The document discusses soil compaction, including the standard Proctor test procedure, factors affecting compaction, field compaction methods, and determination of field unit weight. It also provides three example situations to solve: 1) calculating maximum dry unit weight and optimum moisture content from a Proctor test table, 2) determining relative compaction given relative density and dry unit weight limits, and 3) selecting the most cost-effective borrow pit soil to meet a specified embankment void ratio.
The document discusses soil compaction, including the standard Proctor test procedure, factors affecting compaction, field compaction methods, and determination of field unit weight. It also provides three example situations to solve: 1) calculating maximum dry unit weight and optimum moisture content from a Proctor test table, 2) determining relative compaction given relative density and dry unit weight limits, and 3) selecting the most cost-effective borrow pit soil to meet a specified embankment void ratio.
The document discusses soil compaction, including the standard Proctor test procedure, factors affecting compaction, field compaction methods, and determination of field unit weight. It also provides three example situations to solve: 1) calculating maximum dry unit weight and optimum moisture content from a Proctor test table, 2) determining relative compaction given relative density and dry unit weight limits, and 3) selecting the most cost-effective borrow pit soil to meet a specified embankment void ratio.
The document discusses soil compaction, including the standard Proctor test procedure, factors affecting compaction, field compaction methods, and determination of field unit weight. It also provides three example situations to solve: 1) calculating maximum dry unit weight and optimum moisture content from a Proctor test table, 2) determining relative compaction given relative density and dry unit weight limits, and 3) selecting the most cost-effective borrow pit soil to meet a specified embankment void ratio.
When water is added to the soil during compaction, it
acts as a softening agent on the soil particles. The soil particles slip over each other and move into a densely packed position. The dry unit weight after compaction first increases as the moisture content increases. The moisture content at which the maximum dry unit weight is attained is generally referred to as the optimum moisture content. Standard Proctor Test In the Proctor test, the soil is compacted in a mold. During the laboratory test, the mold is attached to a baseplate at the bottom and to an extension at the top. The soil is mixed with varying amounts of water and then compacted in three equal layers by a hammer that delivers 25 blows to each layer. The hammer has a mass of 2.5 kg and has a drop of 30.5 mm. Moisture-Density Relations
• For Each Test, Moist Unit Weight t can be
calculated as:
• where W = weight of the compacted soil in the mold
Vm =volume of the mold (1944 cm3)
Dry unit Weight:
Moisture-Density Relations Theoretical maximum dry unit weight is obtained when no air is in the void spaces, degree of saturation (S) =100%.
Where 𝛾𝑧𝑎𝑣 = zero-air-void unit weight.
Procedure in obtaining the variation of 𝛾𝑧𝑎𝑣 with moisture content:
1.Determine the specific gravity of soil solids. 2.Know the unit weight of water (𝛾w). 3.Assume several values of w, such as 5%, 10%, 15%, and so on. 4.Use the equation 𝛾𝑧𝑎𝑣 for various values of w. Factors Affecting Compaction
1.As the compaction effort is increased, the
maximum dry unit weight of compaction is also increased.
2.As the compaction effort is increased, the
optimum moisture content is decreased to some extent. Modified Proctor Test Field Compaction
Vibratory rollers Pneumatic rubber-tired rollers Specifications for Field Compaction where R = relative compaction For the compaction of granular soils, specifications sometimes are written in terms of the required relative density Dr or the required relative compaction. Relative density should not be confused with relative compaction. Determination of Field Unit Weight of Compaction Sand Cone Method Nuclear Method Rubber Balloon
Nuclear density meters are often used for determining
the compacted dry unit weight of soil. The density meters operate either in drilled holes or from the ground surface. It uses a radioactive isotope source. The isotope gives off Gamma rays that radiate back to the meter’s detector. Dense soil absorbs more radiation than loose soil. S i t u a t i o n 1 . T h e l a b o r a t o r y t e s t r e s u l t s o f a s t a n d a r d Pr o c t o r t e s t a r e g i v e n i n t h e following table. 1.Determine the maximum dry unit weight of compaction and the optimum moisture content. 2.Calculate and plot 𝛾d versus the moisture content for degree of saturation, S = 80, 90, and 100% (i.e., 𝛾𝑧𝑎𝑣). Given: Gs = 2.7. Situation 2. The maximum and minimum dry unit weights of a sand were determined in the laboratory to be 18.9 and 15.5 kN/m3, respectively. What is the relative compaction in the field if the relative density is 75%? Situation 3. A proposed embankment fill requires 5000 m3 of compacted soil. The void ratio of the compacted fill is specified as 0.75. Soil can be transported from one of the four borrow pits as described in the following table. The void ratio, specific gravity of soil solids, and the cost per cubic meter for moving the soil to the proposed construction site are provided in the table 1.Determine the volume of each borrow pit soil required to meet the specification of the embankment site 2.Make necessary calculations to select the borrow pit which would be most cost effective.
