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2. Á…¸¥œ„¦µ¢…°Š‡ªµ¤­´¤¡´œ›r¨³¢{Š„r´œš¸É„ε®œ—Ä®oŗo
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„µ¦Á…¸¥œÃ—Á¤œÂ¨³Á¦œ‹r…°Š‡ªµ¤­´¤¡´œ›r r ė Ç Ä®o°¥¼nĜ¦¼žÁŽ˜Â°„ÁŠºÉ°œÅ… Ánœ
­ 1 ½
™oµ r = ® x , y   R u R y ¾
¯ x 2 ¿

‹³Å—o Dr = ^x x z 2 `
Rr = ^y y z 0 `
˜n™oµÁ…¸¥œ Rr = ^ x x z 0 ` Ÿ¼oÁ¦¸¥œµŠ‡œ‹³­´­œªnµš¸ÉÁ…¸¥œœ¸Ê°µ‹Å¤n™¼„˜o°ŠÁ¡¦µ³œ¹„°¥¼nÁ­¤°ªnµ
x Áž}œ­¤µ·„˜´ª®œoµÂ¨³ y Áž}œ­¤µ·„˜´ª®¨´Š…°Š‡¼n°´œ—´ Ÿ¼o­°œ°µ‹Äo‡ªµ¤¦¼oÁ¦ºÉ°ŠÁŽ˜š¸ÉÁšnµ„´œ
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3. „µ¦¡·‹µ¦–µ‡ªµ¤­´¤¡´œ›ršÁ¸É …¸¥œÂ°„ÁŠº°É œÅ…ªnµÁž}œ¢{Š„rœ´ ®¦º°Å¤nœœ´Ê °µ‹¡·‹µ¦–µÃ—¥„µ¦®µ‡nµ
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¢{Š„r´œ Ÿ¼oÁ¦¸¥œ˜o°Š­µ¤µ¦™®µ˜´ª°¥nµŠ‡¼°n œ´ —´š¸¤É ­¸ ¤µ·„˜´ª®œoµÁ®¤º°œ„´œ ˜n­¤µ·„˜´ª®¨´Š˜nµŠ„´œÅ—o
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1. Ÿ¼­o °œ¥„˜´ª°¥nµŠ‹Îµœªœ­°Š‹ÎµœªœÄ— Ç Ánœ 4 ¨³ 2 ¨oªÄ®oŸÁ¼o ¦¸¥œnª¥„´œ¡·‹µ¦–µ—¼ªµn
‹Îµœªœš´ÊŠ­°ŠÁ„¸É¥ª…o°Š„´œ°¥nµŠÅ¦oµŠ Ž¹ÉŠ°µ‹°°„¤µÄœ®¨µ¥ Ç Â Ánœ
4 ¤µ„„ªnµ 2
4 Ášnµ„´ 2 u 2
2 Áž}œ¦µ„š¸É­°Šš¸ÉÁž}œª„…°Š 4
¨oªŸ¼o­°œ­¦»žªnµ ‡Îµªnµ “¤µ„„ªnµ” “Ášnµ„´” “Áž}œ¦µ„š¸É­°Šš¸ÉÁž}œª„…°Š” Áž}œ‡Îµš¸Éčo­—Š‡ªµ¤
­´¤¡´œ›r¦³®ªnµŠ‹Îµœªœš´ÊŠ­°Š ĜšÎµœ°ŠÁ—¸¥ª„´œÁ¤ºÉ°¥„˜´ª°¥nµŠºÉ°…°ŠŸ¼oÁ¦¸¥œ­°Š‡œÄ— Ç Äœ®o°Š…¹Êœ¤µ
¨oªÄ®onª¥„´œ¡·‹µ¦–µ „È°µ‹Å—o‡ªµ¤­´¤¡´œ›r¦³®ªnµŠŸ¼oÁ¦¸¥œš´ÊŠ­°ŠÄœ¦¼ž…°Š “Áž}œÁ¡ºÉ°œ„´œ” “­¼Š„ªnµ”
“Á˜¸Ê¥„ªnµ” “®œ´„„ªnµ” ²¨² ¨oª‹¹Š­¦»žÄ®oŸ¼oÁ¦¸¥œÁ…oµÄ‹ªnµ ‡ªµ¤­´¤¡´œ›rĜš¸Éœ¸ÊÁ„·—‹µ„…°Š­°Š­·ÉŠ
Á„¸É¥ª…o°Š„´œ£µ¥Ä˜o„‘Á„–”r°¥nµŠÄ—°¥nµŠ®œ¹ÉŠ ¨³…°Š­°Š­·ÉŠœ´Êœ‹³Á…¸¥œÁž}œ‡¼n°´œ—´Å—oÁ­¤°
2. Ä®oŸ¼oÁ¦¸¥œ¥„˜´ª°¥nµŠÁŠºÉ°œÅ…¦³®ªnµŠ x „´ y Ánœ x > y, y = x + 1, y = x2 ²¨² ¨³
Ä®o®µ‡¼n°´œ—´ (x, y) š¸É­°—‡¨o°Š„´œ£µ¥Ä˜oÁŠºÉ°œÅ…—´Š„¨nµª Ánœ ®µ (x, y) Á¤ºÉ° x > y ¨³ x, y Áž}œ
‹Îµœªœœ´š¸Éœo°¥„ªnµ 10 Á¤ºÉ° y = x + 1 ‹µ„œ´ÊœŸ¼o­°œ‹¹Š°„ªnµ ÁŽ˜…°Š‡¼n°´œ—´Á®¨nµœ´Êœ Á¦¸¥„ªnµ
‡ªµ¤­´¤¡´œ›r
®¤µ¥Á®˜» Á¤ºÉ ° „ε®œ—ÁŽ˜…°Š‡¼n °´ œ —´  ¤µÄ®o Ťn ‹ÎµÁž} œ ˜o ° Š°„Å—o Á ­¤°Åžªn µ x, y Ž¹É Š Áž} œ
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1. Ÿ¼o­°œ¥„˜´ª°¥nµŠ‡ªµ¤­´¤¡´œ›rš¸ÉÁ…¸¥œÂÂ‹„‹Š­¤µ·„ š´ÊŠš¸ÉÁž}œ¢{Š„r´œÂ¨³Å¤nÁž}œ
¢{Š„r´œ Ánœ
Ä®o r1 = {(– 4, 2), (–2, –1), (0, –1), (6, 3)}
r2 = {(3, 5), (5, 3), (–1, 0), (3, 0)}
®¦º°Â­—ŠÂŸœ£µ¡„µ¦‹´‡¼n¦³®ªnµŠ­¤µ·„…°ŠÃ—Á¤œ„´­¤µ·„…°ŠÁ¦œ‹r…°Š r1 ¨³ r2 —´Šœ¸Ê
r1 r2
–4 2 3 5
–2 –1 5 3
0 3 –1 0
6
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Ĝ r1 š»„‡¼n°´œ—´¤¸­¤µ·„˜´ª®œoµÅ¤nŽÊε„´œ
­nªœ r2 ¤¸‡¼n°´œ—´µŠ‡¼n°´œ—´Ž¹ÉŠ­¤µ·„˜´ª®œoµŽÊε„´œ ˜n­¤µ·„˜´ª®¨´Š˜nµŠ„´œ

Ÿ¼o­°œ¥„˜´ª°¥nµŠ‡ªµ¤­´¤¡´œ›rÁ¡·É¤Á˜·¤Á¡ºÉ°Ä®oŸ¼oÁ¦¸¥œ¡·‹µ¦–µªnµ ‡ªµ¤­´¤¡´œ›rėš¸É¤¸„µ¦‹´‡¼n
¦³®ªnµŠ­¤µ·„Ĝ×Á¤œ„´­¤µ·„ÄœÁ¦œ‹rĜ¨´„¬–³ÁnœÁ—¸¥ª„´ r1 ¨³‡ªµ¤­´¤¡´œ›rė¤¸„µ¦‹´‡¼n
Ĝ¨´„¬–³ÁnœÁ—¸¥ª„´ r2
‹µ„œ´ÊœŸ¼o­°œ‹¹Š­¦»žªnµ ‡ªµ¤­´¤¡´œ›rš¸É¤¸„µ¦‹´‡¼n¦³®ªnµŠ­¤µ·„Ĝ×Á¤œ„´­¤µ·„ÄœÁ¦œ‹r
ÁnœÁ—¸¥ª„´ r1 Áž}œ¢{Š„r´œ ­nªœ‡ªµ¤­´¤¡´œ›rš¸É¤¸„µ¦‹´‡¼n¦³®ªnµŠ­¤µ·„Ĝ×Á¤œ„´­¤µ·„ÄœÁ¦œ‹r
ÁnœÁ—¸¥ª„´ r2 ŤnÁž}œ¢{Š„r´œ
2. Ÿ¼o­°œ¥„˜´ª°¥nµŠ‡ªµ¤­´¤¡´œ›rš¸ÉÁ…¸¥œÂ°„ÁŠºÉ°œÅ…š´ÊŠš¸ÉÁž}œ¢{Š„r´œÂ¨³Å¤nÁž}œ¢{Š„r´œ
Ánœ
r = {(x, y)~y2 = x + 1}

Ÿ¼o­°œ™µ¤Ÿ¼oÁ¦¸¥œªnµ ‡ªµ¤­´¤¡´œ›r r Áž}œ¢{Š„r´œ®¦º°Å¤n Á¡¦µ³Á®˜»Ä— (Ĝ„¦–¸š¸ÉŸ¼oÁ¦¸¥œ˜°

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Ž¹ÉŠŸ¼oÁ¦¸¥œ‹³Á®Èœªnµš´ÊŠ (3, 2) ¨³ (3, –2) ˜nµŠ„ÈÁž}œ­¤µ·„…°Š r ¨³Áž}œ‡¼n°´œ—´š¸É­¤µ·„˜´ª®œoµŽÊε„´œ
˜n­¤µ·„˜´ª®¨´Š˜nµŠ„´œ ‹¹Š­¦»žÅ—oªnµ ‡ªµ¤­´¤¡´œ›r r ŤnÁž}œ¢{Š„r´œ
3. Ÿ¼o­°œÂ¨³Ÿ¼oÁ¦¸¥œnª¥„´œ¥„˜´ª°¥nµŠ„¦µ¢…°Š‡ªµ¤­´¤¡´œ›rš´ÊŠš¸ÉÁž}œ¢{Š„r´œÂ¨³Å¤nÁž}œ
¢{Š„rœ´ ¨oª¦nª¤„´œ®µ®¨´„Á„–”rĜ„µ¦¡·‹µ¦–µ‹µ„„¦µ¢ªnµ ‡ªµ¤­´¤¡´œ›rėÁž}œ¢{Š„rœ´ Ž¹ŠÉ ‹³­¦»žÅ—oªµn
Á¤ºÉ°¨µ„Á­oœ…œµœ„´Â„œ Y ¨oª ™oµ¤¸Á­oœ…œµœ„´Â„œ Y °¥nµŠœo°¥®œ¹ÉŠÁ­oœš¸É˜´—„¦µ¢…°Š
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˜n¤¸ y š¸É˜nµŠ„´œ ˜n™oµÅ¤n¤¸Á­oœ…œµœ„´Â„œ Y Á­oœÄ—Á¨¥ š¸É˜´—„¦µ¢¤µ„„ªnµ®œ¹ÉŠ‹»— ­¦»žÅ—oªnµ
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Ĝ„¦–¸š¸É‡ªµ¤­´¤¡´œ›r r Á…¸¥œ°¥¼nĜ¦¼žÁŽ˜Â°„ÁŠºÉ°œÅ……°Š­¤µ·„ Ÿ¼o­°œ°µ‹Âœ³œÎµª·›¸
„µ¦¡·‹µ¦–µ®µÃ—Á¤œÂ¨³Á¦œ‹rŗo—´Šœ¸Ê

×Á¤œ ×¥ž„˜·ÁŠºÉ°œÅ……°Š‡ªµ¤­´¤¡´œ›r‹³„ε®œ—Ä®o y °¥¼nĜ¦¼ž…°Š x °¥¼n¨oª —´Šœ´Êœ

1
„µ¦¡·‹µ¦–µÃ—Á¤œ„ȇº°¡·‹µ¦–µªnµ ¤¸‡nµ x ėoµŠš¸ÉšÎµÄ®o®µ‡nµ y ŗo Ánœ Á¤ºÉ°„ε®œ— y = x 2
‹³¡ªnµ x = 2 Á¦µÅ¤n°µ‹®µ‡nµ y ŗo (Á¡¦µ³˜´ª®µ¦Áž}œ 0) ˜n­Îµ®¦´‡nµ x ė Ç š¸É x z 2 ‹³®µ‡nµ y
ŗoÁ­¤° —´Šœ´œÊ ×Á¤œ…°Š‡ªµ¤­´¤¡´œ›rœ¸Ê ‹¹ŠÁž}œÁŽ˜…°Š‹Îµœªœ‹¦·ŠÄ— Ç š¸ÅÉ ¤nÁšnµ„´ 2 Ž¹ŠÉ Á…¸¥œÄœ¦¼žÁŽ˜
°„ÁŠºÉ°œÅ…‡º° {x~x z 2} ×¥¨³­·ÉŠš¸ÉÁ…oµÄ‹˜¦Š„´œ‡º° x  R

Á¦œ‹r Á¦œ‹r…°Š‡ªµ¤­´¤¡´œ›rė¥n°¤…¹Êœ°¥¼n„´Ã—Á¤œ…°Š‡ªµ¤­´¤¡´œ›rœ´Êœ —´Šœ´Êœ„µ¦¡·‹µ¦–µ

1
Á¦œ‹r…°Š‡ªµ¤­´¤¡´œ›r °µ‹šÎµÅž¡¦o°¤„´„µ¦¡·‹µ¦–µÃ—Á¤œ ‹µ„˜´ª°¥nµŠ…oµŠ˜oœ y = x 2
‹³Á®ÈœÅ—oªµn
y ‹³¤¸‡nµÁž}œÁšnµÄ—„Èŗo¥„Áªoœ 0 (Á«¬­nªœÄ—š¸É˜´ªÁ«¬Å¤nÁšnµ„´«¼œ¥r Á«¬­nªœœ´Êœ‹³Å¤nÁž}œ«¼œ¥r)
—´Šœ´Êœ Á¦œ‹r‹¹ŠÁž}œÁŽ˜…°Š‹Îµœªœ‹¦·ŠÄ— Ç ¥„Áªoœ 0 Ž¹ÉŠÁ…¸¥œÄœ¦¼žÁŽ˜Â°„ÁŠºÉ°œÅ… ‡º°
{y~y z 0}
ª·›¸¡·‹µ¦–µÁ¦œ‹r°µ‹šÎµ°¥nµŠÁ—¸¥ª„´Ã—Á¤œ„Èŗo ‡º° Á…¸¥œ x Ĝ¦¼ž…°Š y ¨oª—¼ªnµ‡nµ…°Š y
‡nµÄ—oµŠš¸ÉšÎµÄ®o®µ‡nµ x ŗo ‹µ„˜´ª°¥nµŠ…oµŠ˜oœ¤¸ª·›¸¡·‹µ¦–µÁ¦œ‹rŗo—´Šœ¸Ê
‹µ„ÁŠºÉ°œÅ……°Š‡ªµ¤­´¤¡´œ›rš¸É„ε®œ—Ä®o
1
Á¤ºÉ° y = x 2
1
®¦º° x – 2 = y
1
—´Šœ´Êœ x = y
2
 66

‹³Á®Èœªnµ ™oµ y ŤnÁšnµ„´ 0 ‹³šÎµÄ®o®µ‡nµ…°Š x š¸É°¥¼nĜ×Á¤œÅ—o Ž¹ÉŠÁ…¸¥œÄœ¦¼žÁŽ˜

°„ÁŠºÉ°œÅ…‡º° {y~y z 0}

®¤µ¥Á®˜» ‡nµ y š¸É®µÅ—o‹³˜o°Š¤¸‡nµ x š¸ÉšÎµÄ®o (x, y) °¥¼nĜ‡ªµ¤­´¤¡´œ›rš¸É„ε®œ—Ä®o

„µ¦®µÃ—Á¤œÂ¨³Á¦œ‹r…°Š‡ªµ¤­´¤¡´œ›r Á¤ºÉ°‡ªµ¤­´¤¡´œ›rš¸É„ε®œ—Ä®o°¥¼nĜ¦¼žÁŽ˜Â°„
ÁŠºÉ°œÅ… Ÿ¼o­°œ°µ‹Á…¸¥œÁŽ˜…°Š‡ªµ¤­´¤¡´œ›r°„ÁŠºÉ°œÅ…œ„¦³—µœ ¨oªÁ…¸¥œ…o°‡ªµ¤­nªœš¸É
Áž}œÁŠºÉ°œÅ……°Š‡ªµ¤­´¤¡´œ›r¨Šœ„¦³—µ¬Â…ÈŠš¸É­µ¤µ¦™˜·—œ„¦³—µœÅ—o ¨oªÁž¨¸É¥œ´˜¦‡Îµ™µ¤Åž
Á¦ºÉ°¥ Ç ®¦º°°µ‹‹³Äoª·›¸Á…¸¥œ‡Îµ™µ¤—´Š„¨nµªœ„¦³—µœ ¨oª¨ÁŒ¡µ³­nªœš¸ÉÁž}œÁŠºÉ°œÅ…°°„„Èŗo
Ÿ¼o­°œÄ®oŸ¼oÁ¦¸¥œ®µÃ—Á¤œÂ¨³Á¦œ‹r…°Š‡ªµ¤­´¤¡´œ›r×¥Á¦¸¥Š¨Îµ—´‡Îµ™µ¤‹µ„Šnµ¥Åž¥µ„ —´Šœ¸Ê
(1) r = {(x, y)  R u R~y = x} (x  R, y  R)
(2) r = {(x, y)  R u R~y = –3} (x  R, y = –3)
(3) r = {(x, y)  R u R~y = 5x – 2} (x  R, y = R)
(4) r = {(x, y)  R u R~y = 7 – 2x} (x  R, y = R)
(5) r = {(x, y)  R u R~y = x2} (x  R, y t 0)
2
(6) r = {(x, y)  R u R~y = (x – 3) } (x  R, y t 0)
(7) r = {(x, y)  R u R~y = x2 – 8} (x  R, y t –8)
(8) r = {(x, y)  R u R~y = ~x~} (x  R, y t 0)
(9) r = {(x, y)  R u R~y = ~x~+ 5} (x  R, y t 5)
(10) r = {(x, y)  R u R~y = ~x~– 7} (x  R, y t –7)
(11) r = {(x, y)  R u R~y = 1x } (x z 0, y z 0)
1
(12) r = {(x, y)  R u R~y = x 5
} (x z 5, y z 0)
(13) r = {(x, y)  R u R~y = x  5 } (x t –5, y t 0)
(14) r = {(x, y)  R u R~y = 7 x } (x d 7, y t 0)
(15) r = {(x, y)  R u R~y = x 2 } (x  R, y t 0)
(16) r = {(x, y)  R u R~y = x 2  5 } (x  R, y t 5 )
(17) r = {(x, y)  R u R~y = 7 x 2 } ( 7 < x < 7 , 0 < y < 7 )
(18) r = {(x, y)  R u R~y = 5  x  2 } (x t –2, y d 5)
 77

Ĝ„µ¦¡·‹µ¦–µÃ—Á¤œœ´Êœ°µ‹¡·‹µ¦–µÁŠºÉ°œÅ…„ªoµŠ Ç „n°œ —´Šœ¸Ê

Á¤ºÉ°„ε®œ—Ä®o y = x ‹³˜o°Š¡·‹µ¦–µÁŠºÉ°œÅ……°Š x —´Šœ¸Ê
1) x ‹³Áž}œ‹Îµœªœ‹¦·Šª„Å—o®¦º°Å¤n
2) x ‹³Áž}œ«¼œ¥rŗo®¦º°Å¤n
3) x ‹³Áž}œ‹Îµœªœ‹¦·Š¨Å—o®¦º°Å¤n
‹µ„„¦–¸…oµŠ˜oœ­¦»žÅ—oªnµ x Áž}œ‹Îµœªœ‹¦·Š¨Å¤nŗo
—´Šœ´Êœ ×Á¤œ‡º° {x~x t 0}

®¤µ¥Á®˜» ĜµŠ„¦–¸š¸É×Á¤œš¸É„ε®œ—¤µÄ®oÁž}œ­´ÁŽ˜…°Š‹Îµœªœ‹¦·Š ¥´Š‹³˜o°Š¤¸…o°‡ª¦¦³ª´Š°¸„

