Biology Higher Paper 1 MS

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GCSE

BIOLOGY
8461/1H - PAPER 1 HIGHER TIER
Mark scheme

8461
June 2018

Version/Stage: 1.0 Final


Mark schemes are prepared by the Lead Assessment Writer and considered, together with the relevant
questions, by a panel of subject teachers. This mark scheme includes any amendments made at the
standardisation events which all associates participate in and is the scheme which was used by them in
this examination. The standardisation process ensures that the mark scheme covers the students’
responses to questions and that every associate understands and applies it in the same correct way.
As preparation for standardisation each associate analyses a number of students’ scripts. Alternative
answers not already covered by the mark scheme are discussed and legislated for. If, after the
standardisation process, associates encounter unusual answers which have not been raised they are
required to refer these to the Lead Assessment Writer.

It must be stressed that a mark scheme is a working document, in many cases further developed and
expanded on the basis of students’ reactions to a particular paper. Assumptions about future mark
schemes on the basis of one year’s document should be avoided; whilst the guiding principles of
assessment remain constant, details will change, depending on the content of a particular examination
paper.

Further copies of this mark scheme are available from aqa.org.uk

Copyright © 2018 AQA and its licensors. All rights reserved.


AQA retains the copyright on all its publications. However, registered schools/colleges for AQA are permitted to copy material from this booklet
for their own internal use, with the following important exception: AQA cannot give permission to schools/colleges to photocopy any material that
is acknowledged to a third party even for internal use within the centre.
MARK SCHEME – GCSE BIOLOGY – 8461/1H – JUNE 2018

Information to Examiners

1. General

The mark scheme for each question shows:


• the marks available for each part of the question
• the total marks available for the question
• the typical answer or answers which are expected
• extra information to help the Examiner make his or her judgement
• the Assessment Objectives and specification content that each question is intended to cover.

The extra information is aligned to the appropriate answer in the left-hand part of the mark scheme and
should only be applied to that item in the mark scheme.

At the beginning of a part of a question a reminder may be given, for example: where consequential
marking needs to be considered in a calculation; or the answer may be on the diagram or at a different
place on the script.

In general the right-hand side of the mark scheme is there to provide those extra details which confuse
the main part of the mark scheme yet may be helpful in ensuring that marking is straightforward and
consistent.

2. Emboldening and underlining

2.1 In a list of acceptable answers where more than one mark is available ‘any two from’ is used, with
the number of marks emboldened. Each of the following bullet points is a
potential mark.

2.2 A bold and is used to indicate that both parts of the answer are required to award the mark.

2.3 Alternative answers acceptable for a mark are indicated by the use of or. Different terms in the
mark scheme are shown by a / ; eg allow smooth / free movement.

2.4 Any wording that is underlined is essential for the marking point to be awarded.

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MARK SCHEME – GCSE BIOLOGY – 8461/1H – JUNE 2018

3. Marking points

3.1 Marking of lists

This applies to questions requiring a set number of responses, but for which students have
provided extra responses. The general principle to be followed in such a situation is that ‘right +
wrong = wrong’.

Each error / contradiction negates each correct response. So, if the number of error /
contradictions equals or exceeds the number of marks available for the question, no marks can be
awarded.

However, responses considered to be neutral (indicated as * in example 1) are not penalised.

Example 1: What is the pH of an acidic solution?


[1 mark]

Student Response Marks


awarded
1 green, 5 0
2 red*, 5 1
3 red*, 8 0

Example 2: Name two planets in the solar system.


[2 marks]

Student Response Marks awarded


1 Neptune, Mars, Moon 1
2 Neptune, Sun, Mars, 0
Moon

3.2 Use of chemical symbols / formulae

If a student writes a chemical symbol / formula instead of a required chemical name, full credit can
be given if the symbol / formula is correct and if, in the context of the question, such action is
appropriate.

3.3 Marking procedure for calculations

Marks should be awarded for each stage of the calculation completed correctly, as students are
instructed to show their working. Full marks can, however, be given for a correct numerical
answer, without any working shown.

3.4 Interpretation of ‘it’

Answers using the word ‘it’ should be given credit only if it is clear that the ‘it’ refers to the correct
subject.

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MARK SCHEME – GCSE BIOLOGY – 8461/1H – JUNE 2018

3.5 Errors carried forward

Any error in the answers to a structured question should be penalised once only.

