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    Epidemiological Study Design Cheat Sheet 1

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    Syed Muhammad Shazan Ali Rizvi
    This document provides an overview and comparison of different study designs used in epidemiological research: case-control studies, cohort studies, randomized controlled trials, and ecological studies. Case-control studies identify cases and controls to compare exposures retrospectively. Cohort studies prospectively follow exposed and unexposed groups to compare outcomes over time. Randomized controlled trials randomly assign participants to intervention and control groups to test causal hypotheses. Ecological studies observe exposures and outcomes at a group level rather than individual level.

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    Epidemiological Study Design Cheat Sheet 1

    Uploaded by

    Syed Muhammad Shazan Ali Rizvi
    344 views1 page
    This document provides an overview and comparison of different study designs used in epidemiological research: case-control studies, cohort studies, randomized controlled trials, and ecological studies. Case-control studies identify cases and controls to compare exposures retrospectively. Cohort studies prospectively follow exposed and unexposed groups to compare outcomes over time. Randomized controlled trials randomly assign participants to intervention and control groups to test causal hypotheses. Ecological studies observe exposures and outcomes at a group level rather than individual level.

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    Epidemiological study design cheat sheet 1

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    This document provides an overview and comparison of different study designs used in epidemiological research: case-control studies, cohort studies, randomized controlled trials, and ecological studies. Case-control studies identify cases and controls to compare exposures retrospectively. Cohort studies prospectively follow exposed and unexposed groups to compare outcomes over time. Randomized controlled trials randomly assign participants to intervention and control groups to test causal hypotheses. Ecological studies observe exposures and outcomes at a group level rather than individual level.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    344 views1 page

    Epidemiological Study Design Cheat Sheet 1

    Uploaded by

    Syed Muhammad Shazan Ali Rizvi
    This document provides an overview and comparison of different study designs used in epidemiological research: case-control studies, cohort studies, randomized controlled trials, and ecological studies. Case-control studies identify cases and controls to compare exposures retrospectively. Cohort studies prospectively follow exposed and unexposed groups to compare outcomes over time. Randomized controlled trials randomly assign participants to intervention and control groups to test causal hypotheses. Ecological studies observe exposures and outcomes at a group level rather than individual level.

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    Case Control Greg Martin’s study design cheat sheet

    For research methods teaching

    go to www.learnmore365.com Cohort
    Studies Exposures Outcomes Studies
    Cohort Outcomes
    Overview Exposed
    Cases
    Retrospective Overview

    disease
    Observational study

    Have

    Identify cases (with known outcome / disease) Prospective


    Identify controls (similar to cases but don’t have the Observational study
    outcome / disease) Identify specific exposure of interest (can be rare)
    Collect information about history of exposures identify a cohort within which you can distinguish between
    Compare the two groups with regards to the odds of each those exposed and those not exposed
    exposure Follow over time Not exposed
    Controls Compare with regard to multiple possible outcomes
    Strengths
    Strengths

    disease
    Quick
    Cheap Strong form of evidence

    No

    Can consider rare diseases Can consider rare exposures


    Can consider multiple exposures Can consider multiple outcomes

    Weaknesses Weaknesses
    Not considered to be a strong form of evidence Expensive
    Not great for considering rare exposures
    Retrospective Takes a long time to undertake study Prospective
    Present future
    Past Present

    Randomised Ecological
    Control Trial Groups Outcomes Studies
    Overview Overview

    Average life expectancy


    Intervention
    Prospective Observational study
    Interventional study The unit of observation is a group (population or

    for countries
    Participants are randomly allocated into either a treatment community) instead of an individual
    (intervention) or placebo (non-intervention) arm of the
    study. Groups followed up over time Strengths
    Comparison of the groups with regards to predefined end Sometimes it is the only way to address a particular
    points is done in the analysis Random research question
    allocation
    Good for hypothesis generation
    Strengths into groups Usually quick (if secondary data analysis is possible)
    Very strong form of evidence Usually cheap (where secondary data is available)
    Random allocation means that other than the
    intervention itself, there should be no systematic Placebo Weaknesses
    differences between the two groups and therefore no The profile of the groups may be different (e.g. age
    confounding variables that need to be controlled for. and exposure to risks) making the interpretation of
    I.e. RCTs control for known and unknown comparisons difficult
    confounding factors Ecological fallacy: If inference about individuals are

    Weaknesses
    incorrectly made based observations at a group
    level, we call this error in logic, “ecological fallacy”
    GDP per capita for countries
    Expensive Prospective
    Takes a long time to undertake study
    Present future

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