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Designation: D1193  −  06 (Reapproved 2011)   Federal Test Method
Standard No. 7916

Standard Specification for

Reagent Water1
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D1193; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of 
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.

This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.

1. Scope contaminants were not necessarily considered by the perfor-

1.1 This specification describes the required characteristics mance characteristics of the technology previously specified.
of waters deemed suitable for use with the Standards under the 1.6 Guidance for applications, the preparation, use and
 jurisdiction of ASTM. monitoring, storage, handling, distribution, testing of these
1.2 The alphanumeric characters ascribed to water types and specified waters and validation of the water purification system
grades are specified in the ASTM Format and Style Manual. is provided in   Appendix X1 of this document.
These have been assigned in order of historical precedence and 1.7 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as
should not be taken as an indication of a progression in water standard. No other units of measurement are included in this
purity. standard.
1.3 Four types of waters have been specified, with three 1.8   This standard does not purport to address all of the
additional grades that can be applied to the four types. The safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
grade specifications specifically address contaminants of mi- responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
crobiological origin.  priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.4 All applicable ASTM Standards are expected to refer-
ence one or more of these reagent water types where reagent
2. Referenced Documents
water is needed as a component of an analytical measurement
process. Where a different water type or grade is needed for an 2.1   ASTM Standards:2
ASTM Standard, it may be added to this Specification through D1125 Test Methods for Electrical Conductivity and Resis-
the ASTM Standard revision process. tivity of Water
D1129 Terminology Relating to Water
1.5 Although these water types and associated grades have D1293 Test Methods for pH of Water
been defined specifically for use with ASTM Standards, they D4453 Practice for Handling of High Purity Water Samples
may be appropriate for other applications. It is the responsi-
D4517 Test Method for Low-Level Total Silica in High-
bility of the users of this standard to ensure that the selected Purity Water by Flameless Atomic Absorption Spectros-
water types or grades are suitable for their intended use. copy
Historically, reagent water Types I, II, III, and IV have been
D5128 Test Method for On-Line pH Measurement of Water
linked to specific processes for their production. Starting with of Low Conductivity
this revision, these types of waters may be produced with D5173 Test Method for On-Line Monitoring of Carbon
alternate technologies as long as the appropriate constituent
Compounds in Water by Chemical Oxidation, by UV
specifications are met   and that water so produced has been Light Oxidation, by Both, or by High Temperature Com-
shown to be appropriate for the application where the use of 
bustion Followed by Gas Phase NDIR or by Electrolytic
such water is specified . Therefore, the selection of an alternate Conductivity
technology in place of the technology specified in   Table 1 D5245 Practice for Cleaning Laboratory Glassware, Plas-
should be made taking into account the potential impact of  ticware, and Equipment Used in Microbiological Analyses
other contaminants such as microorganism and pyrogens. Such
D5391  Test Method for Electrical Conductivity and Resis-
tivity of a Flowing High Purity Water Sample
1
This specification is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee  D19 on Water
and is the responsibility of Subcommittee D19.02  on Quality Systems, Specifica-
2
tion, and Statistics. For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
Current edition approved May 1, 2011. Published June 2011. Originally contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For  Annual Book of ASTM 
approved in 1951. Last previous edition approved in 2006 as D1193 – 06. DOI: Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
10.1520/D1193-06R11. the ASTM website.

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  D1193 − 06 (2011)
TABLE 1 Processes for Reagent Water Production
Total
  µS/cmE  MV·cmF  
TOC Sodium Chloride
Silica HBCK   Endotoxin,
Type Grade Production ProcessA B  C  D 
, , ,