Papers should be constructed in such a way that the number of times errors can be carried forward
is kept to a minimum. Allowances for errors carried forward are most likely to be restricted to
calculation questions and should be shown by the abbreviation ecf in the marking scheme.

3.6 Phonetic spelling

The phonetic spelling of correct scientific terminology should be credited unless there is a possible
confusion with another technical term.

3.7 Brackets

(…..) are used to indicate information which is not essential for the mark to be awarded but is
included to help the examiner identify the sense of the answer required.

3.8 Allow

In the mark scheme additional information, ‘allow’ is used to indicate creditworthy


alternative answers.

3.9 Ignore

Ignore is used when the information given is irrelevant to the question or not enough to gain the
marking point. Any further correct amplification could gain the marking point.

3.10 Do not accept

Do not accept means that this is a wrong answer which, even if the correct answer is given as
well, will still mean that the mark is not awarded.

4. Level of response marking instructions

Extended response questions are marked on level of response mark schemes.


• Level of response mark schemes are broken down into levels, each of which has a descriptor.
• The descriptor for the level shows the average performance for the level.
• There are two marks in each level.

Before you apply the mark scheme to a student’s answer, read through the answer and annotate it
(as instructed) to show the qualities that are being looked for. You can then apply the mark scheme.

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MARK SCHEME – GCSE BIOLOGY – 8461/1H – JUNE 2018

Step 1: Determine a level

Start at the lowest level of the mark scheme and use it as a ladder to see whether the answer meets
the descriptor for that level. The descriptor for the level indicates the different qualities that might be
seen in the student’s answer for that level. If it meets the lowest level then go to the next one and
decide if it meets this level, and so on, until you have a match between the level descriptor and the
answer.

When assigning a level you should look at the overall quality of the answer. Do not look to penalise
small and specific parts of the answer where the student has not performed quite as well as the rest.
If the answer covers different aspects of different levels of the mark scheme you should use a best
fit approach for defining the level.

Use the variability of the response to help decide the mark within the level, ie if the response is
predominantly level 2 with a small amount of level 3 material it would be placed in level 2 but be
awarded a mark near the top of the level because of the level 3 content.

Step 2: Determine a mark

Once you have assigned a level you need to decide on the mark. The descriptors on how to
allocate marks can help with this.

The exemplar materials used during standardisation will help. There will be an answer in the
standardising materials which will correspond with each level of the mark scheme. This answer will
have been awarded a mark by the Lead Examiner. You can compare the student’s answer with the
example to determine if it is the same standard, better or worse than the example. You can then
use this to allocate a mark for the answer based on the Lead Examiner’s mark on the example.

You may well need to read back through the answer as you apply the mark scheme to clarify points
and assure yourself that the level and the mark are appropriate.

Indicative content in the mark scheme is provided as a guide for examiners. It is not intended to be
exhaustive and you must credit other valid points. Students do not have to cover all of the points
mentioned in the indicative content to reach the highest level of the mark scheme.

You should ignore any irrelevant points made. However, full marks can be awarded only if there are
no incorrect statements that contradict a correct response.

An answer which contains nothing of relevance to the question must be awarded no marks.

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MARK SCHEME – GCSE BIOLOGY – 8461/1H – JUNE 2018

AO /
Question Answers Extra information Mark
Spec. Ref.

01.1 toxins / poisons (secreted by / 1 AO1


from / in bacteria) 4.3.1.3

01.2 any two from: 2 AO2


• wash hands after using toilet ignore ‘wash hands’ unqualified 4.3.1.1
/ being sick ignore reference to coughing /
or
sneezing
wash hands before
preparing / handling food
or
do not prepare food (whilst
infected)

• isolate yourself allow examples of how isolation


could be achieved
• disinfect clothes / surfaces

• do not share utensils /


cutlery / towels

01.3 antibiotics allow named examples of 1 AO1


antibiotics 4.3.1.8

01.4 immune system is damaged / allow immunocompromised 1 AO2


weakened or immune system allow lack of / no white blood 4.3.1.2
doesn’t function properly
cells

white blood cells cannot kill allow no / fewer antibodies so 1


bacteria / Salmonella (as bacteria not killed or less
effectively) phagocytosis so bacteria not
killed or no / fewer antitoxins to
counter toxins

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MARK SCHEME – GCSE BIOLOGY – 8461/1H – JUNE 2018

AO /
Question Answers Extra information Mark
Spec. Ref.

01.5 any one from: 1 AO1


• (give chickens) antibiotics allow (give chickens) 4.3.1.3
monoclonal antibodies

• don’t sell infected chickens / allow don’t sell the chickens /


eggs eggs
ignore don’t sell chickens / eggs

• keep infected chickens allow keep the chickens indoors


isolated / indoors ignore keep chickens indoors

• slaughter the infected ignore vaccination / chlorination


chickens / disinfection

01.6 (cleaning liquid) B 1 AO3


4.1.1.6
and 4.3.1
greater reduction in number of ignore few bacteria in both
bacteria (after cleaning) in both locations
locations
allow neither / both and idea of
experimental error

01.7 radius (of area with no bacteria allow diameter (of the area with 1 AO2
growing) no bacteria growing) 4.1.1.6
ignore πr2 unqualified

allow idea of placing agar plate


onto graph paper and counting
the squares not covered with
bacteria

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MARK SCHEME – GCSE BIOLOGY – 8461/1H – JUNE 2018

AO /
Question Answers Extra information Mark
Spec. Ref.

01.8 repeat and look to see if results ignore repeat unqualified 1 AO3
are similar 4.1.1.6
allow repeat and look to see if
results are different

allow repeat and see if there are


anomalies

ignore repeat and identify


anomalies
ignore repeat and compare
unqualified

01.9 any one from: 1 AO3


• toxicity / side / health effects ignore harmful / dangerous 4.1.1.6
allow reference to allergies

• effect on other types of allow not tested on other types


bacteria / pathogens
of bacteria
ignore germs
• interaction with other
cleaners
• ease of use
• dilution factor of each ignore concentration unqualified
cleaner (vs. cost)
• time cleaner is effective for ignore how long the cleaner
lasts for

allow reference to odour of


cleaning liquid

ignore reference to cost


unqualified
ignore environmental effects /
flammability

Total 11

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MARK SCHEME – GCSE BIOLOGY – 8461/1H – JUNE 2018

AO /
Question Answers Extra information Mark
Spec. Ref.

02.1 allow other correct reference to AO1


metabolic reactions in cells 4.4.2.3
ignore reference to digestion
any one from: 1
• respiration
• formation of proteins
• formation / breakdown of
glycogen
• breakdown of (excess)
protein or formation of urea
• photosynthesis or formation ignore formation of
of glucose / starch (in plants) carbohydrates

02.2 each additional tick negates a AO3


mark 4.4.2.3
males have a higher metabolic
1
rate than females after five
years of age

the mean metabolic rate of 1


females decreases faster than
males up to 25 years of age

02.3 an answer of 32.1 scores 3 AO2


marks 4.4.2.3
17
× 100 1
53

32.075472… allow correct rounding of this to 1


at least 4 significant figures

allow a correct reduction to 3 1


32.1 significant figures from an
incorrect calculation for marking
point 2

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MARK SCHEME – GCSE BIOLOGY – 8461/1H – JUNE 2018

AO /
Question Answers Extra information Mark
Spec. Ref.

02.4 any two from: allow converse 2 AO3


• (person) R heart rate rose / 4.4.2.2
increased more slowly than
(person) S

• (person) R heart rate


levelled off whereas (person)
S continued to increase

• (person) R heart rate rose allow correct use of figures


less (overall / after 5 minutes eg R increased (overall) by 39
of exercise) than S bpm / 65% and S by 54 bpm /
69%
ignore lack of units

02.5 correct scale and axis labelled allow min(s) 1 AO2


4.4.2.2
do not accept ‘m’

the zero is not required on the


x-axis

all points plotted correctly (to allow 4 or 5 correct plots for 1 2


within ± ½ square) mark

line joined point to point or 1


correct curved line of best fit

02.6 an answer of 4.5 minutes scores AO2


2 marks 4.4.2.2

54 1
132 - 78 allow
12
12
allow sequential deductions of
12 four or five times

4.5 (minutes) / 4½ minutes / 4 do not accept 4:50 1


minutes 30 seconds / 4:30 or 4 minutes 50 seconds

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MARK SCHEME – GCSE BIOLOGY – 8461/1H – JUNE 2018

AO /
Question Answers Mark
Spec. Ref.

02.7 Level 3: The method would lead to the production of a valid 5–6 AO3
outcome. All key steps are identified and logically sequenced. 4.4.2.2

Level 2: The method would not necessarily lead to a valid 3–4


outcome. Most steps are identified, but the method is not fully
logically sequenced.

Level 1: The method would not lead to a valid outcome. Some 1–2
relevant steps are identified, but links are not made clear.

No relevant content 0

Indicative content

• two groups of people - non-smokers and smokers


• have at least five people in each group or large groups
• get each person to do (named) exercise
• controlled variables:
- same number of people in each group or large groups
- same gender
- same level of activity / exercise
- same age
- no health issues / illnesses
- same type of exercise
- same time for exercise
• record heart rate for each person before and after exercise
• calculate increase in heart rate for each person after exercise
• compare results for each group

for level 3, students should refer to at least 5 smokers and 5 non-


smokers, carrying out exercise with control variables and a means
of determining an increase in heart rate

for level 2, students should refer to ‘groups’ of smokers and non-


smokers exercising

Total 20

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MARK SCHEME – GCSE BIOLOGY – 8461/1H – JUNE 2018

AO /
Question Answers Extra information Mark
Spec. Ref.

03.1 any two from: allow proteins / hormones / 2 AO1


• carbon dioxide antibodies / vitamins / minerals / 4.2.2.3
• water ions / fatty acids / glycerol
• glucose
• amino acids ignore sugar / enzymes /
• lactic acid nutrients / waste

03.2 more haemoglobin max 2 marks if ‘more’ is not 1 AO1


given 4.2.2.3
4.4.2.2

(therefore) more oxygen can be 1 AO2


carried / transported 4.2.2.3
4.4.2.2

(for) more (aerobic) respiration allow less anaerobic respiration 1 AO1


of muscle (cells) / lactic acid / oxygen debt / 4.2.2.3
or fatigue in muscle (cells) 4.4.2.2
more energy released for ie addition of 'debt
muscle (cells)
do not accept energy produced

03.3 pulmonary artery 1 AO1


4.2.2.2
vena cava 1

03.4 B 1 AO1
4.2.2.2

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MARK SCHEME – GCSE BIOLOGY – 8461/1H – JUNE 2018

AO /
Question Answers Extra information Mark
Spec. Ref.

03.5 any three from: 3 AO1


4.2.2.2
• arteries have a thicker layer if neither marking points 1 or
of muscle (tissue) or veins 2 awarded, allow arteries
have a thinner layer of have a thick wall and veins
muscle (tissue) have a thin wall
or
• arteries have a thicker layer arteries have a thicker wall
of elastic tissue or veins or veins have a thinner wall
have a thinner layer of for 1 mark
elastic tissue do not accept ‘cell wall’

• arteries have a narrower allow descriptions of ‘lumen’


lumen or veins have a wider
lumen

• arteries do not have valves allow only veins have valves


and veins have valves

03.6 allow an X drawn anywhere in if a large X is drawn, award the 1 AO1


grey shaded area below: mark if the intersection touches 4.2.2.2
the grey area

if a label line is used, award


marks if the end of the label line
touches the grey area

allow label ‘pacemaker’

ignore label ‘right atrium’

03.7 an irregular heart beat allow arrhythmia 1 AO1


allow fibrillation 4.2.2.2

ignore heart failure

do not accept cardiovascular


disease / heart murmur

Total 13

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MARK SCHEME – GCSE BIOLOGY – 8461/1H – JUNE 2018

AO /
Question Answers Extra information Mark
Spec. Ref.

04.1 (yes, because) the mass change 1 AO3


(of egg 4) is much lower than 4.1.3.2
the others
allow because it / egg 4 has
gained (over) 50% less mass
than the others
allow it / egg 4 has gained
1.5 g and the others have all
gained more than 3 g (unit
required)

04.2 an answer of 4.6 / 4.56 / 4.558 AO2


scores 2 marks 4.1.3.2

75.7 - 72.4 ×100 or equivalent 1


72.4

4.6 (%) allow 4.558 / 4.56 (%) 1


allow any correct rounding of
4.558011049723757

04.3 (mass increased because) water 1 AO2


entered by osmosis 4.1.3.2

from a dilute solution in the allow from an area of high water 1 AO2
beaker to a more concentrated concentration in the beaker to 4.1.3.2
solution in the egg (cell) an area of low water
concentration in the egg (cell)
allow ref to water potential
allow ref to ‘strong’ and ‘weak’
solutions

ignore along / across


concentration gradient

do not accept ‘amount’ in place


of concentration

through a partially permeable allow semi-permeable / 1 AO1


membrane selectively permeable 4.1.3.2
membrane

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MARK SCHEME – GCSE BIOLOGY – 8461/1H – JUNE 2018

AO /
Question Answers Extra information Mark
Spec. Ref.

04.4 use five (or more) different allow any number of 1 AO3
concentrations of salt / sugar concentrations provided it is 4.1.3.2
solution (in beakers) more than four

(by) plotting percentage change 1


(in mass / volume) on / using a
graph

determine the concentration 1


where the curve / line crosses
the zero percentage change (in
mass / volume)

04.5 (ions are moved) from an area allow against the concentration 1 AO2
of low concentration to high gradient 4.1.3.3
concentration allow in terms of solution
do not accept molecules

(by) active transport 1 AO1


4.1.3.3

(which) requires using energy do not accept idea of energy 1 AO1


being created 4.1.3.3

Total 12

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MARK SCHEME – GCSE BIOLOGY – 8461/1H – JUNE 2018

AO /
Question Answers Extra information Mark
Spec. Ref.

05.1 (mouthpiece) has pierced / 1 AO2


entered the phloem 4.2.3.2
or
(the aphid) has been feeding
from the phloem

05.2 yellow leaves due to lack of ignore ‘choroplasts’ 1 AO1


chlorophyll ignore magnesium is needed to
make chorophyll

(therefore) less / no light 1 AO2


absorbed (by chlorophyll)

(therefore) lower rate of / no do not allow ‘energy is 1 AO1


photosynthesis produced by photosynthesis’

(therefore) plant makes less / no 1 AO1


sugar / glucose

(therefore) plant converts less / allow less glucose / sugar 1 AO1


no sugar / glucose into protein converted into cellulose (cell
(for growth, so growth is wall)
stunted) allow less energy for protein 4.3.3.1
synthesis 4.4.1.1
4.4.1.3

05.3 inject the protein / it into a 1 AO1


mouse 4.3.2.1

combine lymphocytes with ignore white blood cells 1


tumour / cancer cells to make allow T or B lymphocytes
hybridoma (cells) ignore tumour unqualified

find a hybridoma which makes a 1


monoclonal antibody specific to
PVY

(the scientist) clones (the do not allow cloning of original 1


hybridoma) to produce many stem cells
cells (to make the antibody)
allow many rounds of cloning /
mitosis

Total 10

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MARK SCHEME – GCSE BIOLOGY – 8461/1H – JUNE 2018

AO /
Question Answers Extra information Mark
Spec. Ref.

06.1 DNA / deoxyribo(se)nucleic acid 1 AO1


4.1.2.1

06.2 controls the movement of ignore allows substances in / out 1 AO1


substances in / out of cell of cell 4.1.1.2

06.3 Level 3: Relevant points (reasons / causes) are identified, given in 5–6 AO2
detail and logically linked to form a clear account. 4.2.2.1
4.2.2.2
Level 2: Relevant points (reasons / causes) are identified, and 3–4 4.4.2.1
there are attempts at logical linking. The resulting account is not
fully clear.

Level 1: Points are identified and stated simply, but their relevance 1–2
is not clear and there is no attempt at logical linking.

No relevant content 0

Indicative content

fewer (digestive) enzymes enter small intestine


• (so) enzymes break down / digest less food
• (therefore) less absorption of nutrients
• (so) less glucose can enter the blood(stream)
• (so) less (glucose) available for respiration
• (less absorption of nutrients so) fewer amino acids can enter
the blood(stream)
• (so) less protein is made (for growth)
ignore ref to bile

less oxygen enters blood(stream) / reaches cells / organs / tissues


(ignore body / lungs)
• (so) less (oxygen) available for (aerobic) respiration
• (so) less energy released / available (for growth)
do not accept energy produced

for level 3, reference to both enzymes and oxygen is required

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MARK SCHEME – GCSE BIOLOGY – 8461/1H – JUNE 2018

AO /
Question Answers Extra information Mark
Spec. Ref.

06.4 put ages in (ascending / 1 AO2


descending / chronological) 4.2.2.5
order

find middle value allow a way of achieving this 1 AO1


(n + 1) 4.2.2.5
ie
2
where n is the number of people

06.5 most common in young people allow causes of this 1 AO3


or 4.2.2.5
(more) don’t live to an old age

06.6 an answer of 10 584 scores 2 AO2


marks 4.2.2.5

98
allow × 10 800 1
0.98 × 10 800 100

allow 10 800 – (0.02 ×10 800) 1


10 584
or equivalent

06.7 take stem cells from patient 1 AO2


(bone marrow / skin) 4.1.2.3

remove / change / fix the faulty / 1


CF gene

create embryo using these stem allow idea of transferring 1


cells nucleus from stem cells into
enucleated egg / ovum

remove stem cells (from 1


embryo) and stimulate / allow
them to divide / differentiate into
lung (cells)
if no other marks awarded
allow 1 mark for therapeutic
cloning

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MARK SCHEME – GCSE BIOLOGY – 8461/1H – JUNE 2018

AO /
Question Answers Extra information Mark
Spec. Ref.

06.8 idea of ethical / religious allow idea that embryo cannot 1 AO3
concerns about use of embryos give consent 4.1.2.3
such as loss of (potential)
human life ignore idea of against human
rights of embryo unqualified
ignore religious / ethical reasons
unqualified

Total 18

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MARK SCHEME – GCSE BIOLOGY – 8461/1H – JUNE 2018

AO /
Question Answers Extra information Mark
Spec. Ref.

07.1 an answer of 560 / 559.8 / AO2


559.78 / 559 (cm3) scores 3 4.2.2.1
marks

an incorrect answer for one step


does not prevent allocation of
marks for subsequent steps

(for calcium) allow any correct rounding to 1


500 minimum 3 significant figures
× 1000 = 826.446281 (cm3 ) allow alternative route with
605 correct rounding

(for vitamin B-12) allow alternative route with 1


500 correct rounding
× 2.4 = 266.67 (cm3 )
4.5

560 / 559.8 / 559.78 / 559 (cm3) allow only correct answer based 1
on values given for vitamin B-12
and calcium

07.2 Level 2: Scientifically relevant facts, events or processes are 4–6 AO1
identified and given in detail to form an accurate account. 4.2.2.1

Level 1: Facts, events or processes are identified and simply 1–3


stated but their relevance is not clear.

No relevant content 0

Indicative content

• Biuret reagent (allow CuSO4 and NaOH) tests for protein


• add Biuret reagent to milk
• solution will turn (from blue) to lilac if positive

• iodine solution tests for starch (ignore iodine unqualified)


• add iodine solution to milk
• solution will turn (from orange / brown) to blue / black if positive

• Benedict’s reagent tests for sugars


• add Benedict’s reagent to milk and boil / heat (allow any
temperature above 60 °C)
• solution will turn (from blue) to (brick) red / brown / orange /
yellow / green if positive

for level 2, reference to all three food tests is required

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MARK SCHEME – GCSE BIOLOGY – 8461/1H – JUNE 2018

AO /
Question Answers Extra information Mark
Spec. Ref.

07.3 lipase breaks down fat into fatty do not accept if ‘glycerol’ is 1 AO2
acids (and glycerol) contradicted 4.2.2.1

(and) fatty acids lower the pH 1

(and when) fatty acids cause the 1


pH to be below 10 (the indicator
becomes colourless)

07.4 observation of colour change is ignore human error unqualified 1 AO3


subjective / based on opinion ignore experimental error or 4.2.2.1
examples of this

07.5 bile emulsifies fats allow a correct description of 1 AO1


emulsification (ie breaks fat from 4.2.2.1
large droplets into smaller
droplets)

do not accept a description of


chemical breakdown

creates a larger surface area (of 1 AO2


fat) 4.2.2.1

(so) lipase can break down fat allow fatty acids produced by 1 AO3
(to produce fatty acids) more action of lipase more quickly 4.2.2.1
quickly / effectively

Total 16

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