ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE

A SEMINAR REPORT

Submitted By

MANBIR KAUR

in partial fulfillment for the award of the degree

of

BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY

IN
ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION

At

GURU NANAK DEV UNIVERSITY

AMRITSAR

(2019-2023)
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

Presentation, inspiration and Motivation have always played a key role in the success of any
venture. I express my sincere thanks to Mrs Shalini Bahel, Head of Department
(Electronics),Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar.

I pay my deep sense of gratitude to Dr. Jaipreet Kaur to encourage me to the highest peak and
to provide me the opportunity to prepare the project. I am immensely obliged to my
companions for their elevating inspiration, encouraging guidance and kind supervision in the
completion of my project .
I feel to acknowledge my indebtedness and deep sense of gratitude to my guide Mr Kuldeep
Singh whose valuable guidance and kind supervision given to me throughout the course
which shaped the present work as its show.

This project report would not have been completed without the references taken from the
search engine Google; which made the report accurate .
So with due regards, I express my gratitudes to them .

Name – Manbir Kaur

Roll No. - 17041973921

Table of Contents
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ABSTRACT

Artificial intelligence is a way of making a computer, a computer controlled robot, or a

software think intelligently, in the similar manner the intelligent humans think .Artificial
intelligence is accomplished by studying how human brain thinks, and how human learn,
decide and work while trying to solve a problem , and then using the outcomes of this study
as the basis of developing intelligent software and systems. Artificial intelligence (AI) is the
intelligence of machines and the branch of computer science that aims to create it. According
to Textbooks , the Artificial Intelligence is “the study and design of intelligent agents , where
an intelligent agent is a system that perceives its environment and takes action that maximise
its chances of success”. The use of Artificial Intelligence methods is becoming increasingly
common in the modelling and forecasting of hydrological and water resource processes.
Artificial Intelligence in the field of scientific inquiry concerned with designing mechanical
systems that can simulate human mental processes .The field draws upon theoretical
constructs from a wide variety of disciples, including mathematics , psychology , linguistics,
neurophysiology, computer science , and electronic engineering .
 INTRODUCTION

What does Artificial Intelligence mean?

Artificial intelligence (AI) is the ability of a computer or a robot controlled by a computer to

do tasks that are usually done by humans because they require human intelligence and
discernment. 
It is a branch of computer science by which we can create intelligent machines which can
behave like a human, think like humans, and able to make decisions
 Speech recognition
 Learning
 Planning
 Problem solving
The core problems of artificial intelligence include programming computers for certain traits
such as:
 Knowledge
 Reasoning
 Problem solving
 Perception
 Learning
 Planning
 Ability to manipulate and move objects
Knowledge engineering is a core part of AI research. Machines can often act and react like
humans only if they have abundant information relating to the world. Artificial intelligence
must have access to objects, categories, properties and relations between all of them to
implement knowledge engineering. Initiating common sense, reasoning and problem-solving
power in machines is a difficult and tedious task. Machine learning is also a core part of AI.
Learning without any kind of supervision requires an ability to identify patterns in streams of
inputs, whereas learning with adequate supervision involves classification and numerical
regressions. Mathematical analysis of machine learning algorithms and their performance is a
well-defined branch of theoretical computer science often referred to as computational
learning theory. Robotics is also a major field related to AI. Robots require intelligence to
handle tasks such as object manipulation and navigation, along with sub-problems of
localization, motion planning and mapping.
 HISTORY

The term Artificial Intelligence was coined by John McCarthy, in 1956, who defines it as
“the science and engineering of making intelligent machines. The field was founded on the
claim that a central property of humans, intelligence. The sapience of Homo sapiens can be
so precisely described that it can be simulated by a machine. This raises philosophical issues
about the nature of the mind and limits of scientific hubris, issues which have been addressed
by myth, fiction and philosophy since antiquity. Artificial Intelligence (AI) is the key
technology in many of today’s novel applications, ranging from banking systems that detect
attempted credit card fraud, to telephone systems that understand speech, to software systems
that notice when you’re having problems and offer appropriate advice. These technologies
would not exist today without the sustained federal support of fundamental AI research over
the past three decades. Artificial Intelligence (AI) in the field of information technology
focused on creating machines that can participate in behaviours that humans consider
intelligent. The possibility of intelligent machines to have human curiosity since ancient
times and today with the advent of computer and 50 years of research into AI programming
techniques, the dream of smart machines is a reality. Researchers create systems that can
mimic human thought, understand speech, then the best player chess husband, and countless
benefits not possible before.
 Why Artificial Intelligence?

Following are some main reasons to learn about AI:

 With the help of AI, you can create such software or devices which can solve real-
world problems very easily and with accuracy such as health issues , marketing ,
traffic issues etc.
 With the help of AI, you can create your personal virtual Assistant such as Siri,
Google Assistant etc.
 With the help of AI ,you can build such robots which can work in an environment
where survival of humans can be at risk.
 AI opens a path for other new technologies, new devices, and new Opportunities.
 Challenges with AI

 Lack of data or poor-quality data :- One of the big challenges with AI is that we
don't have enough data to work with AI systems, or data we have is of poor quality or
unstructured. AI depends on data for its working and requires a huge amount of data
for a good result. Hence the processing of such data is a big task for organizations,
and it takes lots of effort and is a time-consuming process.

 Insufficient IT infrastructure :- There is still a lack of IT infrastructures, mainly in

start-ups, which is a big issue in AI researches and development.

 Lack of AI talent :- AI is growing continuously day by day with rapid speed, and
more people are accepting the proven ideas of AI. However, the professionals with
full scales skills to develop high-level AI implementations are still lacking, which is
also one of the big challenges with AI.

 Computing Power :- Computing power has always been a big issue in the IT
industry, but day by day, this issue has been resolved. Deep learning and the
processing of neural networks, which are part of AI, require a high level of computing
power, and are a major challenge for the tech industries.

 Legal Issues:- One of the latest challenges with AI is that now organizations need to
be wary of AI. The legal issues are raised for concern that if AI collects sensitive data,
that may be a violation of federal laws.
 Types of AI

AI type-1: Based on Capabilities

1. Weak AI or Narrow AI:

 Narrow AI is a type of AI which is able to perform a dedicated task with intelligence .The
most common and currently available AI is Narrow AI in the world of Artificial Intelligence.
 Narrow AI cannot perform beyond its field or limitations, as it is only trained for one specific
task. Hence it is also termed as weak AI. Narrow AI can fail in unpredictable ways if it goes
beyond its limits.
 Apple Siri is a good example of Narrow AI.IBM's Watson supercomputer also comes under
Narrow AI, as it uses an Expert system approach combined with Machine learning and natural
language processing.
 Some Examples of Narrow AI are playing chess, purchasing suggestions on e-commerce site,
self-driving cars, speech recognition, and image recognition.

2. General AI:

 General AI is a type of intelligence which could perform any intellectual task with
efficiency like a human.
 The idea behind the general AI to make such a system which could be smarter and
think like a human by its own.
 Currently, there is no such system exist which could come under general AI and can
perform any task as perfect as a human.
 The worldwide researchers are now focused on developing machines with General AI.
 As systems with general AI are still under research, and it will take lots of efforts and
time to develop such systems.
3. Super AI:

 Super AI is a level of Intelligence of Systems at which machines could surpass human

intelligence, and can perform any task better than human with cognitive properties.
Some key characteristics of strong AI include capability include the ability to think, to
reason, solve the puzzle, make judgments, plan, learn, and communicate by its own.
 Super AI is still a hypothetical concept of Artificial Intelligence. Development of such
systems in real is still world changing task.
Artificial Intelligence type-2: Based on functionality

 Reactive Machines :- Purely reactive machines are the most basic types of Artificial
Intelligence. Such AI systems do not store memories or past experiences for future
actions. IBM's Deep Blue system is an example of reactive machines .Google's Alpha
Go is also an example of reactive machines.

 Limited Memory :- Limited memory machines can store past experiences or some
data for a short period of time. These machines can use stored data for a limited time
period only. Self-driving cars are one of the best examples of Limited Memory
systems. These cars can store recent speed of nearby cars, the distance of other cars,
speed limit, and other information to navigate the road.

 Theory of Mind :- Theory of Mind AI should understand the human emotions,

people, beliefs, and be able to interact socially like humans. This type of AI machines
are still not developed, but researchers are making lots of efforts and improvement for
developing such AI machines.

 Self-Awareness:- Self-awareness AI is the future of Artificial Intelligence. These

machines will be super intelligent, and will have their own consciousness, sentiments,
and self-awareness. These machines will be smarter than human mind. Self-
Awareness AI does not exist in reality still and it is a hypothetical concept.
 ADVANTAGES & DISADVANTAGES
Advantages of AI

 Reduction in Human Error :- One of the biggest advantages of Artificial

Intelligence is that it can significantly reduce errors and increase accuracy and
precision.
 Zero Risks :- Another big advantage of AI is that humans can overcome many risks
by letting AI robots do them for us.
 24x7 Availability :- There are many studies that show humans are productive only
about 3 to 4 hours in a day. Humans also need breaks and time offs to balance their
work life and personal life. But AI can work endlessly without breaks. They think
much faster than humans and perform multiple tasks at a time with accurate results. 
 Perform Repetitive Jobs :- We will be doing a lot of repetitive tasks as part of our
daily work, such as checking documents for flaws.
 New Inventions :- AI is the driving force behind numerous innovations that will aid
humans in resolving the majority of challenging issues. For instance, recent advances
in AI-based technologies have allowed doctors to detect breast cancer in a woman at
an earlier stage.