  pHG  µg/LH  µg/LI  µg/LJ  cfu/mL EU/mLL

(max) (min) µg/L
(max) (max) (max) (max) (max)
(max)
I Purify to 20 µS/cm by dist. or 0.0555 18 50 1 1 3
equiv., followed by mixed
bed DI, 0.2 µm filtrationA
I A Purify to 20 µS/cm by dist. or 0.0555 18 50 1 1 3 10/1000 0.03
equiv., followed by mixed
bed DI, 0.2 µm filtrationA
I B Purify to 20 µS/cm by dist. or 0.0555 18 50 1 1 3 10/100 0.25
equiv., followed by mixed
bed DI, 0.2 µm filtrationA
I C Purify to 20 µS/cm by dist. or 0.0555 18 50 1 1 3 100/10
equiv., followed by mixed
bed DI, 0.2 µm filtrationA
II DistillationB  1.0 1.0 50 5 5 3
II A DistillationB  1.0 1.0 50 5 5 3 10/1000 0.03
II B DistillationB  1.0 1.0 50 5 5 3 10/100 0.25
II C DistillationB  1.0 1.0 50 5 5 3 100/10
III Distillation, DI, EDI, and/or 0.25 4.0 200 10 10 500
RO, followed by 0.45 µm
filtration.C 
III A Distillation, DI, EDI, and/or 0.25 4.0 200 10 10 500 10/1000 0.03
RO, followed by 0.45 µm
filtration.C 
III B Distillation, DI, EDI, and/or 0.25 4.0 200 10 10 500 10/100 0.25
RO, followed by 0.45 µm
filtration.C 
III C Distillation, DI, EDI, and/or 0.25 4.0 200 10 10 500 1000/100
RO, followed by 0.45 µm
filtration.C 
IV Distillation, DI, EDI, and/or 5.0 0.2 5.0 to 8.0 50 50
RO.D 
IV A Distillation, DI, EDI, and/or 5.0 0.2 5.0 to 8.0 50 50 10/1000 0.03
RO.D 
IV B Distillation, DI, EDI, and/or 5.0 0.2 5.0 to 8.0 50 50 10/100 0.25
RO.D 
IV C Distillation, DI, EDI, and/or 5.0 0.2 5.0 to 8.0 50 50 100/10
RO.D 
A
Type I grade of reagent water shall be prepared by distillation or other equal process, followed by polishing with a mixed bed of ion-exchange materials and a 0.2-µm
membrane filter. Feed water to the final polishing step must have a maximum conductivity of 20 µS/cm at 298K (25°C). Type I reagent water may be produced with alternate
technologies as long as the appropriate constituent specifications are met and that water so produced has been shown to be appropriate for the application where the use 
of such water is specified .
B 
Type II grade of reagent water shall be prepared by distillation using a still designed to produce a distillate having a conductivity of less than 1.0 µS/cm at 298 K (25°C).
Ion exchange, distillation, or reverse osmosis and organic adsorption may be required prior to distillation, if the purity cannot be attained by single distillation. Type II reagent
water may be produced with alternate technologies as long as the appropriate constituent specifications are met   and that water so produced has been shown to be 
appropriate for the application where the use of such water is specified .
C 
Type III grade of reagent water shall be prepared by distillation, ion exchange, continuous electrodeionization, reverse osmosis, or a combination thereof, followed by
polishing with a 0.45-µm membrane filter. Type III reagent water may be produced with alternate technologies as long as the appropriate constituent specifications are met
and that water so produced has been shown to be appropriate for the application where the use of such water is specified.
D 
Type IV grade of reagent water may be prepared by distillation, ion exchange, continuous electrodeionization, reverse osmosis, electrodialysis, or a combination
thereof. Type IV reagent water may be produced with alternate technologies as long as the appropriate constituent specifications are met  and that water so produced has 
been shown to be appropriate for the application where the use of such water is specified .
E 
Electrical conductivity at 25°C.
F  
Electrical resistivity at 25°C.
G 
pH at 25°C, not applicable to higher resistivity waters.
H 
Total organic carbon.
I 
Sodium.
J 
Chloride ion.
K  
Heterotrophic bacteria count.
L
Endotoxin in endotoxin units per mL.

D5542 Test Methods for Trace Anions in High Purity Water D6161 Terminology Used for Microfiltration, Ultrafiltration,
by Ion Chromatography Nanofiltration and Reverse Osmosis Membrane Processes
D5997  Test Method for On-Line Monitoring of Total Car- D6529  Test Method for Operating Performance of Continu-
bon, Inorganic Carbon in Water by Ultraviolet, Persulfate ous Electrodeionization Systems on Feeds from 50–1000
Oxidation, and Membrane Conductivity Detection µS/cm
D6071  Test Method for Low Level Sodium in High Purity F1094 Test Methods for Microbiological Monitoring of 
Water by Graphite Furnace Atomic Absorption Spectros- Water Used for Processing Electron and Microelectronic
copy Devices by Direct Pressure Tap Sampling Valve and by

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the Presterilized Plastic Bag Method 4. Composition and Characteristics

3. Terminology 4.1 The types and grades of water specified in this Standard
shall conform to the requirements in  Table 1.
3.1   Definitions—   For definitions used in this specification
refer to Terminology  D1129. 5. Test Methods
3.2  Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard: 5.1   Electrical Conductivity and Resistivity— Refer to Test
3.2.1   reagent water— w ater that is used specifically as a Methods D1125 and D5391.
component of an analytical measurement process and meets or
5.2   pH— Refer to Test Methods  D1293 and D5128.
exceeds the specifications for these waters.
3.2.2   electrodeionization— a process that removes ionized 5.3   Silica— Refer to Test Method D4517.
and ionizable species from liquids using electrically active 5.4   Sodium— Refer to Test Methods  D6071.
media and using an electrical potential to influence ion 5.5   Chlorides— Refer to Test Method D5542.
transport, where the ionic transport properties of the active
media are a primary sizing parameter. Electrodeionization 5.6   TOC— Refer to Test Methods  D5173 and D5997.
devices typically comprise semi-permeable ion-exchange 5.7   Endotoxins— Refer to LAL Test Method.3
membranes and permanently charged ion-exchange media (see 5.8  Microbiological Contamination— Refer to Test Methods
Test Method D6529). F1094.
3.2.3   reverse osmosis (RO)— the separation process where
one component of a solution is removed from another compo- 6. Keywords
nent by flowing the feed stream under pressure across a 6.1 laboratory analysis; reagent; water
semipermeable membrane. RO removes ions based on electro-
chemical forces, colloids, and organics down to 150 molecular
weight. May also be called hyperfiltration (see Terminology 3
Published in the  U.S. Pharmacopeia   by The U.S. Pharmacopeial Convention,
D6161) Inc.

APPENDIX

(Nonmandatory Information)

X1. POTENTIAL REAGENT WATER ISSUES

INTRODUCTION

This Appendix is provided as a guide to various issues in the production, application, storage, and
monitoring of Reagent Water. These issues are very complex and extensive. This guidance is not
intended to be comprehensive or complete. Producers and users of Reagent Water are encouraged to
seek out additional sources of guidance in this area.

X1.1 Preparation X1.2 Use and Application

X1.1.1 Historically, reagent water Types I, II, III, and IV X1.2.1   Type I and Type III Water:
have been linked to specific process for their production. X1.2.1.1 Contact with the ion-exchange materials may
Starting with this revision, these types of waters may be cause an addition of organic contaminants to the water. This
produced with
constituent alternate technologies
specifications asthat
are met  and longwater
as theso
appropriate
produced  will depend on the resin type/quality, quality of the regenera-
tions (if regenerated), environmental conditions in which the
has been shown to be appropriate for the application where the water purification system is used and actual system use (for
use of such water is specified . example, duration of non-use periods). Practices may be put in
X1.1.2 The preparation methods of the various grades of  place to decrease the risk or organic contamination:
reagent water influences the limits of impurities. Therefore, the (1)  Periodic rinsing of the purification media to limit
selection of an alternate technology in place of the technology bacteriological (organic) contamination is recommended.
specified in the Table 1 should be made taking into account the (2)  After each period of non-usage, drawing off a quantity
potential impact of other contaminants such as micro-organism of water is necessary before use. Refer to the supplier speci-
and pyrogens, even if a grade is not specified. Such contami- fications for the recommended volume.
nants were not necessarily considered by the performance (3)  Synthetic activated carbon and/or UV (dual wave-
characteristics of the technology previously specified. lengths 185 nm and 254 nm) may be used in the polishing

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stages to decrease the level of organic contaminants (to reach water listed with a validated filter may also produce sterile
Type I water specifications), and/or to reach lower organic water when performed in aseptic conditions. The user should
levels. choose the appropriate sterilization technique for the intended
X1.2.1.2 The quality of the water produced depends upon use.
the type, age, and method of regeneration of the ion exchange
materials (if regenerated). Likewise, the flow rate through the X1.3 Monitoring
ion exchange resin bed will change the conductivity of the X1.3.1 The limits of   Table 1 apply to the water sampled at
product water. The manufacturer’s instructions for resins or the the point of use or, when for practical reasons and/or to avoid
resin cartridge bed should be followed. contamination (for example connection of an equipment after a
X1.2.1.3 The use of the membrane filter in the preparation 0.2 µm filter), as close as possible to the point of use and with
of Type I and Type III water may add a small amount of  a regular verification of a low impact of the purification steps
organic components to the water initially produced. The and/or equipment placed downstream of the monitoring sam-
amount of organic components released differs depending on pling point.
the type and brand of the membrane filter used. Then the
membrane should be rinsed according to the manufacturer’s X1.3.2 Because atmospheric gases and impurities rapidly
instructions. The use of a qualified membrane filter on the recontaminate exposed water, an on-line sensor should be
organic release is recommended. employed for determining the electrical conductivity of reagent
X1.2.1.4 Producing Type I water specifications is achieved water Types I, II, and III. As atmospheric organic compounds
utilizing a combination of purification technologies. The and those from sampling vials rapidly contaminate exposed
choice of technologies can vary depending on the feed water purified water, an on-line TOC monitor should be preferred for
quality, system usage and cost considerations. Particular atten- determining the TOC level of Type I and Type II water.
tion should be taken regarding the location and sequence of  X1.3.3 Quality and system performance parameters should
particular purification technologies in the process, as these can be regularly reported and registered. Follow-up of trends in the
have an impact on the final water quality. quality and performance parameters should be performed
X1.2.2   Type II Water: regularly to check any variations in performance of the water
X1.2.2.1 The description of Type II reagent water was purification installation and to be able to anticipate any
intended to characterize product water from distillation pro- failures.
cesses. Therefore, the selection of an alternate technology in X1.3.4 The monitoring of different parameters should be
place of the one specified should be made by taking into performed at a frequency defined by the user to ensure with a
account the potential impact of other contaminants (such as high degree of confidence that the water quality used is always
micro-organism and pyrogen) than those specified in   Table 1 compliant with the specifications and the purpose.
for the Type II water.
X1.2.2.2 Type II grade of reagent water is typically sterile X1.4 Storage and Distribution
and pyrogen-free as produced and generally may be used
X1.4.1 Generally speaking, storage of the purified water
whenever freedom from biological contaminants is desirable.
will cause a loss of the specified characteristics. The impact
However, the method of storage and handling of the water may
will be different depending on the water type and grade
itself result in contamination.
produced (resistivity characteristics for example, will be rap-
X1.2.2.3 Type II water is typically pyrogen-free as pro- idly impacted as soon as Type I water is be stored). Water
duced, but should be tested in conformance with the require- types, other than Type I, can be stored if particular attention is
ments of the referenced edition of   United States Pharmaco- taken regarding the materials, design of the storage system and
 peia, if proof is needed. time of storage. The material of the storage reservoir in contact
X1.2.3   All Types of Water: with water should be selected to minimize the release of 
X1.2.3.1 Biological contaminants may be important in the extractables.
test procedure using any of the reagent waters specified. A X1.4.1.1 The design of the storage reservoir should be fully

classification ofofbacterial
specified if it is levels
significance to is
theincluded
test beingand should be
performed. drainable, either
limit bacterial opaque
growth or placed
by the effectsin
of an environment which
light.
X1.2.3.2 It should also be noted that the method used to X1.4.1.2 The storage container should be adequately pro-
prepare the different types of reagent water may or may not tected from air contaminants (particles and CO2, especially
remove non-ionized dissolved gases. If non-ionized dissolved when water is drawn) and from bacteriological contamination.
gases are of concern for the application considered, the This should be achieved by air filtration, inert gas blanketing,
selection of a method to produce water appropriate for the UV irradiation, chemical sanitization, heating above 80 de-
purpose and compliant with the  Table 1  specifications for the grees C, or a combination thereof. It should be recognized that
type and grade of water should be considered. the mere fact that the water is stored will likely reduce its
X1.2.3.3 To obtain sterile water, any of the types of reagent purity despite attempts to prevent contamination. Storage
water listed in this section may be produced, bottled, and should be sized to ensure a good turnover of water.
heated to 121°C for 20 min. This procedure is most easily X1.4.1.3 Manual or automatic draw-off and periodic saniti-
carried out by autoclaving at 103 kPa (15 psi) for 20 min. zation should be performed in particular after long periods of 
Alternatively, sterilizing filtration of any types of the reagent non-use. The periodicity of such draw-offs and sanitization