ªnµš»„‡nµ y š¸Éŗoœ´Êœ‹³šÎµÄ®oŗo x š¸ÉšÎµÄ®o (x, y)  r ®¦º°Å¤n Ánœ
Ä®o r = {(x, y)~y = x2, –2 d x d 2}
‹³Å—o Á¦œ‹r…°Š‡ªµ¤­´¤¡´œ›r r ‡º° {y~0 d y d 4}

œ°„‹µ„‹³Äoª·›¸„µ¦š¸É„¨nµª¤µ…oµŠ˜oœÄœ„µ¦®µÃ—Á¤œÂ¨³Á¦œ‹r…°Š¢{Š„r´œš¸É„ε®œ—Ä®o¨oª
¥´Š­µ¤µ¦™Äo„¦µ¢…°Š¢{Š„r´œ¤µÄoĜ„µ¦®µÃ—Á¤œ ¨³Á¦œ‹r…°Š¢{Š„r´œÅ—o°¸„—oª¥ ™oµŸ¼oÁ¦¸¥œ¤¸‡ªµ¤¦¼o
¡ºÊœ“µœÄœÁ¦ºÉ°Š„¦µ¢…°Š¢{Š„r´œ¤µÂ¨oª

„¦µ¢…°Š¢{Š„r´œ
Ĝ®¨´„­¼˜¦…´Êœ¡ºÊœ“µœÅ—o„ε®œ—Ä®oŸ¼oÁ¦¸¥œ¤¸¤µ˜¦“µœ„µ¦Á¦¸¥œ¦¼oĜnªŠ´Êœš¸É 4 (¤.4 – ¤.6)
Á„¸É¥ª„´„¦µ¢Åªoªnµ Ÿ¼oÁ¦¸¥œ‹³˜o°ŠÄo„¦µ¢…°Š­¤„µ¦ °­¤„µ¦Â¨³¢{Š„r´œÄœ„µ¦Â„ož{®µÅ—o Ž¹ÉŠŸ¼o­°œ
‡ª¦Á¡·É¤š´„¬³ÄœÁ¦ºÉ°Š„¦µ¢Á¡ºÉ°Ä®oŸ¼oÁ¦¸¥œ¤¸‡ªµ¤­µ¤µ¦™ÄœÁ¦ºÉ°Š˜nµŠ Ç Ánœ

1. „¦µ¢…°Š¢{Š„r´œÁ·ŠÁ­oœ (linear function)

1) Ÿ¼o­°œššªœ‡ªµ¤¦¼oÁ¦ºÉ°Š„¦µ¢…°Š‹»— Á¡ºÉ°Ä®oŗo…o°­¦»ž…°Š‹»—š¸É„¦µ¢˜´—„œ X ¨³Â„œ Y

Ánœ
(1) Ÿ¼o­°œÄ®oŸ¼oÁ¦¸¥œ¥„˜´ª°¥nµŠ‹»— (x, y) š¸É°¥¼nĜ‡ª°—¦´œ˜rš¸É 1 ¡¦o°¤š´ÊŠÄ®oŸ¼oÁ¦¸¥œ°„‡nµ…°Š
x ¨³ y Ánœ Ÿ¼o­°œ„ε®œ—‹»— (x, y) = (1, 1) ¨³‹»—°ºÉœ Ç š¸É°¥¼nĜ‡ª°—¦´œ˜rš¸É 1
Ÿ¼oÁ¦¸¥œ‡ª¦°„Å—oªnµ ‹»— (x, y) š¸É°¥¼nĜ‡ª°—¦´œ˜rš¸É 1 ‹³¤¸ x > 0 ¨³ y > 0
 88

2
x (1, 1)
X
–2 2
–2

(2) ĜšÎµœ°ŠÁ—¸¥ª„´œŸ¼o­°œÄ®oŸ¼oÁ¦¸¥œ¥„˜´ª°¥nµŠ…°Š‹»—Äœ‡ª°—¦´œ˜rš¸É 2, 3 ¨³ 4 Á¡ºÉ°®µ

…o°­¦»ž —´Šœ¸Ê

‡ª°—¦´œ˜r ‹»— (x, y)

1 x > 0, y > 0
2 x < 0, y > 0
3 x < 0, y < 0
4 x > 0, y < 0

(3) Ÿ¼o­°œÄ®oŸ¼oÁ¦¸¥œ®µ˜´ª°¥nµŠ…°Š‹»—š¸É°¥¼nœÂ„œ X ¨³Â„œ Y ¡¦o°¤š´ÊŠ®µ…o°­¦»žªnµ

‹»—š¸É°¥¼nœÂ„œ X ‡º°‹»—š¸É y ¤¸‡nµÁšnµ„´«¼œ¥r Ž¹ÉŠ‡º°‹»— (x, 0)
‹»—š¸É°¥¼nœÂ„œ Y ‡º°‹»—š¸É x ¤¸‡nµÁšnµ„´«¼œ¥r Ž¹ÉŠ‡º°‹»— (0, y)

2) „¦µ¢…°Š y = ax + c
(1) Ÿ¼o­°œÄ®oŸ¼oÁ¦¸¥œÁ…¸¥œ„¦µ¢…°Š y = ax + c ×¥Á¦·É¤‹µ„ y = x ¨³ y = ax
Á¤ºÉ° a z 0 ¨³ a z 1 ¨³®µ…o°­¦»ž…°Š¨´„¬–³…°Š„¦µ¢ y = ax Á¤ºÉ°Áš¸¥„´
„¦µ¢…°Š y = x

Y Y
y = ax, a > 0 y = ax, a < 0

X 0 X
0
 99

(2) Ÿ¼o­°œÄ®oŸ¼oÁ¦¸¥œÁ…¸¥œ„¦µ¢…°Š y = x ¨³ y = x + c Ánœ

„¦–¸š¸É 1 Y
y = x ¨³ y = x + c Á¤ºÉ° c > 0
y=x 3
2
y = x+1 1
y = x+2 0 X
y = x+3

„¦–¸š¸É 2 Y
y = x ¨³ y = x + c Á¤ºÉ° c < 0
y=x
y = x–1 0 X
–1
y = x–2 –2
y = x–3 –3

‹µ„„¦µ¢ Ÿ¼o­°œÄ®oŸ¼oÁ¦¸¥œ®µ‹»—š¸É„¦µ¢˜´—„œ Y ¨³Â„œ X ¨³®µ…o°­¦»žÄ®oŗoªnµ

„¦µ¢…°Š¢{Š„r´œ y = x + c Á¤ºÉ° c z 0 ‹³…œµœ„´„¦µ¢…°Š y = x

3) Á¤ºÉ°Ÿ¼o­°œ„ε®œ— y = ax + c ×¥š¸É a, c z 0 Ä®o

Ÿ¼oÁ¦¸¥œ­µ¤µ¦™Á…¸¥œ„¦µ¢…°Š y = ax + c ×¥°µ«´¥„¦µ¢…°Š y = x Ánœ
Ä®o y = 3x + 1 Ÿ¼oÁ¦¸¥œ‡ª¦‹³¦nµŠ„¦µ¢…°Š y ŗo—´Šœ¸Ê

(1) y = x Y y=x

X
0
 10
10

(2) y = 3x
Y y = 3x
y=x

X
0

y = 3x + 1
(3) y = 3x + 1 Y y = 3x

1
0 X
–1

„¦µ¢…°Š y = 3x + 1 ‹³…œµœ„´ y = 3x ¨³˜´—„œ X š¸É‹»— (  1 , 0) ˜´—„œ Y

3
š¸É‹»— (0, 1)

4) Á¤º°É Ÿ¼­o °œ„ε®œ—¢{Š„rœ´ š¸°É ¥¼Än œ¦¼ž y = ax + c Á¡·¤É Á˜·¤Â¨³Ä®oŸÁ¼o ¦¸¥œ®µ¢{Š„rœ´ š¸¤É „¸ ¦µ¢…œµœ„´„¦µ¢
…°Š¢{Š„rœ´ š¸„É µÎ ®œ—Ä®o ¡¦o°¤š´ŠÊ ®µ‹»—š¸„É ¦µ¢˜´—„œ Y ¨³Â„œ X Ánœ Á¤º°É „ε®œ—Ä®o y = 3x + 1
Ÿ¼oÁ¦¸¥œ‡ª¦¥„˜´ª°¥nµŠ „¦µ¢š¸É…œµœ„´ y = 3x + 1 ŗo Ánœ y = 3x, y = 3x + 2, y = 3x – 1
¡¦o°¤š´ÊŠÁ…¸¥œ„¦µ¢…°Š¢{Š„r´œ—´Š„¨nµªÅ—o
 11
11

2. „¦µ¢…°Š¢{Š„r´œ„ε¨´Š­°Š (Quadratic function)

Ÿ¼o­°œÄ®oŸ¼oÁ¦¸¥œÁ…¸¥œ„¦µ¢…°Š y = x2 ¨oªÄ®oŸ¼oÁ¦¸¥œÁ…¸¥œ„¦µ¢˜n°Åžœ¸Ê ¨³®µ…o°­¦»ž…°Š

„¦µ¢š¸ÉÁ…¸¥œÅ—o Á¤ºÉ°Áš¸¥„´„¦µ¢…°Š y = x2 —´Šœ¸Ê
Y

0 X

1. Ÿ¼o­°œÄ®oŸ¼oÁ¦¸¥œÁ…¸¥œ„¦µ¢…°Š y = ax2 Á¤ºÉ°

1) a > 1 Ánœ Ä®o y = 2x2, y = 3x2, y = 5x2
Y

0 X

Ÿ¼o­°œÄ®oŸ¼oÁ¦¸¥œ®µ…o°­¦»ž…°Š¨´„¬–³…°Š„¦µ¢ y = ax2 Á¤ºÉ° a > 1 Áš¸¥„´

„¦µ¢…°Š y = x2

1 2 1 2 1 2
2) 0 < a < 1 Ánœ Ä®o y = 2
x , y= 3
x , y= 5
x

Ÿ¼o­°œÄ®oŸ¼oÁ¦¸¥œ®µ…o°­¦»ž…°Š¨´„¬–³…°Š„¦µ¢ y = ax2 Á¤ºÉ° 0 < a < 1 Áš¸¥„´

„¦µ¢…°Š y = x2
Y

0 X
 12
12

3) y = ax2, a < 0 Ánœ Ä®o y = –x2 Ÿ¼o­°œÄ®oŸ¼oÁ¦¸¥œÁ…¸¥œ„¦µ¢…°Š y = ax2

Á¤ºÉ° a > 0 ¨³ a < 0 ¨oª®µ…o°­¦»ž…°Š¨´„¬–³…°Š„¦µ¢š´ÊŠ 2 „¦–¸
Y

0 X

2. Á¤ºÉ°Ÿ¼o­°œ„ε®œ—¢{Š„r´œ y = x2 + c, c > 0
Ÿ¼oÁ¦¸¥œ‡ª¦Á…¸¥œ„¦µ¢…°Š y = x2 + c, c > 0 Áš¸¥„´„¦µ¢…°Š y = x2 ŗo—´Šœ¸Ê
Y
Įo y = x2
y = x2 + 1
3
y = x2 + 2 2
1
y = x2 + 3 0 X

3. Á¤ºÉ°Ÿ¼o­°œ„ε®œ—¢{Š„r´œ y = x2 – c, c > 0
Ÿ¼oÁ¦¸¥œ‡ª¦Á…¸¥œ„¦µ¢…°Š y = x2 – c, c > 0 Áš¸¥„´„¦µ¢…°Š y = x2 ŗo—´Šœ¸Ê
Y
Įo y = x2
y = x2 – 1 0 X
–1
y = x2 – 2 –2
y = x2 – 3 –3

4. Á¤ºÉ°Ÿ¼o­°œ„ε®œ—¢{Š„r´œ y = (x + c)2 , c > 0

Ÿ¼oÁ¦¸¥œ‡ª¦Á…¸¥œ„¦µ¢…°Š y = (x + c)2 , c > 0 Áš¸¥„´„¦µ¢…°Š y = x2 ŗo—´Šœ¸Ê
Y
Įo y = x2
y = (x + 1)2
y = (x + 2)2
y = (x + 3)2 X
–3 –2 –1 0
 13
13

5. Á¤ºÉ°Ÿ¼o­°œ„ε®œ— y = (x – c)2 , c > 0

Ÿ¼oÁ¦¸¥œ‡ª¦Á…¸¥œ„¦µ¢…°Š y = (x – c)2 , c > 0 Áš¸¥„´„¦µ¢…°Š y = x2 ŗo—´Šœ¸Ê

Y
Įo y = x2
y = (x – 1)2
y = (x – 2)2
y = (x – 3)2 X
0 1 2 3

Á¤ºÉ°Ÿ¼oÁ¦¸¥œ¤¸š´„¬³Äœ„µ¦Á…¸¥œ„¦µ¢…°Š y = ax2, y = (x – a)2 ¨³ y = x2 + c ¨oª

Ÿ¼­o °œ‡ª¦ f„Ä®oŸÁ¼o ¦¸¥œÁ…¸¥œ„¦µ¢…°Š¢{Š„rœ´ „ε¨´Š­°Šš¸°É ¥¼Än œ¦¼ž y = a(x – h)2 + k Ánœ Ä®oŸÁ¼o ¦¸¥œ
Á…¸¥œ„¦µ¢…°Š y = 2(x – 1)2 + 2 Áš¸¥„´„¦µ¢…°Š y = x2 —´Šœ¸Ê

1) Á…¸¥œ„¦µ¢…°Š y = x2
Y
y = x2

0 X

2) Á…¸¥œ„¦µ¢…°Š y = (x – 1)2 Áš¸¥„´„¦µ¢ y = x2 ŗo—´Šœ¸Ê

y = (x – 1)2
0 1 X
 14
14

3) Á…¸¥œ„¦µ¢…°Š y = 2(x – 1)2 Áš¸¥„´„¦µ¢…°Š y = (x – 1)2 ŗo—´Šœ¸Ê

Y y = 2(x – 1)2

0 1 X

4) Á…¸¥œ„¦µ¢…°Š y = 2(x – 1)2 + 1 Áš¸¥„´„¦µ¢…°Š y = 2(x – 1)2 ŗo—´Šœ¸Ê

Y y = 2(x – 1)2 + 1

1
0 1 X

Ÿ¼o­°œ‡ª¦ f„š´„¬³„µ¦Á…¸¥œ„¦µ¢…°Š y = a(x – h)2 + k Á¡·É¤Á˜·¤Ä®o„´Ÿ¼oÁ¦¸¥œÃ—¥„ε®œ—

­¤„µ¦ÄœšÎµœ°ŠÁ—¸¥ª„´œÁ¡·É¤Á˜·¤ —´Šœ¸Ê
1) a > 0, h > 0, k > 0 Ánœ y = 12 (x 1) 2  3
a > 0, h > 0, k<0 Ánœ y = 3(x – 3)2 – 3
a > 0, h < 0, k>0 Ánœ y = 2(x + 1)2 + 1
a > 0, h < 0, k<0 Ánœ y = (x + 2)2 – 2

2) a < 0, h > 0, k>0 Ánœ y = – 12 (x 1) 2  3

a < 0, h > 0, k<0 Ánœ y = –3(x – 3)2 – 3
a < 0, h < 0, k>0 Ánœ y = –2(x + 1)2 + 1
a < 0, h < 0, k<0 Ánœ y = –(x + 2)2 – 2
 15
15

Á¤ºÉ ° Ÿ¼o Á ¦¸ ¥ œ¤¸ š´ „ ¬³ÄœÁ¦ºÉ ° Š„¦µ¢Â¨o ª Ÿ¼o ­ °œ‹¹ Š ‡n ° ¥œÎµ‡ªµ¤¦¼o Ä œÁ¦ºÉ ° Š„¦µ¢…°Š¢{ Š„r ´ œ
¤µÄoĜÁ¦ºÉ°Š˜nµŠ Ç Ánœ „µ¦®µÃ—Á¤œÂ¨³Á¦œ‹r…°Š¢{Š„r´œ „µ¦®µ‡nµ˜Éε­»—­¼Š­»— „µ¦Â„o­¤„µ¦
¨³°­¤„µ¦—´Š˜´ª°¥nµŠ˜n°Åžœ¸Ê

„µ¦®µ‡nµ˜Éε­»—¨³­¼Š­»—
Á¤ºÉ°Ÿ¼o­°œ„ε®œ—­¤„µ¦ ax2 + bx + c = 0 a z 0 Ä®oŸ¼oÁ¦¸¥œ­µ¤µ¦™°„¨´„¬–³…°Š
„¦µ¢Å—oªnµ „¦µ¢‹³®Šµ¥®¦º°‡ªÉε‹µ„‡nµ…°Š a ¨³Á¤ºÉ°Ÿ¼oÁ¦¸¥œ®µ‹»—š¸É„¦µ¢ª„„¨´‹µ„„µ¦Á…¸¥œ­¤„µ¦
ax2 + bx + c = 0 Ä®o°¥¼nĜ¦¼ž a(x + h)2 + k = 0 ®¦º°Äo­¼˜¦„µ¦®µ‹»—ª„„¨´ Ž¹ÉŠ x =  2ba Ÿ¼oÁ¦¸¥œ
‹³­µ¤µ¦™°„Å—oªnµ „¦µ¢…°Š y ¤¸‹»—˜Éε­»— ®¦º°‹»—­¼Š­»—…°Š„¦µ¢š¸É‹»—Ä—Å—o

„µ¦Â„o­¤„µ¦
1. Á¤ºÉ°Ÿ¼o­°œ„ε®œ—­¤„µ¦š¸É°¥¼nĜ¦¼ž y = ax2 Ÿ¼oÁ¦¸¥œ‡ª¦œÎµ‡ªµ¤¦¼oÁ¦ºÉ°Š„¦µ¢¤µÄoĜ
„µ¦®µ‡Îµ˜°…°Š­¤„µ¦ ax2 = 0 ×¥¡·‹µ¦–µ‹µ„„¦µ¢—´Šœ¸Ê Y
Y Šœ¸ Y
0
X
0
X
0 X
a>0 a<0
a<0
‹µ„„¦µ¢ Ÿ¼oÁ¦¸¥œ‡ª¦°„Å—oªnµ Á¤ºÉ° y = 0 ‹³Å—o x = 0
—´Šœ´Êœ ‡Îµ˜°…°Š­¤„µ¦ ax2 = 0 ‡º° x = 0

2. Á¤ºÉ°Ÿ¼o­°œ„ε®œ—­¤„µ¦š¸É°¥¼nĜ¦¼ž y = a(x – c)2 ¨³ y = a(x + c)2 Á¤ºÉ° c > 0 Ÿ¼oÁ¦¸¥œ

‡ª¦Äo‡ªµ¤¦¼oÁ¦ºÉ°Š„¦µ¢¤µ®µ‡Îµ˜°…°Š­¤„µ¦ a(x – c)2 = 0 ¨³ a(x + c)2 = 0 ×¥¡·‹µ¦–µ
‹µ„„¦µ¢—´Šœ¸Ê
Y Y

0x xc1 cx2 xc3 X –cx3 –cx 2 –cx 1 x

0
X

y = a(x – c)2, c > 0 y = a(x + c)2, c > 0

 16
16

‹µ„„¦µ¢ Ÿ¼oÁ¦¸¥œ‡ª¦®µ‡Îµ˜°…°Š­¤„µ¦Å—o—´Šœ¸Ê
Á¤ºÉ° a(x – c)2 = 0 ‹³Å—o x = c
a(x + c)2 = 0 ‹³Å—o x = –c

3. ­Îµ®¦´­¤„µ¦„ε¨´Š­°Šš¸É°¥¼nĜ¦¼ž ax2 + bx + c = 0, a z 0 „µ¦Â„o­¤„µ¦—´Š„¨nµª

 b r b 2  4ac
šÎµÅ—oץčoª·›¸„µ¦šµŠ¡¸‡–·˜ ץčo„µ¦Â¥„˜´ªž¦³„° ®¦º°Äo­¼˜¦ x = 2a
­Îµ®¦´
„µ¦Á…¸¥œ„¦µ¢…°Š y = ax2 + bx + c šÎµÅ—o×¥„µ¦šÎµÄ®o­¤„µ¦š¸É„ε®œ—Ä®o°¥¼nĜ¦¼ž a(x – h)2 + k
‹³Å—o‹»— (h, k) Áž}œ‹»—ª„„¨´…°Š„¦µ¢ ¨³Á¤ºÉ°¡·‹µ¦–µ‡nµ…°Š a ‹³š¦µªnµ „¦µ¢Áž}œÁ­oœÃ‡oŠ®Šµ¥…¹Êœ
®¦º°‡ªÉ娊 Á¤ºÉ°Á…¸¥œ„¦µ¢‹³šÎµÄ®oš¦µªnµ ­¤„µ¦—´Š„¨nµª¤¸‡Îµ˜°š¸ÉÁž}œ‹Îµœªœ‹¦·Š®¦º°Å¤nŗo—´Šœ¸Ê

Y Y
a>0
(–h, k) (h, k)
x x x

0 X ®¦º° 0 X
x x x
(–h, –k) (h, –k) a <0

‹µ„„¦µ¢¡ªnµ Á¤ºÉ° a > 0 ¨³„¦µ¢¤¸‹»—ª„„¨´š¸É‹»— (–h, –k) (0, –k) ¨³‹»— (h, –k) ‹³¤¸
‡Îµ˜°š¸ÉÁž}œ‹Îµœªœ‹¦·Š­°Š‡Îµ˜°ÁnœÁ—¸¥ª„´ „¦µ¢š¸É¤¸‹»— (–h, k) (0, k) ¨³ (h, k) Á¤ºÉ° a < 0
­Îµ®¦´­¤„µ¦š¸ÉŤn¤¸‡Îµ˜°Áž}œ‹Îµœªœ‹¦·Š‹³¤¸„¦µ¢š¸É¤¸‹»—ª„„¨´Â¨³¤¸‡nµ a —´Š£µ¡…oµŠ¨nµŠœ¸Ê

Y
a>0 a>0

x x x
(–h, k) (h, k)
0 X
(–h, –k) (h, –k)
x x x

a<0 a<0
 17
17

„µ¦Â„o°­¤„µ¦
„µ¦Â„o°­¤„µ¦Ã—¥Äo‡ªµ¤¦¼oÁ¦ºÉ°Š„¦µ¢¤µnª¥¡·‹µ¦–µ®µ‡Îµ˜° Ÿ¼o­°œ°µ‹Á¦·É¤Ã—¥Ä®o®µ
‡Îµ˜°…°Š°­¤„µ¦š¸É°¥¼nĜ¦¼ž x + a < 0 ®¦º° x + a > 0 „n°œ Ž¹ÉŠ­µ¤µ¦™šÎµÅ—o—´Š˜´ª°¥nµŠ˜n°Åžœ¸Ê

˜´ª°¥nµŠš¸É 1 ‹ŠÂ„o°­¤„µ¦ x + 3 d 8
ª·›¸š¸É 1 ‹µ„ x+3 d 8
‹³Å—o x – 5 d 0
Ä®o y = x – 5 Á…¸¥œ„¦µ¢…°Š y ŗo—´Šœ¸Ê
Y y = x–5

x X
0 5
–5

‹µ„„¦µ¢ ¡ªnµ y ®¦º° x – 5 œo°¥„ªnµ®¦º°Ášnµ„´«¼œ¥r 0 Á¤ºÉ° x d 5

ª·›¸š¸É 2 Ä®o y1 = x + 3
¨³ y2 = 8
Á…¸¥œ„¦µ¢…°Š y1 ¨³ y2 ŗo—´Šœ¸Ê

Y y1 = x + 3

x y2 = 8

3
–3 0 5x X

‹µ„„¦µ¢¡ªnµ y1 = y2 ®¦º°„¦µ¢ y1 ˜´—„´„¦µ¢ y2 Á¤ºÉ° x = 5

¨³ y1 ®¦º° x + 3 ¤¸‡nµœo°¥„ªnµ®¦º°Ášnµ„´ y2 ®¦º° 8 Á¤ºÉ° x d 5
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18

˜´ª°¥nµŠš¸É 2 ‹ŠÂ„o°­¤„µ¦ x2 – 2x – 3 < 0 ×¥°µ«´¥‡ªµ¤¦¼oÁ¦ºÉ°Š„¦µ¢

ª·›¸šÎµ
1) Ÿ¼o­°œÄ®oŸ¼oÁ¦¸¥œ¦nµŠ„¦µ¢‡¦nµª Ç Ã—¥¡·‹µ¦–µ¨´„¬–³…°Š„¦µ¢‹µ„­´¤ž¦³­·š›·Í…°Š x2
ÁœºÉ°Š‹µ„­´¤ž¦³­·š›·Í…°Š x2 ¤µ„„ªnµ«¼œ¥r
—´Šœ´Êœ „¦µ¢…°Š x2 – 2x – 3 ‹³Áž}œÁ­oœÃ‡oŠ®Šµ¥…¹ÊœÂ¨³ÁœºÉ°Š‹µ„Ťn­µ¤µ¦™Á…¸¥œ
x2-2x-3 Ä®o°¥¼nĜ¦¼ž (x-c)2 ŗo—´Šœ´Êœ„¦µ¢‹³˜o°Š˜´—„œ X ­°Š‹»—
2) Ÿ¼o­°œÄ®oŸ¼oÁ¦¸¥œ®µ‹»—š¸É„¦µ¢˜´—„œ X ץčoª·›¸„µ¦Â¥„˜´ªž¦³„°Á¡ºÉ°®µ‹»—š¸É
„¦µ¢˜´—„œ X —´Šœ¸Ê
‹µ„ x2 – 2x – 3 = 0
‹³Å—o (x – 3)(x + 1) = 0 ¨³ x = –1, 3
¨³‹µ„ 1) „¦µ¢‹³˜´—„œ X š¸É‹»— (–1, 0) ¨³ (3, 0) —´Šœ¸Ê

–1x 0 x3 X

‹µ„„¦µ¢ Ÿ¼oÁ¦¸¥œ‡ª¦®µ‡Îµ˜°Å—oªnµ x2 – 2x – 3 < 0 Á¤ºÉ° –1 < x < 3

®¤µ¥Á®˜» ĜÁ°„­µ¦Œ´œ¸Ê‹³Äo‡Îµªnµ¦nµŠ„¦µ¢ Á¤ºÉ°˜o°Š„µ¦Ä®oŸ¼oÁ¦¸¥œÁ…¸¥œ„¦µ¢°¥nµŠ‡¦nµª Ç Ã—¥Äo

‡ªµ¤¦¼oÁ¦ºÉ°Š„¦µ¢¤µnª¥Ž¹ÉŠ‹³Å¤n˜o°ŠÄoª·›¸®µ‡nµ x, y Á¡ºÉ°Ä®oŗo‹»— (x, y) ®¨µ¥ Ç ‹»—š¸É¤¸
‹ÎµœªœÄ®o¤µ„¡°š¸É‹³Á…¸¥œ„¦µ¢Å—o
 19
19

˜´ª°¥nµŠÂš—­°ž¦³‹Îµš
1. ‹Š®µªnµÁŽ˜…°Š‡¼n°´œ—´Ä—š¸Éšœ¢{Š„r´œ¡¦o°¤Â­—ŠÁ®˜»Ÿ¨ž¦³„°
1) {(0, 1), (1, –2), (2, 0), (3, 2)}
2) {(0, –1), (1, –2), (1, 1), (2, 2), (3, 0)}

2. ‹µ„­¤„µ¦š¸É„ε®œ—Ä®o˜n°Åžœ¸Ê ­¤„µ¦Ä—šœ‡ªµ¤­´¤¡´œ›rš¸ÉÁž}œ¢{Š„r´œ¡¦o°¤š´ÊŠÂ­—ŠÁ®˜»Ÿ¨
ž¦³„°
1) 3y = 2x + 4
2) y = 4 – x2

3. ‹Š®µ‡nµ…°Š¢{Š„r´œ‹µ„¢{Š„r´œš¸É„ε®œ—Ä®o˜n°Åžœ¸Ê
1) f(1) ¨³ f(0) Á¤ºÉ° f(x) = –2x – 7
2) f(0) ¨³ f(4) Á¤ºÉ° f(x) = 3 – x
3) f(–2) ¨³ f(0) Á¤ºÉ° f(x) = ~x~ + 4
2x , x t 0
4) f(–1) ¨³ f(2) Á¤ºÉ° f(x) =
2x + 1 , x < 0

4. ‹Š®µÃ—Á¤œÂ¨³Á¦œ‹r…°Š‡ªµ¤­´¤¡´œ›r‹µ„„¦µ¢š¸É„ε®œ—Ä®o¡¦o°¤š´ÊŠ®µªnµ¤¸„¦µ¢Ä—oµŠš¸ÉÁž}œ„¦µ¢
…°Š¢{Š„r´œ
1) Y y 2) Y
1
y2

1
0–1 X
0 X

3) Y 4) y4 Y

y3
X x X
–1 0 0
–2 x
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20

5. ‹Š®µÃ—Á¤œÂ¨³Á¦œ‹r…°Š¢{Š„r´œ˜n°Åžœ¸Ê
1) f = {(–3, 0), (–1, 4), (0, 2), (2, 2), (4, –1)}
2) y = x 1 5

6. ‹ŠÁ…¸ ¥ œÂšœ‡ªµ¤­´ ¤ ¡´ œ ›r ˜n ° Şœ¸Ê Ä œ¦¼ ž ÁŽ˜…°Š‡¼n °´ œ —´  Á¤ºÉ ° „ε®œ—Ä®o A = {–1, 0, 1}

Áž}œÃ—Á¤œ…°Š y
1) y = ~x~
2) y = x 1

7. ‹Š¦nµŠ„¦µ¢…°Š¢{Š„r´œ˜n°Åžœ¸Ê¡¦o°¤š´ÊŠ°„×Á¤œÂ¨³Á¦œ‹r…°Š¢{Š„r´œ
1) y = –x2 – 2 2) y = x2 + 2x + 3 3) y = 2~x~

8. ‹Š‹´‡¼n¢{Š„r´œÂ¨³„¦µ¢…°Š¢{Š„r´œš¸É„ε®œ—Ä®o˜n°Åžœ¸Ê
1) y = (x – 4)2 – 3 2) y = –(x – 4)2 + 3
3) y = (x + 4)2 – 3 4) y = –(x + 4)2 + 3

Y Y

3 4
X X
–4 0 –3 0

(„) (…)

Y Y

–4 3
X 4 X
0 –3 0

(‡) (Š)
 21
21

9. ‹Š®µªnµ ¦¼ž­¸ÉÁ®¨¸É¥¤ŸºœŸoµš¸É¤¸Á­oœ¦°¦¼ž¥µª 120 ÁŽœ˜·Á¤˜¦ ‹³¤¸¡ºÊœš¸É¤µ„š¸É­»—„¸É˜µ¦µŠÁŽœ˜·Á¤˜¦

10. ‹ŠÄo‡ªµ¤¦¼Áo ¦º°É Š„¦µ¢Á¡º°É ­—ŠªnµÅ¤n¤‹¸ µÎ œªœ‹¦·Š­°Š‹ÎµœªœÄ—š¸¤É Ÿ¸ ¨˜nµŠÁšnµ„´ 2 ¨³Ÿ¨‡¼–Ášnµ„´ –3

11. °¼nŽn°¤¦™¥œ˜r®nŠ®œ¹ÉŠ‡·—‡nµ¦·„µ¦ 500 µš ­Îµ®¦´Ÿ¼oš¸ÉÁ…oµ¤µÄo¦·„µ¦š»„‡œ ¨³‡·—‡nµÂ¦ŠÁž}œ

´ÉªÃ¤ŠÃ—¥‡·—´ÉªÃ¤Š¨³ 125 µš ‹ŠÁ…¸¥œ­¤„µ¦Âšœ‡ªµ¤­´¤¡´œ›r¦³®ªnµŠ‡nµ¦·„µ¦Â¨³‹Îµœªœ
´ÉªÃ¤Šš¸ÉŽn°¤¦™¥œ˜rÄ®o¨¼„‡oµ

12. ¦oµœ‡oµÂ®nŠ®œ¹ÉŠÁžd—¦·„µ¦Ä®oÁnµ®œ´Š­º°Ã—¥„ε®œ—°´˜¦µ‡nµÁnµÅªo—´Šœ¸Ê
°´˜¦µ‡nµÁnµÁ¨n¤¨³ ‹Îµœªœª´œš¸ÉÁnµ
(µš)
10 1 – 2 ª´œ
20 3 – 4 ª´œ
30 5 – 7 ª´œ
‹ŠÁ…¸¥œÂšœ‡ªµ¤­´¤¡´œ›r…°Š‡nµÁnµ®œ´Š­º°„´‹Îµœªœª´œš¸ÉÁnµ®œ´Š­º°

13. ‹Š®µ‹»—˜Éε­»—®¦º°‹»—­¼Š­»—…°Š„¦µ¢…°Š¢{Š„r´œš¸É„ε®œ—Ä®o˜n°Åžœ¸Ê ץčo„¦µ¢

1) y = –x2 – 2 2) y = x2 – 4x

14. ‹ŠÂ„o­¤„µ¦˜n°Åžœ¸Êץčo„¦µ¢
1) y = ~x~ + 1 2) y = –x2 + 4

15. ‹ŠÂ„o°­¤„µ¦˜n°Åžœ¸Êץčo„¦µ¢
1) 2x + 1 < 3 2) x2 + 4x – 5 < 0 3) ~x – 2~ > 0
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22

ÁŒ¨¥˜´ª°¥nµŠÂš—­°
‡Îµ˜°Äœ…o° 1 ¨³ 2 Ÿ¼oÁ¦¸¥œ°µ‹Ä®oÁ®˜»Ÿ¨Ã—¥Äoª·›¸š¸É˜nµŠ‹µ„˜´ª°¥nµŠ‡Îµ˜°š¸É­—ŠÅªoŗo

1. 1)
0 –2
1 0
2 1
3 2

‹µ„Ÿœ£µ¡ ¡ªnµ ­¤µ·„˜n¨³˜´ªÄœÃ—Á¤œ‹´‡¼n„´­¤µ·„ÄœÁ¦œ‹rÁ¡¸¥Š˜´ªÁ—¸¥ª

—´Šœ´Êœ {(0, 1), (1, –2), (2, 0), (3, 2)} Áž}œ¢{Š„r´œ

2) –2
0
–1
1
0
2
1
3
2

‹µ„Ÿœ£µ¡ ¡ªnµ ¤¸­¤µ·„Ĝ×Á¤œ‡º° 1 ‹´‡¼n„´­¤µ·„ÄœÁ¦œ‹r¤µ„„ªnµ 1 ˜´ª

—´Šœ´Êœ {(0, –1), (1, –2), (1, 1), (2, 2), (3, 0)} ŤnÁž}œ¢{Š„r´œ

2 4
2. 1) ‹µ„ 3y = 2x + 4 ‹³Å—o y= 3
x
3
2 4
Á…¸¥œ„¦µ¢…°Š y = 3
x
3
ŗo—´Šœ¸Ê
Y 2 4
y= x
3 3

0 X

‹µ„„¦µ¢ ¡ªnµ Ťn¤¸Á­oœš¸É¨µ„…œµœ„´Â„œ Y Á­oœÄ— ˜´—„¦µ¢…°Š y = 23 x  4

3
¤µ„„ªnµ 1 ‹»—
—´Šœ´Êœ 3y = 2x + 4 Áž}œ¢{Š„r´œ
 23
23

2) ‹µ„ y = 4 – x2 Á…¸¥œ„¦µ¢…°Š y = 4 – x2 ŗo—´Šœ¸Ê

Y
y = 4 – x2 4

–2 2 X
0

‹µ„„¦µ¢ ¡ªnµ Ťn¤¸Á­oœ˜¦Šš¸É¨µ„…œµœ„´Â„œ Y Á­oœÄ— ˜´—„¦µ¢…°Š y = 4 – x2 ¤µ„„ªnµ

1 ‹»—
—´Šœ´Êœ y = 4 – x2 Áž}œ¢{Š„r´œ

3. 1) f(x) = –2x – 7
f(1) = –2(1) – 7 = –9
f(0) = –2(0) – 7 = –7

2) f(x) = 3 x
f(0) = 3– 0 = 3
f(4) = 3– 4 = 1

3) f(x) = x 4
f(–2) = ~–2~ + 4 = 6
f(0) = ~0~ + 4 = 4

4)
2x, xt0
f(x) =
2x + 1, x < 0

f(–1) = 2(–1) + 1 = –1
f(2) = 2(2) = 4
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24

4. 1) Y ‹µ„„¦µ¢ ¡ªnµ Ťn¤¸Á­oœ˜¦Šš¸É¨µ„…œµœ„´

y1 „œ Y Á­oœÄ— ˜´—„¦µ¢ y1 ¤µ„„ªnµ 1 ‹»—
—´Šœ´Êœ y1 Áž}œ¢{Š„r´œ
1 ×Á¤œ…°Š y1 ‡º° ÁŽ˜…°Š‹Îµœªœ‹¦·Š
0–1 X
Á¦œ‹r…°Š y1 ‡º° {y~y t –1}

2) Y ‹µ„„¦µ¢ ¡ªnµ ¤¸Á­oœ˜¦Šš¸É¨µ„…œµœ„´Â„œ Y

y2 ˜´—„¦µ¢ y2 ¤µ„„ªnµ 1 ‹»— Ž¹ÉŠÂ­—Šªnµ
¤¸‡nµ x š¸ÉšÎµÄ®oÁ„·—‡nµ y š¸É˜nµŠ„´œ
0 X —´Šœ´Êœ y2 ŤnÁž}œ¢{Š„r´œ
×Á¤œ…°Š y2 ‡º° ÁŽ˜…°Š‹Îµœªœ‹¦·Š
Á¦œ‹r…°Š y2 ‡º° ÁŽ˜…°Š‹Îµœªœ‹¦·Š

3) Y ‹µ„„¦µ¢ ¡ªnµ Ťn¤¸Á­oœ˜¦Šš¸É¨µ„…œµœ„´

„œ Y Á­oœÄ—˜´—„¦µ¢ y3 ¤µ„„ªnµ 1 ‹»—
2 y3 —´Šœ´Êœ y3 Áž}œ¢{Š„r´œ
X ×Á¤œ…°Š y3 ‡º° {x~x  R, x z –1}
–1 0
Á¦œ‹r…°Š y3 ‡º° {y~y = 2}

4) y4 Y ‹µ„„¦µ¢ ¡ªnµ ¤¸Á­oœ˜¦Šš¸É¨µ„…œµœ„´

„œ Y ˜´—„¦µ¢ y4 ¤µ„„ªnµ 1 ‹»— š¸É‹»— (0, 0)
¨³ (0, –2)
x X —´Šœ´Êœ y4 ŤnÁž}œ¢{Š„r´œ ÁœºÉ°Š‹µ„¤¸ x š¸É
0 Ášnµ„´ 0 š¸ÉšÎµÄ®oÁ„·—‡nµ y š¸É˜nµŠ„´œ
–2 x
×Á¤œ…°Š y4 ‡º° {x~x d 0}
Á¦œ‹r…°Š y4 ‡º° {y~y t 0 ¨³ y = –2}
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25

5. 1) f = {(–3, 0), (–1, 4), (0, 2), (2, 2), (4, –1)}
×Á¤œ ‡º° {–3, –1, 0, 2, 4}
Á¦œ‹r ‡º° {–1, 0, 2, 4}
2) f(x) = x 1 5
×Á¤œ ‡º° {x~x  R ¨³ x z –5}
Á¦œ‹r ‡º° {y~y  R ¨³ y z 0}

6. 1) y = ~x~
Ä®o r = {(x, y)~ y = ~x~ ¨³ x  A}
r = {(–1, 1), (0, 0), (1, 1)}
2) y = x 1
Ä®o r = {(x, y) ~y = x 1 ¨³ x  A}
r = {(–1, 0), (0, 1), (1, 2 )}

7. 1) y = –x2 – 2 Y

0 X
–2

×Á¤œ ‡º° ÁŽ˜…°Š‹Îµœªœ‹¦·Š

Á¦œ‹r ‡º° {y~y  R ¨³ y d –2}

2) y = x2 + 2x + 3 Y
= (x2 + 2x + 1) + 2
= (x + 1)2 + 2
2
X
–1 0

×Á¤œ ‡º° ÁŽ˜…°Š‹Îµœªœ‹¦·Š

Á¦œ‹r ‡º° {y~y  R ¨³ y t 2}
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3) y = 2~x~
Y

0 X

×Á¤œ ‡º° ÁŽ˜…°Š‹Îµœªœ‹¦·Š

Á¦œ‹r ‡º° {y~y  R ¨³ y t 0}

8. 1) ¦¼ž (‡) 2) ¦¼ž (Š) 3) ¦¼ž (…) (4) ¦¼ž („)

9. Ä®o ABCD Áž}œ¦¼ž­¸ÉÁ®¨¸É¥¤ŸºœŸoµš¸É¤¸Á­oœ¦°¦¼ž¥µª 120 ÁŽœ˜·Á¤˜¦

A 60 – x B

x x
D C
60 – x
Ä®o f(x) šœ¡ºÊœš¸É…°Š¦¼ž­¸ÉÁ®¨¸É¥¤ ABCD
‹³Å—o f(x) = x(60 – x)
f(x) = 60x – x2
b
Ä®o y = 60x – x2 ®µ‹»—ª„„¨´…°Š„¦µ¢Å—o‹µ„ x =
2a
60
‹³Å—o x = = 30 ¨³ y = 30(60-30) = 900
2
Y
(30, 900)
900

X
0 30 60
‹³Å—oªnµ‹»—š¸É„¦µ¢ª„„¨´‡º° ‹»—š¸É x = 30 ¨³ y = 900 Ž¹ÉŠÁž}œ‹»—š¸É„¦µ¢¤¸‡nµ­¼Š­»—
—´Šœ´œÊ ¦¼ž­¸ÁÉ ®¨¸¥É ¤š¸¤É Á̧­œo ¦°¦¼ž¥µª 120 ÁŽœ˜·Á¤˜¦ ‹³¤¸¡œºÊ š¸¤É µ„š¸­É —» Ášnµ„´ 900 ˜µ¦µŠÁŽœ˜·Á¤˜¦
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10. Ä®o‹Îµœªœ‹¦·Š­°Š‹ÎµœªœÄ— Ç ‡º° x ¨³ y

Á…¸¥œÂšœ‡ªµ¤­´¤¡´œ›r…°Š‹Îµœªœ x ¨³ y š¸É¤¸Ÿ¨˜nµŠÁšnµ„´ 2 ŗo—´Šœ¸Ê
x–y = 2 ‹³Å—o y = x – 2
ª·›¸š¸É 1 ‹µ„ xy = –3
‹³Å—o x(x – 2) = –3
2
x – 2x + 3 = 0
(x2 – 2x + 1) + 2 = 0
(x – 1)2 + 2 = 0
Á…¸¥œ„¦µ¢…°Š y = (x – 1)2 + 2 ŗo—´Šœ¸Ê
Y

2
0 1 X

‹µ„„¦µ¢‹³Á®Èœªnµ „¦µ¢…°Š y Ťn˜´—„œ X

­—Šªnµ Ťn¤¸‡Îµ˜°š¸ÉÁž}œ‹Îµœªœ‹¦·Š ®¦º°Å¤n¤¸‹Îµœªœ‹¦·Š­°Š‹ÎµœªœÄ—š¸É¤¸Ÿ¨˜nµŠÁšnµ„´ 2 ¨³
Ÿ¨‡¼–Ášnµ„´ –3
ª·›¸š¸É 2 Á…¸¥œÂšœ‡ªµ¤­´¤¡´œ›r…°Š‹Îµœªœ x ¨³ y š¸É¤¸Ÿ¨‡¼–Ášnµ„´ –3 ŗo—´Šœ¸Ê
xy = –3 ‹³Å—o y =  x3
Á…¸¥œ„¦µ¢…°Š y1 = x – 2 ¨³ y2 =  x3 ŗo—´Šœ¸Ê

x y1 = x – 2 y2 = 3

x
–3 –5 1
3 Y
–2 –4 2
–1 –3 3 3
0 –2 ®µ‡nµÅ¤nŗo 2
–2 0 X
1 –1 –3
2 0 3 –3

2
3 1 –1
‹µ„„¦µ¢ ¡ªnµ „¦µ¢…°Š y1 ¨³ y2 Ťn˜´—„´œ
­—Šªnµ Ťn¤¸‹Îµœªœ‹¦·Š­°Š‹ÎµœªœÄ— š¸É¤¸Ÿ¨˜nµŠÁšnµ„´ 2 ¨³Ÿ¨‡¼–Ášnµ„´ –3
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11. Ä®o y Áž}œ‡nµŽn°¤¦™

x Áž}œ‹Îµœªœ´ÉªÃ¤Šš¸ÉŽn°¤¦™
‹³Å—o y = 500 + 125x

12. Ä®o x Áž}œ‹Îµœªœª´œš¸ÉÁnµ®œ´Š­º°

10 , 1 d x d 2
f(x) = 20 , 3 d x d 4
30 , 5 d x d 7

13. 1) Ä®o y = –x2 – 2 Á…¸¥œ„¦µ¢…°Š y ŗo—´Šœ¸Ê

Y
0 X
(0, –2)

‹µ„„¦µ¢ ¡ªnµ ‹»—š¸É„¦µ¢¤¸‡nµ­¼Š­»— ‡º° (0, –2)

2) Ä®o y = x2 – 4x ‹³Å—o y = (x2 – 4x + 4) – 4 = (x – 2)2 – 4

Á…¸¥œ„¦µ¢…°Š y ŗo—´Šœ¸Ê
Y

0 2 X

–4
(2, – 4)
‹µ„„¦µ¢ ¡ªnµ ‹»—š¸É„¦µ¢¤¸‡nµ˜Éε­»— ‡º° ‹»— (2, – 4)
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14. 1) ~x~ + 1 = 0
Įo y = ~x~ + 1
Á…¸¥œ„¦µ¢…°Š y ŗo—´Šœ¸Ê
Y y = ~x~ + 1

1 X
0

‹µ„„¦µ¢ ¡ªnµ Ťn¤¸‡nµ x š¸ÉšÎµÄ®o y = 0

—´Šœ´Êœ Ťn¤¸‹Îµœªœ‹¦·ŠÄ—š¸ÉšÎµÄ®o ~x~ + 1 = 0

2) –x2 + 4 = 0
Ä®o y = –x2 + 4 Á…¸¥œ„¦µ¢…°Š y ŗo—´Šœ¸Ê

Y
4
y1

y2 X
–2 0 2

‹µ„„¦µ¢¡ªnµ „¦µ¢…°Š y ˜´—„œ x ­°Š‹»—

®µ‹»—š¸É„¦µ¢˜´—„œ x ŗo—´Šœ¸Ê
‹µ„ –x2 + 4 = 0
‹³Å—o x2 = 4
x = –2, 2
—´Šœ´Êœ ‡Îµ˜°…°Š­¤„µ¦ –x2 + 4 = 0 ‡º° x = –2, 2

15. 1) ‹µ„ 2x + 1 < 3

‹³Å—o 2x – 2 < 0 ®¦º° 2(x – 1) < 0
Ä®o y1 = 2(x – 1)
Á…¸¥œ„¦µ¢…°Š y1 ŗo—´Šœ¸Ê
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Y y1 = 2x – 2

0 X
1
–2

‹µ„„¦µ¢ ¡ªnµ y1 < 0 Á¤ºÉ° x < 1

­—Šªnµ 2x + 1 < 3 Á¤ºÉ° x < 1

2) x2 + 4x – 5 < 0 Y
Ä®o y = x2 + 4x – 5
–5 0 1 X
= (x2 + 4x + 4) – 5 – 4
= (x + 2)2 – 9
Á…¸¥œ„¦µ¢…°Š y = (x + 2)2 – 9 ŗo—´Šœ¸Ê
–9
®µ‹»—š¸É„¦µ¢˜´—„œ X ŗo—´Šœ¸Ê
Ä®o x2 + 4x – 5 = 0
‹³Å—o (x + 5) (x – 1) = 0
x = –5, 1
‹µ„„¦µ¢ ¡ªnµ x2 + 4x – 5 < 0 Á¤ºÉ° –5 < x < 1

3) ~x – 2~ > 0
Ä®o y = ~x – 2~
Á…¸¥œ„¦µ¢…°Š y ŗo—´Šœ¸Ê
Y
y1

X
0 2
‹µ„„¦µ¢ ¡ªnµ y > 0 Á¤ºÉ° x z 2
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ÁŒ¨¥Â f„®´— 1.1

1. 1) Ä®o x šœª´œš¸É ¨³ y šœÁª¨µš¸É¡¦³°µš·˜¥r…¹ÊœÄœÂ˜n¨³ª´œ

Á…¸¥œÂ­—Š‡ªµ¤­´¤¡´œ›r…°ŠÁª¨µš¸É¡¦³°µš·˜¥r…¹ÊœÄœÂ˜n¨³ª´œ…°Š­´ž—µ®r®œ¹ÉŠÃ—¥Äo˜µ¦µŠ
ŗo—´Šœ¸Ê

x y
1 6.00 œ.
2 6.03 œ.
3 6.01 œ.
4 6.05 œ.
5 6.06 œ.
6 6.02 œ.
7 0.01 œ.

2) œÊ宜´„…°Šœ´„Á¦¸¥œÄœ®o°ŠÁ¦¸¥œš¸É¤¸‡ªµ¤­¼Š 155 ÁŽœ˜·Á¤˜¦

Ä®o „. …. ‡. ¨³ Š. šœœ´„Á¦¸¥œÄœ®o°Šš¸É¤¸‡ªµ¤­¼Š 155 Ž¤.
Á…¸¥œÂ­—Š‡ªµ¤­´¤¡´œ›r…°Šœ´„Á¦¸¥œš¸¤É ‡¸ ªµ¤­¼Š 155 Ž¤. ¨³œÊµÎ ®œ´„ („„.) …°Šœ´„Á¦¸¥œÂ˜n¨³‡œ
ץčoŸœ£µ¡Å—o—´Šœ¸Ê

œ´„Á¦¸¥œ œÊ宜´„…°Šœ´„Á¦¸¥œ („„.)

„.
40
….
42
‡.
38
Š.

1
3) ¡ºÊœš¸É…°Š¦¼ž­µ¤Á®¨¸É¥¤ Ášnµ„´ 2
u “µœ u ­¼Š
Ä®o A šœ¡ºÊœš¸É¦¼ž­µ¤Á®¨¸É¥¤ ¨³ h šœ‡ªµ¤­¼Š…°Š¦¼ž­µ¤Á®¨¸É¥¤
1
‹³Å—o A = u 10 u h ®¦º° A = 5h
2
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32

2. 1) ‡nµÃ—¥­µ¦¦™‡·—‹µ„‡nµÃ—¥­µ¦…´Êœ˜oœ 35 µš ¦ª¤„´‡nµÃ—¥­µ¦Ž¹ÉŠ‡·—‹µ„¦³¥³šµŠš¸É¦™ª·ÉŠ

„·Ã¨Á¤˜¦¨³ 1.5 µš
Ä®o x Áž}œ¦³¥³šµŠš¸É¦™ª·ÉŠ („·Ã¨Á¤˜¦)
y Áž}œ‡nµÃ—¥­µ¦¦™ (µš)
Á…¸¥œ‡ªµ¤­´¤¡´œ›r…°Š‡nµÃ—¥­µ¦„´¦³¥³šµŠš¸É¦™ª·ÉŠÅ—o—´Šœ¸Ê
y = 35 + 1.5x

2) ‡ªµ¤¥µª…°ŠÁ­oœšÂ¥Š¤»¤…°Š¦¼ž­¸ÉÁ®¨¸É¥¤‹´˜»¦´­Ž¹ÉŠ¥µª—oµœ¨³ a ®œnª¥
Ä®o ABCD Áž}œ¦¼ž­¸ÉÁ®¨¸É¥¤‹´˜»¦´­Ž¹ÉŠ¤¸—oµœ¥µª—oµœ¨³ a ®œnª¥

Ä®o Á­oœšÂ¥Š¤»¤…°Š ABCD ¥µª x ®œnª¥

A a B
‹µ„š§¬‘¸š…°Š¡¸šµÃ„¦´­ ‹³Å—o
x a x2 = a2 + a2
x2 = 2a2
D C ‹³Å—o x = 2a

—´Šœ´Êœ ‡ªµ¤­´¤¡´œ›r…°Š‡ªµ¤¥µª…°ŠÁ­oœšÂ¥Š¤»¤…°Š¦¼ž­¸ÉÁ®¨¸É¥¤‹´˜»¦´­„´‡ªµ¤¥µª…°Š—oµœ
…°Š¦¼ž­¸ÉÁ®¨¸É¥¤‹´˜»¦´­Äœ¦¼ž­¤„µ¦ ‡º° x = 2a

3) ‡nµÄoÚ¦«´¡šrÁ‡¨ºÉ°œš¸ÉĜ˜n¨³Á—º°œŽ¹ÉŠ‡·—‹µ„‡nµÄo‹nµ¥ÁºÊ°Š˜oœ 200 µš ¨³‡nµÄoÚ¦«´¡šr

œµš¸¨³ 3 µš
Ä®o x Áž}œÁª¨µš¸ÉčoÚ¦«´¡šr (œµš¸)
y Áž}œ‡nµÄoÚ¦«´¡šrÁ‡¨ºÉ°œš¸É (µš)
Á…¸ ¥ œ‡ªµ¤­´ ¤¡´œ ›r…°Š‡nµ čoÚ¦«´¡ šrÁ‡¨ºÉ° œš¸É Ä œÂ˜n¨³Á—º ° œ„´ Áª¨µš¸É Ä oÚ¦«´ ¡ šr
ŗo—´Šœ¸Ê
y = 200 + 3x
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3. Ä®o A šœÃ—Á¤œ ¨³ B šœÁ¦œ‹r…°Š‡ªµ¤­´¤¡´œ›rš¸É„ε®œ—Ä®o—oª¥ÂŸœ£µ¡—´Šœ¸Ê

1) A B Áž}œ¢{Š„r´œ Á¡¦µ³­¤µ·„˜n¨³˜´ªÄœ
a 1 ×Á¤œ‹´‡¼n„´­¤µ·„ÄœÁ¦œ‹rÁ¡¸¥Š˜´ªÁ—¸¥ª
b 2
c 3

2) A B Áž}œ¢{Š„r´œ Á¡¦µ³­¤µ·„˜n¨³˜´ªÄœ
a 1 ×Á¤œ‹´‡¼n„´­¤µ·„ÄœÁ¦œ‹rÁ¡¸¥Š˜´ªÁ—¸¥ª
b 2
c 3

A B
3) a 1 ŤnÁž}œ¢{Š„r´œ
b
c
2
3 Á¡¦µ³¤¸­¤µ·„Ĝ×Á¤œ ‡º° b
d 4 ‹´‡¼n„´­¤µ·„ÄœÁ¦œ‹r¤µ„„ªnµ 1 ˜´ª

A B
4) a 1 Áž}œ¢{Š„r´œ Á¡¦µ³­¤µ·„˜n¨³˜´ªÄœ
b
c
2
3 ×Á¤œ‹´‡¼n„´­¤µ·„ÄœÁ¦œ‹rÁ¡¸¥Š˜´ªÁ—¸¥ª
d 4

4. 1) Áž}œ¢{Š„r´œ
2) ŤnÁž}œ¢{Š„r´œ Á¡¦µ³¤¸­¤µ·„Ĝ×Á¤œ ‡º° a ¨³ b ‹´‡¼n„´­¤µ·„ÄœÁ¦œ‹r¤µ„„ªnµ 1 ˜´ª
3) Áž}œ¢{Š„r´œ
4) ŤnÁž}œ¢{Š„r´œ Á¡¦µ³¤¸­¤µ·„Ĝ×Á¤œ ‡º° a ‹´‡¼n„´­¤µ·„ÄœÁ¦œ‹r¤µ„„ªnµ 1 ˜´ª
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34

5. 1) {(2, 10), (3, 15), (4, 20)} Áž}œ¢{Š„r´œ

A B
2 10
3 15
4 20

2) {(–7, 3), (–2, 1), (–2, 4), (0, 7)} ŤnÁž}œ¢{Š„r´œ Á¡¦µ³¤¸­¤µ·„Ĝ×Á¤œ‹´‡¼n„´­¤µ·„
ĜÁ¦œ‹r¤µ„„ªnµ 1 ˜´ª

A B
–7 1
–2 3
4
0 7

3) {(–2, 1), (0, 1), (2, 1), (4, 1), (–3, 1)} Áž}œ¢{Š„r´œ

A
–3 B
–2
0 1
2
4

4) {(5, 0), (3, –1), (0, 0), (5, –1), (3, –2)} ŤnÁž}œ¢{Š„r´œÁ¡¦µ³¤¸­¤µ·„Ĝ×Á¤œ‹´‡¼n„´­¤µ·„
ĜÁ¦œ‹r¤µ„„ªnµ 1 ˜´ª

A B
0 –2
3 –1
5 0
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6. Ä®o A = {a, b, c} ¨³ B = {1, 2}

Á…¸¥œÂŸœ£µ¡Âšœ¢{Š„r´œš¸É¤¸Ã—Á¤œÁž}œÁŽ˜ A ¨³Á¦œ‹rÁž}œÁŽ˜ B ŗo®¨µ¥Â ˜´ª°¥nµŠÁnœ

A B A B
a 1 a 1
b ®¦º° b
c 2 c 2

(1) (2)

A B A B
a 1 a 1
b ®¦º° b
c 2 c 2

(3) (4)

7. „ε®œ—Ä®o A ¨³ B Áž}œÁŽ˜š¸É¤¸­¤µ·„ 3 ˜´ª ‹³Á…¸¥œÂŸœ£µ¡Âšœ¢{Š„r´œ¤¸Ã—Á¤œÁž}œÁŽ˜ A

¨³Á¦œ‹rÁž}œÁŽ˜ B ŗo®¨µ¥Â —´Š˜´ª°¥nµŠ˜n°Åžœ¸Ê
Ä®o A = {a, b, c} ¨³ B = {1, 2, 3}

A B A B
a 1 a 1
b 2 b 2
c 3 c 3
(1) (2)

A B A B
a 1 a 1
b 2 b 2
c 3 c 3
(3) (4)

A B A B
a 1 a 1
b 2 b 2
c 3 c 3
(5) (6)
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36

8. Ä®o Df = {–2, –1, 0, 1, 2} Á…¸¥œÁŽ˜…°Š‡¼n°´œ—´š¸Éšœ¢{Š„r´œ f ŗo—´Šœ¸Ê

1) Įo f(x) = x2
‹³Å—o f = {(–2, 4), (–1, 1), (0, 0), (1, 1), (2, 4)}
2x
2) Įo f(x) = 2
x 1
‹³Å—o f = {(–2,  54 ), (–1, –1), (0, 0), (1, 1) (2, 4 )}
5
3) Įo f(x) = x  2
‹³Å—o f = {(–2, 0), (–1, 1), (0, 2 ), (1, 3 ), (2, 2)}
4) Įo f(x) = ~x + 1~
‹³Å—o f = {(–2, 1), (–1, 0), (0, 1), (1, 2), (2, 3)}

9. 1)
‹µ„Ÿœ£µ¡
a 1
f(a) = 2
b 2
f(b) = 4
c 3
f(c) = 3
d 4
f(d) = 1

2)
‹µ„Ÿœ£µ¡
a 1
f(a) = 1
b 2
f(b) = 4
c 3
f(c) = 1
d 4
f(d) = 3

10. 1) Áž}œ¢{Š„r´œ Á¡¦µ³Å¤n¤¸Á­oœ˜¦Šš¸É¨µ„…œµœ„´Â„œ Y Á­oœÄ—š¸É˜´—„¦µ¢¤µ„„ªnµ 1 ‹»—

2) Áž}œ¢{Š„r´œ Á¡¦µ³Å¤n¤¸Á­oœ˜¦Šš¸É¨µ„…œµœ„´Â„œ Y Á­oœÄ—š¸É˜´—„¦µ¢¤µ„„ªnµ 1 ‹»—
3) ŤnÁž}œ¢{Š„r´œ Á¡¦µ³¤¸Á­oœ˜¦Šš¸É¨µ„…œµœ„´Â„œ Y š¸É˜´—„¦µ¢¤µ„„ªnµ 1 ‹»—
4) ŤnÁž}œ¢{Š„r´œ Á¡¦µ³¤¸Á­oœ˜¦Šš¸É¨µ„…œµœ„´Â„œ Y š¸É˜´—„¦µ¢¤µ„„ªnµ 1 ‹»—
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37

11. 1) ×Á¤œ ‡º° ÁŽ˜…°Š‹Îµœªœ‹¦·Š

Á¦œ‹r ‡º° {y~y t –2}
2) ×Á¤œ ‡º° ÁŽ˜…°Š‹Îµœªœ‹¦·Š
Á¦œ‹r ‡º° {y~y t 0}
3) ×Á¤œ ‡º° {x~x t 1}
Á¦œ‹r ‡º° {y~y t 0}
4) ×Á¤œ ‡º° ÁŽ˜…°Š‹Îµœªœ‹¦·Š
Á¦œ‹r ‡º° {y~y d 3}

12. 1) f(–1) = 3
f(0) = 0
f(1) = –3
2) g(–2) = 0
g(0) = –4

13. 1) Ä®o g(x) = x2 – 2x ‹³Å—o

(1) g(2) = 0 (2) g(–3) = 15
2) Ä®o f(s) = 1 ‹³Å—o
s 1
1
(1) f(4) = (2) f(0) = 1
5

14. 1) ×Á¤œ ‡º° {x~x  R} Á¦œ‹r ‡º° {y~y  R}

2) ×Á¤œ ‡º° {x~x  R} Á¦œ‹r ‡º° {y~y  R}
3) ×Á¤œ ‡º° {x~x  R} Á¦œ‹r ‡º° {y~y = 1 }
2
4) ×Á¤œ ‡º° {x~x t 2} Á¦œ‹r ‡º° {y~y t 0}
5) ×Á¤œ ‡º° {x~x t –2} Á¦œ‹r ‡º° {y~y t 0}
6) ×Á¤œ ‡º° {x~x  R} Á¦œ‹r ‡º° {y~y t 0}
7) ×Á¤œ ‡º° {x~x  R} Á¦œ‹r ‡º° {y~y t –1}
8) ×Á¤œ ‡º° {x~x  R} Á¦œ‹r ‡º° {y~y t 0}
9) ×Á¤œ ‡º° {x~x  R} Á¦œ‹r ‡º° {y~y t 0}
10) ×Á¤œ ‡º° {x~x  R} Á¦œ‹r ‡º° {y~y t 0}
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ÁŒ¨¥Â f„®´— 1.2

1. 1) y1 = 5x + 3 ¨³ y2 = 5x – 3
Y y2
3

0 X
y1 –3

2) y1 = –x + 3 ¨³ y2 = –x – 3

y2 y1 Y
3

–3 3 X
–3

3) y1 = 5 – x ¨³ y2 = 5 + x

y1 Y y2

–5 0 5 X

4) y1 = x + 2 ¨³ y2 = –x – 2

y2 Y y1

2
0–2 X
–2
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39

2. 1) (…) 2) („) 3) (‡)

3. 1) ‹³®µªnµ ‹»— (3, 5) °¥¼nœ„¦µ¢…°Š y ®¦º°Å¤n ŗo—´Šœ¸Ê

‹µ„ y = 2 x 1
7
®µ‡nµ y Á¤ºÉ° x = 3
‹³Å—o y = 2 (3)  1
7
6
y= 1
7
6
œ´Éœ‡º° Á¤ºÉ° x = 3 ‹³Å—o y = 1
7
­—Šªnµ ‹»— (3, 1 6 ) °¥¼nœ„¦µ¢…°Š y ˜n‹»— (3, 5) Ťn°¥¼nœ„¦µ¢
7

Y
(3, 5)
x
(3, 1 6 )
2 7
x

0 3 X

2) ‹³®µªnµ ‹»— (– 4, –5) °¥¼nœ„¦µ¢…°Š y ®¦º°Å¤n ŗo—´Šœ¸Ê

‹µ„ y = –7 – 2x
®µ‡nµ y Á¤ºÉ° x = – 4
‹³Å—o y = –7 – 2(– 4)
y= 1
­—Šªnµ Á¤ºÉ° x ¤¸‡nµÁšnµ„´ – 4 ‹³Å—o y = 1
­—Šªnµ ‹»— (– 4, 1) °¥¼nœ„¦µ¢ ˜n‹»— (– 4, –5) Ťn°¥¼nœ„¦µ¢

Y
(– 4, 1) x 1
–4 0 X

x –5
(– 4, –5)
 40
40

3) ÁœºÉ°Š‹µ„š»„‹»—œ„¦µ¢ y = –1
‡º°‹»— (x, –1) Á¤ºÉ° x Áž}œ‹Îµœªœ‹¦·ŠÄ— Ç
—´Šœ´Êœ ‹»— (4, –5) ‹³Å¤n°¥¼nœ„¦µ¢ y = –1 —´Š¦¼ž

0 4
yX= –1
–5 x
(4, –5)

4. 1) Ä®o x šœœÊ宜´„…°Š­·œ‡oµ¤¸®œnª¥Áž}œ„·Ã¨„¦´¤
f(x) šœ‡nµ…œ­nŠ­·œ‡oµ¤¸®œnª¥Áž}œµš
‡nµ…œ­nŠ­·œ‡oµ‹µ„„¦»ŠÁš¡¤®µœ‡¦Åž¥´Š‹´Š®ª´—°¥¼nĜÁ…˜µ¥Â—œ£µ‡Ä˜oÁšnµ„´‡nµ…œ­nŠÁºÊ°Š˜oœ
150 µš ª„—oª¥‡nµ…œ­nŠš¸É‡·—˜µ¤œÊ宜´„­·œ‡oµ„·Ã¨„¦´¤¨³ 5 µš
‹³Å—o f(x) = 150 + 5x

f(x) ‡nµ…œ­nŠ­·œ‡oµ
x f(x)
0 150
1 155 170 x

2 160 165 x

3 165 160 x

4 170 155 x
150 x

x œÊ宜´„­·œ‡oµ
0 1 2 3 4 5
 41
41

2) Ä®o x šœ¥°—…µ¥­·œ‡oµ
f(x) šœ¦µ¥¦´…°Š¡œ´„Šµœ
¦µ¥¦´…°Š¡œ´„Šµœ…µ¥­·œ‡oµ…°Š¦·¬´šÂ®nŠ®œ¹ÉŠÁšnµ„´ 6,000 µš ª„—oª¥ 5% …°Š
¥°—…µ¥­·œ‡oµ
‹³Å—o f(x) = 6,000 + 0.05x

x f(x) f(x) ¦µ¥¦´…°Š¡œ´„Šµœ

0 6,000
1,000 6,050
6,200 x
2,000 6,100 x
3,000 6,150 6,100 x
4,000 6,200 x
6,000 x

x
1,000 2,000 3,000 4,000 ¥°—…µ¥­·œ‡oµ

3) ‡ªµ¤¥µªš¸É¤¸®œnª¥Áž}œœ·Êª Ášnµ„´ 2.54 Ášnµ…°Š‡ªµ¤¥µªš¸É¤¸®œnª¥Áž}œÁŽœ˜·Á¤˜¦

Ä®o x Áž}œ‡ªµ¤¥µªš¸É¤¸®œnª¥Áž}œœ·Êª
Ä®o y Áž}œ‡ªµ¤¥µªš¸É¤¸®œnª¥Áž}œÁŽœ˜·Á¤˜¦
‹³Å—o y = 2.54x
Y
x y
0 0 x
10
1 2.54
8 x
2 5.08
6
3 7.62 x
4
4 10.16 x
2
X
0 1 2 3 4 5
 42
42

5. 1) ¦·¬´šÂ®nŠ®œ¹ÉŠ‹nµ¥‡nµ‹oµŠÄ®o„´¡œ´„Šµœ Ž¹ÉŠ‡·—‹µ„‡nµÁ¸Ê¥Á¨¸Ê¥ŠÂ¨³‡nµ¡µ®œ³Ä®o„´¡œ´„Šµœ…µ¥
š»„‡œ‡œ¨³Ášnµ Ç „´œ ¨³‡nµ‡°¤¤·­´œ (‡·—Áž}œ¦o°¥¨³) ‹µ„¥°—…µ¥š¸É¡œ´„ŠµœÂ˜n¨³‡œ…µ¥Å—o
ž¦µ„’ªnµ Á¤ºÉ°Á—º °œš¸É Ÿnµœ¤µ œµ¥ „ ŗo¦´ÁŠ·œ‹µ„¦·¬´š 34,000 µš ×¥š¸ÉÁ…µ¤¸¥°—…µ¥
200,000 µš œµ¥ … ŗo¦´ÁŠ·œ‹µ„¦·¬´š 28,000 µš ¨³Á…µ¤¸¥°—…µ¥ 150,000 µš

Ä®o A šœ‹ÎµœªœÁŠ·œš¸É¡œ´„Šµœ…µ¥Å—o¦´‹µ„¦·¬´š
b šœ¥°—…µ¥…°Š¡œ´„ŠµœÂ˜n¨³‡œ
c šœ‡nµÁ¸Ê¥Á¨¸Ê¥ŠÂ¨³‡nµ¥µœ¡µ®œ³š¸É¡œ´„ŠµœÅ—o¦´‹µ„¦·¬´š
x šœ‡nµ‡°¤¤·­´œ (‡·—Áž}œ¦o°¥¨³)
‹³Å—o A = c + bx
œµ¥ „ ŗo¦´ÁŠ·œ‹µ„¦·¬´š 34,000 µš ×¥š¸ÉÁ…µ¤¸¥°—…µ¥ 200,000 µš
‹³Å—o 34,000 = c + 200,000 x --------------- (1)
œµ¥ … ŗo¦´ÁŠ·œ‹µ„¦·¬´š 28,000 µš ×¥š¸ÉÁ…µ¤¸¥°—…µ¥ 150,000 µš
‹³Å—o 28,000 = c + 150,000 x --------------- (2)
(1) – (2) 6,000 = 50,000 x
12
x = 100
12
œ´Éœ‡º° ¦·¬´š‹nµ¥‡nµ‡°¤¤·­´œÄ®o„´¡œ´„Šµœ Ášnµ„´ 100 ®¦º° ¦o°¥¨³ 12 ‹µ„¥°—…µ¥

12
2) šœ‡nµ x = 100 ¨ŠÄœ­¤„µ¦ (1) ‹³Å—o
12
34,000 = c + 200,000 100
34,000 = c + 24,000
c = 10,000 µš
œ´Éœ‡º° ¦·¬´š‹nµ¥‡nµÁ¸Ê¥Á¨¸Ê¥ŠÂ¨³‡nµ¡µ®œ³Ä®o„´¡œ´„Šµœ…µ¥‡œ¨³ 10,000 µš

3) Á…¸¥œ­¤„µ¦Âšœ¦µ¥Å—oš¸É¡œ´„ŠµœÅ—o¦´ÄœÂ˜n¨³Á—º°œÅ—o—´Šœ¸Ê
Ä®o s šœ¥°—…µ¥š¸É¡œ´„Šµœ…µ¥Å—o
‹³Å—o f(s) šœÁŠ·œ‡nµ‹oµŠ…°Š¡œ´„Šµœš¸É¤¸¥°—…µ¥Ášnµ„´ s
12
f(s) = 10,000 + 100 (s)
 43
43

6. 1) ¥°—…µ¥­·œ‡oµœ·—Ä®¤n…°Š¦·¬´š°¥¼nš¸É 12,000 ·Êœ / že ¦·¬´š˜o°Š„µ¦Ä®o¥°—…µ¥­·œ‡oµÁ¡·É¤…¹Êœ

že¨³ 10% …°Š¥°—…µ¥ž{‹‹»´œ Á…¸¥œ­¤„µ¦Âšœ¥°—…µ¥­·œ‡oµ…°ŠÂ˜n¨³žeŗo—´Šœ¸Ê
Ä®o x šœ‹Îµœªœže
‹³Å—o f(x) šœ¥°—…µ¥­·œ‡oµ…°Šžeš¸É x
10
f(x) = 12,000 + 12,000( 100 )x
= 12,000 + 1,200x
x
= 12,000(1 + )
10
2) Įo x = 5
5
f(5) = 12,000(1 + )
10
= 12,000 u 3
2
= 18,000 ·Êœ

ÁŒ¨¥Â f„®´— 1.3.1

1. ‹ŠÁ…¸¥œ„¦µ¢…°Š¢{Š„r´œ„ε¨´Š­°Šš¸É„ε®œ—Ä®o˜n°Åžœ¸Ê°¥nµŠ‡¦nµª Ç

Y
1) y = 2x2

0 X

2) y = –2x2 Y
0
X
 44
44

3) y = 2x2 + 1 Y

1 X
0

4) y = 2x2 – 1 Y

X
0 –1

5) y = –2x2 + 1 Y
1
0 X

2
Y
6) y = –2x – 1
0 –1 X
 45
45

Y
7) y = (x – 1)2

0 1 X

8) y = (x + 1)2
Y

X
–1 0

9) y = (x – 1)2 – 1
Y

1 X
–1 0

10) y = (x + 1)2 + 1
Y

1
–1 0 X
 46
46

2. 1) y1 = x2 Y
y2 = 2x2
y3 = 5x2 y3 y1
y4 y
y4 = 11x2 0 X2

Y y1
2) y1 = x2 y2
1 2
y2 = x
2 y3
1 2
y3 = x X
5 0

Y y
2 1
3) y1 = 2x
y2 = –2x2 0 X
y2

Y y1
4) y1 = 0.5x2
y2 = –0.5x2 0 X

y2

Y y1 y2 y3
2
5) y1 = (x – 3)
y2 = (x – 4)2
y3 = (x – 5)2 X
0 345
 47
47

6) y1 = –(x + 1)2 –3 –2 –1 Y X
y2 = –(x + 2)2 0
y3 = –(x + 3)2
y3 y2 y1

y3
Y
7) y1 = x2 y1 y2
y2 = (x – 1)2 2
y3 = (x – 1)2 + 2 01 X

y2
Y y1
8) y1 = x2
y2 = (x + 1)2 y3
y3 = (x + 1)2 – 1 –1 –1 X

y3
Y
9) y1 = x2 y1
y2
y2 = (x – 1)2
y3 = (x – 1)2 + 1 1
0 1 X

Y
1 y3
10) y1 = –x2 0 y2 X
y2 = –(x – 1)2
y1
y3 = –(x – 1)2 + 1
 48
48

y3
11) y1 = x2 y1 y2
Y
y2 = (x – 2)2 X
y3 = 5(x – 2)2 0 2
y4 = 5(x – 2)2 – 5 –5 y4

y4
Y
12) y1 = x2 y2
y2 = (x + 3)2
y3 y1
y3 = 8(x + 3)2
y4 = 8(x + 3)2 + 3 X
–3 0

Y
13) y1 = x2 y2 –7 y1
y2 = (x + 4)2 X
–4 0
y3 = –(x + 4)2 y3
y4
y4 = –(x + 4)2 + 7

14) y = –(x + 4)2 – 7 Y

–4 0 X
–7

15) y = (x + 4)2 + 7
Y
7

–4 0 X
 49
49

16) y = (x + 4)2 – 7 Y
–4 0 X

–7

17) y = 3(x – 3)2 + 3 Y

0 3 X

18) y = –2(x + 2)2 + 1

Y
1
–2 0 X

3. 1) y = (x – 4)2 – 3

0 X
4
–3

(…)
 50
50

2) y = –(x – 4)2 + 3

0 X
4

(„)

3) y = (x + 4)2 – 3
Y

–4 0 X
–3

(Š)

4) y = –(x + 4)2 + 3
Y
3

0 X
–4

(‡)
 51
51

5) y = 2(x – 2)2
Y

0 2 X

(Ž)

6) y = (x + 3)2 – 4
Y

–3 0 3 X

-4

()

1
7) y =  ( x  1) 2  3
2

–1 0 X
–3

(Œ)
 52
52

8) y = –2(x + 3)2 + 2

Y
2
–3 0 X

(‹)

9) y = x2 – 2x + 3 Y
= (x2 – 2x + 1) + 2
= (x – 1)2 + 2
2
0 1 X

()

10) y = 2x2 – 4x + 5 Y
= 2(x2 – 2x) + 5
= 2(x2 – 2x + 1) +5 – 2 3
= 2(x – 1)2 + 3
X
-1 0 1
()
 53
53

4. 1) ‹µ„ y = x2 – 2x – 3 šÎµÄ®o°¥¼nĜ¦¼ž„ε¨´Š­°Š­¤¼¦–rŗo—´Šœ¸Ê
y = (x2 – 2x + 1) – 3 – 1
y = (x – 1)2 – 4
‹³Å—o h = 1 ¨³ k = – 4
—´Šœ´Êœ ‹»—ª„„¨´…°Š„¦µ¢‡º° ‹»— (1, – 4)
ÁœºÉ°Š‹µ„­´¤ž¦³­·š›·Í…°Š x2 ¤¸‡nµ¤µ„„ªnµ«¼œ¥r —´Šœ´Êœ „¦µ¢…°Š y ‹³Áž}œÁ­oœÃ‡oŠ®Šµ¥…¹Êœ
Á…¸¥œ„¦µ¢…°Š y ŗo—´Šœ¸Ê

0 1 X

–4 x
(1, – 4)

2) ‹µ„ y = x2 – 4x + 8 šÎµÄ®o°¥¼nĜ¦¼ž„ε¨´Š­°Š­¤¼¦–rŗo—´Šœ¸Ê
y = (x2 – 4x + 4) + 8 – 4
y = (x – 2)2 + 4
‹³Å—o h = 2 ¨³ k = 4
—´Šœ´Êœ ‹»—ª„„¨´…°Š„¦µ¢‡º° ‹»— (2, 4)
ÁœºÉ°Š‹µ„­´¤ž¦³­·š›·Í…°Š x2 ¤¸‡nµ¤µ„„ªnµ«¼œ¥r —´Šœ´Êœ „¦µ¢…°Š y ‹³Áž}œÁ­oœÃ‡oŠ®Šµ¥…¹Êœ
Á…¸¥œ„¦µ¢…°Š y ŗo—´Šœ¸Ê

4 x
(2, 4)
0 2 X
 54
54

3) ‹µ„ y = 2x2 + 4x + 8 šÎµÄ®o°¥¼nĜ¦¼ž„ε¨´Š­°Š­¤¼¦–rŗo—´Šœ¸Ê

y = 2(x2 + 2x + 4)
= 2[(x2 + 2x + 1) + 3]
= 2[(x + 1)2 + 3]
= 2(x + 1)2 + 6
‹³Å—o h = –1 ¨³ k = 6
—´Šœ´Êœ ‹»—ª„„¨´…°Š„¦µ¢‡º° ‹»— (–1, 6)
ÁœºÉ°Š‹µ„­´¤ž¦³­·š›·Í…°Š x2 ¤¸‡nµ¤µ„„ªnµ«¼œ¥r —´Šœ´Êœ „¦µ¢…°Š y ‹³Áž}œÁ­oœÃ‡oŠ®Šµ¥…¹Êœ
Á…¸¥œ„¦µ¢…°Š y ŗo—´Šœ¸Ê

x 6
(–1, 6)
–1 0 X

4) ‹µ„ y = 3x2 + 12x + 3 šÎµÄ®o°¥¼nĜ¦¼ž„ε¨´Š­°Š­¤¼¦–rŗo—´Šœ¸Ê

y = 3x2 + 12x + 3
= 3(x2 + 4x + 1)
= 3[(x2 + 4x + 4) + 1 – 4]
= 3[(x + 2)2 – 3]
= 3(x + 2)2 – 9
‹³Å—o h = –2 ¨³ y = –9
—´Šœ´Êœ ‹»—ª„„¨´…°Š„¦µ¢‡º° (–2, –9)
ÁœºÉ°Š‹µ„­´¤ž¦³­·š›·Í…°Š x2 ¤¸‡nµ¤µ„„ªnµ«¼œ¥r —´Šœ´Êœ „¦µ¢…°Š y ‹³Áž}œÁ­oœÃ‡oŠ®Šµ¥…¹Êœ
Á…¸¥œ„¦µ¢…°Š y ŗo—´Šœ¸Ê

–2 Y
0 X

x –9
(–2, –9)
 55
55

5) ‹µ„ y = –x2 + 2x + 1 šÎµÄ®o°¥¼nĜ¦¼ž„ε¨´Š­°Š­¤¼¦–rŗo—´Šœ¸Ê

y = –(x2 – 2x – 1)
= –[(x2 – 2x + 1) – 1 – 1]
= –[(x – 1)2 – 2]
= –(x – 1)2 + 2
—´Šœ´Êœ ŗo h = 1 ¨³ k = 2
—´Šœ´Êœ ‹»—ª„„¨´…°Š„¦µ¢‡º° ‹»— (1, 2) ÁœºÉ°Š‹µ„­´¤ž¦³­·š›·Í…°Š x2 ¤¸‡nµœo°¥„ªnµ«¼œ¥r
—´Šœ´Êœ „¦µ¢…°Š y ‹³Áž}œÁ­oœÃ‡oŠ‡ªÉ娊Á…¸¥œ„¦µ¢…°Š y ŗo—´Šœ¸Ê

Y
(1, 2)
2 x

0 1 X

5. 1) y = –3x2 + 6x + 3
b
ÁœºÉ°Š‹µ„‹»—ª„„¨´…°Š„¦µ¢ y = ax2 + bx + c , a z 0 ‡º° ‹»—š¸É x =
2a
‹µ„ y = –3x2 + 6x + 3 ‹³Å—o a = –3 ¨³ b = 6
 ( 6)
¨³ x = =1
2(3)
y = –3(1)2 + 6(1) + 3
= –3 + 6 + 3
= 6
—´Šœ´Êœ ‹»—ª„„¨´…°Š„¦µ¢‡º° ‹»— (1, 6)
ÁœºÉ°Š‹µ„ ­´¤ž¦³­·š›·Í…°Š x2 ¤¸‡nµÁž}œ¨
—´Šœ´Êœ ‹»—ª„„¨´…°Š„¦µ¢ ‹³Áž}œ‹»—­¼Š­»—…°Š„¦µ¢ Á…¸¥œ„¦µ¢…°Š y ŗo—´Šœ¸Ê

Y
(1, 6)
6 x

0 1 X
 56
56

2) y = 2x2 – 4x
b
ÁœºÉ°Š‹µ„‹»—ª„„¨´…°Š„¦µ¢ y = ax2 + bx + c , a z 0 ‡º° ‹»—š¸É x Ášnµ„´ 
2a
‹µ„ y = 2x2 – 4x ‹³Å—o a = 2 ¨³ b = – 4
(4)
¨³ x =  =1
2( 2)

y = 2(1)2 – 4(1)
= –2
—´Šœ´Êœ ‹»—ª„„¨´…°Š„¦µ¢ ‡º° ‹»— (1, –2)
ÁœºÉ°Š‹µ„­´¤ž¦³­·š›·Í…°Š x2 ¤¸‡nµÁž}œª„
—´Šœ´Êœ ‹»—ª„„¨´…°Š„¦µ¢ ‹³Áž}œ‹»—˜Éε­»—…°Š„¦µ¢ Á…¸¥œ„¦µ¢…°Š y ŗo—´Šœ¸Ê

1
0 X
–2 x
(1, –2)

3) y = 2x2 + 4x + 2
b
ÁœºÉ°Š‹µ„‹»—ª„„¨´…°Š„¦µ¢ y = ax2 + bx + c, a z 0 ‡º° ‹»—š¸É x Ášnµ„´
2a
‹µ„ y = 2x2 + 4x + 2 ‹³Å—o a = 2 ¨³ b = 4
 ( 4)
¨³ x = = –1
2(2)
y = 2(–1)2 + 4(–1) + 2
= 2–4+2
= 0
—´Šœ´Êœ ‹»—ª„„¨´…°Š„¦µ¢‡º° ‹»— (–1, 0)
ÁœºÉ°Š‹µ„ ­´¤ž¦³­·š›·Í…°Š x2 ¤¸‡nµÁž}œª„
—´Šœ´Êœ ‹»—š¸É„¦µ¢ª„„¨´‹³Áž}œ‹»—˜Éε­»—…°Š„¦µ¢ Á…¸¥œ„¦µ¢…°Š y ŗo—´Šœ¸Ê
 57
57

(–1, 0) 0
x X

4) y = 2x2 – 2x – 24
b
ÁœºÉ°Š‹µ„‹»—š¸É„¦µ¢ª„„¨´…°Š„¦µ¢ y = ax2 + bx + c, a z 0 ‡º° ‹»—š¸É x =
2a
‹µ„ y = 2x2 – 2x – 24 ‹³Å—o a = 2 ¨³ b = –2
 (2) 2 1
¨³ x = = =
2(2) 4 2
1 1
y = 2( ) 2  2( )  24
2 2
1
=  1  24
2
= –24 12
—´Šœ´Êœ ‹»—ª„„¨´…°Š„¦µ¢‡º° ‹»— ( 12 ,  24 12 )
ÁœºÉ°Š‹µ„ ­´¤ž¦³­·š›·Í…°Š x2 ¤¸‡nµÁž}œª„
—´Šœ´Êœ ‹»—š¸É„¦µ¢ª„„¨´ ‡º°‹»—˜Éε­»—…°Š„¦µ¢ Á…¸¥œ„¦µ¢…°Š y ŗo—´Šœ¸Ê

Y
0 1 X

x
1 1
( ,  24 )
2 2
 58
58

ÁŒ¨¥Â f„®´— 1.3.2 (1)

1. 1) ‹µ„ x2 = 16
‹³Å—o 2
x – 16 = 0
Ä®o y = x2 – 16 Á…¸¥œ„¦µ¢…°Š y ŗo—´Šœ¸Ê
Y

X
x x
–4 0 4

x
(0, –16)
‹µ„¦¼ž „¦µ¢…°Š y ˜´—„œ X ­°Š‹»— ¨³Á¤ºÉ° y = 0 , x = – 4, 4
—´Šœ´Êœ x2 – 16 = 0 ®¦º° x2 = 16 Á¤ºÉ° x = – 4, 4

2) ‹µ„ 3x2 = 27
‹³Å—o 3x2 – 27 = 0
Ä®o y = 3x2 – 27 Á…¸¥œ„¦µ¢…°Š y ŗo—´Šœ¸Ê

Y
x
–3 x 0 3 X

x
(0, –27)

‹µ„¦¼ž „¦µ¢…°Š y ˜´—„œ X ­°Š‹»— Á¤ºÉ° y = 0 , x = –3, 3

—´Šœ´Êœ 3x2 – 27 = 0 ®¦º° 3x2 = 27 Á¤ºÉ° x = –3, 3

3) ‹µ„ 2x2 = 8
‹³Å—o 2
2x – 8 = 0
Ä®o y = 2x2 – 8 Á…¸¥œ„¦µ¢…°Š y ŗo—´Šœ¸Ê
 59
59

–2x 0 x2 X

–8 x (0, –8)

‹µ„„¦µ¢ y = 0 Á¤ºÉ° x = –2, 2

—´Šœ´Êœ 2x2 – 8 = 0 ®¦º° 2x2 = 8 Á¤ºÉ° x = –2, 2

4) ‹µ„ x2 = 0
Ä®o y = x2 Á…¸¥œ„¦µ¢…°Š y ŗo—´Šœ¸Ê

0x (0, 0) X

‹µ„¦¼ž „¦µ¢…°Š y ˜´—„œ X š¸É‹»— (0, 0) ®¦º° y = 0 , x = 0

œ´Éœ‡º° x2 = 0 Á¤ºÉ° x = 0

5) ‹µ„ x2 = –8
‹³Å—o 2
x +8 = 0
Ä®o y = x2 + 8 Á…¸¥œ„¦µ¢…°Š y ŗo—´Šœ¸Ê

8 x (0, 8)
X
0
 60
60

‹µ„„¦µ¢ ¡ªnµ y t 8
œ´Éœ‡º° Ťn¤¸ x ‡nµÄ—š¸ÉšÎµÄ®o y = 0
—´Šœ´Êœ Ťn¤¸‡nµ y š¸ÉÁšnµ„´«¼œ¥r ®¦º°Å¤n¤¸‹Îµœªœ‹¦·Š x ėš¸ÉšÎµÄ®o x2 + 8 = 0
‹¹ŠÅ¤n¤¸‡Îµ˜°…°Š x2 + 8 = 0 ®¦º° x2 = –8 š¸ÉÁž}œ‹Îµœªœ‹¦·Š

2. 1) ‹µ„ x2 + 8x + 16 = 0
‹³Å—o (x + 4)2 = 0
Ä®o y = (x + 4)2 Á…¸¥œ„¦µ¢…°Š y ŗo—´Šœ¸Ê
Y

0 X
(– 4, 0)

‹µ„¦¼ž „¦µ¢…°Š y ˜´—„œ X š¸É‹»— (– 4, 0)

—´Šœ´Êœ x2 + 8x + 16 = 0 ¤¸‡Îµ˜°š¸ÉÁž}œ‹Îµœªœ‹¦·Šš¸ÉÁšnµ„´œ­°Š‡Îµ˜° ‡º° x = – 4

2) ‹µ„ 8x2 = 16x – 3

‹³Å—o 8x2 – 16x + 3 = 0
8(x2 – 2x) + 3 = 0
8(x2 – 2x + 1) + 3 – 8 = 0
8(x – 1)2 – 5 = 0
Ä®o y = 8(x – 1)2 – 5 Á…¸¥œ„¦µ¢…°Š y ŗo—´Šœ¸Ê
Y
1
X

–5 (1, –5)

‹µ„¦¼ž „¦µ¢…°Š y ˜´—„œ X ­°Š‹»—

—´Šœ´Êœ 8x2 + 8x + 16 ¤¸‡Îµ˜°š¸ÉÁž}œ‹Îµœªœ‹¦·Š­°Š‡Îµ˜°
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3) ‹µ„ 6x2 = 4x + 3
‹³Å—o 6x2 – 4x – 3 = 0
b
ÁœºÉ°Š‹µ„„¦µ¢…°Š y = ax2 + bx + c, a z 0 ¤¸‹»—ª„„¨´š¸É x Ášnµ„´
2a
Ä®o y = 6x2 – 4x – 3 ‹³Å—o a = 6 ¨³ b = – 4
( 4) 1
x= =
2(6) 3
1 1
y= 6( ) 2  4( )  3
3 3
2 4
=  3
3 3
 11
=
3
ÁœºÉ°Š‹µ„­´¤ž¦³­·š›r…°Š x2 ¤¸‡nµÁž}œª„
1 11
—´Šœ´Êœ „¦µ¢…°Š y ‹³Áž}œÁ­oœÃ‡oŠ®Šµ¥…¹Êœ ¨³¤¸‹»—ª„„¨´š¸É‹»— ( , ) —´Š¦¼ž
3 3

0 X

–5 x
1 11
( , )
3 3

‹µ„¦¼ž „¦µ¢…°Š y ˜´—„œ X ­°Š‹»—

—´Šœ´Êœ 6x2 = 4x + 3 ¤¸‡Îµ˜°š¸ÉÁž}œ‹Îµœªœ‹¦·Š­°Š‡Îµ˜°

4) ‹µ„ 2x2 – 4x + 1 = 0
‹³Å—o 2(x2 – 2x) + 1 = 0
2(x2 – 2x + 1) + 1 – 2 = 0
2(x – 1)2 – 1 = 0
Ä®o y = 2(x – 1) – 1 ÁœºÉ°Š‹µ„­´¤ž¦³­·š›·Í…°Š x2 ¤¸‡nµÁž}œª„
2

—´Šœ´Êœ „¦µ¢…°Š y ‹³¤¸¨´„¬–³Áž}œÁ­oœÃ‡oŠÂ¨³®Šµ¥…¹Êœ ¨³¤¸‹»— (1, –1) Áž}œ‹»—š¸É„¦µ¢

ª„„¨´ —´Š¦¼ž
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1 X
0 x
–1 (1, –1)

‹µ„¦¼ž„¦µ¢˜´—„œ X ­°Š‹»—
—´Šœ´Êœ 2x2 – 4x + 1 = 0 ¤¸‡Îµ˜°š¸ÉÁž}œ‹Îµœªœ‹¦·Š­°Š‡Îµ˜°

5) ‹µ„ –8x2 – 24 = 0
Ä®o y = –8x2 – 24
Á…¸¥œ„¦µ¢…°Š y ŗo—´Šœ¸Ê
Y

0 X
–24

‹µ„¦¼ž „¦µ¢…°Š y = –8x2 – 24 Ťn˜´—„œ X

—´Šœ´Êœ –8x2 – 24 = 0 Ťn¤‡¸ 嘰š¸ÉÁž}œ‹Îµœªœ‹¦·Š

3. 1) –(x + 1)2 + 1 = 0
Ä®o y = –(x + 1)2 + 1 Á…¸¥œ„¦µ¢…°Š y ŗo—´Šœ¸Ê

(–1, 1) 1
–1 0 X

‹µ„¦¼ž ‹³Á®Èœªnµ„¦µ¢…°Š y ˜´—„œ X ­°Š‹»—

—´Šœ´Êœ ­¤„µ¦ –(x + 1)2 + 1 = 0 ¤¸‡Îµ˜°š¸ÉÁž}œ‹Îµœªœ‹¦·Š­°Š‡Îµ˜°
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2) 7(x + 2)2 = 0
Ä®o y = 7(x + 2)2 Á…¸¥œ„¦µ¢…°Š y ŗo—´Šœ¸Ê
Y

0 X
(–2, 0)

‹µ„¦¼ž ‹³Á®Èœªnµ„¦µ¢…°Š y ˜´—„œ X ®œ¹ÉŠ‹»—

—´Šœ´Êœ ­¤„µ¦ 7(x + 2)2 = 0 ¤¸‡Îµ˜°š¸ÉÁž}œ‹Îµœªœ‹¦·Š­°Š‡Îµ˜°š¸ÉÁšnµ„´œ

3) ‹µ„ (x – 4)2 = – 4 ‹³Å—o (x – 4)2 + 4 = 0

Ä®o y = (x – 4)2 + 4 Á…¸¥œ„¦µ¢…°Š y ŗo—´Šœ¸Ê
Y

0 4 X

‹µ„¦¼ž ‹³Á®Èœªnµ„¦µ¢…°Š y Ťn˜´—„œ X

—´Šœ´Êœ ­¤„µ¦ (x – 4)2 = – 4 Ťn¤¸‡Îµ˜°š¸ÉÁž}œ‹Îµœªœ‹¦·Š

4) ‹µ„ (x + 7)2 = 3 ‹³Å—o (x + 7)2 – 3 = 0

Ä®o y = (x + 7)2 – 3 Á…¸¥œ„¦µ¢…°Š y ŗo—´Šœ¸Ê
Y

–7 0 X
(–7, –3) –3
‹µ„¦¼ž ‹³Á®Èœªnµ„¦µ¢…°Š y ˜´—„œ X ­°Š‹»—
—´Šœ´Êœ ­¤„µ¦ (x + 7)2 = 3 ¤¸‡µÎ ˜°š¸ÉÁž}œ‹Îµœªœ‹¦·Š­°Š‡Îµ˜°
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4. 1) (1) ×Á¤œ…°Š¢{Š„r´œ‡º° {x _ x  R}
Á¦œ‹r…°Š¢{Š„r´œ‡º° {y _ y t 0}
(2) ‹»—ª„„¨´…°Š„¦µ¢‡º°‹»— (– 4, 0)
(3) „¦µ¢¤¸‡nµ˜Éε­»—š¸É y = 0

2) (1) ×Á¤œ…°Š¢{Š„r´œ‡º° ^x _ x  R`
Á¦œ‹r…°Š¢{Š„r´œ‡º° {y _ y t – 4}
(2) ‹»—ª„„¨´…°Š„¦µ¢‡º°‹»— (–3 , – 4)
(3) „¦µ¢¤¸‡nµ˜Éε­»—š¸É y = – 4

3) (1) ×Á¤œ…°Š¢{Š„r´œ‡º° {x _ x  R}
Á¦œ‹r…°Š¢{Š„r´œ‡º° {y _ y d 2}
(2) ‹»—ª„„¨´…°Š„¦µ¢‡º°‹»— (–3, 2)
(3) „¦µ¢¤¸‡nµ­¼Š­»—š¸É y = 2

4) (1) ×Á¤œ…°Š¢{Š„r´œ‡º° ^x _ x  R`
Á¦œ‹r…°Š¢{Š„r´œ‡º° {y _ y d –3}
(2) ‹»—ª„„¨´…°Š„¦µ¢‡º°‹»— (–1, –3)
(3) „¦µ¢¤¸‡nµ­¼Š­»—š¸É y = –3

5) (1) ×Á¤œ…°Š¢{Š„r´œ‡º° ^x _ x  R`
Á¦œ‹r…°Š¢{Š„r´œ‡º° {y _ y t –1}
(2) ‹»—ª„„¨´…°Š„¦µ¢‡º°‹»— (2, –1)
(3) „¦µ¢¤¸‡nµ˜Éε­»—š¸É y = –1

5. 1) ‹µ„ y = x2 – 8x + 15 Á…¸¥œ y Ä®o°¥¼nĜ¦¼ž a(x – h)2 + k ŗo—´Šœ¸Ê

(x2 – 8x + 15) = (x2 – 8x + 16) + 15 – 16
= (x – 4)2 – 1
‹³Å—o a = 1, h = 4 ¨³ k = –1
ÁœºÉ°Š‹µ„ a > 0 —´Šœ´Êœ „¦µ¢…°Š y ‹³®Šµ¥…¹ÊœÂ¨³¤¸‹»—ª„„¨´š¸É‹»— (4, –1)
Á…¸¥œ„¦µ¢…°Š y = (x – 4)2 – 1 °¥nµŠ‡¦nµª Ç Å—o—´Šœ¸Ê
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0 X
x
(4, –1)
‹µ„„¦µ¢¡ªnµ
1) Df = {x~x  R}
Rf = {y~ y t –1}
2) ‹»—ª„„¨´…°Š„¦µ¢ ‡º° ‹»— (4, –1)
3) ‹»—ª„„¨´…°Š„¦µ¢Áž}œ‹»—š¸É„¦µ¢¤¸‡nµ˜Éε­»—š¸É y Ášnµ„´ –1
4) „¦µ¢˜´—„œ X ­°Š‹»—®µ‹»—š¸É„¦µ¢˜´—„œ X ŗo‹µ„
Ä®o x2 – 8x + 15 = 0
(x – 3)(x – 5) = 0
x = 3, 5
‹³Å—oªnµ „¦µ¢˜´—„œ X š¸É‹»— (3, 0) ¨³ (5, 0)

2) ‹µ„ y = x2 – 2x – 4 Á…¸¥œ y Ä®o°¥¼nĜ¦¼ž a(x – h)2 + k ŗo—´Šœ¸Ê

x2 – 2x – 4 = (x2 – 2x + 1) – 4 – 1
= (x – 1)2 – 5
‹³Å—o a = 1 , h = 1 ¨³ k = –5
ÁœºÉ°Š‹µ„ a > 0 —´Šœ´Êœ „¦µ¢…°Š f ‹³®Šµ¥…¹ÊœÂ¨³¤¸‹»—ª„„¨´š¸É‹»— (1, –5)
Á…¸¥œ„¦µ¢…°Š y = (x – 1)2 – 5 °¥nµŠ‡¦nµª Ç Å—o—´Šœ¸Ê
Y

–2 X
0 1

–5
(1, –5)
1) ‹µ„„¦µ¢¡ªnµ Df = {x~x  R}
Rf = {y~y t –5}
2) ‹»—ª„„¨´…°Š„¦µ¢ ‡º° ‹»— (1, –5)
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3) ‹»—ª„„¨´…°Š„¦µ¢Áž}œ‹»—š¸É„¦µ¢ ¤¸‡nµ˜Éε­»—š¸É y Ášnµ„´ –5

 b r b 2  4ac
4) „¦µ¢˜´—„œ X ­°Š‹»— ®µ‹»—š¸É„¦µ¢˜´—„œ X ŗo‹µ„­¼˜¦ x = 2a
‹µ„ x2 – 2x – 4 = 0 ‹³Å—oªnµ a = 1 b = –2 c = –4
 (2) r (2) 2  4(1)( 4)
‹³Å—o x =
2(1)
2 r 4 16
= 2
= 1r 5
‹³Å—oªnµ „¦µ¢˜´—„œ X š¸É‹»— (1 – 5 , 0) ¨³ (1 + 5 , 0)

3) ‹µ„ y = x2 + 8x + 13 Á…¸¥œ y Ä®o°¥¼nĜ¦¼ž a(x – h)2 + k ŗo—´Šœ¸Ê

x2 + 8x + 13 = (x2 + 8x + 16) + 13 – 16
= (x + 4)2 – 3
‹³Å—o a = 0, h = – 4 ¨³ k = –3
ÁœºÉ°Š‹µ„ a > 0 —´Šœ´Êœ „¦µ¢…°Š y ‹³®Šµ¥…¹ÊœÂ¨³¤¸‹»—ª„„¨´š¸É‹»— (– 4, –3)
Á…¸¥œ„¦µ¢…°Š y = (x + 4)2 – 3 °¥nµŠ‡¦nµª Ç Å—o—´Šœ¸Ê
Y

0 X
–4
x –3
(– 4, – 3)
‹µ„„¦µ¢¡ªnµ
1) Df = {x~x  R}
Rf = {y~y  R, y t –3}
2) ‹»—ª„„¨´…°Š„¦µ¢ ‡º° ‹»— (– 4, –3)
3) ‹»—ª„„¨´…°Š„¦µ¢Áž}œ‹»—š¸É„¦µ¢¤¸‡nµ˜Éε­»—š¸É y Ášnµ„´ –3
 b r b 2  4ac
4) „¦µ¢˜´—„œ X ­°Š‹»— ®µ‹»—š¸É„¦µ¢˜´—„œ X ŗo‹µ„­¼˜¦ x = 2a
‹µ„ x2 + 8x + 13 = 0 ŗoªnµ a = 1, b = 8, c = 13
 8 r 8 2  4(1)(13)
x = 2(1)
 8 r 64  52
= 2
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 8r 12
= 2
 8r 2 3
= =  4r 3
2
‹³Å—oªnµ „¦µ¢˜´—„œ X š¸É‹»— (– 4 – 3 , 0) ¨³ (– 4 + 3 , 0)

4) ‹µ„ y = 2x2 + 4x + 4 Á…¸¥œ y Ä®o°¥¼nĜ¦¼ž a(x – h)2 + k ŗo—´Šœ¸Ê

2x2 + 4x + 4 = 2(x2 + 2x + 2)
= 2[(x2 + 2x + 1) + 2 – 1]
= 2[(x + 1)2 + 1]
= 2(x + 1)2 + 2
‹³Å—o a = 2, h = –1 ¨³ k = 2
ÁœºÉ°Š‹µ„ a > 0 —´Šœ´Êœ „¦µ¢…°Š y ‹³Áž}œÁ­oœÃ‡oŠ®Šµ¥…¹ÊœÂ¨³¤¸‹»—ª„„¨´š¸É‹»— (–1, 2)
Á…¸¥œ„¦µ¢…°Š y = 2(x + 1)2 + 2 °¥nµŠ‡¦nµª Ç Å—o—´Šœ¸Ê
Y

x 2
(–1, 2)
–1 0 X

‹µ„„¦µ¢¡ªnµ
1) Df = {x~x  R}
Rf = {y~y  R, y t 2}
2) ‹»—ª„„¨´…°Š„¦µ¢‡º° ‹»— (–1, 2)
3) ‹»—ª„„¨´…°Š„¦µ¢Áž}œ‹»—š¸É„¦µ¢¤¸‡nµ˜Éε­»—š¸É y Ášnµ„´ 2
4) ‹µ„„¦µ¢¡ªnµ „¦µ¢Å¤n˜´—„œ X

5) ‹µ„ y = 3x2 – 12x + 6 Á…¸¥œ y Ä®o°¥¼nĜ¦¼ž a(x – h)2 + k ŗo—´Šœ¸Ê

3x2 – 12x + 6 = 3(x2 – 4x + 2)
= 3[(x2 – 4x + 4) + 2 – 4]
= 3[(x – 2)2 – 2]
= 3(x – 2)2 – 6
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‹³Å—o a = 3, h = 2 ¨³ k = –6
ÁœºÉ°Š‹µ„ a > 0 —´Šœ´Êœ „¦µ¢…°Š y ‹³Áž}œÁ­oœÃ‡oŠ®Šµ¥…¹Êœ ¨³¤¸‹»—ª„„¨´š¸É‹»— (2, –6)
Á…¸¥œ„¦µ¢…°Š y = 3(x – 2)2 – 6 °¥nµŠ‡¦nµª Ç Å—o—´Šœ¸Ê
Y

0 X
2

–6 (2,x–6)
‹µ„„¦µ¢¡ªnµ
1) Df = {x~x  R}
Rf = {y~y  R, y t –6}
2) ‹»—ª„„¨´…°Š„¦µ¢‡º° ‹»— (2, –6)
3) ‹»—ª„„¨´…°Š„¦µ¢Áž}œ‹»—š¸É y ¤¸‡nµ˜Éε­»—š¸É y Ášnµ„´ –6
b 2  4ac
4) ‹µ„„¦µ¢¡ªnµ „¦µ¢˜´—„œ X ­°Š‹»— ®µ‹»—š¸É„¦µ¢˜´—„œ X ŗo‹µ„­¼˜¦ x =  b r 2a
‹µ„ 3x2 – 12x + 6 = 0 ŗoªnµ a = 3, b = –12, c = 6
 (12) r (12) 2  4(3)(6)
x = 2(3)
12 r 144  72
= 6
72
= 2r
6
6 2
= 2r
6
= 2r 2
‹³Å—oªnµ „¦µ¢˜´—„œ X š¸É‹»— (2 + 2 , 0) ¨³ (2 – 2 , 0)

6) ‹µ„ y = x(x – 1) – 1 Á…¸¥œ y Ä®o°¥¼nĜ¦¼ž a(x – h)2 + k ŗo—´Šœ¸Ê

x(x – 1) – 1 = x2 – x – 1
= (x2 – x + 14 ) – 1 – 14
1 5
= (x  ) 2 
2 4
1 5
‹³Å—o a = 1, h = 2
¨³ k = 
4
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ÁœºÉ°Š‹µ„ a > 0 —´Šœ´Êœ „¦µ¢…°Š y ‹³Áž}œÁ­oœÃ‡oŠ®Šµ¥…¹Êœ ¨³¤¸‹»—ª„„¨´‡º°‹»— ( 12 ,  54 )

Á…¸¥œ„¦µ¢…°Š y = x(x – 1) – 1 ŗo—´Šœ¸Ê

–2 0 2 X
x
–2 ( 1 ,  5 )
2 4

‹µ„„¦µ¢¡ªnµ
1) Df = {x~x  R}
5
Rf = {y~y  R, y t }
4
2) ‹»—ª„„¨´…°Š„¦µ¢‡º° ‹»— ( 1 , 
5
)
2 4
3) ‹»—ª„„¨´…°Š„¦µ¢Áž}œ‹»—š¸É„¦µ¢¤¸‡nµ˜Éε­»—š¸É y Ášnµ„´  5
4
 b r b 2  4ac
4) „¦µ¢˜´—„œ X ­°Š‹»— ®µ‹»—š¸É„¦µ¢˜´—„œ X ŗo‹µ„­¼˜¦ x = 2a
‹µ„ x2 – x – 1 = 0 ŗoªnµ a = 1, b = –1, c = –1

 (1) r (1) 2  4(1)(1)

x =
2(1)
1r 1 4
=
2
1r 5
=
2

‹³Å—oªnµ „¦µ¢˜´—„œ X š¸É‹»— ( 1 5

, 0) ¨³ ( 1 5
, 0)
2 2

7) ‹µ„ y = x2 – 4x – 7 Á…¸¥œ y Ä®o°¥¼nĜ¦¼ž a(x – h)2 + k ŗo—´Šœ¸Ê

x2 – 4x – 7 = (x2 – 4x + 4) – 7 – 4
= (x – 2)2 – 11 = 0
‹³Å—o a = 1, h = 2 ¨³ k = –11
ÁœºÉ°Š‹µ„ a > 0 —´Šœ´Êœ „¦µ¢…°Š y ‹³Áž}œÁ­oœÃ‡oŠ®Šµ¥…¹ÊœÂ¨³¤¸‹»—ª„„¨´‡º°‹»— (2, –11)
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Á…¸¥œ„¦µ¢…°Š y = (x – 2)2 – 11 ŗo—´Šœ¸Ê

Y
0 2 X

–11 x
(2, –11)

‹µ„„¦µ¢¡ªnµ
1) Df = {x~x  R}
Rf = {y~y  R, y t –11}
2) ‹»—ª„„¨´…°Š„¦µ¢ ‡º° ‹»— (2, –11)
3) ‹»—ª„„¨´…°Š„¦µ¢Áž}œ‹»—š¸É„¦µ¢¤¸‡nµ˜Éε­»—š¸É y Ášnµ„´ –11
 b r b 2  4ac
4) „¦µ¢˜´—„œ X ­°Š‹»— ®µ‹»—š¸É„¦µ¢˜´—„œ X ŗo‹µ„­¼˜¦ x = 2a
‹µ„ x2 – 4x – 7 = 0 ŗoªnµ a = 1, b = – 4, c = –7
 ( 4 ) r ( 4 ) 2  4(1)(7)
x =
2(1)
= 4 r 16  28
2
= 4 r 2 11
2
= 2r 11
‹³Å—oªnµ „¦µ¢˜´—„œ X š¸É‹»— (2 + 11 , 0) ¨³ (2 – 11 , 0)

8) ‹µ„ y = x2 – 2x + 5 = 0 Á…¸¥œ y Ä®o°¥¼nĜ¦¼ž a(x – h)2 + k ŗo—´Šœ¸Ê

x2 – 2x + 5 = (x2 – 2x + 1) + 5 – 1
= (x – 1)2 + 4
‹³Å—o a = 1, h = 1 ¨³ k = 4
ÁœºÉ°Š‹µ„ a > 0 —´Šœ´Êœ „¦µ¢…°Š y ‹³Áž}œÁ­oœÃ‡oŠ®Šµ¥…¹ÊœÂ¨³¤¸‹»—ª„„¨´‡º°‹»— (1, 4)
Á…¸¥œ„¦µ¢…°Š y = (x – 1)2 + 4 ŗo—´Šœ¸Ê
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4 x
(1, 4)
0 1 X

‹µ„„¦µ¢¡ªnµ
1) Df = {x~x  R}
Rf = {y~y  R, y t 4}
2) ‹»—ª„„¨´…°Š„¦µ¢ ‡º° ‹»— (1, 4)
3) ‹»—ª„„¨´…°Š„¦µ¢Áž}œ‹»—š¸É„¦µ¢¤¸‡nµ˜Éε­»—š¸É y Ášnµ„´ 4
4) „¦µ¢Å¤n˜´—„œ X

6. Y

x1x 0 xx
2
X

y1 x

ª·›¸šÎµ ‹»— x1 ¨³ x2 ‡º° ‹»—š¸É„¦µ¢˜´—„œ X

®µ‹»— x1, x2 ×¥„ε®œ—Ä®o y = 0
Ä®o x2 – 2x – 8 = 0
(x + 2)(x – 4) = 0
x = –2, 4
—´Šœ´Êœ x1 = –2 ¨³ x2 = 4
‹µ„ y = x2 – 2x – 8 Á…¸¥œ y Ä®o°¥¼nĜ¦¼ž a(x – h)2 + k ŗo—´Šœ¸Ê
= (x2 – 2x + 1) – 8 – 1
= (x – 1)2 – 9
‹³Å—o a = 1, h = 1, k = –9
¨³‹»—ª„„¨´…°Š„¦µ¢ ‡º° ‹»— (1, –9)
—´Šœ´Êœ ‹»—š¸ÉÁž}œ‡nµ˜Éε­»—…°Š„¦µ¢ ‡º° ‹»—š¸É y1 Ášnµ„´ –9
 72
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7. 1) y = (x – 3)(x – 6) Y
Ä®o (x – 3)(x – 6) = 0
‹³Å—o x = 3, 6
0 X
3
6

Y
2) y = (x – 6)(x + 4)
Ä®o (x – 6)(x + 4) = 0 –4 0 6 X
‹³Å—o x = – 4, 6

3) y = x(5 – x) Y
Ä®o x(5 – x) = 0
‹³Å—o x = 0, 5

0 5 X

4) y = x2 + 2 Y

2
0 X

‹µ„„¦µ¢ ¡ªnµ Ťn¤¸‡Îµ˜°š¸ÉÁž}œ‹Îµœªœ‹¦·Š

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5) y = x2 + 4x + 12
= (x2 + 4x + 4) + 8 Y
= (x + 2)2 + 8
8
4
–2 0 X

‹µ„¦µ¢ ¡ªnµ Ťn¤¸‡Îµ˜°š¸ÉÁž}œ‹Îµœªœ‹¦·Š

6) y = 2x2 – 12x + 6 Y
Ä®o 2x2 – 12x + 6 = 0 X
0 3
‹³Å—o x2 – 6x + 3 = 0
2
–6
x =  (6) r (6)  4(1)(3)
2(1) –12
= 6 r 24 = 3 r 6
2
x = 3 r 6 ¨³ 3  6

7) y = –x2 – 2x – 1 Y
y = –(x2 + 2x + 1)
= –(x + 1)2 (–1, 0)
X
‹µ„„¦µ¢ ¡ªnµ Á¤ºÉ° y = 0
‹³Å—o x = –1

8) y = 15 + 2x – x2 Y(1, 16)
x
Ä®o 15 + 2x – x2 = 0
‹³Å—o (x – 5)(x + 3) = 0
x = –3, 5
–3 0 1 5 X
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ÁŒ¨¥Â f„®´— 1.3.2 (2)

1. 1) x2 t 1
Ä®o y1 = x2 ¨³ y2 = 1
Á…¸¥œ„¦µ¢…°Š y1 ¨³ y2 ŗo—´Šœ¸Ê

Y y1

1 y2 = 1
x
–1x 0 1 X

‹µ„„¦µ¢ ¡ªnµ x2 t 1 Á¤ºÉ° x t 1 ®¦º° x d –1

2) 4x2  1
Ä®o y1 = 4x2 ¨³ y2 = 1
Á…¸¥œ„¦µ¢…°Š y1 ¨³ y2 ŗo—´Šœ¸Ê

Y y1

y2 = 1
–1 1
x x X
1 1
 1
22 2

1 1
‹µ„„¦µ¢ ¡ªnµ 4x2 < 1 Á¤ºÉ° 
2
< x<
2
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3) ‹µ„ 5 – x2 ! 1
‹³Å—o 5 – x2 – 1 > 0
4 – x2 > 0
Ä®o y = 4 – x 2
Á…¸¥œ„¦µ¢…°Š y ŗo—´Šœ¸Ê
Y
4

–2 0 2 X

‹µ„„¦µ¢ ¡ªnµ y > 0 Á¤ºÉ° –2 < x < 2

®¦º°Ä®o y1 = 5 – x2 ¨³ y2 = 1 Á…¸¥œ„¦µ¢…°Š y1 ¨³ y2 ŗo—´Šœ¸Ê
Y
5

1 y2
–2 x 0 x 2 X

‹µ„„¦µ¢ ¡ªnµ y1 > y2 Á¤ºÉ° –2 < x < 2

4) –(x – 1)(x + 5) d 0
Ä®o y = –(x – 1)(x + 5)
ÁœºÉ°Š‹µ„­´¤ž¦³­·š›·Í…°Š x2 ¤¸‡nµÁž}œ¨ —´Šœ´Êœ „¦µ¢…°Š y Áž}œÁ­oœÃ‡oŠ‡ªÉ娊
¨³˜´—„œ X š¸É‹»— (–5, 0) ¨³ (1, 0) —´Š¦¼ž
Y

–5 x 0 x1 X

‹µ„„¦µ¢ ¡ªnµ y d 0 Á¤ºÉ° x d –5 ®¦º° x t 1

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2. 1) ‹µ„ x2 – x – 2 t 0
‹³Å—o (x – 2)(x + 1) t 0
ÁœºÉ°Š‹µ„­´¤ž¦³­·š›·Í…°Š x2 ¤¸‡nµÁž}œª„
—´Šœ´Êœ „¦µ¢…°Š y Áž}œÁ­oœÃ‡oŠ®Šµ¥…¹Êœ ¨³˜´—„œ X š¸É‹»— (–1, 0) ¨³ (2, 0)
¦nµŠ„¦µ¢ y °¥nµŠ‡¦nµª Ç Å—o—´Šœ¸Ê
Y

–1x 0 x2 X

‹µ„¦¼ž x2 – x – 2 t 0 Á¤ºÉ° x d –1 ®¦º° x t 2

2) ‹µ„ x2 – 3x – 1 < 3
‹³Å—o x2 – 3x – 4 < 0
(x – 4)(x + 1) < 0
Ä®o y = (x – 4)(x + 1)
ÁœºÉ°Š‹µ„­´¤ž¦³­·š›·Í…°Š x2 ¤¸‡nµ¤µ„„ªnµ«¼œ¥r —´Šœ´Êœ „¦µ¢…°Š y Áž}œÁ­oœÃ‡oŠ
¨³®Šµ¥…¹Êœ ¨³˜´—„œ X š¸É‹»— (4, 0) ¨³ (–1, 0) Á…¸¥œ„¦µ¢…°Š y ŗo—´Šœ¸Ê

–1 0 4 X

‹µ„¦¼ž y < 0 Á¤ºÉ° –1 < x < 4

3) ‹µ„ x2 + 2x d 3
‹³Å—o x(x + 2) d 3
Ä®o y1 = x(x + 2) ¨³ y2 = 3
ÁœºÉ°Š‹µ„­´¤ž¦³­·š›·Í…°Š x2 ¤¸‡nµÁž}œª„
—´Šœ´Êœ „¦µ¢…°Š y1 ‹³¤¸¨´„¬–³Áž}œÁ­oœÃ‡oŠ®Šµ¥…¹ÊœÂ¨³˜´—„œ X š¸É‹»— (0, 0) ¨³ (–2, 0)
®µ‹»—š¸É„¦µ¢ y1 ˜´—„¦µ¢ y2 ŗo—´Šœ¸Ê
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Įo y1 = y2
‹³Å—o x2 + 2x = 3
x2 + 2x – 3 = 0
(x + 3)(x – 1) = 0
x = 1, –3
Á…¸¥œ„¦µ¢…°Š y1 ¨³ y2 ŗo—´Šœ¸Ê
Y y1
(–3, 3) (1, 3) y = 3
2

x
–3 0 1x X

‹µ„¦¼ž„¦µ¢…°Š y1 ˜´—„´„¦µ¢…°Š y2 š¸É‹»— (1, 3) ¨³ (–3, 3)

¨³ y1 d y2 ®¦º° x2 – 2x d 3 Á¤ºÉ° –3 d x d 1

4) –x2 – 6x d 7x
‹³Å—o –x2 – 6x – 7x d 0
–x2 – 13x d 0
–x(x + 13) d 0
ÁœºÉ°Š‹µ„­´¤ž¦³­·š›·Í…°Š x2 ¤¸‡nµÁž}œ¨
—´Šœ´Êœ „¦µ¢…°Š y1 ‹³Áž}œÁ­oœÃ‡oŠ‡ªÉ娊 ¨³˜´—„œ X š¸É‹»— (0, 0) ¨³ (–13, 0) —´Š¦¼ž

45
40
35
30
25
20
15
10
5

‹µ„„¦µ¢ ‹³Å—oªnµ y d 0 Á¤ºÉ° x d –13 ®¦º° x t 0

®¤µ¥Á®˜» „µ¦®µ‡Îµ˜°…°Š°­¤„µ¦Ã—¥Äo‡ªµ¤¦¼oÁ¦ºÉ°Š„¦µ¢ °µ‹‹³Äoª·›¸š¸É˜nµŠ‹µ„š¸É­—ŠÅªo

Ž¹ÉŠÄœÁŒ¨¥Â f„®´—»—œ¸Êŗo­—ŠÅªoÁ¡¸¥Šª·›¸Á—¸¥ª
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ÁŒ¨¥Â f„®´— 1.3.3
1. 1) Ä®o x Áž}œ‹Îµœªœœ´‹ÎµœªœÂ¦„ Ž¹ÉŠÁ¤ºÉ°ª„„´‹Îµœªœœ´‹Îµœªœš¸É­°Š ‹³¤¸Ÿ¨Ášnµ„´ 45
¨³ y Áž}œ‹Îµœªœœ´‹Îµœªœš¸É­°Š
‹³Å—o x + y = 45
¨³ y = 45 – x

2) Ä®o xy Áž}œŸ¨‡¼–…°Š‹Îµœªœœ´š´ÊŠ­°Š‹Îµœªœ
‹³Å—o xy = x(45 – x)
= 45x – x2

3) Ä®o 45x – x2 = 164

‹³Å—o x2 – 45x + 164 = 0
(x – 4)(x – 41) = 0
—´Šœ´Êœ ‡nµ…°Š‹Îµœªœœ´š¸É¤¸Ÿ¨ª„Ášnµ„´ 45 ¨³¤¸Ÿ¨‡¼–Ášnµ„´ 164 ‡º° 4 ¨³ 41

4) Ä®o x ¨³ y Áž}œ‹Îµœªœœ´š¸É¤¸Ÿ¨ª„Ášnµ„´ 45

—´Šœ´Êœ ‡nµ…°Š x ¨³ y Áž}œÅžÅ—o˜´ÊŠÂ˜n 1 ™¹Š 44
—´Šœ´Êœ x ¤¸‡nµ¤µ„š¸É­»—‡º° 44 Á¤ºÉ° y = 1

2. ®µ‡nµ¤µ„š¸É­»—…°Š xy2 Á¤ºÉ° x + y2 = 6 ץčo‡ªµ¤¦¼oÁ¦ºÉ°Š„¦µ¢Å—o—´Šœ¸Ê

‹µ„ x + y2 = 6
‹³Å—o y2 = 6 – x
®µ‡nµ…°Š xy2 Ĝ¦¼ž…°Š x ŗo×¥„µ¦Âšœ‡nµ y2 = 6 – x
‹³Å—o xy2 = x(6 – x)
Ä®o g = x(6 – x)
¡·‹µ¦–µ x(6 – x) ¡ªnµ ­´¤ž¦³­·š›·Í…°Š x2 ¤¸‡nµÁž}œ¨ —´Šœ´Êœ „¦µ¢…°Š g ‹³Áž}œ
Á­oœÃ‡oŠ‡ªÉ娊 ¨³˜´—„œ X š¸É‹»— (0, 0) ¨³ (6, 0) —´Š¦¼ž
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79

Y
9

X
3
(0, 0) (6, 0)

®µ‹»—š¸É„¦µ¢ g ¤¸‡nµ­¼Š­»—×¥¡·‹µ¦–µ‹µ„‹»—ª„„¨´…°Š g = x(6 – x)

6
„¦µ¢ g š¸É¤¸‹»—ª„„¨´š¸É x =  2ba ‹³Å—o x = =3
2(1)
Ä®o x = 3 ‹³Å—o y = x(6 – x)
= 3(6 – 3)
=9
—´Šœ´Êœ „¦µ¢…°Š g ‹³¤¸‹»—ª„„¨´š¸É‹»— (3, 9)
œ´Éœ‡º° xy2 ‹³¤¸‡nµ­¼Š­»—Ášnµ„´ 9

3. 1) Á¤ºÉ° x šœ‹Îµœªœ­·œ‡oµš¸É…µ¥Å—o
Ä®o y Áž}œ¦µ¥Å—o‹µ„„µ¦…µ¥­·œ‡oµ x ·Êœ
y = [(100 – 0.1(x)] x
= 100x – 0.1x2

2) ‹µ„ y = 100x – 0.1x2 ¡ªnµ ­´¤ž¦³­·š›·Í…°Š x2 ¤¸‡nµÁž}œ¨

—´Šœ´Êœ „¦µ¢…°Š y ‹³Áž}œÁ­oœÃ‡oŠ‡ªÉ娊 ®µ‹»—ª„„¨´Ž¹ÉŠÁž}œ‹»—­¼Š­»—…°Š„¦µ¢ y
ŗo—´Šœ¸Ê
ÁœºÉ°Š‹µ„„¦µ¢…°Š y = ax2 + bx + c ¤¸‹»—ª„„¨´š¸É x = 2ab
‹µ„ y = 100x – 0.1x2 ‹³Å—o a = –0.1 ¨³ b = 100
 (100)
x = = 500
2(0.1)
¨³ y = 100(500) – 0.1(500)2
= 25,000
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Á…¸¥œ„¦µ¢…°Š y ŗo—´Šœ¸Ê
Y
(500, 25000)
25000 x

X
0 500

‹µ„„¦µ¢ ‹»—š¸É„¦µ¢ª„„¨´ ‡º° ‹»—š¸Éšœ¦µ¥Å—o¤¸‡nµ¤µ„š¸É­»—

Á¤ºÉ° x = 500
­—Šªnµ ‹³˜o°Š…µ¥­·œ‡oµ 500 ·Êœ ‹¹Š‹³¤¸¦µ¥Å—o¤µ„š¸É­»—

3) ‹µ„„¦µ¢ ¦µ¥Å—o¤µ„š¸É­»—‹µ„„µ¦…µ¥­·œ‡oµ 500 ·Êœ Ášnµ„´ 25,000 µš

4. 1) Ä®o x šœ‹Îµœªœ‡¦´ÊŠš¸ÉÁ¡·É¤‡nµÁnµ 200 µš

y šœ¦µ¥Å—o‹µ„„µ¦Ä®oÁnµ®o°Š¡´„
¨³¦µ‡µ®o°Š¡´„‹³Ášnµ„´ 4000 + 200x µš Á¤ºÉ°‹Îµœªœ®o°Šš¸É¤¸Ÿ¼oÁ…oµ¡´„Ášnµ„´ 80 – x ®o°Š
‹³Å—o y = (80 – x)(4,000 + 200x)
= 320,000 + 16,000x – 4,000x – 200x2
= –200x2 + 12,000x + 320,000

2) Įo y = 375,000
‹³Å—o 375,000 = – 2002x + 12,000x + 320,000
200x2 – 12,000x + 55,000 = 0
200(x2 – 60x + 275) = 0
200(x – 55)(x – 5) = 0
x = 5, 55
—´Šœ´Êœ ™oµ˜o°Š„µ¦Ä®o¤¸¦µ¥Å—oÁ—º°œ¨³ 375,000 µš
Á‹oµ…°Š®o°Š¡´„˜o°Š‡·—‡nµÁnµ®o°ŠÅ—o 2 ‡º°
š¸É 1 4,000 + 200(5) = 5,000 µš Ž¹ÉŠ‹³¤¸®o°Š¡´„Á®¨º° 5 ®o°Š
š¸É 2 4,000 + 200(55) = 15,000 µš Ž¹ÉŠ‹³¤¸®o°Š¡´„Á®¨º° 55 ®o°Š
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3) ®µ¦µ‡µ®o°Š¡´„š¸É‹³šÎµÄ®oÁ„·—¦µ¥Å—o¤µ„š¸É­»—ץčo„¦µ¢Å—o—´Šœ¸Ê
‹µ„ y = –200x2 + 12,000x + 320,000
ÁœºÉ°Š‹µ„­´¤ž¦³­·š›·Í…°Š x2 ¤¸‡nµÁž}œ¨ —´Šœ´Êœ „¦µ¢…°Š y ‹³Áž}œÁ­oœÃ‡oŠÂ¨³‡ªÉ娊
‹»—ª„„¨´…°Š„¦µ¢ y ‹³Áž}œ‹»—š¸É y ¤¸‡nµ­¼Š­»— ®µ‹»—ª„„¨´ Ž¹ÉŠ x =  2ba ŗo—´Šœ¸Ê
‹µ„ y = –200x2 + 12,000x + 320,000
‹³Å—o a = –200, b = 12,000
 12,000  12,000
¨³ x= = = 30
2( 200)  400
—´Šœ´Êœ ‹³˜o°Š˜´ÊŠ¦µ‡µ®o°Š¡´„Ášnµ„´ 4000 + 200(30) ®¦º° 10,000 µš ‹¹Š‹³¤¸¦µ¥Å—o
¤µ„š¸É­»—

4) ®µ¦µ¥Å—o¤µ„š¸É­»—š¸ÉÁ‹oµ…°Š®°¡´„‹³Å—o¦´ ‹µ„
y = –200(x)2 + 12,000x + 320,000 šœ‡nµ x = 30 ‹³Å—o
= –200(30)2 + 12,000(30) + 320,000
= 500,000 µš
—´Šœ´Êœ ¦µ¥Å—o¤µ„š¸É­»—š¸ÉÁ‹oµ…°Š®°¡´„‹³Å—o¦´‡º° 500,000 µš Á¤ºÉ°˜´ÊŠ¦µ‡µ®o°Š¡´„
®o°Š¨³ 10,000 µš ×¥‹³¤¸®o°Š¡´„Á®¨º° 30 ®o°Š ‹µ„®o°Š¡´„š¸É¤¸ 80 ®o°Š

5. 1) Ä®o x ‡º°‹Îµœªœ‡¦´ÊŠš¸É¨—¦µ‡µ‡nµ˜´ÌªÄ®o 5 µš Á¤ºÉ°¤¸¨¼„š´ª¦rÁ„·œ 75 ‡œ

Ä®o ‹Îµœªœ¨¼„‡oµ…°Š¦·¬´šÁšnµ„´ 75 + x
¦µ‡µ˜´Ìª­Îµ®¦´¨¼„‡oµÁšnµ„´ 475 – 5x
Ä®o y Ášnµ„´¦µ¥Å—o‹µ„„µ¦‹´—š´ª¦r
‹³Å—o y = (75 + x)(475 – 5x)
= –5x2 + 100x + 35,625
= –5(x2 – 20x – 7,125)
ÁœºÉ°Š‹µ„ y = –5x2 + 100x + 35,625 ¤¸­´¤ž¦³­·š›r…°Š x2 Áž}œ‡nµ¨
—´Šœ´Êœ „¦µ¢…°Š y ‹³Áž}œÁ­oœÃ‡oŠ‡ªÉ娊 ¨³‹»—š¸É„¦µ¢ª„„¨´‹³Áž}œ‹»—š¸É y ¤¸‡nµ­¼Š­»—
b
®µ‹»—š¸É„¦µ¢ª„„¨´ Ž¹ÉŠ x = ŗo—´Šœ¸Ê
2a
‹µ„ y = –5x2 + 100x + 35,625 ‹³Å—o a = –5 ¨³ b = 100
 100
x= = 10
2(5)
y = –5(10)2 + 100(10) + 35,625 ®¦º° 36,125
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Á…¸¥œ„¦µ¢…°Š y ŗo—´Šœ¸Ê

(10, 36125)
x

‹µ„„¦µ¢ ‹»—š¸É„¦µ¢ª„„¨´‡º° ‹»— (10, 36125)

‹»—š¸É y ¤¸‡nµ­¼Š­»—‡º° 36,125 Á¤ºÉ° x = 10
—´Šœ´Êœ ‹Îµœªœ¨¼„‡oµš¸É‹³šÎµÄ®oŸ¼o‹´—š´ª¦r¤¸¦µ¥Å—o¤µ„š¸É­»—‡º° (75 + 10) ®¦º° 85 ‡œ

2) ‹µ„„¦µ¢ ¦µ¥Å—o¤µ„š¸É­»—…°Š„µ¦‹´—š´ª¦r‡¦´ÊŠœ¸ÊÁšnµ„´ 36,125 µš

ÁŒ¨¥Â f„®´— 1.4

x Y y = 3x
1. 1) y = 3

1
0 X

‹µ„„¦µ¢ ×Á¤œ…°Š¢{Š„r´œ‡º° ÁŽ˜…°Š‹Îµœªœ‹¦·Š (R)

Á¦œ‹r…°Š¢{Š„r´œ‡º° {y~y > 0}
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x
§1·
2) y = ¨ ¸
©3¹
x
§1·
y= ¨ ¸
©3¹

‹µ„„¦µ¢ ×Á¤œ…°Š¢{Š„r´œ‡º° ÁŽ˜…°Š‹Îµœªœ‹¦·Š

Á¦œ‹r…°Š¢{Š„r´œ‡º° {y~y > 0}

3) y = 2x + 1
Y y = 2x ++ 1

2
1
0 X

‹µ„„¦µ¢ ×Á¤œ…°Š¢{Š„r´œ‡º° ÁŽ˜…°Š‹Îµœªœ‹¦·Š

Á¦œ‹r…°Š¢{Š„r´œ‡º° {y~y > 1}

4) y = 3x – 1
Y y =- 3x – 1

X
–1 0

‹µ„„¦µ¢ ×Á¤œ…°Š¢{Š„r´œ‡º° ÁŽ˜…°Š‹Îµœªœ‹¦·Š

Á¦œ‹r…°Š¢{Š„r´œ‡º° {y~y > –1}
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5) y = 2x+1 y = 2x + 1

×Á¤œ…°Š¢{Š„r´œ‡º° ÁŽ˜…°Š‹Îµœªœ‹¦·Š
Á¦œ‹r…°Š¢{Š„r´œ‡º° {y~y > 0}

x
2. ‹µ„ f(x) = 4,000(1.3) 10 Ĝ 10 že˜n°Åž ž¦³µ„¦ÄœÁ¤º°ŠÂ®nŠœ¸Ê ‹³Ášnµ„´ f(10)
10
f(10) = 4,000(1.3) 10
= 4,000(1.3)
= 5,200 ‡œ
Ĝ 20 že˜n°Åž ž¦³µ„¦ÄœÁ¤º°ŠÂ®nŠœ¸Ê‹³Ášnµ„´ f(20)
20
f(20) = 4,000(1.3) 10

= 4,000(1.3)2
= 6,760 ‡œ

3. ‹µ„ f(x) = 850,000(1.08)n

‹ÎµœªœÁŠ·œš¸É‹nµ¥‡ºœÄ®o›œµ‡µ¦Á¤ºÉ°‡¦ 5 že ‹³Ášnµ„´ f(5)
f(5) = 850,000(1.08)5
| 1,248,928.865 µš
‡·—Áž}œ—°„Á¸Ê¥ 1,248,928.865 – 850,000 ®¦º°ž¦³¤µ– 398,928.87 µš

4. ‹µ„ A(t) = 10(0.8)t ž¦·¤µ–¥µš¸ÉÁ®¨º°°¥¼nĜ¦nµŠ„µ¥®¨´Š‹µ„š¸É‡œÅ…o„·œ¥µÅžÂ¨oª 8 ´ÉªÃ¤Š

Ášnµ„´ A(8)
A(8) = 10(0.8)8
| 10(0.168)
| 1.7 ¤·¨¨·„¦´¤
—´Šœ´Êœ ™oµ‡œÅ…o„·œ¥µœ·—œ¸ÊÁ…oµÅž 8 ´ÉªÃ¤Š‹³¤¸¥µÁ®¨º°°¥¼nĜ¦nµŠ„µ¥ž¦³¤µ– 1.7 ¤·¨¨·„¦´¤
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5. Ä®o v(t) = 0.78C(0.8)t-1 šœ¦µ‡µ…°Š¦™Á¤ºÉ°Áª¨µŸnµœÅž t že

™oµŽºÊ°¦™¤µÄœ¦µ‡µ 800,000 µš ¦µ‡µž¦³¤µ–…°Š¦™‡´œœ¸Ê Á¤ºÉ°Áª¨µŸnµœÅž 3 že
‹³Ášnµ„´ v(3)
Á¤ºÉ° C = 800,000 ¨³ t = 3
‹³Å—o V(3) = 0.78(800,000)(0.83-1)
= 0.78(800,000)(0.82)
= 399,360 µš ®¦º°ž¦³¤µ– 400,000 µš
Á¤ºÉ°Áª¨µŸnµœÅž 5 že Ä®o t = 5
‹³Å—o V(5) = 0.78(800,000)(0.85-1)
= 0.78(800,000)(0.84)
= 255,590.4 µš ®¦º°ž¦³¤µ– 256,000 µš
Á¤ºÉ°Áª¨µŸnµœÅž 10 že Ä®o t = 10
‹³Å—o V(10) = 0.78(800,000)(0.810-1)
= 0.78(800,000)(0.89)
| 83,751 µš ®¦º°ž¦³¤µ– 84,000 µš

®¤µ¥Á®˜» ¦µ‡µš¸Éž¦³¤µ–Áž}œ„µ¦ž¦³¤µ–‡nµÄœ®¨´„¡´œ

6. ‹µ„S = P(1 + i)n

Á¤ºÉ° S šœ ÁŠ·œ¦ª¤Â—°„Á¸Ê¥š˜oœ
P šœ ÁŠ·œ˜oœ
i šœ °´˜¦µ—°„Á¸Ê¥˜n°Šª—
n šœ ‹ÎµœªœŠª—š¸É‡·——°„Á¸Ê¥š˜oœ
0.03
Ä®o P = 100,000, i = , n = 3u4 ®¦º° 12 Šª—
4
0.03 3u4
S = 100,000(1  )
4
= 100,000(1.0075)12
| 100,000(1.09380) µš
| 109,380 µš
—´Šœ´Êœ ™oµ µ„ÁŠ·œ 100,000 µš ĜÁª¨µ 3 že ×¥‡·——°„Á¸Ê¥š˜oœ 3% ˜n°že
š»„ Ç 3 Á—º°œ ‹³Å—o—°„Á¸Ê¥š´ÊŠ®¤—ž¦³¤µ– 109,380 – 100,000 ®¦º° 9,380 µš
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7. ‹µ„ S = P(1 + i)n

Įo P = 50,000
0.12
i = = 0.01
12
n = 6
‹³Å—o S = 50,000(1 + 0.01)6
= 50,000(1.01)6
| 50,000(1.06152)
| 53,076 µš
—´Šœ´Êœ Á…µ˜o°Š‹nµ¥ÁŠ·œ¦ª¤Ä®o„´¦·¬´šÁž}œÁŠ·œž¦³¤µ– 53,076 µš

8. ‹µ„S = P(1 + i)n

P = 10,000 µš
i = 0.01
n = 12
S = 10,000(1 + 0.01)12
= 10,000(1.01)12
| 10,000(1.1268) µš
| 11,268 µš

—´Šœ´Êœ Á¤ºÉ°­·Êœže¡œ´„Šµœš¸É„¼oÁŠ·œ˜o°Š‹nµ¥ÁŠ·œ¦ª¤ž¦³¤µ– 11,268 µš

®¤µ¥Á®˜» ‡nµž¦³¤µ–š¸Éŗo‹µ„„µ¦ÄoÁ‡¦ºÉ°Š‡·—Á¨…°µ‹Â˜„˜nµŠ„´œ š´ÊŠœ¸Ê…¹Êœ°¥¼n„´ªnµ Á‡¦ºÉ°Š‡·—Á¨…

š¸ÉčoÁž}œÁ‡¦ºÉ°Šš¸É­—ŠŸ¨Å—o„¸É®¨´„
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ÁŒ¨¥Â f„®´—š¸É 1.5

1. 1) ‹µ„ y = ~x~ + c
Ä®o c = – 3 ‹³Å—o y = ~x~ – 3 Á…¸¥œ„¦µ¢…°Š y ŗo—´Šœ¸Ê

0 X
–3

‹µ„„¦µ¢ ×Á¤œ ‡º° ÁŽ˜…°Š‹Îµœªœ‹¦·Š

Á¦œ‹r ‡º° {y~y t –3}

Ä®o c = 1 ‹³Å—o y = ~x~ + 1 Á…¸¥œ„¦µ¢…°Š y ŗo—´Šœ¸Ê

1
0 X

‹µ„„¦µ¢ ×Á¤œ ‡º°ÁŽ˜…°Š‹Îµœªœ‹¦·Š

Á¦œ‹r ‡º° {y~y t 1}
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2) y = ~x – c~
Ä®o c = –3 ‹³Å—o y = ~x + 3~ Á…¸¥œ„¦µ¢…°Š y ŗo—´Šœ¸Ê
Y

–3 0 X

‹µ„„¦µ¢ ×Á¤œ ‡º° ÁŽ˜…°Š‹Îµœªœ‹¦·Š

Á¦œ‹r ‡º° {y~y t 0}

Ä®o c=1 ‹³Å—o y = ~x – 1~ Á…¸¥œ„¦µ¢…°Š y ŗo—´Šœ¸Ê

Y

0 1 X

‹µ„„¦µ¢ ×Á¤œ ‡º° ÁŽ˜…°Š‹Îµœªœ‹¦·Š

Á¦œ‹r ‡º° {y~y t 0}

3) y = ~x + c~ – 2
Ä®o c = –3 ‹³Å—o y = ~x – 3~ – 2 Á…¸¥œ„¦µ¢…°Š y ŗo—´Šœ¸Ê
Y

0 X
–2

‹µ„„¦µ¢ ×Á¤œ ‡º° ÁŽ˜…°Š‹Îµœªœ‹¦·Š

Á¦œ‹r ‡º° {y~y t –2}
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89

Ä®o c = 1 ‹³Å—o y = ~x + 1~ – 2 Á…¸¥œ„¦µ¢…°Š y ŗo—´Šœ¸Ê

–1 X
–2

‹µ„„¦µ¢ ×Á¤œ ‡º° ÁŽ˜…°Š‹Îµœªœ‹¦·Š

Á¦œ‹r ‡º° {y~y t –2}

2. 1) ‹µ„ ~3 + x~ = 0 Ä®o y = ~3 + x~ Á…¸¥œ„¦µ¢…°Š y ŗo—´Šœ¸Ê

–3 0 X

‹µ„„¦µ¢ ¡ªnµ Á¤ºÉ° y = 0, x = –3

—´Šœ´Êœ ~3 + x~ = 0 Á¤ºÉ° x = –3

2) ‹µ„ ~x – 5 ~ = 0 Ä®o y = ~x – 5~ Á…¸¥œ„¦µ¢…°Š y ŗo—´Šœ¸Ê

0 5 X

‹µ„„¦µ¢ ¡ªnµ Á¤ºÉ° y = 0 , x = 5

—´Šœ´Êœ ~x – 5~ = 0 Á¤ºÉ° x = 5
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90

3) ‹µ„ ~5 – x ~ = 0
Ä®o y = ~5 – x ~ Á…¸¥œ„¦µ¢…°Š y ŗo—´Šœ¸Ê
Y

0 5 X

‹µ„„¦µ¢¡ªnµ Á¤ºÉ° y = 0 , x = 5
—´Šœ´Êœ ~5 – x ~ = 0 Á¤ºÉ° x = 5

4) ‹µ„ ~ x ~– 1 = 0 Ä®o y = ~x~ – 1 Á…¸¥œ„¦µ¢…°Š y ŗo—´Šœ¸Ê

X
–1

‹µ„„¦µ¢¡ªnµ y = 0 Á¤ºÉ° x = –1, 1

—´Šœ´Êœ ~x~ – 1 = 0 Á¤ºÉ° x = 1 ®¦º° x = –1

5) ‹µ„ ~x+7~= 7 ‹³Å—o ~ x + 7 ~ – 7 = 0

Ä®o y = ~x + 7 ~ – 7 Á…¸¥œ„¦µ¢…°Š y ŗo—´Šœ¸Ê
Y

–14 0 X

–7

‹µ„„¦µ¢¡ªnµ Á¤ºÉ° y = 0 , x = 0 ®¦º° –14

—´Šœ´Êœ ~x + 7 ~ – 7 = 0 ®¦º° ~x + 7 ~ = 7 Á¤ºÉ° x = 0 ®¦º° x = –14
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3. 1) