c a 
 3 1
Therefore  1  iˆ  ˆj    Also,  
2 2      
 1 a b  b c  c a  0  
3
and   2  iˆ  ˆj  3kˆ .  Hence,  
2 2
   2 2 2 2  
Example–16  
a  b  c  a  b  c  2a  b
  The  values  of  x  for  which  the  angle  between     
  2b  c  2c  a  
a  2 x 2 iˆ  4 x ˆj  kˆ, b  7iˆ  2 ˆj  x kˆ   is  obtuse  and 
    2
the angle between  b  and the z-axis is acute, are   
a  b  c  a2  a2  a2  

1 1
 a  b  c 
2
  (a)  x  or x  0 (b)  0  x     3a 2  
2 2
  
1 a  b  c  3a . 
  (c)   x  15 (d)    
2  
Ans. (b)         
212 VECTOR ALGEBRA

Example–18
     sin   iˆ   cos   ˆj  . iˆ  
3 ˆj  0
 
  If  a  and  b  are  unit  vectors  inclined  at  an angle   ,  
   sin   3 cos   0  
then the value of  a  b  is 
 sin   3 cos   
  tan   3  
(a)  2 sin (b)  2sin   
2 
   .
(c)  2 cos (d)  2 cos    3
2 Example–21
Ans. (a) 
  If  a  is  any  vector,  then 
 2 2   2
Sol. a  b  a  2 a b cos   b    ˆ2  ˆ 2  ˆ 2
  
a i  a  j  a  k      
 2  
a  b  1  2cos  1     (a)  a 2 (b)  2a 2  
 
 2   (c)  3a 2 (d)  4a 2  
a  b  2 1  cos     Ans. (b)

 2   Sol. Consider,  a  a1iˆ  a2 ˆj  a3 kˆ  
a  b  2  2 sin 2   
 2
iˆ ˆj kˆ
    ˆ
a  b  2sin .   a  i  a1 a2 a3  
2
1 0 0
Example–19
 ˆ
  The  angle  between  the  vectors  xiˆ  3 ˆj  7 kˆ   and  a  i  a3 ˆj  a2 kˆ
 2  
xiˆ  xjˆ  4kˆ  is acute, then x lies in the interval.   
a  iˆ  a32  a2 2
(a)   4, 7  (b)   4, 7    Similarly,  
 2  2
(c)  R   4, 7  (d)  R   4, 7    a  ˆj  a32  a12  and  a  kˆ
     a2 2  a12  
Ans. (c)  2  2  2

Sol. Let    be the angle between the vectors  xiˆ  3 ˆj  7 kˆ  


       2a
 a  iˆ  a  ˆj  a  kˆ 1
2
 a2 2  a32   

 a  iˆ    a  ˆj    a  kˆ   2a .  
2 2 2
2
and  xiˆ  xjˆ  4kˆ . Then  
x 2  3 x  28 Example–22
cos    
2
x  53 2 x  16 2   The  unit  vector  perpendicular  to  the  plane  passing 



  
through  points  P iˆ  ˆj  2kˆ , Q 2iˆ  kˆ   and    
2
 cos   0   
R 2 ˆj  kˆ  is.   
 x 2  3x  28  0     (a)  2iˆ  ˆj  kˆ 
(b)  6 2iˆ  ˆj  kˆ   
 x  7  x  4   0   1 1 ˆ ˆ ˆ
 x  R   4, 7  . 
  (c) 
6
 2iˆ  ˆj  kˆ  (d) 
6

2i  j  k   
Example–20 Ans. (c)
If     is  an  angle  in  the  first  quadrant  and  the  vector 
  Sol.    
P iˆ  ˆj  2kˆ , Q 2iˆ  kˆ  and  R 2 ˆj  kˆ  
 
 
 sin   iˆ   cos   ˆj   is  perpendicular  to  the  vector 
PQ  iˆ  ˆj  3kˆ , PR  iˆ  3 ˆj  kˆ  
iˆ  3 ˆj , then    .  
  iˆ ˆj kˆ
   
  (a)  (b)    PQ  PR  1 1 3  8iˆ  4 ˆj  4kˆ  
6 5
1 3 1
 
  (c)  (d)     
4 3 PQ  PR  4 6  
Ans. (d)   Required Unit vector  
Sol. The  vector   sin   iˆ   cos   ˆj     is  perpendicular  to 
8iˆ  4 ˆj  4kˆ 1
the vector  iˆ  3 ˆj
 

4 6

6
2iˆ  ˆj  kˆ .    
VECTOR ALGEBRA 213

Example–23 2 2
 b  25  b  5  
Statement-I: The  adjacent  sides  of  a  parallelogram 
  Hence, Statement-I is false.   
are  along  a  iˆ  2 ˆj   and  b  2iˆ  ˆj .  The  angle 
  2   2  2   2
between the diagonals is  150 .        
a  b  a  b  a  b  a  b   
Statement-II: Two vectors are perpendicular to each   2   2
other their dot product is zero.    ab sin     ab cos   a b    2 2

  (a)  If  both  Statements-I  and  Statements-II  are  true    2    2


 a  b   a b  a b   
2 2
and  Statements-II  is  the  correct  explanation  of 
Statements-I.  Hence, Statement-II is true. 
(b)  If  both  Statements-I  and  Statements-II  are  true  Example–25
  but  Statements-II  is  the  not  the  correct    
  a , b , c   are  three  vectors  in  space  such  that 
  explanation of Statements-I.        
  (c)  If Statements-I is true but Statements-II is false.  a  3, b  5, c  7  and  a  b  c  0.

  (d)  If Statements-I is false and Statements-II is true.    Based on the information above answer the questions 


  that follow. 
Sol. Diagonals  of  the  parallelogram  are  along  a  b   and   
  (i)   What is the angle between  a  and  b .  
a  b   
(a) 30    (b) 45 
 
   
Now,  a  b  iˆ  2 ˆj  2iˆ  ˆj  3iˆ  3 ˆj    (c) 60    (d) 90 
     
  (ii)   The value of  a  b  b  c  c  a  is _____. 
   
and  a  b  iˆ  2 ˆj  2iˆ  ˆj  iˆ  ˆj   
83
Let    be the angle between these vectors, then   (a) 83      (b) 
2

cos  
 3iˆ  3 ˆj    iˆ  ˆj  
 0   
3  3
(c) –83    (d) 
83
 
9  9 11 18 2 2
 
   90    (iii)   What is the value of  a  b .
Hence, Statements-I is false and Statements-II is true. 
(a)  19 (b)  18  
Example–24
(c)  17 (d) None of these 
  2   
   
Statement-I: If  a  b  a  b  400  and  a  4,      

(iv)   The value of  3a  b . a  b  is    

then  b  9 .  
  (a) 15     (b) 16  
 
Statement-II: If  a  and  b  are any  two vectors, then    (c) 17     (d) 18 
  2  2  2   2 Sol. (i) (c)
 
a  b  is equal to   a  b  a  b .       
  We have  a  3, b  5  and  c  7  
  (a)  If  both  Statements-I  and  Statements-II  are  true     
and  Statements-II  is  the  correct  explanation  of  Also,  a  b  c  0  
  
Statements-I.   a  b  c  
(b)  If  both  Statements-I  and  Statements-II  are  true    2  2
  but  Statements-II  is  the  not  the  correct     
Squaring,  a  b  c  
  explanation of Statements-I.   2    
2 2
  a    b   2a  b   c   
  (c)  If Statements-I is true but Statements-II is false. 
2 2   2
  (d)  If Statements-I is false and Statements-II is true.   a  b  2 a b cos   c  
  2   2   
Sol.    
a  b  a  b  400, a  4   Where  ' '  is angle between  a  and  b  
 9  25  30 cos   49  
We know that,  
  2   2 2 2 1
  
a  b  a  b  a b      30 cos   49  34  cos  
2
 

2 2 2    60 .   
 400   4  b  16 b  400   
214 VECTOR ALGEBRA

(ii)  (d)  (iv) (c) 


               
Since,  a  b  c  0     
3a  b  a  b  3a  a  b  a  3a  b  b  b  
Squaring, we get  2   2
2 2 2        3 a  2a  b  b  
 
a  b  c  2 a b  b c  c  a  0  
      15
2 2 2
 
  3   5   7   2 a  b  b  c  c  a  0    3 9  2 
2
 25  
       27  15  25  
 
 2 a  b  b  c  c  a    9  25  49   
 17 .  
     
 
 2 a  b  b  c  c  a  83    
      83  
 a b  b c  c a  .     
2
(iii)   (a) 
    2   2

ab  ab  ab    
       
 a  a  a b  b a  b b  
2   2
 a  2a  b  b  

1
 9  2  3  5   25  
2
 9  15  25  19 . 
VECTOR ALGEBRA 215

EXERCISE – 1: Basic Subjective Questions


 
Section–A (1 Mark Questions) 15. If two vectors  a  and  b  are such that 
       
1. Find  the  values  of  x   and  y   so  that  the  vectors   
a  2, b  1 and a  b  1,  find  3a  5b  2a  7b .   
2i  3 j and xi  y j  are equal.  16. Show that the points 
A 2i  j  k , B i  3 j  5k , C 3i  4 j  4k  are the 
     
2. Find a unit vector parallel to the vector  3i  4 j .  
 vertices of a right angled triangle.  
3. The magnitude of the vector  a  3i  6 j  2kˆ  is.
17. Find  the  angle  ' '   between  the  vectors
  
4. Find  the  projection  of  the  vector  a  2i  3 j  2k   on    a  i  j  k and b  i  j  k . 
 
the vector  b  i  2 j  k .   18. A  vector  OP   is  inclined  to  OX   at  45 and  OY   at 

5. If  l , m  and  n  are direction cosines of a given vector,  60  Find the angle at which  OP  is inclined to  OZ .  
then  l 2  m2  n2   ________.  19. Show that the points  A 2i  3 j  5k , B i  2 j  3k  
   
Section–B (2 Marks Questions) and  C 7i  k  are collinear. 

 
 
6. If the position vector  a  of a point  12, n   is such that  20. Let  a, b   and  c     be  three  vectors  such  that 
   
a  13,  find the value of  n .   a  3, b  4, c  5   and  each  one  of  then  being 
7. Find the sum of vectors   perpendicular  to  the  sum  of  the  other  two,  find 
  
aˆ  i  2i  k , bˆ  2i  4 j  5k and cˆ  i  6 j  7k .  a  b  c . 

8. Find a vector in the direction of vector  a  i  2 j  that  21. Find  the  direction  cosines  of  the  vector  joining  the 
has magnitude 7 units.  points  A 1, 2, 3   and  B  1, 2,1 ,   directed  from  A  
9. If a vector makes angles   ,  ,   with  OX ,  OY and OZ  to  B .  
 
respectively, prove that  sin 2   sin 2   sin 2   2 .   22. Find  a  b  when 
      
 
10. Find  a  3b  2a  b ,  if    (i)  a  2i  2 j  k and b  6i  3j  2k
   
a  i  j  2k and  b  3i  2 j  k .     (ii)  a  1,1, 2  and  b   3, 2,  1   
 
11. For given vectors,  a  2 i  j  2 k  and 

23. Find the  magnitude  of two vectors  a   and  b ,  having 
the  same  magnitude  and  such  that  the  angle  between 
b   i  j  k , find the unit vector in the direction of 

1
them is  60 o  and their scalar product is  .  
  2
the vector  a  b .  
 24. Find  the  area  of  the  parallelogram  determined  by  the 
12. Find  the  magnitude  of  a  given  by 
 vectors  i  2 j  3k  and  3i  2 j  k . 
a  i  3 j  2k  i  3k .  
   
Section–D (5 Marks Questions)
13. Find  a  unit  vector  perpendicular  to  both  the  vectors 
i  2 j  3k  and  i  2 j  k .   25. Find  the  value  of  p  for  which  the  vector 
 
a  3i  2 j  9k  and  b  i  p j  3k  are. 
Section–C (3 Marks Questions)   (i) Perpendicular  
14. Represent graphically    (ii) Parallel 
 
(i) A displacement of  40 km,  30  west of south,  26. Three  vectors  a, b   and  c   satisfy  the  condition 
(ii) 60 km,  40  east of north     
a  b  c  0 .  Evaluate  the  quantity 
(iii) 50 km south-east.           
  a  b  b  c  c  a,  if  a  3, b  4  and  c  2 .   
216 VECTOR ALGEBRA

27. Find the position vector of a point  R  which divides the  29. Find  the  components  of  a  unit  vector  which  is 
line  joining  two  points  P   and  Q   whose  position  perpendicular to the vectors  i  2 j  k  and  3i  j  2k . 
      
   
vector are  2a  b  and  a  3b  externally in the ratio  30. If  a, b, c   are  mutually  perpendicular  vectors  of  equal 
  
1 : 2 .   magnitudes,  show  that  the  vector  a  b  c   is  equally 
Also, show that  P  is the mid point of the line segment    
inclined to  a, b  and  c . 
RQ .  
28. (i)  Find  a  unit  vector  perpendicular  to  the  plane  ABC 
where  A,  B,  C  are  the  points  
 3, 1, 2 , 1, 1, 3 ,  4, 3,1  respectively. 

  (ii)  If  a   makes  equal  angles  with  i, j  and  k  and  has 

magnitude 3, then prove that the angle between  a  and 
 1 
each of  i, j  and  k  is  cos 1   . 
 3
VECTOR ALGEBRA 217

EXERCISE – 2: Basic Objective Questions


Section–A (Single Choice Questions) 
8. If  ABCDEF  is  a  regular  hexagon,  then 
  
1. If  in  a   ABC , A   0,0 , B   
 3,3 3 , AD  EB  FC  equals 
 
 
C  3 3,3 ,  then  the  vector  of  magnitude  2 2   (a)  2AB  

(b)  0  

 (c)  3AB   (d)  4AB  
units  directed  along  AO ,  where  O  is  the  9. The  position  vectors  of  the  points  A,  B,  C  are 
circumcentre of  ABC , is   
2iˆ  ˆj  kˆ, 3iˆ  2 ˆj  kˆ   and  iˆ  4 ˆj  3kˆ   respectively. 
       
(a)  1  3 iˆ  1  3 ˆj   (b)  1  3 iˆ  1  3 ˆj  
These points 
(c)  1  3  iˆ   3  1 ˆj   (d) None of these    (a) Form an isosceles triangle  
(b) Form a right triangle  
 
2. If  a, b   are  vectors  forming  sides  AB  and  BC  of  a  (c) Are collinear  
regular  hexagon  ABCDEF,  then  the  vector  (d) Form a scalene triangle  
 
representing side CD is  10. If  OACB  is  a  parallelogram  with  OC  a   and 
      
(a)  a  b   (b)  a  b   AB  b ,  then  OA   
   
     
(c)  b  a   (d)  a a  b   
(a)  a  b    (b)  a  b    
3.    
If points  A 60iˆ  3 ˆj , B 40iˆ  8 ˆj  and  1   1  

(c)  b  a  
2
 (d)  a  b  
2
 
C  aiˆ  52 ˆj   are collinear, then  a  is equal to   
11. If  a  and  b  are two collinear vectors, then which of 
(a) 40   (b) –40   the following is incorrect   
 
(c) 20   (d) –20   (a)  b   a  for some scalar    
4. If  G  is  the  intersection  of  diagonals  of  a   
(b)  Both  the  vectors  a   and  b   have  the  same 
parallelogram  ABCD  and  O  is  any  point,  then 
    direction but different magnitudes. 
OA  OB  OC  OD     
  (c)  The  respective  components  of  a   and  b   are 
(a)  2OG   (b)  4OG   proportional  
 
(c)  5OG   (d)  3OG   (d) None of these 
     
5. In  a  regular  hexagon  ABCDEF,  AB  a, BC  b   12. The  vectors  a   and  b   satisfy  the  equation 
         
and  CD  c . Then  AE    2a  b  p   and  a  2b  q,   where  p  iˆ  ˆj   and 
 
      
q  iˆ  ˆj . If    is the angle between  a  and  b ,  then  
(a)  a  b  c   (b)  2a  b  c  
     1
(c)  b  c   (d)  a  2b  2c   4
(a)  cos     (b)  sin    
    5 2
6. If  a , b , c  and  d  are the position vectors of points A, 
4 3
B, C, D such that no there of them are collinear and  (c)  cos      (d)  cos     
    5 5
a  c  b  d ,  then ABCD is a         
13. If  a  b  c  0, a  3, b  5, c  7,  then the angle 
(a) Rhombus   (b) Rectangle  
 
(c) Square   (d) Parallelogram   between  a  and  b  is 
7. Let  G  be  the  centroid  of  ABC .  If   2
        (a)    (b)   
AB  a, AC  b ,  then the vector  AG  in terms of  a   6 3
 5 
and  b  is     (c)    (d)   
3 3
2   1  
  
(a) a  b  
3
 
(b)  a  b  
6
 14.  cos  cos   iˆ   cos  sin   ˆj   sin   kˆ  is a 
1   1   (a) Null vector   (b) Unit vector  
  
(c)  a  b  
3
 2

(d)  a  b    (c) Constant vector   (d) None of these 
218 VECTOR ALGEBRA

15. If the vectors  iˆ  2 x ˆj  3 y kˆ  and  iˆ  2 x ˆj  3 y kˆ  are  Section–B (Assertion & Reason Type Questions)
  
perpendicular, then the locus of   x, y   is     23.  
Assertion: Let  P  a  , Q b  and  R  c   be three 
(a) A circle   (b) An ellipse     
points such that  2a  3b  5c  0 . Then the vector 
(c) A hyperbola   (d) None of these 
  area of the  PQR  is a null vector.  
16. The  length  of  the  longer  diagonal  of  the  Reason: Three collinear points form a triangle with 
    zero area.  
parallelogram constructed on  5a  2b  and  a  3b , if 
  (a) Assertion is correct, reason is correct; reason is a 
it is given that  a  2 2, b  3  and angle between 
correct explanation for assertion. 
 
a  and  b  is   / 4 , is   (b) Assertion  is  correct,  reason  is  correct;  reason  is 
(a) 15   (b)  113   not a correct explanation for assertion 
(c)  593   (d)  369   (c) Assertion is correct, reason is incorrect 
 
  (d) Assertion is incorrect, reason is correct. 
17. If     is  the  angle  between  two  vectors  a   and  b ,    
24. Let  u  and  v  be unit vectors inclined at an angle    
      
then  a  b  0  holds only when    such that for some vector  w, w  w  u  v .
   
(a)  0      (b)  0      Assertion: u  w  cos  . 
2 2  
Reason:  u  v  sin  .  
(c)  0       (d)  0      
  (a) Assertion is correct, reason is correct; reason is a 
 
18. Vectors  a  and  b  are inclined at angle    120 . If  correct explanation for assertion. 
      2 (b) Assertion  is  correct,  reason  is  correct;  reason  is 
   
a  1, b  2,   then   a  3b  3a  b    is  equal 
  not a correct explanation for assertion 
to  
(c) Assertion is correct, reason is incorrect 
(a) 300  (b) 325  
(c) 275   (d) 225  (d) Assertion is incorrect, reason is correct. 
       
 25. If  a , b , c  are unit vectors such that  a  b  c  0  

19. If  a  iˆ  ˆj  kˆ, b  iˆ  2 ˆj  2kˆ  and        3
then  a  b  b  c  c  a   . 
 2
c  iˆ  2 ˆj  kˆ,  then a unit vector normal to the    2 2 2  
    Reason:  x  y   x  y  2  x  y  .  
vectors  a  b  and  b  c  is  
(a) Assertion is correct, reason is correct; reason is a 
(a)  iˆ   (b)  ĵ  
correct explanation for assertion. 
(c)  k̂   (d) None of these  (b) Assertion  is  correct,  reason  is  correct;  reason  is 
  not a correct explanation for assertion 
    2 2
20. If  a  b  4, a  b  2,  then  a b     (c) Assertion is correct, reason is incorrect 
(a) 6   (b) 2   (d) Assertion is incorrect, reason is correct. 
(c) 20   (d) 8         
26. Assertion: If  a  b  c  d  and  a  c  b  d ,  then 
     
  2 a  d  is perpendicular to  b  c .  
 
21. 
The value of  a  b  is   Reason: If  P   and  Q   are  perpendicular  then 
2 2   2 2 2   2  
 
(a)  a  b  a  b   (b)  a b  a  b     P.Q  0 .  
2 2   2 2 2   (a) Assertion is correct, reason is correct; reason is a 
 
(c)  a  b  2 a  b   (d)  a  b  a  b  
correct explanation for assertion. 
 
22. If    is the angle between any two vectors  a  and  b ,   (b) Assertion  is  correct,  reason  is  correct;  reason  is 
   
then  a  b  a  b  when    is equal to     not a correct explanation for assertion 
  (a) 0   (b)   / 4   (c) Assertion is correct, reason is incorrect 
  (c)   / 2   (d)     (d) Assertion is incorrect, reason is correct. 
VECTOR ALGEBRA 219

     


27. Let  the  vectors  PQ, QR, RS , ST , TU   and  UP   Case Study–2
represent the sides of a regular hexagon.   29. A  building  is  to  be  constructed  in  the  form  of  a 
    triangular pyramid, ABCD as shown in the figure.  

Assertion: PQ  RS  ST  0   
     
Reason: PQ  RS  0  and  PQ  ST  0  
(a) Assertion is correct, reason is correct; reason is a 
correct explanation for assertion. 
(b) Assertion  is  correct,  reason  is  correct;  reason  is 
not a correct explanation for assertion 
Let its angular points are A(0, 1, 2), B(3, 0, 1),  
(c) Assertion is correct, reason is incorrect  C(4,  3,  6)  and  D(2,  3,  2)  and  G  be  the  point 
(d) Assertion is incorrect, reason is correct.  intersection of the medians of  BCD . 
Base on the above information, answer the following 
Section–C (Case Study Questions)
questions.  
Case Study–1 (i)   The coordinates of point G are ? 
28. Ritika  starts  from  his  house  to  shopping  mall.  (a) (3,0,3)  (b) (3,2,3) 
Instead to going to the mall directly, she first goes to  (c) (0,3,3)  (d) (3,3,2) 

a ATM, from there to her daughter’s school and then  (ii)   The length of vector  AG  is ?  
reaches  the  mall.  In  the  diagram,  A,  B,  C  and  D  (a)  17  units   (b)  11  units  
represent the coordinates of house, ATM, school and 
(c)  13  units   (d)  19  units 
mall respectively. 
(iii)   Area of  ABC  (in sq. units) is ? 
(a)  10    (b)  2 10   
(c)  3 10   (d)  5 10  
 
(iv)   The sum of length of  AB  and  AC  is ?  
(a) 5 units   (b) 9.32 units  
(c) 10 units   (d) 11 units 
  Based  on  the  above  information,  answer  the  Case Study–3
following questions.  
(i)   Distance between house (A) and ATM (B) ?  30. There slogans on chart papers are to be placed on a 
school  bulletin  board  at  the  points  A,  B  and  C 
(a) 3 units   (b)  3 2  units  
displaying A (Hub of Learning); B (creating a better 
(c)  2  units   (d)  4 2  units   world for tomorrow) and C (Education comes first). 
(ii) Distance between ATM (B) and school (C) is ?  The  coordinates  of  these  points  are  (1,  4,  2),             
(a)  2  units   (b)  2 2  units   (3, -3, -2) and (-2, 2, 6) respectively.  
(c)  3 2  units   (d)  4 2  units 
(iii)   Distance between school (C) and shopping mall (D) 
is ? 
(a)  3 2  units   (b)  5 2  units  
(c)  7 2  units   (d)  10 2  units 
(iv) What is the total distance travelled by Ritika ?  
(a)  4 2  units   (b)  6 2  units  
(c)  8 2  units   (d)  9 2  units 

 
  Based  on  the  above  information,  answer  the 
following questions.  
220 VECTOR ALGEBRA

   (iv)   Suppose.  If the  given slogans  are  to  be  placed on a 


(i)   Let  a, b  and  c  be the position vectors of points A, 
        
B and C respectively, then  a  b  c  is equal to ?   straight  line,  then  the  value  of  a  b  b  c  c  a  

(a)  2iˆ  3 ˆj  6kˆ    (b)  3iˆ  3 ˆj  6kˆ    will be equal to ? 


(a) –1   (b) –2  
(c)  2iˆ  8 ˆj  3kˆ    
(d)  2 7iˆ  8 ˆj  3kˆ    (c) 2   (d) 0 
(ii) Which of the following is not true ? 
         
(a)  AB  BC  CA  0   (b)  AB  BC  AC  0   
         
(c)  AB  BC  CA  0    (d)  AB  CB  CA  0  
(iii)   Area of  ABC  is ?    

(a) 19 sq. units   (b)  1937  sq. units      

1
(c)  1937  sq. units    (d)  1837  sq. units 
2
VECTOR ALGEBRA 221

EXERCISE – 3: Previous Year Questions 


 

 
1.   Find  a  vector    a   of  magnitude  5 2,   making  an  14.   Find a vector in the direction of vector  2iˆ  3 ˆj  6k  
  which has magnitude 21 units. 
angle  of      with  x -axis,    with  y -axis  and  an 
4 2                  (Foreign 2014)
acute angle    with  z -axis.                       (AI 2014) 15.   Write  the  a  unit  vector  in  the  direction  of  vector 

    PQ,   where  P  and  Q  are  the  points  (1,  3,  0)  and              
2.   If a unit vector  a  makes angle   with  i ,   with 
3 4 (4, 5, 6) respectively.                        (Foreign 2014)
   
j  and an acute angle    with  k ,  then find the value  16.   If    a  xiˆ  2 ˆj  zkˆ   and  b  3iˆ  yjˆ  kˆ   are  two 
of   .          (Delhi 2013) equal  vectors,  then  write  the  value  of  x  y  z.
 (Delhi 2013)
3.   Find the magnitude of the vector  a  3iˆ  2 ˆj  6kˆ.                          
17.   Find  a  unit  vector  parallel  to  the  sum  of  the  vector 
        (AI 2011C)
 iˆ  ˆj  kˆ  and  2ˆ  3 ˆj  5kˆ .      (Delhi 2012C)
4.   Find the sum of the vectors  a  iˆ  2 ˆj  kˆ,  
18.   Write  the  direction  cosines  of  the  vector 
 

 
b  2iˆ  4 ˆj  5kˆ  and  c  iˆ  6 ˆj  7kˆ.   2iˆ  ˆj  5kˆ.      (Delhi 2011)
(Delhi 2012) 19.   For  what  value  of  ‘a’,  the  vectors  2iˆ  3 ˆj  4kˆ   and 
5.   Find the sum of the following vectors: 
          aiˆ  6 ˆj  8kˆ  are collinear.    (Delhi 2011)
 
a  i  3k , b  2 j  k , c  2i  3 j  2k .  
20.   Write  a  unit  vector  in  the  direction  of  the  vector 
(Delhi 2012) 
a  2iˆ  ˆj  2kˆ.            (AI 2011)
6.   Find the sum of the following vectors: 
   21.   The two vectors  ĵ  kˆ  and  3iˆ  ˆj  4kˆ  represent the 
 
a  iˆ  2 ˆj, b  2iˆ  3 ˆj, c  2iˆ  3kˆ (Delhi 2012)
7.   If  A,  B  and  C  are  the  vertices  of  a  triangle  ABC,  two  sides  AB  and  AC,  respectively  of  a  ABC.  
   Find the length of the median through A.  
then  what  is  the  value  of    AB  BC  CA .                       
(Delhi 2016, Foreign 2015)
      (Delhi 2011C)
22.   Find a vector of magnitude 5 units and parallel to the 
8.   Find the position vector of a point which divides the  
  resultant  of  the  vectors  a  2iˆ  3 ˆj  kˆ   and 
join  of  points  with  position  vectors    a  2b   and  
  b  iˆ  2 ˆj  kˆ.          (Delhi 2011)
2a  b   externally  in  the  ration  2  :  1.  
(Delhi 2016) 23.   Write  the  number  of  vectors  of  unit  length 

9.   Write the position vector of the point which divides  perpendicular  to  both  the  vectors  a  2iˆ  ˆj  2kˆ  
  
the join of points with position vectors  3a  2b  and  and  b  ˆj  kˆ.             (AI 2016)
        
2a  3b  in the ration 2 : 1.           (AI 2016) 24.   If    a , b , c   are  unit  vectors  such  that  a  b  c  0 , 
10.   Find the unit vector in the direction of the sum of the    
then  write  the  value  of  a. b  b. c  c. a.                
vectors  2iˆ  3 ˆj  kˆ  and  4iˆ  3 ˆj  2kˆ .    (Foreign 2015)
       (Foreign 2016)

11.   Find a vector in the direction of   a  iˆ  2 j  that has   2  2 
25.   If    a  b  a.b  400   and  a  5   then  write  the 
magnitude 7 units.            (Delhi 2015C)
  
12.   Write  the  direction  ratios  of  the  vector  3a  2b   value of   b .                 (Foreign 2016)
 ˆ    
where  a  i  j  2k   and  b  2iˆ  4 ˆj  5kˆ .                         
26.   If    a  7iˆ  ˆj  4kˆ   and    b  2iˆ  6 ˆj  3kˆ, then  find 
      (AI 2015C)  
the projection of  a  and   b .   (Delhi 2015, 2013C)
13.   Find  the  value  of  ‘p’  for  which  the  vectors 
ˆ
27.   If  aˆ, b   and  ĉ   are  mutually  perpendicular  unit 
3iˆ  2 ˆj  9kˆ   and  iˆ  2 pjˆ  3kˆ   are  parallel.                                          
      (AI 2014) vectors,  then  find  the  value  of  2aˆ  bˆ  cˆ .                
      (AI 2015)
222 VECTOR ALGEBRA


28.   Write a unit vector perpendicular to both the vectors 
 42.   Find   '  '  when the projection of   a   iˆ  ˆj  4kˆ  on 
    
a  iˆ  ˆj  kˆ  and  b  iˆ  ˆj.   (AI 2015)
b  2i  6 j  3k  is 4 units.    
29.   Find the area of a parallelogram whose adjacent 
  (Delhi 2012)
sides are represented by the vectors  2i  3k  and 
4 ˆj  2kˆ.                (Foreign 2015)
43.    
Write the value of   iˆ  ˆj .kˆ  iˆ.kˆ.
 
(AI 2012)

30.  

If   a  and   b  are unit vectors, then what is the angle  44.    
Write the value of   kˆ  ˆj .iˆ  ˆj.kˆ.    (AI 2012)
   
between   a  and   b so that  2a  b  is a unit vector.      45.   Write the value of    kˆ  iˆ  . ˆj  iˆ.kˆ.    
(AI 2012)
(Delhi 2015C)  
    46.   Write the angle between two vector   a  and  b  with 
31.   If   a  and   b  are two unit vectors such that   a  b  is 
 magnitudes    3   and2  respectively  having  
also  a  unit  vector,  then  find  the  angle  between      a  
 
and   b .   (Delhi 2014) a.b  6.               (AI 2011) 
    2 47.   Write  the  projection  of  the  vector  iˆ  ˆj   on  the 
32.   If vectors  a  and   b  are such that,  a  3, b   and   
3 vector  i  j .      (AI 2011)
   
a  b  is a unit vector, then write the angle between   
  48.   If    a  3, b  2   and  angle  between  a   and  b   is 
a  and   b .          (Delhi 2014)
 
   60°, find   a.b .                (Delhi 2011C)  
33. If  a  and   b  are perpendicular vectors,  a  b  13  
49.   The  two  adjacent  sides  of  a  parallelogram  are 
 
and  a  5,  find the value of  b .   (AI 2014) 2iˆ  4 ˆj  5kˆ   and    2iˆ  2 ˆj  3kˆ.   Find  the  two  unit 
   vectors  parallel  to  its  diagonals.  Using  the  diagonal 
34. Write  the  projection  of  the  vector  i  j  k   along 
 vectors, find the area of the parallelogram.  
the vector  j .                    (Foreign 2014) (AI 2016)
35. Write the value of           
50.   If   a  b  c  d  and  a  c  b  d ,  show that  a  d  
        
   
i  j  k  j  k  i  k   i  j  .       
  is  parallel  to  b  c ,   where  a  d   and  b  c .  
(Foreign 2014) (Foreign 2016)
36.   Write  the  value  of  cosine  of  the  angle  which  the   ˆ  ˆ  ˆ
   
51.   ˆ ˆ  
If  r  xi  yj  zk ,  find  r  i . r  j  xy .  
vector  a i  j k   makes  with  y-axis. 
(Delhi 2015)
(Delhi 2014C)  ˆ  
    52.   If    a  i  2 j  k , b  2i  j   and  c  3i  4 ˆj  5kˆ,
ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ
37.   If    a  8, b  3   and  a  b  12,   find  the  angle  then  find  a  unit  vector  perpendicular  to  both  of  the 
     
between  a  and  b .        (Delhi 2014C)   
vectors  a  b  and  c  b .      (AI 2015)
38.   Find  the  angle  between  x -axis  and  the  vector        
53.   Vector  a, b  and  c  are  such that  a  b  c  0  and 
iˆ  ˆj  kˆ.    (Delhi 2014)  
 
      a  3, b  5  and  c  7.  Find the angle between  a  
39.   Find  x ,  if for a unit vector  a,    x  a  .  x  a   15 .  

    (AI 2013) and  b . (Delhi 2014, AI 2008)

40.   Write  the  value  of     so  that  the  vectors  54.   The scalar product of the vector   a  iˆ  ˆj  kˆ with a 

a  2iˆ   ˆj  kˆ   and  bˆ  iˆ  2 ˆj  3kˆ   are  unit  vector  along  the  sum  of  vectors 
 
perpendicular to each other.  b  2iˆ  4 ˆj  5kˆ   and    c   iˆ  2 ˆj  3kˆ   is  equal 
(Delhi 2013C, 2008, AI 2012C) toone.  Find  the  value  of    and  hence  find  the  unit 
    
41.   Write  the  projection  of    b  c   on    a,   where  vector along   b  c .        (AI 2014)
  
a  2iˆ  2 ˆj  kˆ, b  iˆ  2 ˆj  2kˆ and  c  2iˆ  ˆj  4kˆ.       55.   Find  a  unit  vector  perpendicular  to  both  of  the 
   
(AI 2013C, Delhi 2007)   vectors  a b   and  a b   where 
 ˆ ˆ ˆ  ˆ ˆ ˆ
a  i  j  k , b  i  2 j  3k .    
                    (Foreign 2014)
VECTOR ALGEBRA 223

       
56.   If   a  2iˆ  3 ˆj  kˆ, b  iˆ  kˆ, c  2 ˆj  k  are three  68.   If two vectors  a  and  b  are such that  a  2, b  1  
vectors, find the area of the parallelogram having  
    and  a.b  1,   then  find  the  value  of  
  
diagonals  a  b  and  b  c .     (Delhi 2014C)
   



3a  5b . 2a  7b .          (Delhi 2011)

57.   Find  the  vector  p   which  is  perpendicular  to  both   
  69.   Find   , if the vectors  a  iˆ  3 ˆj  kˆ,   b  2iˆ  ˆj  kˆ   
  4iˆ  5 ˆj  kˆ   and    4iˆ  5 ˆj  kˆ   and  p.q  21,   
 and   c   ˆj  3kˆ  are coplanar.  (Delhi 2015)
where  q  3iˆ  ˆj  kˆ.     (AI 2014C)  
  
58.  
   
If   a  and   b  are two vectors such that  a  b  a ,  
 70.    
Find  a. b  c ,  if   a  2iˆ  ˆj  3kˆ,   b  iˆ  2 ˆj  kˆ  

  and   c  3iˆ  ˆj  2kˆ. (Delhi 2015)
then prove that vector  2a  b  is perpendicular to   
 
71.   Show  that  the  vectors  a, b   and  c   are  coplanar  if 
vector  b .    (Delhi 2013)
 ˆ ˆ ˆ        
59.   If    a  i  j  k   and    b  ˆj  kˆ,   find  a  vector  c ,   a  b, b  c   and  ca   are  coplanar.               
          (Delhi 2016)
such that   a  c  b  and  a .c  3.  
72.   Find  the  value  of       so  that  the  four  points  A,  B, 
(Delhi 2013)
60.   Using vectors, find the area of the triangle ABC with  and  C  and  D  with  position  vectors  4iˆ  5 ˆj  kˆ,  

vertices  A 1, 2, 3 , B  2, 1, 4  and  C  4, 5, 1.     ˆj  kˆ,3iˆ   ˆj  4k   and  4iˆ  4 ˆj  4kˆ   respectively 
(Delhi 2013, AI 2013) are coplanar.  (Delhi 2015C)    
 ˆ ˆ    
61.   If    a  i  j  7kˆ   and  b  5iˆ  ˆj   kˆ, then  find  the  73.    Prove that, for any three vectors  a , b , c   
            
value  of   ,  so  that  a  b   and  a  b   are   a  b b  c c  a   2  a b c  . 
     
perpendicular vectors.                   (AI 2013) (Delhi 2014)
     
62.   If    a , b , c   are  three  mutually  perpendicular  vectors  74.   Show  that  the  vectors  a , b , c   are  coplanar  if  and 
        
of  the  same  magnitude,  prove  that  a  b  c   is  only  if    a  b , b  c   and  c  a   are  coplanar.
  
equally inclined with the vectors  a, b  and  c .    (Foreign 2014)
(Delhi 2013C) 75.   X  and  Y  are  two  points  with  position  vectors 
63.  Dot  product  of  a  vector  with  vectors     
3a  b  and a  3b respectively.  Write  the  position 

iˆ  ˆj  kˆ, 2iˆ  ˆj  3k   and    iˆ  ˆj  kˆ  are  respectively  vector  of  a  point  Z  which  divides  the  line  segment 
4, 0 and 2. Find the vector.   XY in the ratio 2 : 1 externally. 
(Delhi 2013C) (AI 2019)
64.   Find the values of    for which the angle of a vector  76.   Find  the  magnitude  of  each  of  the  two  vectors
 
with  vectors  and  are  between  the  vectors  a  and b ,  having  the  same  magnitude  such  that  the 
 
a  2 2 iˆ  4 ˆj  kˆ  and  b  7iˆ  2 ˆj   kˆ is obtuse.          angle between them is  60 and their scalar product is  
(AI 2013C) 9
  .         (2018)
 ˆ 2
65.   If  a  3iˆ  ˆj  and  b  2iˆ  ˆj  3k  then express  b  in 
       77.   If the sum of two unit vectors is a unit vector, prove 
the form  b  b1  b2  where   b1 || a  and  b2  a.  
that  the  magnitude  of  their  difference  is  3 .         
(AI 2013C) (Delhi 2019)
     

66.   If   a , b , c  are three vectors such that  a  5, b  12   78.   Let    a  iˆ  2 ˆj  3kˆ  and b  3iˆ  ˆj  2kˆ   be  two 
        
and  c  13   and  a  b  c  0,   find  the  value  of  vectors. Show that the vectors  (a  b )   and    (a  b )  
   are  perpendicular  to  each  other. 
a.b  b .c  c .a.        (Delhi 2012)
(AI 2019)
67.   If  the  sum  of  two  unit  vectors  â   and  b̂   is  a  unit 
79.   If    is  the  agle  between  two  vectors 
vector, show that the magnitude of their difference is 
iˆ  2 ˆj  3kˆ and3
  iˆ  2 ˆj  kˆ , find  sin  .   (2018)
3.       (Delhi 2012C)
224 VECTOR ALGEBRA

 
80.   If    iˆ  ˆj  kˆ, 2iˆ  5 ˆj,   3iˆ  2 ˆj  3kˆ    and  iˆ  6 ˆj  kˆ   86.   If    a  iˆ  2 ˆj  3kˆ  and b  2iˆ  4 ˆj  5kˆ   represent 
respectively are the position vectors of points A, B,  two  adjacent  sides  of  parallelogram,  find  unit 
C  and  D,  then  the  angle  between  the  straight  lines  vectors  parallel  to  the  diagonals  of  the 
 
AB and CD. Find whether  AB  and CD  are collinear  parallelogram.  
or not.  (Delhi 2019)        (AI 2020, Delhi 2020)
  87.   using vectors, find the area of the triangle ABC with 
81.   Let  a  4iˆ  5 ˆj  kˆ, b  iˆ  4 ˆj  5kˆ   and 
 vertices A(1,2,3), B(2,–1,4) and C(4,5,–1). 

c  3iˆ  ˆj  kˆ .  find  a  vector  d   which  is  (AI 2020, Delhi 2020)
   
perpendicular to both  c  and b  and d  a  21    88.   The  value  of  p  for  which    p(iˆ  ˆj  kˆ)     is  a  unit 
                     (2018) vector is ____.  (AI 2020)
 
82.   If   a  2iˆ  3 ˆj  kˆ, b  iˆ  2 ˆj  kˆ  and  89.   The  area  of  the  parallelogram  whose  diagonals  are
   2iˆ and  3kˆ  is square units.  
c  3iˆ  ˆj  2kˆ . Find  [abc ] .     (Delhi 2019)
(AI 2020)
83.   Find  the  value  of  x,  for  which  the  four  points              
90.   The  value  of      for  which  the  vectors 
A(x,  –1,-1)  ,  B(4,5,1),C(3,9,4)  and    D(–4,4,4)  are 
coplanar.                          (AI 2019) 2iˆ   ˆj  kˆ and i  2 ˆj  kˆ  are orthogonal is _____. 
84.   State true or false  (AI 2020)
  If  iˆ, ˆj, kˆ   are  unit  vectors  along  three  mutually 
perpendicular  then    iˆ  kˆ  0 . 
directions, 
(AI 2020, Delhi 2020)
85.   ABCD is a rhombus whose diagonals intersect at E. 
   
Then  EA  EB  EC  ED equals  _____. 
(AI 2020, Delhi 2020)
 

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VECTOR ALGEBRA
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THREE DIMENSIONAL GEOMETRY 225

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THREE DIMENSIONAL GEOMETRY
226 THREE DIMENSIONAL GEOMETRY

Chapter at a Glance
 Direction cosines of a line are the cosines of the angles made by the line with the positive directions of the coordinate 
axes.  
 If  l , m, n  are the direction cosines of a line, then  l 2  m2  n2  1 .  
x2  x1 y2  y1 z2  z1
 Direction cosines of a line joining two points  P  x1 , y1 , z1   and  Q  x2 , y2 , z2   are  , , .  
PQ PQ PQ
2 2 2
  where PQ   x2  x1    y2  y1    z2  z1   
 Direction ratios of a line are the numbers which are proportional to the direction cosines of a line.  
a
 If  l , m, n   are  the  direction  cosines  and  a, b, c   are  the  direction  ratios  of  a  line  then    l  ;
a  b2  c2
2

b c
m ; n  
2 2 2
a b c a  b2  c2
2

 Skew lines are lines in space which are neither parallel nor intersecting. They lie in different planes.  


 Angle between skew lines is  the  angle  between  two  intersecting  lines  drawn  from  any  point  (preferably  through  the 
origin) parallel to each of the skew lines.  
 If  l1 , m1 , n1   and  l2 , m2 , n2   are  the  direction  cosines  of  two  lines;  and     is  the  acute  angle  between  the  two  lines;  then 
cos  l1l2  m1m2  n1n2 .  
 
 Vector equation of a lie that passes through the given point whose position vector is  a  and parallel to a given vector  b  is 
  
r  a   b .  
x  x1 y  y1 z  z1
 Equation of a line through a point   x1 , y1 , z1   and having direction cosines  l , m, n  is    .  
l m n
     
 The vector equation of a line which passes through two points whose position vectors are  a  and  b  is  r  a   b  a .    
x  x1 y  y1 z  z1
 Cartesian equation of a line that passes through two points   x1 , y1 , z1   and   x2 , y2 , z2   is    .  
x2  x1 y2  y1 z2  z1
 
      b b
 If    is the acute angle between  r  a1  b1  and  r  a2  b2 ,  then  cos   1 2 .  
b1 b2

x  x1 y  y1 z  z1 x  x2 y  y2 z  z2
 If     and     are the equations of two lines, then the acute angle between the 
l1 m1 n1 l2 m2 n2
two lines is given by  cos  l1l2  m1m2  n1n2 . 
 Shortest distance between two skew lines is the line segment perpendicular to both the lines.  
   

     
Shortest distance between  r  a1  b1  and  r  a2  b2  is   

b1  b2   a2  a1  
.  
b1  b2

x  x1 y  y1 z  z1 x  x2 y  y2 z  z2
 Shortest distance between the lines:     and     is  
a1 b1 c1 a2 b2 c2
x2  x1 y2  y1 z2  z1
a1 b1 c1
a2 b2 c2
 
2 2 2
 b1c2  b2 c1    c1a2  c2 a1    a1b2  a2 b1 
THREE DIMENSIONAL GEOMETRY 227

  
      b   a  a1 
 Distance between parallel lines  r  a1  b  and  r  a2  b  is   .  
b
 In the vector form, equation of a plane which is at a distance  d  from the origin, and  n̂  is the unit vector normal to the 

plane through the origin is  r  nˆ  d .  
 Equation of a plane which is at a distance of  d  from the origin and the direction cosines of the normal to the plane as 
l , m, n  is  lx  my  nz  d .  
    
 The equation of a plane through a point whose position vector is  a  and perpendicular to the vector  N  is   r  a  .N  0 .  
 Equation  of  a  plane  perpendicular  to  a  given  line  with  direction  ratios  A,  B,  C  and  passing  through  a  given  point 
 x1 , y1 , z1   is  A  x  x1   B  y  y1   C  z  z1   0  
 Equation  of  a  plane  passing  through  three  non  collinear  points   x1 , y1 , z1     x2 , y2 , z2    and   x3 , y3 , z3    is 
x  x1 y  y1 z  z1
x2  x1 y2  y1 z2  z1  0 .  
x3  x1 y3  y1 z3  z1
  
 Vectors  equation  of  a  plane  that  contains  three  non  collinear  points  having  position  vectors  a, b   and  c   is 
     
 
 r  a  .  b  a   c  a    0   
x y z
 Equation of a plane that cuts the coordinates axes at   a,0,0  ,  0, b,0   and   0,0,c   is 
   1 . 
a b c
  
 Vector  equation  of  a  plane  that  passes  through  the  intersection  of  planes  r  n1  d1   and  n2  d 2   is 
  
r   n1   n2   d1   d2 ,  where    is any nonzero constant.  
 Cartesian equation of a plane that passes through the intersection of two given planes   A1 x  B1 y  C1 z  d1   
  A2 x  B2 y  C2 z  d 2   0  
         
  
Two line  r  a1  b1  and  r  a2  b2  are coplanar if   a2  a1   b1  b2  0 .  
x  x1 y  y1 z  z1 x  x2 y  y2 z  z2
 In the cartesian form two lines      and     are coplanar if  
a1 b1 c1 a2 b2 C2
x2  x1 y2  y1 z2  z1
a1 b1 c1  0 .  
a2 b2 c2
 
    n1  n2
 In the vector form, if    is the angle between the two planes,  r  n1  d1  and  r  n2  d 2 ,  then    cos 1   .  
n1 n2

    b  nˆ
 The angle    between the line  r  a   b  and the plane  r  nˆ  d  is  sin    .  
b nˆ
 The  angle     between  the  planes  A1 x  B1 y  C1 z  D1  0   and  A2 x  B2 y  C2 z  D2  0   is  given  by 

A1 A2  B1 B2  C1C2
cos   .  
A  B12  C12 A22  B22  C22
2
1
  
 The distance of a point whose position vector is  a  from the plane  r  nˆ  d  is  d  a  nˆ  
Ax1  By1  Cz1  D
 The distance from a point   x1 , y1 , z1   to the plane  Ax  By  Cz  D  0  is  . 
A  B 2  C 2
 
 
228 THREE DIMENSIONAL GEOMETRY

Solved Examples
Example–1   And  a  2, b  4, c  2.
  Find the direction cosines of the line passing through  Thus,  the  required  line  passes  through  the  point 
the two points   2, 4,  5  and  1, 2, 3 .      3,5, 6    and  is parallel  to the vector  2iˆ  4 ˆj  2kˆ.  
                       (NCERT)  
Let  r  be the position vector of any point on the line, 
Sol.   We know the direction cosines of the line passing  then  the  vector  equation  of  the  line  is  given  by
through two points  P  x1 , y1 , z1   and  Q  x2 , y2 , z2    
are given by  
  
r  3iˆ  5 ˆj  6kˆ   2iˆ  4 ˆj  2kˆ .  
x2  x1 y2  y1 z2  z1 Example–5
, ,     Find the angle between the pair of lines 
PQ PQ PQ
x  3 y 1 z  3 x 1 y  4 z  5
  where  PQ 
2 2
 x2  x1    y2  y1    z2  z1 
2
    and    .  
3 5 4 1 1 2
  Here P is   2, 4, 5  and Q is  1, 2, 3 .   (NCERT) 
Sol. The  direction  ratios  of  the  first  line  are  3, 5, 4   and 
2 2 2
  So  PQ  1   2    2  4   3   5   77   the direction ratios of the second line are  1, 1, 2.  If    
  Thus,  the  direction  cosines  of  the  line  joining  two  is  the  angle  between  them,  then 
3 2 8 3.1  5.1  4.2
points is  , , .   cos    
77 77 77 3  52  42 12  12  22
2

Example–2 16 16 8 3
  Find  the  direction  cosines  of  x, y   and  z -axis.            
50 6 5 2 6 15
  (NCERT)  8 3 
Sol. The  x -axis makes angles  0,90 and  90  respectively    Hence, the required angle is  cos 1   .   
 15 
with    x, y   and  z -axis.  Therefore,  the  direction 
Example–6
cosines of  x -axis are  cos 0 , cos 90 i.e.,  1, 0, 0.  
   
Similarly,  direction  cosines  of  y -axis  and                  Find the shortest distance between the lines  l1  and  l2  
whose vector equations are 
z -axis are  0,1,0  and  0, 0, 1  respectively.  
Example–3

r  iˆ  ˆj   2iˆ  ˆj  kˆ ... 1 and  

  Show  that  the  points  A  2,3, 4  , B 1, 2,3   and 
 
r  2iˆ  ˆj  kˆ   3iˆ  5 ˆj  2kˆ ...  2  . (NCERT) 
Sol. Comparing (1) and (2) with 
     
C  3, 8, 11  are collinear.  (NCERT)  r  a1   b1  and  r  a2  b2  respectively,  
Sol. Direction  ratios  of  line  joining  A  and  B  are   
we get   a1  iˆ  ˆj , b1  2iˆ  ˆj  kˆ  
1  2, 2  3, 3  4  i.e.,   1, 5, 7.    
  The  direction  ratios  of  line  joining  B  and  C  are  a2  2iˆ  ˆj  kˆ  and  b2  3iˆ  5 ˆj  2kˆ  
 
3  1, 8  2,  11  3,  i.e.,  2, 10, 14.   Therefore  a2  a1  iˆ  kˆ  
  It  is  clear  that  direction  ratios  of  AB  and  BC  are   
proportional, hence, AB is parallel to BC. But point B    
and   b1  b2  2iˆ  ˆj  kˆ  3iˆ  5 ˆj  2kˆ   
is common to both AB and BC. Therefore, A, B, C are  iˆ ˆj kˆ
collinear points. 
 2 1 1  3iˆ  ˆj  7 kˆ  
Example–4
3 5 2
 Find  the  vector  equation  of  the  line  if  the  Cartesian   
x3 y 5 z 6 So  b1  b2  9  1  49  59  
equation of the line is    . 
2 4 2   Hence,  the  shortest  distance  between  the  given  lines 
     (NCERT)  is given by 
Sol. Comparing the given equation with the standard form     
x  x1 y  y1 z  z1 d
b
 
 
1  b2 .  a2  a1 

30 7

10

   
a b c b1  b2 59 59
  We have  x1  3, y1  5, z1  6;  
THREE DIMENSIONAL GEOMETRY 229

Example–7 Example–10
  Find the distance between the lines  l1  and  l2  given by     Find  the  angle  between  the  two  planes 
 2 x  y  2 z  5   and  3x  6 y  2 z  7   using  vector 

r  iˆ  2 ˆj  4kˆ   2iˆ  3 ˆj  6kˆ    method.   (NCERT)

  
and  r  3iˆ  3 ˆj  5kˆ   2iˆ  3 ˆj  6kˆ .                        
Sol. The  angle  between  two  planes  is  the  angle  between 
    (NCERT)  their  normals.  From  the  equation  of  the  planes,  the 
Sol. The two lines are parallel. We have  normal vectors are 
 
iˆ ˆj kˆ N1  2iˆ  ˆj  2kˆ  and  N 2  3iˆ  6 ˆj  2kˆ  
2 3 6  
   N 1 .N 2
b   a2  a1  2 1 1 Therefore  cos      
d     N1 N 2
b 4  9  36


 2iˆ  ˆj  2kˆ .3iˆ  6 ˆj  2kˆ    4   
 
4  1  4 9  36  4  21 

9iˆ  14 ˆj  4kˆ 293 293  4


or      .   Hence    cos 1   .  
49 49 7  21 
Example–8 Example–11
  Find  the  vector  equation  of  the  plane  which  is  at  a    Find  the  angle  between  the  two  planes 
6 3x  6 y  2 z  7  and  2 x  2 y  2 z  5.  
distance  of    from  the  origin  and  its  normal      (NCERT) 
29
Sol. Comparing the given equations of the planes with the 
vector  from  the  origin  is  2iˆ  3 ˆj  4kˆ.   Also  find  its  equations 
cartesian form.  (NCERT)  A1 x  B1 y  C1 z  D1  0  and 

Sol. Let  n  2iˆ  3 ˆj  4kˆ.  Then   A2 x  B2 y  C2 z  D2  0  
 A1  3, B1  6, C1  2  
 n 2iˆ  3 ˆj  4kˆ 2iˆ  3 ˆj  4kˆ
n     
n 4  9  16 29 A2  2, B2  2, C2  2  
Hence, the required equation of the plane is 
3  2   6  2    2  2 
  2 ˆ 3 ˆ 4 ˆ  6 cos    
r . i j k  . 
 29 29 29  29  2
32    6    2 
2
 2 2  2 2   2 
2

 
Example–9 10 5 5 3
    
  Find  the  direction  cosines  of  the  unit  vector  72 3 7 3 21


perpendicular  to  the  plane  r . 6iˆ  3 ˆj  2kˆ  1  0    5 3
Therefore,    cos1   . 
through the origin.  (NCERT)   21 
Sol. The given equation can be written as   Example–12

 
r . 6iˆ  3 ˆj  2kˆ  1 ... 1     Find  the  distance  of  a  point   2, 5,  3   from  the 

Now   6iˆ  3 ˆj  2kˆ  36  9  4  7    
plane  r . 6iˆ  3 ˆj  2kˆ  4 .       (NCERT) 
 
Therefore, dividing both sides of (1) by 7, we get  Sol. Here,  a  2iˆ  5 ˆj  3kˆ, N  6iˆ  3 ˆj  2kˆ  and  d  4.  
 6 3 2  1
r .   iˆ  ˆj  kˆ       Therefore, the distance of the point   2,5, 3 from the 
 7 7 7  7
given plane is  
which  is  the  equation  of  the  plane  in  the  form 

r . nˆ  d .     
2iˆ  5 ˆj  3kˆ . 6iˆ  3 ˆj  2kˆ  4   
6 3 2 6iˆ  3 ˆj  2kˆ
  This  shows  that  nˆ   iˆ  ˆj  kˆ   is  a  unit  vector 
7 7 7
12  15  6  4 13
perpendicular to the plane through the origin. Hence,    . 
 6 3 2 36  9  4 7
the direction cosines of  n  are  , , .  
7 7 7
   
230 THREE DIMENSIONAL GEOMETRY

Example–13 Sol. The given line passes through point  Q  6,7,7   and is 


x 1 y z  3    
  Find the angle between the line     and  parallel to the vector  b  3 i  2 j  2 k  
2 3 6
  
the plane  10 x  2 y  11 z  3. (NCERT) 
i j k
Sol. Let  be the angle between the line and the normal to      
b  PQ  3 2 2  18 i  22 j  5 k  
the plane. Converting the given equations into vector 
form, we have  5 5 4

  
r  iˆ  3kˆ   2iˆ  3 ˆj  6kˆ      Perpendicular distance, 
 


and   r . 10iˆ  2 ˆj  11kˆ  3    d
b  PQ
 
182  22 2  52

833
 7 . 
2 2 2
Here   b 3 2 2 17

b  2iˆ  3 ˆj  6kˆ  and  nˆ  10iˆ  2 ˆj  11kˆ    Example–16
  The projections of a line segment on X, Y and Z axes 
sin  
 2iˆ  3 ˆj  6kˆ  .10iˆ  2 ˆj  11kˆ    are 12, 4 and 3 respectively. The length and direction 
22  32  62 102  22  112 cosines of the line segment are 
40 8 8 12 4 3 12 4 3
      (a)  13; , , (b)  19; , ,  
7 15 21 21 13 13 13 19 19 19
12 14 3
 8 (c)  11; , , (d) None of these  
or    sin 1   .   11 11 11
 21 
Ans. (a)
Example–14
  The angle between the lines   Sol.   Length of line segment  = 122  42  32  13  
x 1 y 1 z 1 x 1 y 1 z 1 12 4 3
  Direction cosines   , , . 
   and     is   13 13 13
1 1 2  3 1 3 1 4
Example–17
 1  
(a)  cos 1   (b)      A  vector  parallel  to  the  line  of  intersection  of  the 
65
  6 
    
  

  planes r .  3 i  j  k   1  and   r .  i  4 j  2 k   2  is 
(c)  (d)       
3 4      

Ans. (c) (a)  2 i  7 j  13 k (b)  2 i  7 j  13 k  


     
Sol. Direction ratios of the line  (c)  2 i  7 j  13 k (d)  2 i  7 j  13 k  
x 1 y 1 z 1
   are  1,1, 2     Ans. (a)
1 1 2 Sol.   Given equations of the planes in Cartesian form are 
x 1 y 1 z 1 3x  y  z  1 and x  4 y  2 z  2  
Direction ratios of the line     
 3 1 3 1 4 x y z
    

are   3  1, 3  1, 4    2  4 4  3 12  1
Let angle between the lines be   .   x y z
    
2 7 13
cos  
 3 1  3 1  8      
2 2 The required vector is  2 i  7 j  13 k . 
11 4   
3 1  
3 1  4 2

Example–18
1 
cos        .     If  a  plane  passes  through  the  point  1, 1, 1   and  is 
2 3
Example–15 x 1 y 1 z 1
perpendicular to the line    , then its 
  The  perpendicular  distance  of  the  point  P 1, 2,3   3 0 4
perpendicular distance from the origin is 
x6 y7 z7
from the line     is  3 4
3 2 2 (a)  (b)   
(a) 7  (b) 5  4 3
(c) 0  (d) None of these  7
(c)  (d) 1 
Ans. (a) 5
Ans. (c)
THREE DIMENSIONAL GEOMETRY 231

Sol. If  the  plane  is  perpendicular  to  the  line  Now comparing equation (1) and (2) with coefficients 
x 1 y 1 z 1 given in condition of coplanarity, we get 
  ,  then  direction  ratios  of  its 
3 0 4 x1  2, y1  1, z1  2  
normal are proportional to  3, 0, 4.   a1  2, b1  3, c1  1  
Let the equation of plane is   And 
3x  4 z  d  0   x2  3, y2  0, z2  1  
Since the plane passes through  1, 1, 1 .   a2  3, b2  2, c2  2  
Example–19 Therefore, 
x  2 y 1 z  2 x2  x1 y2  y1 z 2  z1 5 1 3
Assertion: Lines     and 
2 3 1 a1 b1 c1  2 3 1
x 3 y z 1 a2 b2 c2 3 2 2
   are coplanar. 
2 2 2
5 1 3
Reason:  Let  line  l1   passes  through  the  point 
 2 3 1  R3  R3  R2   
 x1 , y1 , z1   are parallel to the vector whose direction  5 1 3
ratios  are  a1 , b1   and  c1   and  let  the  line  l2   passes 
0 0 0
through  the  point   x2 , y2 , z2    and  parallel  to  the   2 3 1  R1  R1  R3   
vector  whose  direction  ratios    are  a2 , b2   and  c2 .   5 1 3
Then both lines  l1  and  l2  are coplanar if and only if  0 
x2  x1 y2  y1 z2  z1   Therefore, lines given in equations (1) and (2) satisfy 
the  condition  coplanarity  therefore  both  lines  are 
a1 b1 c1  0  
coplanar. 
a2 b2 c2
  Hence,  our  assertion  is  true  and  reason  is  correct 
(a)  both  assertion  and  reason  are  correct,  and  reason  explanation of our assertion.
is the correct explanation of assertion. 
Example–20
(b) both assertion  and  reason  are  correct,  and  reason 
is not the correct explanation of assertion.    Consider  the  plane   1 : 2 x  3 y  4 z  9  0   and  the 
(c) Assertion is correct, but reason is incorrect 
point  P 1, 2,3 .   2   is  a  plane  parallel  to  1   and 
(d) Assertion is incorrect, but reason is correct.  
Ans. (a) containing the point P.  
Sol. Given lines  
x  2 y 1 z  2
  ... 1  
2 3 1
x3 y z 1
  And    ...  2   
3 2 2
  We  know  that  line  l1   passes  through  the  point 
 
 x1 , y1 , z1   and parallel to the vector whose direction    Based  on  the  above  information,  answer  any  four  of 
the following questions.  
ratios are  a1 , b1  and  c1  and let line  l2  passes through 
(i)   Equation of   2  is.  
the  point   x2 , y2 , z2    and  parallel  to  the  vector  (a)  2 x  3 y  4 z  9  0  
whose direction ratios are  a2 , b2  and  c2 .   (b)  2 x  3 y  4 z  20  0  
Then both lines  l1  and  l2  are coplanar if and only if   (c)  2 x  3 y  4 z  20  0  
x2  x1 y2  y1 z2  z1 (d)  3x  3 y  4 z  9  0  
a1 b1 c1  0   (ii) Distance between  1  and   2  is __________ units.  
a2 b2 c2
(a) 5     (b)  29  
Which implies our reason is true. 
(c)  13 (d)  2 3  
232 THREE DIMENSIONAL GEOMETRY

(iii) A is the foot of perpendicular from P to  1 . Equation  (iv) (c)


of PA is ____________.   General A =   2  1, 3  2, 4  3  
x 1 y  2 z  3 A is point on  1 .  
(a)   
2 3 4
 2  2  1  3  3  2   4  4  3  9  
x 1 y  2 z  3
(b)      0 
2 3 4
  29  29  0  
(c)  r  i  2 j  3k   2i  3 j  4k  
       1  
  A   1,1, 1 . 
(d)  r  i  2 j  3k   i  2 j  3k  
    (v) (c)
(iv) The co-ordinates of A are ________. 
Let  P '  ,  ,    be the image. A is mid-point of PP’.  
(a)   0, 0,0  (b)   1, 2,3  
  1   2   3 
(c)   1,1, 1 (d)  1, 4, 2    i.e.,   1,1, 1   , ,  
 2 2 2 
(v) The image of P on  1  is.     3,   4,   5  
(a)   1,1, 1 (b)   1, 2, 3    P '   3, 4, 5 . 
(c)   3, 4, 5 (d)   0, 0,0     d  7  
Sol. (i) (c) Equation of   2  is   Perpendicular distance of plane  3 x  4 z  7  0  from 
7 7
2  x  1  3  y  2   4  z  3  0   origin    . 
25 5
  i.e.,  2 x  3 y  4 z  20  0 .  
 
(ii) (b)  
 1 : 2 x  3 y  4 z  9  0  and   
 2  :  2 x  3 y  4 z  20  0    
  Distance between  1  and   2    
 
20  9
  29  units.  
4  9  16  
(iii) (a)  

Here  a  i  2 j  3k    
   
b  n  2i  3j  4k    
Equation of PA is    

r  i  2 j  3k   2i  3 j  4k  
     

x 1 y  2 z  3
or      . 
2 3 4
THREE DIMENSIONAL GEOMETRY 233

EXERCISE – 1: Basic Subjective Questions


Section–A (1 Mark Questions)
17. Find the angle between the lines
 2 3 6  
1. Find  the  distance  of  the  plane  r   iˆ  ˆj  kˆ   1  
 7 7 7 
   
r  3iˆ  2 ˆj  6kˆ   2iˆ  ˆj  2kˆ and

from the origin.     
r  2 ˆj  5kˆ   6iˆ  3 ˆj  2kˆ   
2. If  the  plane  2 x  3 y  6 z  11  0   makes  an  angle  18. Prove  that  the  lines  x  py  q , z  ry  s
sin 1   with x-axis, then find the value of   .  and x  p ' y  q ', z  r ' y  s '   are  perpendicular,  if  
3. If a plane passes through the points   2, 0, 0  ,  0, 3, 0    pp ' rr ' 1  0 . 
and   0, 0, 4  ,  then find the equation of plane.  19. Find the equation of a plane which bisects the line joining 
4. Find the  vector  equation of the  line  through the  points  the points  A  2,3, 4  and B  4,5,8 at right angles. 
 3, 4,  7   and  1,  1, 6 .  20. If  the  line  drawn  from  the  point   2,  1,  3 meets  a 
5. Find  the  cartesian  equation  of  the  plane  plane at right angle at the point  1,  3,3 , then find the 

 
r . iˆ  ˆj  kˆ  2 .  equation of the plane. 
21. Find  the  equation  of  the  plane  passing  through  the 
Section–B (2 Marks Questions)
points (2, 1, 0), (3, -2, -2) and (3, 1, 7) 
6. If the direction cosines of a line are k, k, and k, then find  22. Find  the  distance  of  a  point  (2,  4,  -1)  from  the  line 
the value of k. 
x5 y3 z6
7. Find  the  sine  of  the  angle  between  the  straight  line    . 
x2 y 3 z 4 1 4 9
   and the plane  2 x  2 y  z  5 .  23. Find the equation of the line  passing through the point 
3 4 5
(3,  0,  1)  and  parallel  to  the  planes 
8. Find  the  unit  vector  normal  to  the  plane 
x  2 y  0 and 3 y  z  0 . 
x  2 y  3z  6  0 . 
24. Find  the  distance  between  the  point  P(6,  5,  9)  and  the 
9. Find  the  intercepts  made  by  the  plane 
plane  determined  by  the  points  A(3,  –  1,  2),              
2 x  3 y  5z  4  0  on the coordinate axis. 
B(5, 2, 4) and C(– 1, – 1, 6). 
10. Find  the  angle  between  the  line 
 Section–D (5 Marks Questions)
   ˆ   ˆ 
r  5iˆ  ˆj  4k   2iˆ  ˆj  k   and  the  plane 

   
r  3iˆ  4 ˆj  kˆ  5  0 .  25. Find  the  angle  between  the  lines  whose  direction 
cosines  are  given  by  the  equation 
11. Find the angle between the planes 
  l  m  n  0 and l 2  m 2  n 2  0 . 
     
r . 2iˆ  3 ˆj  kˆ  1 and r . iˆ  ˆj  4  . 
26. Find the foot of perpendicular from the point (2, 3, -8) 
12. Find  the  equation  of  a  line,  which  is  parallel  to  4  x y 1 z
to  the  line    .  Also  find  the 
2iˆ  ˆj  3kˆ   and  which  passes  through  the  point  2 6 3
 5,  2, 4 .   perpendicular distance from the given point to the line. 
27. Find the  length  and the  foot  of perpendicular  from the 
13. If the  foot of perpendicular drawn from the origin to a 
 3 
plane is   5,  3,  2  , then find the equation of plane.  point  1, , 2   to the plane  2 x  2 y  4 z  5  0 . 
 2 
Section–C (3 Marks Questions) 28. Find  the  equation  of  the  plane  through  the  points               
(2,  1,  -1),  (-1,  3,  4)  and  perpendicular  to  the  plane 


14. Check  whether  the  line  r  2iˆ  3 ˆj  kˆ   iˆ  ˆj  2kˆ  x  2 y  4 z  10  
 29. Find the shortest distance between the lines given by 
 
lies in the plane  r . 3iˆ  ˆj  kˆ  2  0.   
r   8  3  iˆ   9  16  ˆj  10  7  kˆ   
15. Find the position vector of a point A in space such that   
 
OA   is  inclined  at  60 to OX and  at  45 to OY and     
and  r  15iˆ  29 ˆj  5kˆ   3iˆ  8 ˆj  5kˆ  

OA  10 units. 30. Show that the straight lines whose direction cosines are 
given  by  2l  2m  n  0 and   mn  nl  lm  0   are  at 
16. Find the Cartesian equation of the line which is parallel 
right angles. 
to the vector  3iˆ  2 ˆj  6kˆ  and which passes through the 
point (1, -2, 3). 
234 THREE DIMENSIONAL GEOMETRY

EXERCISE – 2: Basic Objective Questions 


Section–A (Single Choice Questions) 
7. The distance of the point  P  a, b, c   from  x -axis is  
1. For every point  P  x, y, z   on the  xy -plane, 

(a)  x  0 (b)  y  0   (a)  b2  c 2 (b)  a 2  c 2  


(c)  a 2  b2 (d) None of these 
(c)  z  0 (d)  x  y  z  0
8. Ratio  in  which  the  xy -plane  divides  the  join  of             
2. For every point  P  x, y, z   on the x-axis (except the  (1, 2, 3) and (4, 2, 1) is  
origin), 
(a) 3 : 4 internally  (b) 3 : 1 externally 
(a)  x  0, y  0, z  0 (b)  x  0, z  0, y  0   (c) 1 : 2 internally  (d) 2 : 1 internally 
(c)  y  0, z  0, x  0 (d)  x  y, z  0 9. If  P  3, 2, 4  , Q  5, 4, 6    and  R  9, 8,  10  are 

3. A  rectangular parallelepiped is  formed  by  planes  collinear, then R divides PQ in the ratio. 


drawn  through  the  points  (5,  7,  9)  and  (2,  3,  7)  (a) 3 : 2 internally  (b) 3 : 2 externally 
parallel  to  the  coordinate  planes.  The  length  of  an  (c) 2 : 1 internally  (d) 2 : 1 externally  
edge of this rectangular parallelepiped is 
10. A  3, 2,0  , B  5,3, 2    and  C  9,6, 3   are  the 
(a) 2   (b) 3 
vertices of a triangle ABC. If the bisector of   BAC  
(c) 4  (d) All of these  meets BC at D, then coordinates of D is 

4. A parallelepiped is formed by planes drawn through   19 57 17   19 57 17 
(a)   , ,  (b)    , ,   
the  points  (2,  3,  5)  and  (5,  9,  7)  parallel  to  the   8 16 16   8 16 16 
coordinate  planes.  The  length  of  a  diagonal  of 
 19 57 17 
the parallelepiped is   (c)    ,  ,     (d) none of these
 8 16 16 
(a) 7  (b)  38   11. If  O  is  the  origin  and  OP  3   with  direction  ratios 
proportional  to  1,2, 2,   then  the  coordinates  of  P 
(c)  155 (d) None of these  
are 
5. The  xy -plane  divides  the  line  segment  joining  the 
(a)   1, 2  2  (b)  1, 2, 2   
points   1,3, 4   and   2, 5,6  . 
 1 2 2
(c)    , ,   (d)   3, 6, 9 
(a) internally in the ratio 2 : 3   9 9 9
(b) externally in the ratio 2 : 3  12. The angle between the two diagonals of a cube is  

(c) internally in the ratio 3 : 2  (a)  30 (b)  45  


 1  1
(d) externally in the ratio 3 : 2   (c)  cos 1   (d)  cos 1     
 3 3
6. If  the  x -coordinate  of  a  point  P  on  the  join  of 
13. If a line makes angles   ,  ,  ,   with four diagonals 
Q  2, 2,1  and  R  5,1, 2   is 4, then its  z - coordinate 
of  a  cube,  then  cos 2   cos 2   cos 2   cos 2    is 
is 
equal to.  
(a) 2  (b) 1 
1 2
(c) –1  (d) –2  (a)  (b)   
3 3
4 8
(c)  (d)    
3 3
THREE DIMENSIONAL GEOMETRY 235

14. The shortest distance between the lines   20. The equation of the plane containing the two lines   

x 3 y 8 z 3 x3 y7 z6 x 1 y 1 z x y  2 z 1


   and     is      and     is  
3 1 1 3 2 4 2 1 3 2 1 3

(a)  30 (b)  2 30   (a)  8 x  y  5z  7  0 (b)  8 x  y  5z  7  0  


(c)  8 x  y  5 z  7  0 (d) None of these 
(c)  5 30 (d)  3 30   
21. The equation  of  the  plane 
15. The plane 2 x  1    y  3 z  0   passes  through 
        
   
the intersection of the planes  r  i  j    i  j  k     i  2 j  3 k    in  scalar 
   
(a)  2 x  y  0  and  y  3z  0   product form is 

(b)  2 x  3 z  0  and  y  0   
    
   
(a)  r .  5 i  2 j  3 k   7  (b)  r .  5 i  2 j  3 k   7  
(c)  2 x  y  3z  0  and  y  3z  0      

   
(d) None of these   (c)  r .  5 i  2 j  3 k   7 (d) None of these 
 
16. The acute  angle  between  the  planes  2 x  y  z  6  
22. The distance of the point   1, 5, 10  from the 
and  x  y  2 z  3  is   
point of intersection of the line 
   
(a)  45 (b)  60      

r  2 i  j  2 k    3 i  4 j  12 k   and the plane 
 
(c)  30 (d)  75    
  
r .  i  j  k   5  is 
17. The equation of the plane through the intersection of   
the  planes  x  2 y  3z  4   and  2 x  y  z  5   and  (a) 9  (b) 13 
perpendicular to the plane  5x  3 y  6 z  8  0  is  (c) 17  (d) None of these 

(a)  7 x  2 y  3z  81  0  
Section–B (Case Study Questions)
Case Study–1 
(b)  23x  14 y  9 z  48  0  
23. A  cricket  match  is  organized  between  two  clubs  A 
(c)  51x  15 y  50 z  173  0    and  B  for  which  a  team  from  each  club  is  chosen. 
Remaining  players  of  club  A  and  club  B  are 
(d) None of these
respectively  sitting  on  the  plane  represented  by  the 
The distance between the planes    
equation  r. 2i  j  k  3   and  r. i  3 j  2k  8,  
18.
   
2 x  2 y  z  2  0  and  4 x  4 y  2 z  5  0   is.  to cheer the team of their own clubs. 
1 1
  (a)     (b)   
2 4

1
  (c)  (d) None of these 
6

 
19. The  image  of  the  point 1,3, 4   in  the  plane 
2 x  y  z  3  0  is.   Based on the above, answer the following:  

(i)   The  Cartesian  equation  of  the  plane  on  which 


(a)   3,5, 2  (b)   3,5, 2   
players of club A are seated is. 

(c)   3,5, 2  (d)   3, 5, 2    (a)  2 x  y  z  3 (b)  2 x  y  2 z  3    


(c)  2 x  y  z  3 (d)  x  y  z  3  
236 THREE DIMENSIONAL GEOMETRY

(ii)   The magnitude of the normal to the plane on which  (ii) If  the  coast  guard  decide  to  shoot  the  boat  at  that 
players of club B are seated, is.    given  instant  of  time,  then  what  is  the  distance  (in 
meters) that the bullet has to travel. 
(a)  15 (b)  14  
(a) 5m   (b) 3m  
(c)  17 (d)  20  
(c) 6m   (d) 4m 
(iii)   The  intercept  form  of  the  equation  of  the  plane  on 
(iii) If  the  coast  guard  decides  to  shoot  the  boat  at  that 
which players of club B are seated is.   
given instant of time, when the speed of bullet is 36 
x y z x y z m/sec,  then  what  is  the  time  taken  for  the  bullet  to 
(a)    1 (b)    1 
8 8/3 8/3 5 8/3 8/3 travel and hit the boat. 

x y z x y z 1 1
(c)    1 (d)     1    (a)   seconds   (b)   seconds  
8 8/3 4 8 7 2 8 14
(iv) The distance of the plane, on which players of club  1 1
(c)   seconds   (d)   seconds 
B are seated, from the origin is.  10 12
8 6 (iv)   At  that  given  instant  of  time,  the  equation  of  line 
  (a)   units   (b)   units  
14 14 passing  through  the  positions  of  the  helicopter  and 
boat is. 
7 9
  (c)   units   (d)   units 
14 14 x 1 y  3 z  5
(a)     
1 2 2
Case Study–2 
x 1 y  3 z  5
24. The  Indian  coast  guard,  while  patrolling  saw  a  (b)     
2 1 2
suspicious  boat  with  people.  They  were  nowhere 
looking like fishermen. The coast guard were closely  x 1 y  3 z  5
observing  the  movement  of  the  boat  for  an  (c)     
2 1 2
opportunity to seize the boat. They observed that the 
boat is moving along a planar surface. At and instant  x 1 y  3 z  5
(d)   
of time,  the coordinates of the  position of the  coast  2 1 2
guard helicopter and the boat is (1, 3, 5) and (2, 5, 3) 
Case Study–3 
respectively.
25. P1 : x  3 y  z  0   and  P2 : y  2 z  0   are  two 
intersecting planes.  P3  is a plane passing through the 
point   2,1, 1   and  through  the  line  of  intersection 
of  P1  and  P2 . 

  Based on the above, answer the following questions:  
(i)   If  the  line  joining  of  the  helicopter  and  the  boat  is 
perpendicular to the plane in which the boat moves, 
then the equation of the plane is. 

(a)   x  2 y  2 z  6 (b)  x  2 y  2 z  6   Based  on  the  above  information,  answer  the 


following questions.  
(c)  x  2 y  2 z  6 (d)  x  2 y  2 z  6   
THREE DIMENSIONAL GEOMETRY 237

(i)   The angle between  P1  and  P2  is.   28. Assertion:  The  equation  of  two  straight  lines  are 
x 1 y  3 z  2 x  2 y 1 z  3
   and     are co 
1  1  2 1 3 1 3 2
(a)  cos 1   (b)  cos 1   
5  55  planar 
Reason:  Two  lines  are  said  to  be  coplanar when 
 2 
1  3 
1 they  both  lie  on  the  same  plane  in  a  three-
(c)  cos   (d)  cos   
 11   11  dimensional space 
(a) Assertion is correct, reason is correct; reason is a 
(ii) Equation of  P3  is _________.   correct explanation for assertion. 
  (b) Assertion  is  correct,  reason  is  correct;  reason  is 
  (a)  4 x  y  2 z  10 (b)  x  y  2 z  3   not a correct explanation for assertion 
  (c) Assertion is correct, reason is incorrect 
  (c)  x  9 y  11z  0 (d)  4 x  y  z  0  
  (d) Assertion is incorrect, reason is correct. 
(iii) Equation of plane parallel to  P3  and passing through  x 1 y  0 z  2
29. Assertion:  Line      lies  in  the 
(1, 2, 3) is ___________.   1 2 1
plane  2 x  3 y  4 z  10  0  
(a)  x  9 y  11z  52  0 (b)  x  9 y  11z  20  0  
   
Reason: If line  r  a   b  lies in the plane  r . c  n  
(c)  4 x  y  2 z  10  0 (d)  4 x  y  2 z  1  0   
(where  n  is scalar), then  b . c  0 .  
(iv) Distance of  P3  from origin is _____ units.  
  (a) Assertion is correct, reason is correct; reason is a 
(a) 0   (b) 1  correct explanation for assertion. 
  (b) Assertion  is  correct,  reason  is  correct;  reason  is 
1 11 not a correct explanation for assertion 
(c)  (d)   
5 10   (c) Assertion is correct, reason is incorrect 
Section–C (Assertion & Reason Type Questions)    (d) Assertion is incorrect, reason is correct. 

 30. Assertion:  Let     be  the  angle  between  the  line 


26.   Assertion: Lines  r  iˆ  ˆj   iˆ  ˆj  kˆ    and 
x  2 y 1 z  2
     and  the  plane  x  y  z  5.  
 
r  2iˆ  ˆj   iˆ  ˆj  kˆ  do not intersect.  2 3 2
 1 
Reason: Skew lines never intersect.  Then    sin 1  .  
 51 
  (a) Assertion is correct, reason is correct; reason is a 
Reason:  The  angle  between  a  straight  line  and  a 
correct explanation for assertion. 
plane  is  the  complement  of  the  angle  between  the 
  (b) Assertion  is  correct,  reason  is  correct;  reason  is  line and the normal to the plane. 
not a correct explanation for assertion 
  (c) Assertion is correct, reason is incorrect  (a) Assertion is correct, reason is correct; reason is a 
correct explanation for assertion. 
  (d) Assertion is incorrect, reason is correct. 
  (b) Assertion  is  correct,  reason  is  correct;  reason  is 
 not a correct explanation for assertion 
27. 
Assertion:  Lines  r  iˆ  ˆj  kˆ   3iˆ  ˆj   and  
   (c) Assertion is correct, reason is incorrect 
 
r  4iˆ  ˆj   2iˆ  3kˆ  intersect. 
  (d) Assertion is incorrect, reason is correct. 
       
Reason:  If  b  d  0,   then  lines  r  a   b   and 
    
r  c   d  do not intersect. 
 
  (a) Assertion is correct, reason is correct; reason is a 
correct explanation for assertion.   
 
  (b) Assertion  is  correct,  reason  is  correct;  reason  is 
not a correct explanation for assertion   
 
  (c) Assertion is correct, reason is incorrect 
 
  (d) Assertion is incorrect, reason is correct. 
238 THREE DIMENSIONAL GEOMETRY

EXERCISE – 3: Previous Year Questions 


1.   15.  
Write the distance of a point  P(a, b, c) from  x -axis.                    Find the Cartesian equation of the line which passes 
        (Delhi 2014C) through the point (  -2, -4, -5)  and is parallel to the 
2. Find the distance of a point   2,3, 4  from the  x -axis.  x3 4 y z 8
line   . (Delhi 2013)
3 5 6
(Delhi 2010C) 16.   Write  the  vector  equation  of  a  line  passing  through 
the  point  1,  1, 2    and  parallel  to  the  line  whose 
3. If a line makes angles 90°, 60° and    with  x, y  and 
z -axis  respectively,  where    is acute,  then  find   .           x  3 y 1 z 1
equation is    .               (AI 2013C)
      (Delhi 2015) 1 2 2
4. If  a  line  makes  angles   ,  ,    with  the  positive  3 x y  2
17.   If  the  equation  of  a  line  AB  is  
direction  of  coordinate  axes,  then  find  the  value  of   3 2
sin 2   sin 2   sin 2     (Delhi 2015C) z2
 ,  find the direction  cosines of a line parallel 
6
5.    If a line has direction ratios  2,  1,  2,  then what are 
to AB. (Delhi 2012C) 
its direction cosines?  (Delhi 2012)
18.   The  equation  of  a  line  is  given  by 
6. Write  the  direction  cosines  of  the  line  joining  the 
4 x y3 z 2
points  (1,0, 0)  and   (0,1,1) .  (AI 2011)   . Write the direction cosines of 
3 3 6
7. Write the direction cosines of a line equally inclined 
a  line  parallel  to  the  above  line.
to the three coordinate axes. (AI 2009)
(AI 2012C)
8. The equation of a line are  5 x  3  15 y  7  3  10z . 
19.   Find  the  equation  of  the  line  passing  through  the 
Write the direction cosines of the line.            point   –1,  3,   – 2    and  perpendicular  to  the  lines 
(AI 2015) 
9. If  the  Cartesian  equation  of  a  line  is  x y z x  2 y 1 z  1
   and    .                
3  x y  4 2z  6 1 2 3 3 2 5
  ,write  the  vector  equation  for  (Delhi 2012)
5 7 4
the line. (AI 2014) 20.    Find the angle between the following pair of lines  
10. Find  the  direction  cosines  of  the  line  x  2 y 1 z  3 x  2 2y 8 z  5
    and       
4  x y 1 z   2 7 3 1 4 4
  . (Delhi 2013 C) Also,  check  whether    the  lines  are  parallel  or 
2 6 3
perpendicular. (Delhi 2011)
11. Prove  that  the  line  through  A  0,  1,  1   and 
21.   Find  the  equation  of  the  perpendicular  drawn  from 
B  4, 5, 1  intersects the line through  C  3, 9, 4   and  x5 y3 z 6
the point   2, 4,  1 to the line    .
D  4, 4, 4  .  1 4 9
          (Foreign 2016)
(AI 2019)
x 1 y  3 z  5 22.    Find the equation of a line, which passes through the 
12. Show  that  the  lines    and  
3 5 7 point 1, 2, 3 and  is  parallel  to  the  line 
x2 y4 z 6 x  2 y  3 2z  6
    intersect. Also find their point    . (Delhi 2017)
1 3 5 1 7 3
of intersection. (Delhi 2014) 23. Find the distance between the lines  l1 and  l2 given by 
13.  Find  the  angles  between  the  lines  
 ˆ ˆ
r  2iˆ  5 ˆj  k   (3iˆ  2 ˆj  6k ) and 
 
  l1 : r  iˆ  2 ˆj  4kˆ   2iˆ  3 ˆj  6kˆ , 


r  7iˆ  6 ˆj   iˆ  2 ˆj  2kˆ .   
l2 : r  3iˆ  3 ˆj  5kˆ   4iˆ  6 ˆj  12kˆ .        
(Foreign 2014)
(Foreign 2014, AI 2008C)
14.   Write  the  equation  of  the  straight  line  through  the 
point  ( ,  ,  )   and  parallel  to  z-axis.                                     
          (AI 2014) 
THREE DIMENSIONAL GEOMETRY 239

24. Find the shortest distance between the two lines  x 1 y  2 z  3
35.   If  the  lines          and 
whose vector equations are 3 2k 2

   
r  iˆ  2 ˆj  3kˆ   iˆ  3 ˆj  2kˆ  and  x 1 y  2 z  3
        are  perpendicular,  find  the 
 k 1 5
  
r  4iˆ  5 ˆj  6kˆ   2iˆ  3 ˆj  kˆ .   (Delhi 2014C)
value  of  k  and  hence  find  the  equation  of  plane 
25. Find the shortest distance between the following pair  containing these lines. (AI 2012)
x 1 y  2 z  3 x  2 y  3 z  5 36.    Write the vector equation of the line passing though 
of lines:    ;    
2 3 4 3 4 5 1, 2, 3   and  perpendicular  to  the  plane 
(AI 2012C) 
r  (iˆ  2 ˆj  5kˆ)  9  0      (AI 2015C)
26. Find  the  vector  equation  of  a  plane  which  is  at  a 
distance  of  5  units  from  the  origin  and  its  normal  37.    Write  the  vector  equation  of  the  plane,  passing 
vector is  2iˆ  3 ˆj  6kˆ (Delhi 2016) through the point   a, b, c   and parallel to the plane 
      
27. Find  the  sum  of  the  intercepts  cut  off  by  the  plane  r  (iˆ  ˆj  kˆ)  2 (Delhi 2014)
2 x  y  z  5,  on the coordinate axes.  (Foreign 2015) 38.   Find  the  vector  equation  of  the  plane  through  the 
28. Find  the  unit  vector  perpendicular  to  the  plane  ABC  points  (2,1, 1) and (1,3, 4)   and  perpendicular  to 
where  the  position  vectors  of  A,B  and  C  are  the plane  x  2 y  4 z  10 .                (AI 2013)
2iˆ  ˆj  kˆ, iˆ  ˆj  2kˆ   and  2iˆ  3kˆ   respectively.           39.   Find the equation of the plane that contains the point 
     (AI 2014C) 1,  1, 2  and is perpendicular to each of the planes 
29. Find the  vector  and  Cartesian  equations of the plane 
2 x  3 y  2 z  5  and  x  2 y  3z  8.  
passing  through  the  line  of  a  intersection  of  the 
          (Delhi 2009C)
planes  r  (2iˆ  2 ˆj  3kˆ)  7 , r  (2iˆ  5 ˆj  3kˆ)  9 such 
40.   Find the vector equation of the plane which contains 
that the intercepts made by the plane on x-axis and z- the  line  of  intersection  of  the  planes 
axis are equal.  (AI 2015C)   
r  (iˆ  2 ˆj  3kˆ)  4  0 and   r  (2iˆ  ˆj  kˆ)  5  0  
30. Find the vector equation of the plane passing through 
three  points  with  position  vectors  and  which  is  perpendicular  to  the  plane  

iˆ  ˆj  2kˆ, 2iˆ  ˆj  kˆ  and iˆ  2 ˆj  kˆ .Also  find  the  r  (5iˆ  3 ˆj  6kˆ)  8  0 .       (Delhi 2013, 2011)
coordinates  of  the  point  of  intersection  of  this  plane  41. Find the length of the perpendicular drawn from the 
 origin to the plane  2 x  3 y  6 z  21  0           
and the line   r  3iˆ  ˆj  kˆ   (2iˆ  2 ˆj  kˆ) .     
           (AI 2013)
(Delhi 2013)
42.   Find  the  distance  of  the  plane  3x  4 y  12 z  3  
5 x y 7 z 3
31. Show that the lines     and  from the origin.             (AI 2012)
4 4 5
43. Find  the  distance  of  the  point  P  3, 4, 4  from  the 
x 8 2y 8 z 5
      are coplanar. (Delhi 2014) point,  where  the  line  joining    the  points 
7 2 3
A(3, 4, 5) and B(2, 3,1) intersects  the  plane 
x 1 y 1 z 1 x3 y k z
32. If    lines      and      2 x  y  z  7 .               (AI 2015)
2 3 4 1 2 1
intersect, then find the value of  k  and hence find the  44. Find  the  image  of  the  point  having  position  vector 

equation of the plane containing these lines.   iˆ  3 ˆj  4kˆ   in the plane r  (2iˆ  ˆj  kˆ)  3  0 . 
(Delhi 2015)                (AI 2014C)
 ˆ ˆ ˆ
33. Show that the lines  r  (i  j  k )   (3iˆ  ˆj )  and  45. Find the position vector of the foot of perpendicular 
 from  the  point  P  with  position  vector  2iˆ  3 ˆj  4kˆ  
    r  (4iˆ  kˆ)   (2iˆ  3kˆ)  are coplanar. (AI 2013C)
x  3 y 1 z  5 to the plane.   (AI 2016)
34.  If  the  lines        and 
3 1 5 46.    Find  the  distance  of  the  point  1,  2, 3   from  the 
x 1 y  2 z  5 plane  x – y  z  5   measured  parallel  to  the  line 
    are coplanar, find the equation 
1 2 5 whose direction cosines are proportional to  2, 3,  6
of plane containing these lines. (AI 2013C) .                  (Foreign 2015)
240 THREE DIMENSIONAL GEOMETRY

47. Find the equation of the plane that contains the point  56. Find  the  Cartesian  equation  of  the  plane  passing 
1,  1, 2   and  is  perpendicular  to  both  the  planes  through the points  A  0, 0, 0   and  B  3,  1, 2   and 

2 x  3 y  2 z  5  and  x  2 y  3z  8.  Hence find the  parallel to the line   x  4  y  3  z  1 . (Delhi 2014)


1 4 7
distance of point P(-2, 5, 5) from the plane obtained  57. Find the equation of the plane through the  P 1, 1, 1   
above.
and containing the line  
(Foreign 2014) 
48. Find the length and the foot of the perpendicular from  r  (  3iˆ  ˆj  5 kˆ )   (3iˆ  ˆj  5 kˆ ) .  

the  point  P  7, 14, 5   to  the  plane  2 x  4 y  z  2.   Also, show that the plane contains the line 



r  (  iˆ  2 ˆj  5 kˆ )   (iˆ  2 ˆj  5 kˆ ) . (AI 2011)
Also find the image of point P in the plane.                  
(AI 2012) 58. If a line makes angles  9 0  ,1 3 5  , 4 5   with the  x , y  
49.   Find  the  equation  of  the  plane  passing  through  the  and  z  axes respectively, find its direction cosines.          
point   3,  3, 1  and perpendicular to the line joining  (Delhi 2019)
59. Find  the  vector  equation  of  the  line  which  passes 
the  points   3, 4,  1   and   2,  1, 5 .   Also  find  the  through  the  point   3, 4, 5    and  is  parallel  to  the 
coordinates  of  foot  of perpendicular,  the  equation of 
vector  2 iˆ  2 ˆj  3 kˆ .    (Delhi 2019)
perpendicular  line  and  the  length  of  perpendicular 
drawn from origin to the plane.   60. Find  the  value  of   ,   so  that  the  lines 
1  x 7 y  14 z  3
(Delhi 2012C)   and  7  7 x  y  5  6  z  
3  2   3 1 5
50.    Find  the  distance  of  the  point   3, 4, 5   from  the 
are  at  right  angles.  Also,  find  whether  the  lines  are 
plane  x  y  z  2   measured  parallel  to  the  line  intersecting or not.               (Delhi 2019)
2x  y  z .  (Delhi 2012C) 61. Find the shortest distance between the lines 

51.   Find the coordinates of the foot of the perpendicular,    
r  4iˆ  ˆj   iˆ  2 ˆj  3kˆ  and  
the  equation  of  the  perpendicular  and  the  
perpendicular  distance  of  the  point  P  3, 2, 1   from 
   
r  iˆ  ˆj  2kˆ   2iˆ  4 ˆj  5kˆ .                       (2018)
62. Find  the  vector  equation  of  a  line  passing  through 
the  plane  2 z  y  z  1  0.   Also  find  the  image  of  the  point   2, 3, 2    and  parallel  to  the  line 
the point Pin the plane.            (AI 2012C) 
52.   Find the vector equation of the plane that contains the 
   
r  2iˆ  3 ˆj   2iˆ  3 ˆj  6 kˆ .  Also,  find  the 
 distance between these two lines.        (AI 2019)
lines  r  (iˆ  ˆj )   (iˆ  2 ˆj  kˆ)     and  63. Find  the  acute  angle  between  the  planes 
  
r  (iˆ  ˆj )   (iˆ  ˆj  2kˆ) .Also  find  the  length  of    
r  iˆ  2 ˆj  2kˆ  1  and  r  3iˆ  6 ˆj  2kˆ  0 .          
perpendicular  drawn  from  the  point   2, 1, 4    to  the         (AI 2019)
plane thus obtained.  64. Find the vector and cartesian equations of the plane 
(AI 2012C) passing  through  the  points   2, 2,  1 ,  3, 4, 2    and 
53. Find the distance of the point   2, 4, 4   from the line   7, 0, 6  .  Also  find  the  vector  equation  of  a  plane 
x3 y2 z passing  through   4, 3,1   and  parallel  to  the  plane 
measured parallel to the     plane                    
3 6 2 obtained above.    (Delhi 2019)
3x  2 y  2 z  5  0 .  (AI 2019C) 65. Find the vector equation of the plane determined by 
54. Find  the  coordinates  of  the  point  where  the  line  the  points  A  3,  1, 2  , B  5, 2, 4    and  C   1,  1, 6  . 
through  the  points  A  3, 4, 1   and  B  5, 1, 6    crosses  Hence, find the distance of the plane, thus obtained, 
the  XZ  plane.  Also  find  the  angle  which  this  line  from the origin.       (AI 2019)
makes with the XZ plane.                                        66. Find  the  vector  equation  of  the  plane  that  contains 

55.  
(AI 2016)
Find  the  equation  of  the  plane  passing  through  the 
  
the  line  r  iˆ  ˆj   iˆ  2 ˆj  kˆ   and  the  point 
points    1, 2, 0  ,    2, 2,  1   and  parallel  to  the   1, 3, 4  . Also find the length of the perpendicular 
drawn  from  the    point   2,1, 4    to  the  plane,  thus 
x 1 2 y 1 z 1
          (AI 2015)
1 2 1 obtained.       (Delhi 2019)
THREE DIMENSIONAL GEOMETRY 241

67. Find the coordinates of the  foot of the perpendicular  71. Find  the  vector  and  cartesian  equations  of  the  line 
Q   drawn  from  P  3, 2,1   to  the  plane  which perpendicular to the lines with equations  
x  2 y  3 z 1
2x  y  z 1  0 .  Also,  find  the  distance  PQ   and      and  x  1  y  2  z  3   and 
  1 1 4 2 3 4
the  image  of  the  point  P   treating  this  plane  as  a 
passes through the point  1,1,1 . Also find the angle 
mirror.      
(AI 2019) between the given lines.        
68. Find  the  distance  of  the  point   1, 5, 10    from  the  (AI 2020, Delhi 2020)
72. Find  the  coordinates  of  the  point  where  the  line 
point  of  intersection  of  the  line 
 through   1,1, 8    and   5, 2,10    crosses  the  ZX-
 
r  2iˆ  ˆj  2kˆ   3iˆ  4 ˆj  2kˆ   and  the  plane 
plane.                        (AI 2020)

 
r  iˆ  ˆj  kˆ  5 .                      (Delhi 2018) 73. Show  that  the  lines  x2 y2 z3
  and 
1 3 1
x2 y3 4 z
69. The  lines      and  x2 y3 z4
1 1 k     intersect.  Also,  find  the 
1 4 2
x 1 y  4 z  5
    are  mutually    perpendicular  if  coordinates  of  the  point  of  intersection.  Find  the 
k 2 2
equation of the plane containing the two lines.            
the value of  k  is.            
       (AI 2020)
(AI 2020, Delhi 2020) 74. The  image  of  the  point   2, 1, 4    in  the  YZ-plane  is 
70. The  vector  equation  of  a  line  which  through  the 
_______.                     (AI 2020)
points   3, 4, 7   and  1,  1, 6   is ________.                 
75. The  distance  of  the  origin   0, 0, 0    from  the  plane 
(AI, 2020, Delhi 2020)
2x  6 y  3z  7  is _________.        (AI 2020)

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THREE DIMENSIONAL
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242 PROBABILITY

13
PROBABILITY
PROBABILITY 243

Chapter at a Glance
 The conditional probability of an event E, given the occurrence of the event F is given by
PE  F 
PE | F   , PF   0
PF 
 0  P  E | F   1, P  E ' | F   1  P  E | F  P   E  F  | G   P  E | G   P  F | G   P   E  F  | G 
 P E  F   P E  P F | E , P E   0 P E  F   P F  P E | F , P F   0
 If E and F are independent, then
PE  F   PE PF 
PE | F   PE PF   0
PE | F   PF  PE  0
 Theorem of total probability
Let E1 , E2 ,..., En  be a partition of a sample space and suppose that each of E1 , E2 ,..., En has nonzero probability. Let
A be any event associated with S, then
P  A   P  E1  P  A | E1   P  E2  P  A | E2   ...  P  En  P  A | En 
 Bayes’ theorem If E1 , E2 ,..., En are events which constitute a partition of sample space S, i.e. E1 , E2 ,..., En are pairwise
disjoint and E1  E2  ...  En  S any A be any event with nonzero probability, then
P  Ei  P  A | Ei 
P  Ei | A  n

PE  P A | E 
j 1
j j

 A random variable is a real valued function whose domain is the sample space of a random experiment.
 The probability distribution of a random variable X is the system of numbers
X : x1 x2 ... xn n

P  X  : p1 p2 ... pn
, where, pi  0, pi 1
i  1, i  2,..., n

 Let X be a random variable whose possible x1 , x2 , x3 ,...., xn occur with probabilities p1 , p2 , p3 ,... pn respectively. Then
n
mean of X, denoted by , is the number x p .
i 1
i i

The mean of a random variable X is also called the expectation of X, denoted E  X  .