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should be defined by the user depending on the water purifi- X1.7 Validation
cation system usage and water use. This periodicity can be
X1.7.1 Because quality assurance is the key to ensure
defined during a qualification phase. After each sanitization,
safety, efficiency and reliability, validation is becoming in-
verification of the absence of the sanitization agent should be
creasingly important. The validation process can be divided
performed.
into 4 major qualification steps:
X1.4.2 If a distribution system is used to transfer the water X1.7.1.1   Design Qualification (DQ)— The Design Qualifi-
to a laboratory, it should be of special design to minimize
contamination. Gravity feed is the preferred method (if pos- cation
systemisiscarried
madeout
andbefore the selection
consists of water
of defining purification
the water types
sible), since pumps are a potential source of contamination.
required depending on the applications, and defining the
X1.4.2.1 If circulating systems are employed, the pumps
technology(ies) to be used, including the monitors to verify
should be designed to limit any contamination.
water quality. The design of the installation should also be
X1.4.2.2 The piping materials, fittings, faucets, and joints
defined according to requirements. All steps should be docu-
should be designed to limit any contamination.
mented.
X1.4.2.3 Outlets should be protected by UV or by micro-
filtration (absolute 0.22 µm filter) or other means to prevent X1.7.1.2   Installation Qualification (IQ)— The Installation
“back contamination” by airborne biological impurities. Qualification should take place after the installation of the
X1.4.2.4 A loop distribution design is preferred to an system and consists of verifying and documenting that the
antenna distribution, which can constitute a dead legs during installation was performed according to the predetermined
periods of non-use. specifications. This requires that the calibration of the various
X1.4.2.5 Positive pressure should be maintained in the measuring instruments be verified. The actual installation
distribution systems to avoid any retro-contamination. should be compared with an installation drawing to ensure that
X1.4.2.6 Microbiological proliferation should be minimized no future installation modification be performed without suit-
by suitable choice of periods of recirculation, flow rate, and/or able control management. Verification of the availability of all
temperature. documentation required to use and maintain the system should
also be done. Documented verification of the water purification
X1.5 Handling system may be performed to ensure that the installation was
X1.5.1 Extreme care should be taken in handling reagent performed according to specifications.
water during analyses. Depending on the water type required X1.7.1.3   Operational Qualification (OQ)— The Operational
and the applications performed, container material and clean- Qualification is performed after installation of the system and
ing procedures must be chosen appropriately. Practices D5245 consists of ensuring that the system is operating according to
and D4453 should be consulted. the predetermined specifications. Tests should be conducted to
verify that the hydraulic, monitoring and electronic functions
X1.5.2 Laboratory-ware should be carefully selected ac-
cording to the application. Low release plastic-ware, such as (including system alerts) of the systems are working according
to the specifications.
PFA or TFE fluorocarbon (except for analysis of fluoride) or
HDPE laboratory-ware should be used for ion-sensitive appli- X1.7.1.4   Performance Qualification (PQ)— T he Perfor-
cations and high purity glass containers may be preferable for mance Qualification should be carried out after that the
organic-sensitive applications. installation and operational qualification have been performed
to document that the system is performing according to the
X1.6 Maintenance and Calibration predetermined specifications. During this qualification step
X1.6.1 Periodic calibration (if pertinent) of the different verification of the appropriateness of the specifications, defined
measuring instruments should be performed to ensure the according to the applications, and verification of the water
validity of the values obtained. quality produced should be conducted.
X1.6.2 Periodic preventive maintenance should be per- X1.7.2 Re-qualification should be conducted on a regular
formed to ensure the long-term performance and reliability of  time-basis and also each time components are replaced which
the water purification system. Follow-up of trends in the can affect the quality or the quantity of water.
quality and performance parameters should be performed X1.7.2.1 The frequency of re-qualification depends on the
regularly to check any variations in performance of the importance of purified water in applications but cannot exceed
installation and to be able to anticipate any failures. one year. This ensures complete annual verification of the
X1.6.3 The frequency of system calibration and mainte- system alerts and calibration of the measuring instrument.
nance of the system should be defined by the user depending on X1.7.2.2 A preventive maintenance (see Maintenance and
the importance of the water in applications, but should not be Calibration section) should be conducted regularly and all
performed less than once a year. actions should be documented in a dedicated system logbook.

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U i id d N i l d C l bi t t Li A t N f th d ti th i d