Disadvantages of AI

 High Cost: The hardware and software requirement of AI is very costly as it requires

lots of maintenance to meet current world requirements.
 Unemployment : One application of artificial intelligence is a robot, which is
increasing unemployment (in a few cases). Therefore, some claim that there is always
a chance of unemployment as a result of chatbots and robots replacing humans. 
 No feelings and emotions: AI machines can be an outstanding performer, but still it
does not have the feeling so it cannot make any kind of emotional attachment with
human, and may sometime be harmful for users if the proper care is not taken.
 Increase dependency on machines: With the increment of technology, people are
getting more dependent on devices and hence they are losing their mental capabilities.
 No Original Creativity: As humans are so creative and can imagine some new ideas
but still AI machines cannot beat this power of human intelligence and cannot be
creative and imaginative.
 Applications of AI

 Game Playing:
AI is widely used in Gaming. Different strategic games such as Chess, where the
machine needs to think logically, and video games to provide real-time experiences
use Artificial Intelligence.

 Natural language processing (NLP). This is the processing of human language by a

computer program. One of the older and best-known examples of NLP is spam
detection, which looks at the subject line and text of an email and decides if it's junk.
Current approaches to NLP are based on machine learning. NLP tasks include text
translation, sentiment analysis and speech recognition.

 Robotics:
Artificial Intelligence is commonly used in the field of Robotics to develop intelligent
robots. AI implemented robots use real-time updates to sense any obstacle in their
path and can change the path instantly. AI robots can be used for carrying goods in
hospitals and industries and can also be used for other different purposes.

 Healthcare:
In the healthcare sector, AI has diverse uses. In this field, AI can be used to detect
diseases and cancer cells. It also helps in finding new drugs with the use of historical
data and medical intelligence.

 Computer Vision:
Computer vision enables the computer system to understand and derive meaningful
information from digital images, video, and other visual input with the help of AI.
 AI in healthcare

In the healthcare industry, AI helps to gather past data through electronic health records for
disease prevention and diagnosis.
Further, IBM and Google have also developed AI algorithms for the healthcare industry that
help to support operational initiatives that increase cost-saving, improve patient satisfaction,
and satisfy their staffing and workforce needs.

AI technologies in healthcare

 Machine Learning(Neural Network and Deep Learning): In healthcare, the main

use of machine learning technology is precision medicine, which means to predict the
best treatment protocols that are likely to be successful on a patient based on different
patient characteristics and treatment context.
 Natural Language Processing: The main use of NLP(Natural language processing)
includes creating, understanding, and classifying clinical documents and published
research. It also helps in analysing unstructured clinical notes on patients and
preparing reports.
 Robotics: Various physical robots are enabled with AI to perform different tasks in
the healthcare sector. Nowadays, surgical robots are being used to provide help to
surgeons for improving their ability to see, stitch wounds, and so on. Some surgical
procedures that use robotic surgery are gynaecologic surgery, prostate surgery and
head and neck surgery.
 Rule-based expert System: Rule-based expert system is based on a collection of if-
then rules and is most widely used in the commercial sector. First, a set of rules is
created by human experts and knowledge engineers, and then they implement an
easy-to-understand rule-based expert system. This rule is directly proportional to the
knowledge domain means if the knowledge is changing, then the rule can be complex
and time taking. Hence, Artificial Intelligence is being used to overcome this
drawback of a rule-based expert system in the healthcare sector.
 RPA: In the healthcare sector, Robotic process automation is used to perform
repetitive tasks such as updating patient records or billing. It can also be used to
extracting data when combined with other technologies.
 WHAT WILL BE THE NEXT DECADE BRING?

 Improved speech , voice , image, video recognition will change the way interact with
our devices
 Personal assistants will become more personal and context aware
 More and more systems will run autonomously to a point
 The positive impact AI research can have on humanity will start to be across many
walks of life- much of it behind the scenes
 CONCLUSION

It’s now the time to sit and think upon for the future of artificial intelligence in expert
systems whether as to go with traditional technologies or to adapt the science of artificial
intelligence. The overall motivation behind this paper is to modernize our ancestral methods
so as to bring in a rapid change in the growth of highly developed expert systems so as to
cater the needs of growing population. The development process may be incremental but the
overall concept requires a paradigm shift in the way we think about modernization of
production that is based more on needs and novel ways of meeting them rather than
modifying existing techniques.
 References

 www.javapoint .com
 www.youtube .com
 www.upgrad.com