 Let X be a random variable whose possible values xi , x2 ,..., xn occur with probabilities p  xi  , p  x2  ,..., p  xn 
respectively.
Let   E  X  be the mean of X.
n
2 2 2
The variance of X,  x2 = Var  X   x   i p  xi  or equivalently  x  E  X   
i 1

n
2
The non-negative number  x  Var  X    x   
i 1
i p  xi  is called the standard deviation of the random variable

X.
2
  
Var  X   E X 2   E  X  

 For Binomial distribution B  n, p  , P  X  x   n C x q n  x p x , x  0,1, 2,..., n  q  1  p 


244 PROBABILITY

Solved Examples
Example–1 Example–3
A family has two children. What is the probability An urn contains 10 black and 5 white balls. Two balls
that both the children are boys given that at least one are drawn from the urn one after the other without
of them is a boy? (NCERT) replacement. What is the probability that both drawn
Sol. Let b stand for boy and g for girl. The sample space balls are black? (NCERT)
of the experiment is S   b, b  g , b  ,  b, g  ,  g , g  Sol. Let E and F denote respectively the events that first
Let E and F denote the following events: and second ball drawn are black.
E : ‘both the children are boys’ We have to find P  E  F  or P  EF  .
F : ‘at least one of the children is a boy’ 10
Now P  E   P (black ball in first draw) 
Then E   b, b  15
Also given that the first ball drawn is black, i.e., event
and F   b, b  ,  g , b  ,  b, g 
E has occurred, now there are 9 black balls and five
Now E  F   b, b  white balls left in the urn. Therefore, the probability
that the second ball drawn is black, given that the ball
3 1
Thus P  F   and P  E  F   in the first draw is black, is nothing but the
4 4
conditional probability of F given that E has
Therefore,
9
1 occurred. i.e., P  F / E  
PE  F  4 1 14
PE / F     . By multiplication rule of probability, we have
PF  3 3
4 10 9 3
PE  F   PE PF / E    .
15 14 7
Example–2
Example–4
Ten cards numbered 1 to 10 are placed in a box, Three cards are drawn successively, without
mixed up thoroughly and then one card is drawn replacement from a pack of 52 well shuffled cards.
randomly. If it is known that the number on the What is the probability that first two cards are kings
drawn card is more than 3, what is the probability that and the third card drawn is an ace? (NCERT)
it is an even number. (NCERT) Sol. Let K denote the event that the card drawn is king
Sol. Let A be the event ‘the number on the card drawn is and A be the event that the card drawn is an ace.
even’ and B be the event ‘the number on the card 4
Now P  K  
drawn is greater than 3’. 52
We have to find P  A / B  . Also, P  K | K  is the probability of second king
Now, the sample space of the experiment is with the condition that one king has already been
S  1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8,9,10 drawn. Now there are three kings in  52  1  51
Then A  2, 4, 6,8,10 , B  4, 5, 6, 7,8, 9,10 3
cards. Therefore, P  K | K  
and A  B  4, 6,8,10 51
Lastly, P  A | KK  is the probability of third drawn
5 7 4
Also P  A   , P  B   and P  A  B   card to be an ace, with the condition that two kings
10 10 10
have already been drawn. Now there are four aces in
P  A  B
Then P  A / B   4
P  B left 50 cards. Therefore P  A | KK  
50
4 By multiplication law of probability, we have
10 4
  . P  KKA   P  K  P  K | K  P  A | KK 
7 7
10 4 3 4 2
    .
52 51 50 5525
PROBABILITY 245

Example–5 By using Bayes’ theorem, we have


A die is thrown. If E is the event ‘the number P  E2  P  A | E2 
P  E2 | A  
appearing is a multiple of 3’ and F be the event ‘the P  E1  P  A | E1   P  E2  P  A | E2 
number appearing is even’ then find whether E and F
1 5
are independent. (NCERT) 
2 11 35
Sol. We know that the sample space is S  1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6   .
1 3 1 5 68
  
Now E  3, 6 , F  2, 4, 6 2 7 2 11
and E  F  6 Example–8
2 1 3 1 Given three identical boxes I, II and III, each
Then P  E    , PE  
6 3 6 2 containing two coins. In box I, both coins are gold
1 coins, in box II, both are silver coins, and, in the box
and P  E  F  
6 III, there is one gold and one silver coin. A person
chooses a box at random and takes out a coin. If the
Clearly P  E  F   P  E  .P  F 
coin is of gold, what is the probability that the other
Hence E and F are independent events. coin in the box is also of gold. (NCERT)
Example–6 Sol. Let E1 , E2 and E3 be the events that boxes I, II and

If A and B are two independent events, then the III are chosen, respectively.
probability of occurrence of at least one of A and B 1
Then P  E1   P  E2   P  E3  
3
is given by 1  P  A '  P  B '  . (NCERT)
Also, let A be the event that ‘the coin drawn is of
Sol. P (at least one of A and B)  P  A  B  gold’
 P  A  P  B   P  A  B  2
Then, P  A | E1   P (a gold coin from Bag I)  1
 P  A  P  B   P  A P  B  2
P  A | E2   P (a gold coin from bag II)  0
 P  A   P  B  1  P  A    P  A   P  B  .P  A ' 
1
P  A | E3   P (a gold coin from bag III) 
 1  P  A '   P  B  P  A '  1  P  A '  1  P  B   2
 1  P  A '  P  B ' . Now, the probability that the other coin in the box is
of gold = the probability that gold coin is drawn from
Example–7
the box I  P  E1 | A
Bag I contain 3 red and 4 black balls while another
Bag II contains 5 red and 6 black balls. One ball is By Bayes' theorem, required probability is
drawn at random from one of the bags and it is found P  E1  P  A | E1 

to be red. Find the probability that it was drawn from P  E1  P  A | E1   P  E2  P  A | E2   P  E3  P  A | E3 
Bag II. (NCERT) 1
1
Sol. Let E1 be the event of choosing the bag I, 3 2
  .
E2 the event of choosing the bag II 1 1 1 1 3
1   0  
3 3 3 2
and A be the event of drawing a red ball.
1 Example–9
Then P  E1   P  E2  
2 Suppose that the reliability of a HIV test is specified
3 as follows: Of people having HIV, 90% of the test
P  A | E1   P (Drawing a red ball from Bag I)  detect the disease but 10% go undetected. Of people
7 free of HIV, 99% of the test are judged HIV Negative
5 but 1% are diagnosed as showing HIV positive. From
P  A | E2   P (Drawing a red ball from Bag II) 
11 a large population of which only 0.1% have HIV, one
Now, the probability of drawing a ball from Bag II, person is selected at random, given the HIV test, and
being given it is red, is P  E2 | A  the pathologist reports him/her as HIV positive. What
is the probability that the person actually has HIV
(NCERT)
246 PROBABILITY

Sol. Let E denote the event that the person selected is Again P  E | B1  = Probability that the bolt drawn is
actually having HIV and A the event that the person's
defective given that it is manufactured by machine
HIV test is diagnosed as positive. We need to find
A  5%  0.05
P  E | A  . Also, E’ denotes the event that the person
Similarly, P  E | B2   0.04, P  E | B3   0.02.
selected is actually not having HIV.
Hence, by Bayes' Theorem, we have
Clearly,  E , E ' is a partition of the sample space of
P  B2 | E  
all people in the population. We are given that
P  B2  P  E | B2 
0.1 P  B1  P  E | B1   P  B2  P  B2   P  B3  P  E | B3 
P  E   0.1%   0.001
100
0.35  0.04
P  E '   1  P  E   0.999 
0.25  0.05  0.35  0.04  0.40  0.02
P  A | E   P (Person tested as HIV positive given 0.0140 28
  .
that he/she is actually having HIV) 0.0345 69
90 Example–11
 90   0.9
100
A man is known to speak truth 3 out of 4 times. He
and P  A | E '   P (Person tested as HIV positive
throws a die and reports that it is a six. Find the
given that he/she is actually not having HIV) probability that it is actually a six. (NCERT)
1 Sol. Let E be the event that the man reports that six
 1%   0.01
100 occurs in the throwing of the die and let S1 be the
Now, by Bayes’ theorem
event that six occurs and S2 be the event that six
PE P A | E
P  E | A  does not occur.
P  E  P  A | E   P  E ' P  A | E 
1
Then, P  S1   Probability that six occur 
0.001 0.09 90 6
 
0.001 0.9  0.999  0.01 1089 5
P  S2   Probability that six does not occur 
 0.083 approx. 6
Thus, the probability that a person selected at random P  E | S1   Probability that the man reports that six
is actually having HIV given that he/she is tested HIV
occurs when six has actually occurred on the die
positive is 0.083.
3
Example–10 = Probability that the man speaks the truth 
4
In a factory which manufactures bolts, machines A, B P  E | S 2   Probability that the man reports that six
and C manufacture respectively 25%, 35% and 40% occurs when six has not actually occurred on the die
of the bolts. Of their outputs, 5, 4 and 2 percent are = Probability that the man does not speak the truth
respectively defective bolts. A bolt is drawn at
3 1
random from the product and is found to be defective.  1 
4 4
What is the probability that it is manufactured by the
Thus, by Bayes' theorem, we get
machine B.? (NCERT)
P  S1 | E   Probability that the report of the man
Sol. Let events B1 , B2 , B3 be the following:
that six has occurred is actually a six
B1 : the bolt is manufactured by machine A
P  S1  P  E | S1 
B2 : the bolt is manufactured by machine B 
P  S1  P  E | S1   P  S 2  P  E | S 2 
B3 : the bolt is manufactured by machine C
1 3
Let the event E be ‘the bolt is defective’. 
6 4 1 24 3
The event E occurs with B1 or with B2 or with B3 .    
1 3 5 1 8 8 8
  
Given that, P  B1   25%  0.25, P  B2   0.35 and 6 4 6 4
P  B3   0.40 3
Hence, the required probability is .
8
PROBABILITY 247

Example–12 P (X = 2) = P(two doublets and one non-doublet)


1 1 5 1 5 1 5 1 1
Two cards are drawn successively with replacement         
6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6
from a well-shuffled deck of 52 cards. Find the
1 5 15
probability distribution of the number of aces.  3 2  
6 6 216
(NCERT)
Sol. The number of aces is a random variable. Let it be and P  X  3  P (three doublets)
denoted by X. Clearly, X can take the values 0, 1, or 1 1 1 1
   
2. 6 6 6 216
Now, since the draws are done with replacement,
therefore, the two draws form independent The required probability distribution is
experiments. X 0 1 2 3
Therefore, P  X  0   P (non-ace and non-ace) P X  125 75 15 1
48 48 144 216 216 216 216
= P(non-ace)  P(non-ace)   
52 52 169 Verification Sum of the probabilities
P  X  1  P (ace and non-ace or non-ace and ace)
n
125 75 15 1 216
= P (ace and non-ace)  P (non-ace and ace) p
i 1
i    
216 216 216 216

216
1.
= P(ace). P(non-ace)  P(non-ace) . P(ace)
4 48 48 4 24 Example–14
    
52 52 52 32 169
Find the variance of the number obtained on a throw
and P  X  2   P (ace and ace) of an unbiased die.
4 4 1 (NCERT)
  
52 52 169 Sol. The sample space of the experiment is
Thus, the required probability distribution is S 1, 23,3, 4,5, 6 .
X 0 1 2 Let X denote the number obtained on the throw.
PX  144 24 1 Then X is a random variable which can take values
169 169 169 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6
1
Also, P 1  P  2   P  3  P  4   P  5   P  6  
Example–13 6
Find the probability distribution of number of Therefore, the Probability distribution of X is
doublets in three throws of a pair of dice. X 1 2 3 4 5
(NCERT) P X  1 1 1 1 1
Sol. Let X denote the number of doublets. Possible 6 6 6 6 6
doublets are n

1,1 ,  2, 2  ,  3,3 ,  4, 4  ,  5,5 ,  6, 6  Now E  X    xi p  xi 


i 1
Clearly, X can take the value 0, 1, 2, or 3.
1 1 1 1 1 1 21
6 1  1  2   3   4   5   6  
Probability of getting a doublet   6 6 6 6 6 6 6
36 6
Also,
1 5 2 1 1 1 1 1 1
Probability of not getting a doublet  1   E  X   12   22   32   42   52   62 
6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6
5 5 5 125 91
Now P  X  0   P (no doublet)      E( X 2 ) 
6 6 6 216 6
P  X  1  P (One doublet and two non-doublets)  
Thus, Var  X   E X 2   E  X  
2

2
2
1 5 5 5 1 5 5 1 1 5 75 91  21  91 441 35
         3  2        .
6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 216 6  6  6 36 12
248 PROBABILITY

Example–15 Sol. To find sum of two integers should be odd.


We should have one integer should be even and other
A and B throw a die alternatively till one of them gets should be odd.
a ‘6’ and wins the game. Find their respective Given that 30 consecutive integers then 15 are even
probabilities of winning, if A starts first. (NCERT) and 15 are odd.
Sol. Let S denote the success (getting a ‘6’) and F denote Required probability
the failure (not getting a ‘6’)
1 5
  
 P 1st even 2nd odd  P 1st odd 2nd even 
Thus, P  S   , P  F  
6 6 15 15 15 15
Required probability    
1 30 29 30 29
P (A wins in the first throw)  P  S  
6 15
Required probability =  .
‘A’ gets the third throw, when the first throw by A 29
and second throw by B result into failures. Example–18
Therefore, P (A wins in the 3rd throw)
Two persons A and B turn in throwing a pair of dice.
 P  FFS   P  F  P  F  P  S  The first person to throw 9 from both dice will be
2
5 5 1 5 1 awarded the prize. If A throws first, then the
     
6 6 6 6 6 probability that B wins the game is
P (A wins in the 5th throw) 9 8
(a) (b)
4 17 17
5 1
 P  FFFFS       and so on. 8 1
6 6 (c) (d)
2 4
9 9
1 5 1 5 1 Ans. (b)
Hence, P (A wins)             ....
6 6 6 6 6 Sol. From throw of two dice 9 can be obtained
1  3, 6  ,  4, 5  ,  5, 4  ,  6, 3
6
 6  4
25 11  Probability of getting 9 
1 36
36
6 5 32
P (B wins) = 1 – P (A wins)  1   .  Probability of not getting 9 
11 11 36
Example–16 Probability of B winning
A and B draw two cards each, one after another, from   
=P 9 in 2nd throw +P 9 in 4nd throw 
a pack of well-shuffled pack of 52 cards. The
8 1 8 8 8 1
probability that all the four cards drawn are of the P (B wins) =       ...
same suit is 9 9 9 9 9 9
44 11  
(a) (b) 8 1  8
85  49 85  49 P (B wins)    .
13  24 81  1  64  17
(c) (d) None of these  
17  25  49  81 
Ans. (a) Example–19
Sol. Total cards = 52
13 12 11 10 44 3 2
Required probability  4      If P  A   , P B  and P  A  B   3 / 5,
52 51 50 49 85  49 10 5

Example–17  A B
then P    P   equals
Out of 30 consecutive integers, 2 are chosen at  B  A
random. The probability that their sum is odd, is 1 7
(a) (b)
14 16 4 2
(a) (b)
29 29
5 1
15 10 (c) (d)
(c) (d) 12 3
29 29
Ans. (c) Ans. (b)
PROBABILITY 249

3 2 3 Example–21
Sol. P  A  , P B  , P  A  B 
10 5 5
A man is known to speak the truth 3 out of 4 times.
P  A  B   P  A  P  B   P  A  B 
He throws a die and reports that it is a six. The
3 2 3 probability that it is actually a six, is
P  A  B   
10 5 5 3 1
(a) (b)
1 8 5
P  A  B 
10 3
(c) (d) None of these
 A  B  P  A  B P  A  B 4
P   P   
B
   A P  B P  A Ans. (a)
1 1 Sol. Let E denote the event that a six occurs and A the
 A  B  10 10 man reports that it is a ‘6’, we have
P   P    1 5 3
B  A 2 3 P ( E )  , P ( E )  , P ( A / E )  and
5 10 6 6 4
A
  B
  7 1
P   P   . P( A / E ) 
B  A  12 4
By Bayes’ theorem
Example–20 P( E ).P( A / E )
P( E / A) 
If A and B are two independent events such that P( E ).P( A / E )  P( E ) P( A / E )
 A B 1 3
P  A   0.3, P  A  B   0.5, then P    P    
B
   A 6 4 3
  .
________. 1 3 5 1 8
  
2 3 6 4 6 4
(a) (b)
7 35 Example–22
1 
(c) (d) A random variable X takes the values 0, 1, 2, 3 and
70 7
its mean is 1.3. If P  X  3   2 P  X  1 and
Ans. (c)
Sol. Given that P  A   0.3, P  A  B   0.5, A and B are P  X  2   0.3 , then P  X  0  is.

independent. (a) 0.1 (b) 0.2


(c) 0.3 (d) 0.4
 P  A  B   P  A  P  B   P  A  B 
Ans. (d)
 P  A  B   P  A  P  B   P  A  P  B  Sol. P  0   x and P 1  y
Let P  B   x Given that E  x   1.3
 0.5  0.3  x  0.3x 3
 0.2  0.7x  xP  x   1.3
0
2
x  P B
7 0  P 1  2 P  2   3 P  3  1.3
 P  A  B   P  A  P  B  y  2  0.3  6 y  1.3
3 2 3 7 y  0.7
 P  A  B   
10 7 35 y  0.1
 A P  A  B P  A  B Also,
P    P  B / A  
B P  B P  A 3

3 3  P  x  1
0
3 2 1
 35  35    . x  0.1  0.3  0.2  1
2 3 10 7 70
7 10 x  0.4.
250 PROBABILITY

Example–23 Also, E  F denote the event the card drawn is the


ace of spades.
Let E1 and E2 be any two events associated with an
1
experiment, then  PE  F  
52
Statement-I: P  E1   P  E2   1.
1
Statement-II: P  E1   P  E2   P  E  F  52 1
Hence, P  E | F    
P  E1  E2   P  E1  E2  . PF  1 4
13
(a) If both Statement-I and Statement-II are true and
1
Statement-II is the correct explanation Since P  E    P  E | F  , we can say that the
4
(b) If both Statement-I and Statement-II are true but
occurrence of event F has not affected the probability
Statement-II is not the correct explanation
of occurrence of the event E. We also have,
(c) If Statement-I is true but Statement-II is false
(d) If Statement-I is false and Statement-II is true. 1
P  E  F  52 1
Ans. (d) PF | F      PE
Sol. Second statement is a standard result. It is addition
PE 1 13
4
theorem of probabilities.
However, the first result is untrue as we can have 1
Again, P  F    P  F | E  shows that occurrence
13
P  E1   P  E2   1
of event E has not affected the probability of
For example, when a dice is rolled once and
occurrence of the event F. Thus, E and F are two
E1 : ‘a number  5 ' shows up, events such that the probability of occurrence of one
E2 : ‘a number  1' show up of them is not affected by occurrence of the other.
4 2 5 Such events are called independent events.
then P  E1    and also P  E 2   .
6 3 6 Example–25
Here, P  E1   P  E2   1. One day, a sangeet Mahotsav is to be organised in an
open area of Rajasthan. In recent years, it has rained
Example–24
only 6 days each year. Also, it is given that when it
Statement-I: Consider the experiment of drawing a actually rains, the weatherman correctly forecasts rain
card from a deck of 52 playing cards, in which the 80% of the time. When it doesn't rain, he incorrectly
elementary events are assumed to be equally likely. If forecasts rain 20% of the time. If leap year is
E and F denote the events the card drawn is a spade considered, then answer the following questions.
and the card drawn is an ace respectively, then
1 1
P  E | F   and P  E | F   .
4 13
Statement-II: E and F are two events such that the
probability of occurrence of one of them is not
affected by occurrence of the other. Such events are
called independent events. (i) The probability that it rains on chosen day is.
(a) If both Statement-I and Statement-II are true and
1 1
Statement-II is the correct explanation (a) (b)
366 73
(b) If both Statement-I and Statement-II are true but
1 1
Statement-II is not the correct explanation (c) (d)
(c) If Statement-I is true but Statement-II is false 60 61
(d) If Statement-I is false and Statement-II is true. (ii) The probability that it does not rain on chosen day is.
Ans. (a) 1 5
(a) (b)
13 1 366 366
Sol. We have, P  E    and
52 4 360
(c) (d) None of these
4 1 366
P F   
52 13
PROBABILITY 251

(iii) The probability that the weatherman predicts (iii) (c)


correctly is. It is given that, when it actually rains, the
5 7 weatherman correctly forecasts rain 80% of the time
(a) (b) 80 8 4
6 8  Required probability    .
100 10 5
4 1
(c) (d)
5 5 (iv) (a)
(iv) The probability that it will rain on the chosen day, if Let A1 be the event that it rains on chosen day, A2
weatherman predict rain for that day, is. be the event that it does not rain on chosen day and E
(a) 0.0625 (b) 0.0725 be the event the weatherman predict rain.
(c) 0.0825 (d) 0.0925 6 360
Then we have, P  A1   , P  A2   ,
(v) The probability that it will not rain on the chosen day, 366 366
if weatherman predict rain for that day, is 8 2
(a) 0.94 (b) 0.84 P  E | A1   and P  E | A2  
10 10
(c) 0.74 (d) 0.64 Required probability   A1 | E 
Sol. (i) (d) P  A1  .P  E | A1 
Since, it rained only 6 days each year, therefore, 
P  A1  .P  E | A1   P  A2  .P  E | A2 
6 1
probability that it rains on chosen day is  . 6 8
366 61 
366 10 48
   0.0625 .
6 8 360 2 768
(ii) (c)   
366 10 366 10
The probability that it does not rain on chosen day
1 60 360 (v) (a)
 1   .
61 61 366 Required probability  1  P  A1 | E 
 1  0.0625  0.9375  0.94 .
252 PROBABILITY

EXERCISE – 1: Basic Subjective Questions


13. A die is thrown 6 times. If “getting an odd number”
Section–A (1 Mark Questions) is a “success”, what is the probability of (i) 5
successes? (ii) atmost 5 successes.
1. If P  A  B   70% and P  B   85%, the find
P(A/B). Section–C (3 Marks Questions)
2. Find the value of k from the probability distribution
14. Let X be a random variable which assumes values
of the discrete variable X given below:
x1 , x2 , x3 , x4 such that
X 2 3 4 5
PX  5 7 9 11 2 P  X  x1   3 P  X  x2   P ( X  x3 )
k k k k  5 P  X  x4  .
3. If A and B are two independent events such that Find the probability distribution of X.
1 1
P  A   and P  B   then find P  A ' B '  . 15. In answering a question on a multiple-choice test, a
7 6
3
4. A speaks truth in 70% cases and B speaks truth in student either knows the answer or guesses. Let
4
85% cases. The probability that they speak the
1
same fact is ________. be the probability that he knows the answer and
5. The possibility of having 53 Thursdays in a non – 4
be the probability that he guesses. Assuming that a
leap year is ________.
student who guesses at the answer will be correct
Section–B (2 Marks Questions) 1
with probability . What is the probability that the
4
6. Five cards are drawn successively with
student knows the answer given that he answered it
replacement from a well shuffled deck of 52 cards.
correctly?
What is the probability that only 3 cards are
16. An insurance company insured 2000 scooter
spades?
drivers, 4000 car drivers and 6000 truck drivers.
7. In a box containing 100 bulbs, 10 are defective.
The probability of an accident is 0.01, 0.03 and
What is the probability that out of a sample of 5
0.15 respectively. One of the insured persons meets
bulbs, none is defective?
with an accident. What is the probability that he is
8. Let A and B be two given independent events such
a scooter driver?
that: P(A) = p, P(B) = q & P (exactly one of A, B)
17. There are three coins. One is a two headed coin
2
 , then find value of 3p + 3q – 6pq. (having head on both faces), another is a biased
3
coin that comes up heads 75 % of the time and
9. Mother, father, and son line up at random for a third is an unbiased coin. One of the three coins is
family picture E: Son on one end, F: Father in chosen at random and tossed. It shows heads, what
middle. Find (E | F). is the probability that it was the two headed coin.
10. Prove that if E and F are independent events, then 18. Suppose 5% of men and 0.25% of women have
the events E and F’ are also independent. grey hair. A grey-haired person is selected at
11. Given P  A   0.4, P  B   0.7 and P  B / A   0.6. random. What is the probability of this person
Find P  A  B  . being male? Assume that there are equal number of
males and females.
12. If each element of a second order determinant is
19. An urn contains 3 white and 6 red balls. Four balls
either zero or one, what is the probability that the
value of the determinant is positive? (Assume that are drawn one by one with replacement from the
the individual entries of the determinant are chosen urn. Find the probability distribution of the number
independently, each value being assumed with
of red balls drawn. Also find mean and variance of
1
probability ). the distribution.
2
PROBABILITY 253

20. There are two bags, one of which contains 3 black Section–D (5 Marks Questions)
and 4 white balls while the other contains 4 black 25. There are 5 cards numbered 1 to 5, one number on
and 3 white balls. A die is thrown. If it shows up 1 one card. Two cards are drawn at random without
or 3, a ball is taken from the 1st bag; but if it shows replacement. Let X denote the sum of the numbers
on two cards drawn. Find the mean and variance of
up any other number, a ball is chosen from the
X.
second bag. Find the probability of choosing a
black ball. 26. From a lot of 30 bulbs which include 6 defectives,
a sample of 4 bulbs is drawn at random with
21. Probability of solving specific problem
replacement. Find the probability distribution of the
1 1
independently by A and B are and number of defective bulbs.
2 3 27. Bag I contain 3 red and 4 black balls and bag II
respectively. If both try to solve the problem
contain 4 red and 5 black balls. One ball is
independently, find the probability that
(i) The problem is solved transferred from Bag I to Bag II and then a ball is
(ii) Exactly one of them solves the problem. drawn from Bag II. The ball so drawn is found to
22. If A and B are two independent events, then prove
be red in colour. Find the probability that the
that the probability of occurrence of at least one of
A and B is given by 1 – P(A’) P(B’). transferred ball is black.
23. Given three identical boxes I, II and III each 28. A and B throw a die alternatively till one of them
containing two coins. In box-I both coins are gold gets a ‘6’ and win the game. Find their respective
probabilities of winning if A starts first.
coins, in box-II, both are silver coins, and, in the
29. Two cards are drawn simultaneously (or
box-III, there is one gold and one silver coin. A successively without replacement) from a well
person chooses a box at random and takes out a shuffled deck of 52 cards. Find the mean, variance
and standard deviation of the number of kings.
coin. If the coin is of gold, what is the probability
30. If A and B are two independent events such that
that the other coin in the box is also of gold.
2 1
24. In a factory which manufactures bolts, machines A, 
P A B   15
 
and P A  B  , Then find
6
B and C manufacture respectively 25%, 35% and P(A) and P(B).
40% of the bolts. Of their output 5, 4 and 2 percent
are respectively defective bolts. A bolt is drawn at
random from the product and is found to be
defective. What is the probability that it is
manufactured by the machine B?
254 PROBABILITY

EXERCISE – 2: Basic Objective Questions


Section–A (Single Choice Questions)
1. lf one ball is drawn at random from each of three 6. Five persons entered the life cabin on the ground
boxes containing 3 white and 1 black, 2 white and floor of an 8-floor house. Suppose that each of them
black, 1 white and 3 black balls, then the probability independently and with equal probability can leave
that 2 white and 1 black ball will be drawn is the cabin at any floors beginning with the first, then
probability of all 5 persons leaving different floor is.
13 1
(a) (b)
32 4
7
P5 75
(a) (b) 7
1 3 75 P5
(c) (d)
32 16 5
P5
6
(c) (d)
2. A and B are two events such that P  A   0.25 and
7
P5 55
P  B   0.50 . The probability of both happening 7. A bag contains 5 brown and 4 white socks. A man
together is 0.14. The probability of both A and B not pulls out two socks. The probability that these are of
happening is the same colour is
(a) 0.39 (b) 0.25 5 18
(a) (b)
(c) 0.11 (d) None of these 108 108

3. The probabilities of a student getting I, II and III 30 48


(c) (d)
1 3 1 108 108
division in an examination are , and
10 5 4 8. If P  A  B   0.8 and P  A  B   0.3, then
respectively. The probability that the students fail in
the examination is    
P A P B 
197 27 (a) 0.3 (b) 0.5
(a) (b)
200 100 (c) 0.7 (d) 0.9
83
(c) (d) None of these 9. A bag X contains 2 white and 3 black balls, and
100 another bag Y contains 4 white and 2 black balls.
4. A speaks truth in 75% cases and B speaks truth in One bag is selected at random, and a ball is drawn
80% cases. Probability that they contradict each from it. Then, the probability chosen to be white is
other in a statement, is 2 7
(a) (b)
7 13 15 15
(a) (b)
20 20 8 14
(c) (d)
3 2 15 15
(c) (d)
5 5 4
10. If A and B are two events such that P  A   , and
5
5. A coin is tossed three times. If events A and 6
defined as A = Two heads come, B = Last should be 7
P  A  B  , then P  B / A  
head. Then, A and B are 10
(a) independent 1 1
(a) (b)
(b) dependent 10 8

(c) both 7 17
(c) (d)
8 20
(d) mutually exclusive
PROBABILITY 255

7 9 4 16. Three persons A, B and C fire a target in turn


11. Let P  A   , P B  and P  A  B   .
13 13 13 starting with A. their probabilities of hitting the
 A target are 0.4, 0.3 and 0.2 respectively. The
Then, P    probability of two hits is
B
(a) 0.0.24 (b) 0.452
5 4
(a) (b) (c) 0.336 (d) 0.188
9 9
17. In a bolt factory, machines A, B and C manufacture
4 6 respectively 25%, 35% and 40% of the total bolts.
(c) (d)
13 13 Of their output 5, 4 and 2 percent are respectively
2 3 1 defective bolts. A bolt is drawn at random from the
12. If P  A   , P  B  and P  A  B   , then product. Then the probability that the bolt drawn is
5 10 5
defective is
 A  B
P   P   is equal to (a) 0.0345 (b) 0.345
 B  A
(c) 3.45 (d) 0.0034
5 5 18. If a random variable X has the following probability
(a) (b)
6 7 distribution, then find the value of a.
25 X: 0 1 2 3 4
(c) (d) 1
42
P(X): a 3a 5a 7a 9a
13. If A
and B are two events such that
1 1  A 1 X: 5 6 7 8
P  A  , P  B   , P   
2 3 B 4

, then P A  B  P(X): 11a 13a 15a 17a
equals
1 3 7 5
(a) (b) (a) (b)
12 4 81 80
1 3 2 1
(c) (d) (c) (d)
4 16 81 81
14. Let A
and B are two events such that 19. If X is a random-variable with probability
3 5 3 distribution as given below:
P  A  , P  B   and P  A  B   , then
8 8 4 X  xi : 0 1 2 3
 A  A P  X  xi  : K 3k 3k k
P   P   is equal to.
B B
The value of k and its variance are
2 3
(a) (b) 1 22 1 23
5 8 (a) , (b) ,
8 27 8 27
3 6
(c) (d) 1 24 1 3
20 25 (c) , (d) ,
8 27 8 4
3  A 1 4
15. If P  B   , P    and P  A  B   , then 20. For the following probability distribution:
5 B 2 5
X: 1 2 3 4
 
P A  B  P  A  B  P(X) 1 1 3 2
10 5 10 5
1 4
(a) (b)
5 5 The value of E x2 is  
1 (a) 3 (b) 5
(c) (d) 1
2 (c) 7 (d) 10
256 PROBABILITY

21. Let X be a discrete random variable. Then the 25. Assertion: For a binomial distribution B  n, p  ,
variance of X is Mean > Variance.
Reason: Probability is less than or equal to.
(a) E x  2
(b) E x    E  x 
2 2

(a) Assertion is correct, reason is correct; reason is a


2 correct explanation for assertion.
 
(c) E x 2   E  x  
2
(d)  
E x2   E  x  
(b) Assertion is correct, reason is correct; reason is
22. A bag A contains 2 white, and 3 red balls and bag B not a correct explanation for assertion
contains 4 white and 5 red balls. One ball is drawn (c) Assertion is correct, reason is incorrect
at random from a randomly chosen bag and is found
(d) Assertion is incorrect, reason is correct.
to be red. The probability that it was drawn from B
is 26. Consider the two events E and F.
nE  F 
(a)
5
(b)
5 Assertion: P  E / F  
14 16 nF 
PE  F 
(c)
5
(d)
25 Reason: P  E / F   .
18 52 PF 
(a) Assertion is correct, reason is correct; reason is a
Section–B (Assertion & Reason Type Questions) correct explanation for assertion.
23. Let A and B be two events associated with an (b) Assertion is correct, reason is correct; reason is
experiment such that P  A  B   P  A  P  B  not a correct explanation for assertion
Assertion: P  A | B   P  A  and P  B | A   P  B  (c) Assertion is correct, reason is incorrect

Reason: P  A  B   P  A   P  B  (d) Assertion is incorrect, reason is correct.

(a) Assertion is correct, reason is correct; reason is a 27. Assertion: Let A and B be two independent events.
correct explanation for assertion. Then P  A  B   P  A   P  B  .
Reason: Three events A, B and C are said to be
(b) Assertion is correct, reason is correct; reason is
pairwise independent, if
not a correct explanation for assertion
P  A  B  C   P  A P  B  P C  .
(c) Assertion is correct, reason is incorrect
(a) Assertion is correct, reason is correct; reason is a
(d) Assertion is incorrect, reason is correct. correct explanation for assertion.
24. Assertion: Consider the experiment of drawing a (b) Assertion is correct, reason is correct; reason is
card from a deck of 52 playing cards, in which the not a correct explanation for assertion
elementary events are assumed to be equally likely. (c) Assertion is correct, reason is incorrect
If E and F denote the events the card drawn is a (d) Assertion is incorrect, reason is correct.
spade and the card drawn is an ace respectively.
1 1
then P  E | F   and P  F | E   .
Section -C (Case Study Questions)
4 13
Case Study–1
Reason: E and F are two events such that the
probability of occurrence of one of them is not 28. Three friends A, B and C are playing a dice game.
affected by occurrence of the other. Such events are The number rolled up by them in their first three
called independent events. chances were noted and given by
(a) Assertion is correct, reason is correct; reason is a A  1, 5 , B  2, 4, 5 and C  1, 2, 5 as A
correct explanation for assertion. reaches the cell ‘SLIP YOUR NEXT TURN’ in
(b) Assertion is correct, reason is correct; reason is second throw.
not a correct explanation for assertion
(c) Assertion is correct, reason is incorrect
(d) Assertion is incorrect, reason is correct.
Based on the above information, answer the
following questions:
PROBABILITY 257

(i) P A | B  (iii) When the doctor arrives late, what is the probability
that he comes by bike?
1 1
(a) (b) 5 4
6 3 (a) (b)
21 7
1 2
(c) (d)  1
2 3 (c) (d)
6 6
(ii) P B | C  
(iv) When the doctor arrives late, what is the probability
2 1 that he comes by other means of transport?
(a) (b)
3 12 6 5
(a) (b)
1 7 14
(c) (d) 0
9 4 2
(c) (d)
(iii) PA B |C  21 7
1 1 30. Suman was doing a project on a school survey, on
(a) (b) the average number of hours spent on study by
6 2
students selected at random. At the end of survey,
1 1 Suman prepared the following report related to the
(c) (d)
12 3 data. Let X denotes the average number of hours
(iv) PA|C  spent on study by students. The probability that X
can take the values x , has the following form,
1
(a) (b) 1 where k is some unknown constant.
4
 0.2, if x  0
2 
(c) (d) None of these P  X  x    kx, if x  1 or 2
3
k  6  x  , if x  3 or4
29. A doctor is to visit a patient. From the past 
experience, it is known that the probabilities that he
will come by cab, metro, bike or by other means of
transport are respectively 0.3, 0.2, 0.1 and 0.4. The
probabilities that he will be late are 0.25, 0.3, 0.35
and 0.1 if he comes by cab, metro, bike and other
means of transport respectively.

Based on the above information, answer the


following questions.
(i) Find the value of k.
(a) 0.1 (b) 0.2
(c) 0.3 (d) 0.05
(ii) What is the probability that the average study time
Based on the above information, answer the of students is not more than 1 hour?
following questions. (a) 0.4 (b) 0.3
(i) When the doctor arrives late, what is the probability (c) 0.5 (d) 0.1
that he comes by metro? (iii) What is the probability that the average study time
5 2 of students is at least 3 hours?
(a) (b)
14 7 (a) 0.5 (b) 0.9
5 1 (c) 0.8 (d) 0.1
(c) (d)
21 6 (iv) What is the probability that the average study time
(ii) When the doctor arrives late, what is the probability of students is exactly 2 hours?
that he comes by cab? (a) 0.4 (b) 0.5
4 1 (c) 0.7 (d) 0.2
(a) (b)
21 7
5 2
(c) (d)
14 21
258 PROBABILITY

EXERCISE – 3: Previous Year Questions


1. A bag A contains 4 black and 6 red balls and bag B 9. The probabilities of two students A and B coming to
contains 7 black and 3 red balls. A die is thrown. If 3 5
the school in time are and respectively.
1 or 2 apperars on it, then bag A is chosen, or else 7 7
bag B. If two balls are drwan at random (without Assuming that the events, ‘A coming in time’ and
replacement) from the selected bag, find the ‘B coming in time’ are independent, find the
probability of one of them being red and another probability of only one of them coming to the school
black. (AI 2014) in time. Write at least one advantage of coming to
2. Assume that each born child is equally likely to be a school in time. (AI 2013)
boy or a girl. If a family has two children, what is the 10. If A and B are two indepent events such that
conditional probability that both are girls ? Given 2 1
that (i) The youngest is a girl. 
P A B   15
 
and P A  B  , then find
6
(ii) Atleast one is a girl. (Delhi 2014)
P  A  and P  B  . (Delhi 2015)
3. Consider the experiment of tossing a coin. If the
coin shows head, toss it again, but if it shows tail 11. In a hockey match, both teams A and B scored same
then throw a die. Find the conditional probability of number of goals up to the end of the game, so as to
the event that ‘the die shows a number greater than decide the winner, the referee asked both the
4’ given that ‘there is at least one tail’. captains to throw a die alternately and decided that
the team, whose captain gets a six first, will be
(Delhi 2014 C)
declared the winner. If the captain of team A was
4. A bag contains 3 red and 7 balck balls. Two balls asked to start, find their respective probabilities of
are selected at reandom one-by-one without winning the match and state whether the decision of
repleacement. If the second selected ball happens to the referee was fair or not. (AI 2013)
be red, what is the probability that the first selected
ball is also red. (Delhi 2014 C) 12. Three persons A, B and C apply for a job of
Manager in a private company. Chances of their
5. A and B throw a pair of dice alternately.
selection (A, B and C) are in the ratio 1 : 2 : 4. The
A wins the game if he gets a total of 7 and B wins probabilities that A, B and C can introduce changes
the game if he gets a total of 10. If A starts the to improve profits of the company are 0.8, 0.5 and
game, then find the probability that B wins. 0.3 respectively. If the change does not take place,
(Delhi 2016) find the probability that it is due to the appointment
6. Probability of solving specfic problem independenty of C. (AI 2016)
1 1 13. A bag contains 4 balls. Two balls are drawn at
by A and B are and respectively. If both try to
2 3 random (without replacement) and are found to be
solve the problem independently, find probability white. What is the probability that all balls in the
that (i) The problem is solved bag are white? (AI 2016)
(ii) Exactly one of them solved the problem. 14. Three machines E1 , E2 and E3 in a certain factory
(Delhi 2014 C, 2011)
producing electric bulbs, produce 50%, 25% and
7. P speaks truth in 70% of the cases and Q in 80% of 25% respectively, of the total daily output of electric
the cases. In what percent of cases are they likely to bulbs. It is known that 4% of the bulbs produced by
agree in stating the same fact? each of machines E1 and E 2 are defective and that
Do you think, when they agree, means both are
5% of those produced by machine E3 are defective.
speaking truth? (Delhi 2013)
8. A speaks truth in 75% of the cases, while B in 90% If one bulb is picked up at random from a day’s
of the cases. In what per cent of cases are they likely production, calculate the probability that it is
to contradict each other in stating the same fact. defective. (Foreign 2015)
Do you think that B speaks truth? (Delhi 2013)
PROBABILITY 259

15. Bag A contains 3 red and 5 black balls, while bag B 21. An insurance company insured 2000 scooter drivers,
contains 4 red and 4 black balls. Two balls are 4000 car drivers 6000 truck drivers. The probability
transferred at random from bag A to bag B and then of an accident for them are 0.01, 0.03 and 0.15
a ball is drawn from bag B at random. If the ball respectively. One of the insured persons meets with
drawn from bag B is found to be red find the an accident. What is the probability that he is a
probability that two red balls were transferred from scooter driver or a car driver? (Foreign 2014)
A and B. (Foreign 2016) 22. A man is known to speak the truth 3 out of 56 times.
16. In a factory which manufactures bolts, machines A, He throws a die and reports that it is ‘1’. Find the
B and C manufacture respectively 30%, 50% and probability that it is actually 1.
20% of the bolts. Of their outputs 3, 4 and 1 percent (Delhi 2010 C)
respectively are defective bolts. A bolt is drawn at 23. Assume that the chances of a patient having a heart
random from the product and is found to be attack is 40%. Assuming that a meditation and yoga
defective. Find the probability that it is not course reduces the risk of heart attack by 30% and
manufactured by machine B. (AI 2015) prescription of certain drug reduces its chance by
25%. At a time, a patient can choose any one of the
17. A bag contains 4 red and 4 black balls; another bag two options with equal probabilities. It is given that
contains 2 red and 6 black balls. One of the two bags after going through one of the two options, the
is selected at random, and two balls are drawn at patient selected at random suffers a heart attack.
random without replacement from the bag and are Find the probability that the patient followed a
course of meditation and yoga. Interpret the result
found to be both red. Find the probability that the
and state which of the above stated methods is more
balls are drawn from the first bag. (Delhi 2015 C) beneficial for the patient.
18. In answering a question on a multiple-choice test, a (AI 2014 C)
3 24. In a group of400 people, 160 are smokers and non-
student either knows the answer or guesses. Let
5 vegetarian, 100 are smokers and vegetarian and the
2 remaining are non-smokers and vegetarian. The
be the probability that he knows the answer and
5 probabilities of getting a special chest disease are
be the probability that he guesses. Assuming that a 35%, 20% and 10% respectively. A person is chosen
student who guesses the answer will be correct with from the group at random and is found to be
1 suffering from the group at random and is found to
probability , what is the probability that the be suffering from the disease. What is the
3
student knows the answer given that he answered it probability that the selected person is a smoker and
correctly. (AI 2015 C) non-vegetarian? What value is reflected in this
question. (Delhi 2013 C)
19. A card from a pack of 52 playing cards is lost. From
25. Of the students in a college, it is known that 60%
the remaining cards of the pack three cards are reside in hostel and 40% are day scholars (not
drawn at random (without replacement) and are residing in hostel). Previous year results report that
found to be all spades. Find the probability of the 30% of all students who reside in hostel attain ‘A’
lost card being a spade. (Delhi 2014) grade in their annual examination and 20% of all
students who are day scholar attain ‘A’ grade. At the
20. There are three coins. One is a two-headed coin end of the year, one student is chosen at random
(having head on both faces). another is a biased coin from the college and he has an ‘A’ grade, what is the
that comes up heads 75% of the times and third is probability that the student is a hosteler.
also a biased coin that comes up tails 40% of the (Delhi 2012, 2011 C)
times. One of the three coins is chosen at random 26. A girl throws a die. If she gets a 5 or 6, she tosses a
and tossed, and it shows head. What is the coin three times and notes the number of heads. If
probability that it was the two-headed coin? she gets 1, 2, 3 or 4, she tosses a coin two times and
(AI 2014) notes the number of heads obtained. If she obtained
exactly two heads, what is the probability that she
threw 1, 2, 3 or 4 with the die.?
(Delhi 2012)
260 PROBABILITY

27. A card from a pack of 52 cards is lost. From the 34. Three cards are drawn successively with
remaining cards of the pack, two cards are drawn at replacement from a well shuffled pack of 52 cards.
random and are found to be hearts. Find the Find the probability distribution of the number of
probability of the missing card to be a heart.
spades. Hence find the mean of the distribution.
(Delhi 2012 C)
(AI 2015)
28. Suppose 5% of men and 0.25% of women have grey
35. Two numbers are selected at random (without
hair. A grey-haired person is selected at random.
replacement) from positive integers 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 and
What is the probability of this person being male?
7. Let X denote the larger of the two numbers
Assume that there are equal number of males and
obtained. Find the mean and variance of the
females. (Delhi 2011)
probability distribution of X. (Foreign 2015)
29. Bag I contains 3 red and 4 black balls and bag II
36. From a lot of 15 bulbs which include 5 defectives, a
contains 5 red and 6 black balls. One ball is drawn at
sample of 2 bulbs is drawn at random (without
random from one of the bags and is found to be red.
replacement). Find the probability distribution of the
Find the probability that it was drawn from bag II.
number of defective bulbs. (Delhi 2015 C)
(Delhi 2011)
37. Three cards are drawn at random (without
30. Given three identical boxes I, II and III each replacement) from a well shuffled pack of 52
containing two coins, in box I, both coins are gold playing cards. Find the probability distribution of
coins, in box II, both are solver coins and in box III, number of red cards. Hence find the mean of the
there is one gold and one solver coin. A person distribution. (Foreign 2014)
chooses a box at random and takes out a coin. If the
38. A class has 15 students whose ages are 14, 17, 15,
coin is of gold, what is the probability that the other
14, 21, 17, 19, 20, 16, 18, 20, 17, 16, 19 and 20
coin in the box is also of gold. (AI 2011)
years. One student is selected in such a manner that
31. There are three coins. One is a two-tailed coin each has the same chance of being chosen and the
(having tail on both faces), another is a biased coin age X of the selected student is recorded. What is
that comes up heads 60% of the times and third is an the probability distribution of the random variable
unbiased coin. One of the three coins is chosen at X? Find the mean of X. (AI 2014 C)
random and tossed, and it shows tails. What is the
39. Out of a group of 30 honest people, 20 always speak
probability that it was a two-tailed coin?
the truth. Two persons are selected at random from
(AI 2011 C) the group. Find the probability distribution of the
32. In a game, a man wins Rs.5 for getting a number number of selected persons who speak the truth.
greater than 4 and loses Rs.1 otherwise, when a fair Also find the mean of the distribution. What values
die is thrown. the man decided to throw a die thrice are described in this question. (Delhi 2013 C)
but to quit as and when he gets a number greater 40. Two cards are drawn simultaneously (without
than 4. Find the expected value of the amount he replacement) from a well-shuffled pack of 52 cards.
wins/loses. (AI 2016) Find the mean and variance of the number of red
33. Let X denote the number of colleges where you cards. (AI 2012)
will apply after your results and P  X  x  denotes 41. An urn contains 4 white and 6 red balls. Four balls
your probability of getting admission in x number of are drawn at random (without replacement) from the
colleges. It is given that urn. Find the probability distribution of the number
 kx if x  0 or 1 of white balls. (Delhi 2012 C)
 2kx if x  2
 42. Two cards are drawn successively with replacement
P  X  x  
 k  5  x  if x  3 or 4 from a well- shuffled pack of 52 cards. Find the
 0 if x  4 probability distribution of the number of kings and
where k is a positive constant. Find the value of k. hence find the mean of the distribution. (AI 2012 C)
Also find the probability that you will get admission 43. A box has 20 pens of which 2 are defective.
in (i) exactly one college Calculate the probability that out of 5 pens drawn one
(ii) at most 2 colleges by one with replacement, at most 2 are defective.
(iii) at least 2 colleges.
(Foreign 2016)
(Foreign 2016)
PROBABILITY 261

44. An unbiased coin is tossed 4 times. Find the mean 55. A black and a red die are rolled together. Find the
and variance of the number of heads obtained. conditional probability of obtaining the sum 8, given
(Delhi 2015) that the red die resulted in a number less than 4.
45. For 6 trials of an experiment, let X be a binomial
variate which satisfies the relation (2018)

9P (X = 4) = P (X = 2). Find the probability of 56. Out of 8 outstanding students of a school, in which
success. (AI 2015 C) there are 3 boys and 5 girls, a team of 4 students is
46. Four cards are drawn successively with replacement to be selected for a quiz competition. Find the
from a well shuffled deck of 52 cards, what is the
probability that probability that 2 boys and 2 girls are selected.

(i) all the four cards are spades (AI 2019)


(ii) only 2 cards are spades (AI 2015 C) 57. A die marked 1, 2, 3 in red and 4, 5, 6 in green is
47. An experiment succeeds thrice as often as it fails. tossed. Let A be the event “number is even” and B
Find the probability that in the next five trials, there be the event “number is marked red”. Find whether
will be at least 3 successes. (AI 2014) the events A and B are independent or not.
48. How many times must a man toss a fair coin, so that (Delhi 2019)
the probability of having at least one head is more 58. Suppose a girl throws a die. If she gets 1 or 2, she
than 80%. (Delhi 2012) tosses a coin three times and notes the number of
49. Find the probability of throwing at most 2 sixes in 6 tails. If she gets 3, 4, 5 or 6, she tosses a coin once
throws of a single die. (AI 2015) and notes whether a ‘head’ or ‘tail’ is obtained. If
50. Find the probability distribution of number of she obtained exactly one tail what is the probability
doublets in three throws of a pair of dice. that she threw 3, 4, 5 or 6 with the die. (2018)
(AI 2011 C) 59. A manufacturer has three machine operators A, B
and C. The first operator A produces 1% of
51. Five bad oranges are accidently mixed with 20 good
defective items, whereas the other two operators B
ones. If four oranges are drawn one by one
and C produces 5% and 7% defective items
successively with replacement, then find the
respectively. A is on the job for 50% of the time, B
probability distribution of number of bad oranges
on the job 30% of the time and C on the job for 20%
drawn. Hence, find the mean and variance of the
of the time. All the items are put into one stockpile
distribution. (AI 2016)
and then one item is chosen at random from this and
52. From a lot of 15 bulbs which include 5 defectives, a
is found to be defective. What is the probability that
sample of 4 bulbs is drawn one by one with
it was produced by A? (Delhi 2019)
replacement. Find the probability distribution of
60. An insurance company insured 3000 cyclists, 6000
number of defective bulbs. Hence, find the mean of
scooter drivers and 9000 car drivers. The probability
the distribution. (Delhi 2014)
of an accident involving a cyclist, a scooter driver
53. Five cards are drawn one by one, with replacement,
and a car driver are 0.3, 0.05 and 0.02 respectively,
from a well shuffled deck of 52 cards. Find the
one of the insured persons meets with an accident,
probability that
What is the probability that he is a cyclist.
(i) All the five cards are diamonds,
(AI 2019)
(ii) only 3 cards are diamonds, 61. The random variable X has a probability distribution
(iii) none is a diamond. (Foreign 2014) P  X  of the following form,
54. 12 cards numbered 1 to 12 (one number on one card),
 k, if x  0
are placed in a box and mixed up thoroughly. Then a 2k , if x  1
card is drawn at random from the box. If it is known 
P  X  x  
that the number on the drawn card is greater than 5, 3k , if x  2
find the probability that the card bears an odd  0, otherwise
number. (AI 2019)
Determine the value of 'k '. (Delhi 2019)
262 PROBABILITY

62. Two numbers are selected at random (without 67. In a shop X , 30 tins of ghee of type A and 40 tins of
replacement) from the first five positive integers. ghee of type B which look alike, are kept for sale.
Let X denote the larger of the two numbers obtained. While in shop Y, similar 50 tins of ghee of type A
Find the mean and variance of X. (2018) and 60 tins of ghee of type B are there. One tin of
63. A card is picked at random from a pack of 52 ghee is purchased from one of the randomly selected
playing cards. Given that picked card is a queen, the shop and is found to be of type B. Find the
probability of this card to be a card of spade is ‘. probability that it is purchased from shop Y.
(AI 2020, Delhi 2020) (AI 2020, Delhi 2020)
64. A die is thrown once. Let A be the event that the 68. If A and B are two events such that
number obtained is greater than 3. Let B be the P  A   0.4. P  B   0.3 and P  A  B   0.6, then
event that the number obtained is less than 5. Then
find P  B ' A  . (AI 2020)
find P  A  B  . (Delhi 2015 C)
69. A number is chosen randomly from numbers 1 to
65. Given two independent events A and B such that
60. The probability that the chosen number is a
P  A   0.3 and P  B   0.6, find P  A ' B '  .
multiple of 2 or 5 is ____. (Delhi 2020)
(AI 2020, Delhi 2020) 70. The probability of finding a green signal on a busy
66. Three rotten apples are mixed with seven fresh crossing X is 30%. What is the probability of
apples. Find the probability distribution of the finding a green signal on X on two consecutive days
number of rotten apples, if three apples are drawn out of three?
one by one with replacement. Find the mean of the (AI 2020)
number of rotten apples. (AI 2020, Delhi 2020)

Find Answer Key and Detailed Solutions at the end of this book

PROBABILITY
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Answer Key
CHAPTER 1 : MATRICES
EXERCISE-1:
Basic Subjective Questions

 DIRECTION FOR USE:-

Scan the QR code and check detailed solution.

1. Both AB and BA are defined. 15. i. 3  3 ii. 9 iii. a23  x 2  y, a31  0, a12  1

2. A square matrix 16. A   1 2 1 17.   R


18. a  2, b  4, c  1 and d  3 19. x  2, 14
3. 3  n  5 2 2   0 1 1 
20. (i) X  Y    (ii) 2 X  3Y   
4. B  D 12 0 1   11 10 18
 5 2 2 
5. x  y (iii) Z   
12 0 1
 187 195
1 5 1 1  3 5 22. A3    24. x  1 and y  2 .
6.      156 148 
 2 0  0 1   2 0 
 7 9 10 
 e 2 x sin x e 2 x sin 2 x  29. (a)  12 15 17  (b) Does not exist
9. A   4 x 4x   1 1 1
 e sin x e sin 2 x 
 118 93 
30. A5   
10. 0  31 118

11. k  17

12. a  2 and b  2

13. x  4
264 ANSWER KEY

CHAPTER 1 : MATRICES
EXERCISE-2:
Basic Objective Questions

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1. (c) 2. (a) 3. (b) 4. (a) 5. (b)

6. (c) 7. (d) 8. (c) 9. (b) 10. (b)

11. (a) 12. (c) 13. (a) 14. (a) 15. (b)

16. (d) 17. (a) 18. (b) 19. (b) 20. (b)

21. (d) 22. (b)

23. i. (c), ii. (b), iii. (d), iv. (a)

24. i. (c), ii. (b), iii. (c), iv. (c)

25. i. (a), ii. (c), iii. (b), iv. (b)

26. (d) 27. (a) 28. (d) 29. (d) 30. (a)
ANSWER KEY 265

CHAPTER 1 : MATRICES
EXERCISE-3:
Previous Year Questions

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1. 81 17. 5 33. 11

0 1  18. 2 3 1 
2. A    34.  
3 2 1 1 1 2 
3 3
1 19. A    35. 17
3. a23  2 1
2  3 3   191 110
36. D  
7  77 44 
4. a32  20. A
2
21. 11 1 2 
5 4 39. A   
22. 2 3 4 
1
6. 23. 10 1 1 3
2
40. X  1 3 10 

7. 5  1,1  5 24. -I
5 4 2 
25. 4
8. 3
41. Total funds = Rs. 21000
9. 0  8 3 5 
26. A    43. a  1 and b  4
2 3 6 
10. 0
27. 2 3
11. 1 45. x  0,
2
28. 4
12. 2
 1 1 1
29. 6
13. 10 47.  3 3 4 
30. 6  2 2 0 
14. 7

15. x  3 and y  2 1 0 
31.  
0 1 
16. 0
32. 13
266 ANSWER KEY

4 3 58. 2  0 1 2 
48.  3 0   1   5  68. A   2 9 23
1

 1 2 4 2 
0
2  1 5 13
62.   
 1 1  
5
0
49. a  4  3 2 1
 2   2 
69. A   4 1 1
1
 2 5
50.    1 5   5 3   2 0 1 
5 8 3 2 2 
0
2 2
   
1 5  1 1 1 
51. 2 63.  2 2    0 3 
2

 2
 

 70. A   8 7 5
1

53. a  2 and b  3
 5 2 2 
3
3 0  5 4 3 
2 3  2   2 
54. a  and b 
3 2  3 5
66. A1   
3 6 1 2 
55. P   
6 9  3 2 6
0 0  67. A1  1 1 2
57.    2 2 5 
0 0 
ANSWER KEY 267

Answer Key
CHAPTER 2 : DETERMINANTS CHAPTER 2 : DETERMINANTS
EXERCISE-1: EXERCISE-2:
Basic Subjective Questions Basic Objective Questions

 DIRECTION FOR USE:-


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1
1. 2. 9
A 1. (c) 2. (b) 3. (a) 4. (a) 5. (c)
3. Value of determinant 4. 8 6. (a) 7. (c) 8. (a) 9. (b) 10. (c)
5. 0 7. 6
8. 3 9. 0 11. (d) 12. (c) 13. (a) 14. (b) 15. (c)
3 2
10. 7, 3 11. x  x  2
16. (c) 17. (c) 18. (c) 19. (b) 20. (d)
12. 0 13. 2x 3 y 3 z 3
21. (b) 22. (b) 23. (c) 24. (d) 25. (b)
15. a 2  a  z  x  y 
16. M 11  3, M 12  4, M 21  2, M 22  1 26. (c) 27. (c)
A11  3, A12  4, A21  2, A22  1
28. (i) (a) (ii) (d) (iii) (b) (iv) (a)
17. x  3, y  1 20. 1
29. (i) (d) (ii) (d) (iii) (a) (iv) (a)
23. 12, 0 24.  2  3x   
26. (i) 0 27. 0 30. (i) (a) (ii) (b) (iii) (c) (iv) (b)
(ii) 43
28. The numbers are 1, 2, 3 31. (d) 32. (a) 33. (a) 34. (d) 35. (a)
268 ANSWER KEY

CHAPTER 2 : DETERMINANTS
EXERCISE-3:
Previous Year Questions

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1 63. Amount invested by trust = Rs. 25000


1. 2. 2 3. 2 4. 28 Helping and caring nature
2
64. Monthly fees paid by each poor child and Rich child are
5. 2 6. 1 7. 0 8. 2
respectively Rs. 200 and Rs. 1000
9. 1 10. 0 11. 6 12. 0 The coaching institute offers an unbiased chance for the
13. 27 14. 32 15. ax  3x  2a  development and enhancement of the weaker section of
our society.
19. x  0, 3a 38. x  4
65. x  1, y  2, z  1
a 66. Cost of pen of variety A, B, and C are respectively Rs. 5,
39. x  42. k   2
3 Rs. 8, Rs. 8
43. 3 44. 110 45. 11 46. 7 67. Award for discipline, Politeness & Punctuality are
respectively Rs. 100, Rs. 200, and Rs. 300
2  3 2  68. 1125, 1125, 4750 69. x  3, y  1, z  1
47. 48.   49. 8
3  7 5   4 5 1 
1 
50. 25 51. x  1 52. x 
13 70. A   2 0 2  ; x  z  2, y  0
1

15 10
 2 5 3 
1 71. x  3, y  2, z  1 72. x  3, y  2, z  1
53. x  3 54. A1  A 55. 2
19 73. x  2, y  3, z  5 74. x  3, y  2, z  1
 9  8  2   3 6 6  75. 4 76. 0,  12 78. 648
56.  8 7 2  57.  6 3 6
7 3  2 0 2
 5 4 1  6 6 3  1
79. A   2
1
2
1
80. A   5 2 1
  4
2 1  7 3 3 2 1  1 2 1
3 3
1
58. A    59.  1 1 0  x  3, y  1, z2
 1 2 
 1 0 1   1 4 
 3 3  81. 100 82. 216 83.  
 1 3 
62. Monthly income of Aryan = Rs. 90000
85. x  2, y  1, z  3
Monthly income of Babbon = Rs. 120000
We are encouraged to save a part of money every month.
Answer Key
CHAPTER 3 : RELATIONS AND FUNCTIONS
EXERCISE-1:
Basic Subjective Questions

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n  A   n  B
2. (–2) 3. 2 11
24. fog  2   6; gof  3  
10
4. Co-domain 5. Commutative
26. (i) commutative and associative.
6.  , 1   2,   7. [–5, 5]
(ii) commutative but not associative.
1
8. f  {(a,1), (b, 2), (c,3)} 9. {2, 4, 6} 1
30.  gof    7, 1 ,  23, 2  ,  47, 3 ,  79, 4 
5x  4
10. {–1, 1} 11.
3 f 1og 1   7, 1 ,  23, 2  ,  47, 3  ,  79, 4 

12. {8, 27}

14. (i) –1, (ii) 2

15. (i) x, (ii) x4 + 2x2 + 2

1 
16.  , 1
3 

19. neither reflexive, nor symmetric nor transitive

22. (i) f is injective but not surjective.

(ii) f is neither injective nor surjective.


270 ANSWER KEY

CHAPTER 3 : RELATIONS AND FUNCTIONS


EXERCISE-2:
Basic Objective Questions

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1. (b) 2. (d) 3. (b) 4. (a) 5. (b)

6. (a) 7. (b) 8. (a) 9. (b) 10. (b)

11. (c) 12. (b) 13. (b) 14. (c) 15. (b)

16. (d) 17. (d) 18. (a) 19. (c) 20. (a)

21. (a) 22. (b) 23. (a) 24. (d) 25. (c)

26. (d) 27. (a)

28. (i) (d) (ii) (a) (iii) (a) (iv) (c)

29. (i) (a) (ii) (d) (iii) (d) (iv) (b)

30. (i) (c) (ii) (a) (iii) (a) (iv) (a)


ANSWER KEY 271

CHAPTER 3 : RELATIONS AND FUNCTIONS


EXERCISE-3:
Previous Year Questions

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1. {1, 2, 3} 2. {8, 27} 3. {0, 2, 4} 34. fog (x) = 0 ; gof (x) = 0


5. {(1, 4), (2, 5), (3, 6), (4, 7), (5, 8), (6, 9)} y7
38. f is one-one and onto 39. g ( y ) 
6. Domain = {1, 2, 3, 4, …………, 11} 10

Range = {2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, ……….., 22} 40. (i) x (ii) –3 ; Yes, f–1 = g

9. Set of elements related to 1 is {5, 9} 41. (a) 4x2 –6x + 1 (b) 2x2 + 6x –1 42. (2)

13. R is not reflexive, not symmetric, not transitive. x  6 1


43. f 1 ( x)  ; f 1  43  2 ; f 1 163  4
15. [1] = [3] = [5] = {1, 3, 5} 3

[2] = [4] = [6] = {2, 4, 6} x 6 3


45. f 1 ( x)  46. x = 25
2
16. f is one-one 17. {–1, 1}
47. 11 48. 35 49. 18 50. 35 51. 7
18. f is injective but not surjective
5
4x  7 52. 30 53. 50 54. 2 55. 2 60. e 
23. {(1,3), (3,1), (4,3)} 24. 3
2
61. 3 * 5 = 1; 5 * 3 = 49 62. 80 63. 0
x4
25. x 26. 9x + 8 27.
3 3 1
64. (0, 0) 65. f 1 ( x)  x  
4 2
2x  5
28. 29. (7)
3 2x 1
66. fog ( x) 
2(2 x 2  2 x  1)
30. x 4  6 x3  10 x 2  3x

11 67. Set of elements related to 1 = {1, 5, 9}; [ 2 ] = {2, 6, 10}


31. fog(2)  6; gof ( 3) 
10 3  4x 2
68. Reflexive 69. f 1 ( x)  ,x 
6x  4 3
 x  1,if x is odd 3x  2
32. f 1 ( x)   33. f 1 ( x) 
 x  1, if x is even x 1 70. (i) R is not symmetric (ii) R is transitive
ANSWER KEY 272

Answer Key
CHAPTER 4 : INVERSE TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS
EXERCISE-1: EXERCISE-2:
Basic Subjective Questions Basic Objective Questions

 DIRECTION FOR USE:-


 DIRECTION FOR USE:-

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  6. (d) 7. (a) 8. (d) 9. (a) 10. (c)


1. 2. 3. 1
3 3
 1 1 11. (d) 12. (a) 13. (c) 14. (c) 15. (b)
4. 5. x 6. 1
4 2 2
  16. (a) 17. (c) 18. (b) 19. (d) 20. (c)
7. 8. 0,1 9.
10 5
21. (a) 22. (b) 23. (c) 24. (c) 25. (d)

10. 11. 0
4 26. (b) 27. (c)
1 1
13. tan1  tan 1 14.
3 28. (i) (c) (ii) (b) (iii) (c) (iv) (b)
 1 1  3
16. 0 17.  ,  18. 29. (i) (b) (ii) (c) (iii) (d) (iv) (c)
 2 2 4
 3 1 1 30. (i) (d) (ii) (b) (iii) (b) (iv) (d)
23. 25. x  ,y
4 2 2 2
1 an  a1
27. 29.
2 1  a1an
1. (d) 2. (b) 3. (b) 4. (a) 5. (d)
273 ANSWER KEY

CHAPTER 4 : INVERSE TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS


EXERCISE-3:
Previous Year Questions

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 11 7 1 1
1.  2. 3. 3 4. 36.  38. 39. 1 41.
4 12 2 2 4

 5  2 1 1 3
5. 6. 7. 8. 42. 45. 48.  2 49. 
3 6 12 3 6 3 4

2   x y 
9. 10. 1 11. 12. 52. 3 54. 57. 59. x  0
3 6 3 1 xy 4

 2 1 7 
13. 14. 18. 19. 1 62.  64. 67. 2  3
2 2 4
3 3
2 1
5  2  69. 74. x  1 75. x  77. 1
20. 21. 22. 23. 3 4
12 2 5 3

 5 
1 1  2  
79. 80. x  3 ; sec  
24. 25. 26.  27. 12  x 6
4 6 5

1 1  24    x
28. 29. 30. 31. 3 82. 83. 84. 85. 
3 2 6 7 8 6 4 2

 1
32. 34. 0,
4 2
ANSWER KEY 274

Answer Key
CHAPTER 5 : CONTINUITY AND DIFFERENTIABILITY
EXERCISE-1: EXERCISE-2:
Basic Subjective Questions Basic Objective Questions

 DIRECTION FOR USE:-


 DIRECTION FOR USE:-

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1.
sec 2 x
2.
1
3.
  
3 1 29. f ( x ) is not differentiable at x 
1
2
tan x 2 2 1. (c) 2. (b) 3. (c) 4. (d) 5. (a)
4. -1 5. f ( x ) is a continuous function
2 6. (c) 7. (c) 8. (b) 9. (c) 10. (d)
6. 7. f is discontinuous at x  0,  2,  2
1 x2 11. (c) 12. (d) 13. (b) 14. (a) 15. (b)
4 x
8. 9. 1 10. 1
1  x4 16. (b) 17. (d) 18. (a) 19. (d) 20. (a)
5 m
11. 12. 1 14. n  21. (b) 22. (c)
2 2
15. f '(4)  112 22. 9 24. p  3 and q  5
23. (c) 24. (b) 25. (b) 26. (a) 27. (b)
x y 1 x
dy  x 1  log x   yx  y log y
25.  28. (i) (b) (ii) (b) (iii) (c) (iv) (d)
dx xy x 1  x y log x
dy  x y 1 .y  y x log y 1 29. (i) (a) (ii) (b) (iii) (c) (iv) (a)
26.  y 28.
dx x log x  y x 1 .x 2
30. (i) (d) (ii) (d) (iii) (b) (iv) (d)
275 ANSWER KEY

CHAPTER 5 : CONTINUITY AND DIFFERENTIABILITY


EXERCISE-3:
Previous Year Questions

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1 1 8 2 8 3
1. p  ;q4 2. k  1 3. k  1 4. a  3; b  8 43. tan t 50. 51. 52.
2 12a a a
1 32
5. k  7 6. k  10 7. a  3; b  2 8. a  53.  cos ec2  55. a
2 27
2 1
9. a  b  10. f ( x ) is not continuous at x  d2x d2 y
3 2 60.   at sin t  a cos t ;  at cos t  a sin t
dt 2 dt 2
1
11. a  3 12. k  13. a  3; b  5 d2y 1 1
2 2
 .
dx a t cos3 t
x 1
14. 15. d2y d2y sin t 1
4
1 x 5 61. 2
 a sin t ;  63. 
dt dx 2 a cos 4 t 2
17. f is not differentiable at x=1 but differentiable at x=2
y  4 x 3  4 xy 2 1
18.   3; f ( x ) is not differentiable at x  0 64. 65. 66. -1
4x2 y  4 y3  x 3
1 1   sin x  1  y  x  y  cot x
22.   27. x sin x   log x.cos x 
2  1  x2   x  71.
 x  y  log sin x  1
cos x  cos 2 x 
  sin x  .  sin x.log sin x   d2 y  1  d2 y 
 sin x  73.  2    ;  2  2 2
 dt   2  dt  t  
x 1 4 4
28.  sin x   log sin x  x cot x  
2 x  x2 2cos x
74. 1 75. 25y 76. k  6 77.
ecos x
x  1   log x  log x
31.  log x    log  log x    2  x
 log x   x  y sin x  cos x
78. 0 79.  80.
x x
2 y tan x  log  cos y 
34. 2 x log 2 35.
1  4x x tan y  log  cos x 
1 1 1
36. 38.  39. 42. 3
4 2 2
Answer Key
CHAPTER 6 : APPLICATION OF DERIVATIVES
EXERCISE-1:
Basic Subjective Questions

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1. 4 2. 2  1
24. k   0,  25. x  3 y  8 and x  3 y  8
 9  3
3. x   ,   6. 10 3 cm 2 / s
 4
7. 1 8. 3k % 26. x  1 is point of local maxima & local maximum value is
9. 2.0125 10. x  y  0
68 ; x  5 is point of local minima & local minimum value is
11. 45.46 12. 31.920
14. x  y  2  0 15. 32, 32
-316 ; x  6 is point of local minima and local minimum
16. (2, 0) 17. (0, 0) and (3, 27)
18. (4, 4) 20. 15 / 2, 15 / 2 value is -1647.
 8
21. f  x  is increasing in  , 1   1,    2,  
 5 4
27. 7 cm 28. rad / s
 8  125
f  x  is decresing in  , 2  .
5 
 1   1 
3 29. Equation of tangent: y      tan  x  1  
22. Absolute maximum value is & Absolute minimum 4 2 8 2
5
value is 1.
 1   1 
Equation of normal: y       cot  x  1  
23. Absolute maximum value is 18 & Absolute minimum 4 2 8 2

9
value is 
4
ANSWER KEY 277

CHAPTER 6 : APPLICATION OF DERIVATIVES


EXERCISE-2:
Basic Objective Questions

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1. (a) 2. (a) 3. (a) 4. (d) 5. (b)

6. (a) 7. (a) 8. (a) 9. (a) 10. (a)

11. (b) 12. (a) 13. (b) 14. (b) 15. (d)

16. (b) 17. (b) 18. (c) 19. (b) 20. (c)

21. (b) 22. (b) 23. (b) 24. (b) 25. (d)

26. (i) (b) (ii) (a) (iii) (d) (iv) (d)

27. (i) (b) (ii) (c) (iii) (c) (iv) (c)

28. (i) (a) (ii) (b) (iii) (a) (iv) (c)

29. (d) 30. (b) 31. (c) 32. (a) 33. (d)

34. (a) 35.(a)


278 ANSWER KEY

CHAPTER 6 : APPLICATION OF DERIVATIVES


EXERCISE-3:
Previous Year Questions

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1. 30.255 9.  0, 1   2,  
Value indicated in the question is that the increase in
pollution is due to the increase in use of diesel vehicles. 10. (a)  2, 1   3,  

2. 66 (b)  ,  2   1, 3


Value indicated is that more amount of money is spent for
the welfare of the employees with the increase in maragehal     5 
11. (a) 0,    , 2 
reenue.  4  4 
3. 1368   5 
(b)  , 
The value indicated here is that a kind of care and concern is 4 4 
shown towards the health of students of primary classes by
providing free mid-day meal to them. 12. (a) 1, 2  3,  

4. 7236 (b)  , 1   2, 3


The value indicated here is that a kind of help is provided to
poor and deserving students who want to study but they do 14. (a)  , 1   2,  
not have sources to purchase books.
(b) 1, 2 
5. 20 3 cm2 / sec
15. (a)  ,  2   1,  
8
6. cm / sec
3 (b)  2,  1

1 8
7. cm / sec 
48 16. (a)  2,     , 
 5
8. (a)  1, 0    2,  
8 
(b)  , 2 
(b)  ,  1   2, 0  5 
ANSWER KEY 279

20. a  2, b  7 44. 7.0357


44. 2.16 cm2
1
3
1 3  ab  3 48. local maxima is at x 
21.   tan 4
 2 2

2 a 3  b3  Local maximum value is 2
  7
Local minima is at x 
4
 8
22.  4,   Local minimum value is  2
 3
49. 2c ab
23. Equation of tangent: 2x  2 y  a 50.  2,   
Equation of normal: x  y  0 51. 5500
53. radius  4 cm, height  8cm
2b  20 
24. Equation of tangent: y  x b 59. length of window   m
a  4 
ax a2  10 
Equation of normal: y   b Width of window   m
2b b  4 
61.  9a, 6a  and  9a,  6a 
25.  2,  9 
62. 75 3 cm2
27. 1, 2  and 1,  2  63. 2ab sq. units
28. y  2 x  1 12
71. length of rectangle 
6 3
29. 2 x cos   3 y sin   6
18  6 3
Width of rectangle 
30. 2 x  y  2 at 1, 0  6 3
72. 30.255
y  6 x  6 at  1, 0  74. (a)  3, 2    4,  
y  3x  6 at  2, 0  (a)  ,  3   2, 4 
75. Equation of tangent: 32 x  27 y  145  0
31. 2 2 x  3 y  2 Equation of normal: 27 x  32 y  42  0
32. 2 x  4 y   and 2 x  4 y  3  0 76. It shows that they are spending money on social welfare
so that nobody will face water problem in future. It shows
33. p  4 social responsibility.
77. 1000
34. (i) 2 x  y  3  0 78. 15
(ii) 12 x  36 y  227  8
79.  4,  
 3
35. x  y  1 Equation of normal: 3x  3 y  20
36. y  3x  4 and y  3x  4 80. 0

37.  0, 0  , 1, 2  and  1,  2 

23
38. 8 x  4 y  0
6

41. Equation of tangent: ty  x  at 2

Equation of normal: y  tx  2at  at 3  0

42. 45.46
43. 7.904
280 ANSWER KEY

Answer Key
CHAPTER 7 : LINEAR PROGRAMMING
EXERCISE-1:
Basic Subjective Questions

 DIRECTION FOR USE:-

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1. at (0, 8) 2. 12 3. –16 235  20 45 


q 20. Maximum of z  at  , 
4. 60 5. p  19  19 19 
2 21. Minimum of z  2300 at (4.3)
6. The maximum value of z is 4 at (0, 1).
 15 
7. The maximum value of z is 47 at (3, 2). 22. Maximum of z  30 at  ,5  and (0, 10)
8. The minimum value of z is –30 at (0, 2). 2 
9. The maximum value of z is 196 at (44, 16). 3 1
23. Minimum of z  7 at  , 
10. The maximum value of z is 43 at (3, 4). 2 2
11. The minimum value of z is 21 at (0, 3).
3
12. The maximum value of z is 47 at (3,3). 24. 15 unit of F1 and of F2 ; Minimum value is Rs. 51.25
13. The minimum value of z is 3 at (0, 3). 2
1 25. 30 unit of A and 60 unit of B ; Maximum profit is Rs.
14. The maximum and minimum value of z are 9 and 3 2400
7 26. The minimum transportation cost is Rs. 155
respectively. 27. Minimum z  5 x  7 y subject to constraints
15. Maximize z  50 x  60 y subject to the constraints
2 x  y  8 ; x  2 y  10, x  0, y  0
2 x  y  20, x  2 y  12, x  3 y  15, x  0, y  0
The minimum cost = Rs. 38
16. Minimize z  400 x  200 y subject to the constraints 28. The least cost of the mixture is Rs. 52
5x  2 y  30, 2 x  y  15, x  y, x  0, y  0 29. Maximise z  x  y subject to constraints
17. Maximize z  100 x  170 y subject to the constraints 300 x  150 y  7500
x  4 y  1800, 3x  2 y  3600, x  0, y  0 15x  30 y  600
18. Maximize z  200 x  120 y subject to the constraints x  0, y  0
3x  y  600, x  y  300, x  y  100, x  0, y  0 30. Manufacture would make 9 packets of each nut and bolts
19. Maximize z  x  y subject to the constraints daily to get maximum profit of Rs. 31.50.
2 x  3 y  120, 8 x  5 y  400, x  0, y  0
ANSWER KEY 281

CHAPTER 7 : LINEAR PROGRAMMING


EXERCISE-2:
Basic Objective Questions

 DIRECTION FOR USE:- :-

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1. (b) 2. (b) 3. (d) 4. (a) 5. (c)


6. (c) 7. (a) 8. (c) 9. (c) 10. (b)
11. (c) 12. (d) 13. (d) 14. (d) 15. (c)
16. (a) 17. (a) 18. (c) 19. (a) 20. (c)
21. (b) 22. (c)
23. (i) (b) (ii) (d) (iii) (a) (iv) (b)
24. (i) (c) (ii) (b) (iii) (c) (iv) (b)
25. (i) (b) (ii) (c) (iii) (a) (iv) (b)
26. (c) 27. (c) 28. (c) 29. (d) 30. (d)
282 ANSWER KEY

CHAPTER 7 : LINEAR PROGRAMMING


EXERCISE-3:
Previous Year Questions

 DIRECTION FOR USE:-

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1. Maximum value of z is 10 at  0, 2  . 8. 2 packages of nuts and 2 packages of bolts ; maximum

 30 6  profit = Rs.84
2. zmax  22.6 at  ,  .
 13 13 
9. Maximize z  22 x  18 y subject to constraints
3. 2 units of product A and 3 units of product B.
4. The minimum requirement of fertilizer of type A will be x  y  20, 3x  2 y  48, x, y  0 ; 8 electronic and 12

30kg and that of type B will be 210 kg. manually operated sewing machine ; Maximum profit =

Rs.392
5. 1 tablet of Type X and 6 tablets of type Y ; Minimum

cost= Rs. 8 10. 12 pieces of type A and 6 pieces of type B respectively

Maximum profit = Rs. 1680 per weeks


6. Minimise z  12000 x  15000 y subject to constraints

5x  4 y  640, 5 x  2 y  400, 3x  4 y  480, x, y  0 11. 4 Pedestal lamps and 4 wooden shades:

Maximum profit = Rs. 160


7. Maximise z  x  y subjected to constraints

2 x  y  50, x  2 y  40, x  0, y  0 50
12. Maximum distance = 30 km if he rides km at 25
3

40
km/hr and km at 40 km/hr.
3
ANSWER KEY 283

13. 30 hectares of land to crop A and 20 hectares of land to 23. 30 packets of screw A and 20 packets of screw B;

crop B. Maximum profit = Rs. 495000 maximum profit = Rs. 410

14. 3 units of good A and 8 units of B: maximum revenue : 24. 8 souvenirs of type A and 20 souvenirs of type B;

1260 Rs. maximum profit = Rs 32,000

15. Minimize z  5x  7 y subject to constraints 25. zmin  38 at (2.4.)

2 x  y  8, x  2 y  10, x, y  0 ; Minimum cost = Rs. 38

16. Maximise z  50 x  28 y

x  y  80 , 2 x  y  100 , x, y  0

Maximum profit is Rs. 2680 at (20, 60)

17. 4 tennis rackets and 12 cricket bats; Maximum profit is

Rs. 200

18. 200 units of desktop model and 50 units of portable

model; maximums profit= Rs. 1150000.

19. 12 books of type I and 6 books of type II; maximum

number of books = 18

20. Minimize z  4 x  6 y subject to constraints

3x  6 y  80, 4 x  3 y  100, x, y  0; Minimum cost =

Rs. 104.

21. 10 terms of model A and 20 terms of model 13;

maximum daily profit = Rs. 350

22. Minimise z  50 x  70 y subject to constraints

2 x  y  8, x  2 y  10, x, y  0;

2 units of food I and 4 units of food II; maximum cost = Rs.

380
Answer Key
CHAPTER 8 : INTEGRATION
EXERCISE-1:
Basic Subjective Questions

 DIRECTION FOR USE:-

Scan the QR code and check detailed solution.

3 5
2 2 2 2 3x 1 1
1. x  x C 2. tan x  C 20.  sin 2 x  sin 4 x  C
3 5 8 4 32
3. e4  e  1 4. log 2   a  b 
21. log  x      x  a  x  b  C
   2 
5. 6. e x cot x  C
2 22. 2 x tan 1 x  log 1  x 2   C
1 cos 3x  
7.  3cos x  C 8. log sec x  C 
4 3  23. 24. e 2
4
9. 2 tan x  3sec x  C 10. 2cosec x  C
1  5  15 1  15 
1 25.  log  
11. log 2 12. x log x  x  C 5  5  15 1  15 
2
e2  1 1 1 1
13. a  2 14. 26.  log x  1  log x  1  tan 1 x  C
2 4 4 2
15. 0 112
27.
3
16. log tan x  tan 2 x  4  C
1 x 1 4
28. log  C
ex 2 x  1  x  1
17.  sin x  cos x   C
2
29. 5 x 2  4 x  10  7 log  x  2   x 2  4 x  10  C
x 1
18.  log sin x  cos x  C
2 2 1
x x 4

30.  cos tan 1 x 4  C
19. log e  e C
ANSWER KEY 285

CHAPTER 8 : INTEGRATION
EXERCISE-2:
Basic Objective Questions

 DIRECTION FOR USE:- :-

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1. (d) 2. (a) 3. (d) 4. (b) 5. (c)

6. (c) 7. (c) 8. (b) 9. (d) 10. (d)

11. (a) 12. (c) 13. (c) 14. (b) 15. (c)

16. (a) 17. (a) 18. (d) 19. (d) 20. (a)

21. (d) 22. (b) 23. (a) 24. (a) 25. (d)

26. (b) 27. (a)

28. (i) (a) (ii) (b) (iii) (c) (iv) (c)

29. (i) (b) (ii) (b) (iii) (a) (iv) (d)

30. (i) (b) (ii) (b) (iii) (d) (iv) (b)

31. (c) 32. (a) 33. (a) 34. (a) 35. (a)
286 ANSWER KEY

CHAPTER 8 : INTEGRATION
EXERCISE-3:
Previous Year Questions

 DIRECTION FOR USE:-

Scan the QR code and check detailed solution.

 x2 1  x  27 x 5
1. 2 x  x  1  C 2. x C 18. x  tan 1   log C
2 2 4 3  3 8 5 x 5
3 5
2 2 2 2 1
3. tan x  cot x  C 4.
3
x  x C
5 19.
2

2 log x 2  2  log x 2  1  C
4

5.
 ax  b  C 6.
1 3
x  xC
x 1 1
20. 2 log  C
4a 3 x  3 x 1
1 7 1 x 1 4
7. tan x  C 21. log  C
7 2 x 1 x 1
1
8. log  3x 2  sin 6 x   C  x2  1  x 
6 22. log    tan    2
4
2
 x 4 2
9. 3log  sin   2   C
sin   2 1
 
23.  log  x  1  log 1  x 2  tan 1 x  C
2
10. x cos 2a  sin 2a log sin  x  a   C
1 x2  1
3
24. log 2 C 25. f  x   sec x
1  x 2 1  x  2
2 x 3
11. tan 1    C 12. sin    C
4 4 3 a 1 2
1 5  3   41   3
13.  log sin x  cos x  sin 2 x  C 26. 
2
 4  3x  2 x 2  2   x      x  
4 2 4   16   4
1  tan x  cot x  205  4x  3 
14. tan 1  C  sin 1  C
2  2  64 2  41 
1  tan x  cot x  1 2
 x  2 3  4x  x2
15. tan 1  C
3  3 
27. 
3
 3  4x  x2 3 
2
 9 7  x2
16. 6 x 2  9 x  20  34 log  x    x 2  9 x  20  C  sin 1  C
 2 2  7 
1 x 1 2  x  x 3
17. log  tan 1  C 28. 1  x 2  sin 1 x  1  x 2  C
6 x 1 3  2 2 2
ANSWER KEY 287

 3 3
  23
1  x 2  1  2  x2  1  2  x2  1  2  56. 57.
29.   log      C 12 2
3  x 2   x2  3  x2  
  1 3 15
58. e x  C 59.
4 2 3 2
30. x 

x cos 1 x 

 sin 1
x  x 1 x  C x 1
60. log x 2  3x  2  3log C
27 x2
31. 48 32.
2 e2  e2  2  1
 61. 62.
33. 4 34. 4  n  1 n  2 
2
12 x
3 63. tan  xe x   C 64. C
35. 1 36. log   log12
2
 1  2x 
37.  38. 65. tan 1    C 66.   cos x  sin x   C
4 6  3 
3  4 67. tan x  C
39.   2 40.
6 68. cos  a  b  log sin  x  b   x sin  a  b   C
1  17 
41. log   42. log 2 69. log tan x  tan 2 x  4  C
2  5
1 2 1  2 
43.  e  1 44. 70. sin 1   x  1   C
2 32 2  7 
 13 14
45. tan 1 e  tan 1 1 46. 71. log  x  6   log  x  3  C
4 9 9
1 11 1
47. log 3 49. 72. x sin 1  2 x   1  4 x2  C
20 4 2
 1 x 1
50. 51. 20 73. 1  x 2  tan 1 x   C 74. log 2
4 2 2 2
23 1 1 2
52. 53.  75.  
2  n  1  n  3 n2
54.  55. 0
Answer Key
CHAPTER 9 : APPLICATION OF INTEGRALS
EXERCISE-1:
Basic Subjective Questions

 DIRECTION FOR USE:-

Scan the QR code and check detailed solution.

7 1  
1. 1 sq. units 2. sq. units. 3. 6 sq. units 22.    sq. units 23. 2 2 sq. units
2 3 2 

37  2
4. sq. units 5. 96 sq. units 6. 2 sq. units 24. a 2    sq. units 25. 16 sq. units
3  4 3

7. 8 3 sq. units 8. 12 sq. units 9. 20 sq. uints 15


26. 6 sq. units 27. sq. units
2
8 2 14 9
10. a sq. units 11. sq. units 12. sq. units
3 3 2  a2 16ab
28. sq. units 29. sq. units
4 3
8 2
13. 9 sq. units 14. 4 sq. units 15. a sq. units
3  16 
30.  2   sq. units
 3
9  2 
16.    2sin 1    sq.units

4  3 

 
17. ab e. 1  e2  sin 1  e  sq.units

a2 9
18.   2  sq.units 19. sq.units
4 8

3 8
20. sq.units 21. 7 sq. units
4
ANSWER KEY 289

CHAPTER 9 : APPLICATION OF INTEGRALS


EXERCISE-2:
Basic Objective Questions

 DIRECTION FOR USE:- :-

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1. (c) 2. (b) 3. (b) 4. (a) 5. (b)

6. (b) 7. (c) 8. (c) 9. (d) 10. (d)

11. (d) 12. (a) 13. (c) 14. (b) 15. (b)

16. (a) 17. (d) 18. (c) 19. (b) 20. (b)

21. (b) 22. (a)

23. (i) (b) (ii) (a) (iii) (a) (iv) (c)

24. (i) (c) (ii) (d) (iii) (a) (iv) (b)

25. (i) (c) (ii) (b) (iii) (c) (iv) (c)

26. (b) 27. (a) 28. (a) 29. (c) 30. (c)
290 ANSWER KEY

CHAPTER 9 : APPLICATION OF INTEGRALS


EXERCISE-3:
Previous Year Questions

 DIRECTION FOR USE:-

Scan the QR code and check detailed solution.

10  3 3  4 
1. sq. units 2. 4 sq. units 19. 2   sq. units
3 3
 
3
3. 27 sq. units 4.  3 sq. units  4 3 16  2 13
2 20.    a sq. units 21. sq. units
 3 3  2
9
5. 16 sq. units 6. sq. units 22. 9 sq. units
8
4
7.
1
sq. units 8.
8
sq. units
23.
3
 
8  3 sq. units 24. 8 sq. units
3 3
23 3
9.   2  sq. units 10. 9 sq. units 25. sq. units 26. sq. units
6 2
 5  2   2
11.   sq. units 12.    a 2 sq. units  32 
 4   4 3 27.   4  sq. units
 3 
 4 
14.   3  sq. units 15. 2 3 sq. units  9 3 3
 3  28.  6   sq. units 29. sq. units
 2  2
 2 9 9 1  1  
16.    sin    sq. units 8 2
 6 8 4  3  30. a sq. units
3
7
17. 4 sq. units 18. sq. units
2
ANSWER KEY 293

2
1  log x  59. y  cos x  ce  x 60. x 2  y  x 2  y 2
48.  tan 1 y  c 49. 1  e x  c tan y
2
4 x3 x3 
3
x c 61. y  62. tan 1 y  x  
50. y   51. y  2 x 2  cx 3 1  x 2  3 4
4 x
x2
x2
2 y2
52. cx 2  y  x 2  y 2 53. y  e 2 y
2 63. y  e 64. e x  tan y  2  0

65. y  cos x  2cos 2 x 66. I.F.  x 2


54. y  x  log y  c 
 y  x3
dy y 5 67. cos    log x 68.  log y  c
55. Order =2 and degree =1 56.   x 3 y3
dx x x
2
69. Order = 1
d2y dy d2y 1  dy 
57. 4  4y  0 58.   
dx 2 dx dx 2 y  dx  
70. y  sec x  tan x   sec x  tan x  x 
4
Answer Key
CHAPTER 11 : VECTOR ALGEBRA CHAPTER 11 : VECTOR ALGEBRA
EXERCISE-1: EXERCISE-2:
Basic Subjective Questions Basic Objective Questions

 DIRECTION FOR USE:-


 DIRECTION FOR USE:-

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 3 4
1. x  2 , y  3 2. a   iˆ  ˆj 3. 7. 1. (a) 2. (c) 3. (b) 4. (b) 5. (c)
5 5
5
4. 6 5. 1 6. n  5 6. (d) 7. (c) 8. (d) 9. (a) 10. (d)
3
7 ˆ 14 ˆ 11. (b) 12. (c) 13. (d) 14. (b) 15. (b)
7. 0iˆ  4 ˆj  kˆ 8. i j 10. –15
5 5
16. (c) 17. (b) 18. (a) 19. (a) 20. (c)
1 ˆ 1 ˆ 1
11.
2
i
2
k 12. 91 13.
3
 iˆ  ˆj  kˆ  21. (b) 22. (b) 23. (a) 24. (b) 25. (a)
 1 
15. 0 17.   cos 1   18. 60 or 120 26. (d) 27. (c)
 3 
 1 2 2 28. (i) (b) (ii) (c) (iii) (a) (iv) (d)
20. 50 21.   ,  ,  22. (i) 4 (ii) 3
 3 3 3
  29. (i) (b) (ii) (b) (iii) (c) (iv) (b)
23. a  b  1 24. 8 3 sq. units
30. (i) (a) (ii) (c) (iii) (c) (iv) (d)
2 29  
25. p  26.    27. 2a  b
3 2
1
28. (i)
165

10iˆ  7 ˆj  4kˆ 
3 ˆ 5 ˆ 7 ˆ
29. i, j, k
83 83 83
ANSWER KEY 295

CHAPTER 11 : VECTOR ALGEBRA


EXERCISE-3:
Previous Year Questions

 DIRECTION FOR USE:-

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   5

1. a  5 iˆ  kˆ  2.  
3
3. 7 39. x  4 40.
2
41. 2 42.   5 43. 1

4. 4 ˆj  kˆ 5. 3iˆ  ˆj  2kˆ 44. –1 45. 1 46.



47. 0 48. 3
  4
6. 5iˆ  5 ˆj  3kˆ 7. 0 8. 3a  4b
1
7 4
9. a  b 10.
6 ˆ
i
1 ˆ
k
49. 2 101 sq. units 51. 0 52.
2

 ˆj  kˆ 
3 3 37 37
7 ˆ 1  1 ˆ iˆ  2 ˆj  kˆ 
11.
5

i  2 ˆj  12. 7, –5, 4 13. p  
3
53.  
3
54.
7

3i  6 ˆj  2kˆ  55. 
6
3iˆ  2 ˆj  6kˆ 21  1
14. 6iˆ  9 ˆj  18kˆ 15. 16. 0 56. 57. p  7iˆ  7 ˆj  7kˆ 60. 274
7 2 2
 5 2 2 
1 ˆ  2 1 5  59. c  iˆ  ˆj  kˆ 61. 5 63. r  2iˆ  ˆj  k
17. 
7

3i  2 ˆj  6kˆ  18.  ,
 30 30 30 
,  3 3 3
1 3 1 1 3
2ˆ 1 ˆ 2 ˆ 34 64. 0    65. b1  iˆ  ˆj , b2  iˆ  ˆj  3kˆ
19. a  4 20. i  j k 21. 2 2 2 2 2
3 3 3 2 66. –169 68. 0 69. 7 70. –10

5 3iˆ  ˆj     
 1 2 2  72. 9 75.  a  7b 76. a  b  3
22. 23.   iˆ  ˆj  kˆ 
10  3 3 3   1 16
2 6 ˆj  13 kˆ
3 8 79. 81. d  iˆ 
24. 25. 4 26. 27. 6 7 3 3 3
2 7
82. –30 83. x  0 84. true 85. 0
1 
28. 
iˆ  ˆj  29. 4 14 sq. units 30.  
4  iˆ  2iˆ  8kˆ
2  3iˆ  6 ˆj  2kˆ
  86. c  and d 
31. 120 32. 33. b  12 34. 1 7 69
6 1 1
87. 274 sq. units 88. p 
2 3
 1   1 
35. 0 36. 37. 38. cos1   1
3 6  3 89. 3 sq. units 90.  
2
Answer Key
CHAPTER 12 : 3D GEOMETRY
EXERCISE-1:
Basic Subjective Questions

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2  19 
1.  1       2. 17. cos 1   19. x  y  2 z  19      
7  21 

3. 6 x  4 y  3z  12     20. 3x  2 y  6 z  27  0  



4. r  3iˆ  4 ˆj  7kˆ   2iˆ  5 ˆj  13kˆ  21. 7 x  3 y  z  17

1 x  3 y z 1
5. x  y  z  2 6.  22. 7 units     23.    
3 2 1 3

1 iˆ 2 ˆj 3kˆ 3 34 
7.      8.   24. units 25.
17 3
5 2 14 14 14

4 4 9 26.  2, 6, 2  ; 3 5 units  
9. 2, and    10. sin 1    
3 5 2 39
 5 
27.    0, , 0  ; 6 units                            
 5  x5 y  2 z 4  2 
11. cos 1      12.  
2 7 2 1 3
28.  18x  17 y  4 z  49

 
13. r . 5iˆ  3 ˆj  2kˆ  38 29. 14 units

x 1 y  2 z  3
15. 5iˆ  5 2 ˆj  5kˆ 16.  
3 2 6
 
ANSWER KEY 297

CHAPTER 12 : 3D GEOMETRY
EXERCISE-2:
Basic Objective Questions

 DIRECTION FOR USE:- :-

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1. (c)    2. (c)  3. (d)  4. (a)  5. (b)

6. (c)  7. (a)   8. (b)  9. (b)  10. (a)   

11. (a)   12. (d)  13. (c)  14. (d)  15. (a)   

16. (b)   17. (c)  18. (c)  19. (b)  20. (a)   

21. (a)   22. (b)       

23. (i) (a) (ii) (b) (iii)  (c) (iv) (a) 

24. (i) (c) (ii) (b) (iii)  (d) (iv) (a) 

25. (i) (b) (ii) (c) (iii)  (a) (iv) (a) 

26. (b)   27. (b)  28. (a)  29. (b)  30. (a) 

 
298 ANSWER KEY

CHAPTER 12 : 3D GEOMETRY
EXERCISE-3:
Previous Year Questions

 DIRECTION FOR USE:-

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1. b 2  c 2  units   x2 y4 z 5


15.  
3 5 6
2. 5 units  
   
16. r  iˆ  ˆj  2kˆ   iˆ  2 ˆj  2kˆ 
3.  
6
3 2 6
17. , ,
4. 2  7 7 7

2 1 2 1 1 2
5. , , 18. , ,
3 3 3 6 6 6
1 1 1 x 1 y  3 z  2
6. , , 19.    
3 3 3 2 7 4

1 1 1 
7.  , , 20.
3 3 3 2

6 2 3 x  2 y  4 z 1
8. , , 21.  
7 7 7 6 3 2
 x 1 y  2 z  3
9. r  (3iˆ  4 ˆj  3kˆ )   ( 5iˆ  7 ˆj  2kˆ) 22.  
2 14 3
2 6 3
10. , , 293
7 7 7 23.  units.
7
 19 
13. cos 1   3
 21  24.  units
19
x  y   z  
14.   1
0 0 1 25.  units
6
ANSWER KEY 299


26. r  (2iˆ  3 ˆj  6kˆ)  35 53. 33 units

5  17 23   3 
27.   54.  , 0,  ; sin 1  
2  3 3   38 
1 55. x  2 y  3z  3
28.
14
 3iˆ  2 ˆj  kˆ 
56. x  19 y  11z  0  

 
29. r  3 ˆj  2 
57. r  (iˆ  2 ˆj  kˆ )  0  

 
30. r . 9iˆ  3 ˆj  kˆ  14 ,  1,  1, – 2 
58. 0, 
1 1
,  
2 2
9
32. k  ; 5x – 2 y – z – 6  0 
2 59.   
r  3iˆ  4 ˆj  5kˆ   2iˆ  2 ˆj  3kˆ 
34. x  2 y  z  0
60.  7
35. k  2 ;  22 x  19 y  5 z  31.
6
 61. units
36. r  (iˆ  2 ˆj  3kˆ )   (iˆ  2 ˆj  5kˆ) 5

37. r  (iˆ  ˆj  kˆ)  a  b  c  20

  
62. r  2iˆ  3 ˆj  2kˆ   2iˆ  3 ˆj  6kˆ ;
7
 units
38. r  (18iˆ  17 ˆj  4kˆ)  49
 11 
39. 5x  4 y  z  7  0 63. cos 1  
 21 

40. r  (33iˆ  45 ˆj  50kˆ)  41   
 
64. 5 x  2 y  3z  17  0 ; r  5iˆ  2 ˆj  3kˆ  17
41. 3 units 

3  
r  5iˆ  2 ˆj  3kˆ  23
42. units
13
19
65. 12 x  16 y  12 z  76 ; units
43. 7 units  34
44.  –3,  5,  2  
 
66. r  5iˆ  5 ˆj  5kˆ  0 ; 3 units
7 ˆ 11 ˆ
45. 3iˆ  j k 67. 1,3, 0  ; 6  units ;(-1, 4, -1)
2 2
46. 1 unit  68. 13 units

47. 5 x – 4 y – z – 7  0 ; 42 units 2
69. k 
3
48. 1,  2, 8  ; 3 21 units ; (-5,-10,11) 
70. r   3  2  iˆ   4  5  ˆj   7  13  kˆ
 9 45 54 
49. x  5 y – 6 z  18  0 ;   , , ; x 1 y 1 z 1 24
 31 31 31  71.   ; cos1
4 4 1 21 29
x0 y0 z 0 2
  ;6  units 72. (1, 0, -2)
1 5 6 31
73. 1, 1, 2  ; 2 x  y  z  5
50. 6 units
6 74.  2, 1, 4 
51. 1,  3,  0  ;  units ;  1, 4,  1
6 75. 1 unit

 
52. r  iˆ  ˆj  kˆ  0 ; 3 units
Answer Key
CHAPTER 13 : PROBABILITY
EXERCISE-1:
Basic Subjective Questions

 DIRECTION FOR USE:-

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14 5 26.
1. 2. k  32 3. 4. 64%
17 7
5 X 0 1 2 3 4
1 45 9
5. 6. 7.   8. 2
7 512  10  P X  256 256 96 16 1
3 63 625 625 625 625 625
9. 1 11. 0.86 12. 13.
16 64
14.
X x1 x2 x3 x4
16 6
27. 28.
P X  15 10 30 6 31 11
61 61 61 61
34 6800
12 1 4 20 29. Mean  ; Var  X  
15. 16. 17. 18.
13 52 9 21
221  2212
8 11
19. Mean  ,; Var  X   0.88 20. S .D.( ( x))  0.37
3 21

2 1 2 28 5 4
21. (i) , (ii) 23. 24. 30. P  A   and P  B  
3 2 3 69 6 5

25. Mean  6; Var  X   3


ANSWER KEY 301

CHAPTER 13 : PROBABILITY
EXERCISE-2:
Basic Objective Questions

 DIRECTION FOR USE:- :-

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1. (a) 2. (a) 3. (b) 4. (a) 5. (b)

6. (a) 7. (d) 8. (d) 9. (c) 10. (c)

11. (a) 12. (c) 13. (c) 14. (d) 15. (d)

16. (d) 17. (a) 18. (d) 19. (d) 20. (d)

21. (c) 22. (d) 23. (c) 24. (a) 25. (a)

26. (a) 27. (d)

28. (i) (b) (ii) (a) (iii) (d) (iv) (c)

29. (i) (b) (ii) (c) (iii) (d) (iv) (c)

30. (i) (a) (ii) (b) (iii) (a) (iv) (d)


302 ANSWER KEY

CHAPTER 13 : PROBABILITY
EXERCISE-3:
Previous Year Questions

 DIRECTION FOR USE:-

Scan the QR code and check detailed solution.

22 1 1 2 1 37.
1. 2. (i) , (ii) 3. 4.
45 2 3 9 15 X 0 1 2 3
5 2 1
5. 6.  i  ,  ii  7. 62 % 8. 30
17 3 2 P X  4 13 13 4
26 1 1 34 34 34 34
9. 10. P  A   , P  B  
49 5 6
6 3
11. The Probability of the team A winning the match  and Mean 
11 2
5 263
and that of the team B  38. Mean 
11 15
3 17 18 11
12. 0.7 13. 14. 15. 16. 39.
5 400 133 31
6 9 10 20 7 X 0 1 2
17. 18. 19. 20. 21.
7 11 49 47 52
P X  9 40 38
3 14 28 9 4
22. 23. 24. 25. 26. 87 87 87
13 29 45 13 7
11 20 35 2 10 4
27. 28. 29. 30. 31. and Mean 
50 21 68 3 19 3
19 1 25
32. 33. (i) , (ii) 0.625, (iii) 0.875 40. Mean = 1 and Variance 
9 8 51
3 17 14
34. Mean  35. Mean  ; Var(X) = 41.
4 3 9
36. X 0 1 2 3 4

X 0 1 2 P X  15 80 90 24 1
210 210 210 210 210
P X  9 10 2
21 21 21
ANSWER KEY 303

42. 52.

X 0 1 2 X 0 1 2 3 4

P X  144 24 1 P X  16 32 24 8 1
169 169 169 81 81 81 81 81

2 4
and Mean  Mean 
13 3

43. 0.99144 44. Mean = 2, Variance = 1 1 90 243


53. (i) , (ii) , (iii)
1024 1024 1024
1 1 27 459
45. 46. (i) , (ii) 47.
4 256 128 512 3 1 3
54. 55. 56.
5 7 9 7
75
48. Atleast 3 times 49.   57. A and B are not Independent.
36

50. 8 5 15 1
58. 59. 60. 61. k 
11 34 23 6
X 0 1 2 3
1
62. Mean = 4, Variance = 1 63.
P X  125 75 15 1 4
216 216 216 216
9
64. 1 65. 0.28 66. Mean 
10
4 16
51. Mean  ; Variance 
5 25 21 3 63
67. 68. 0.3 69. 70.
43 5 500
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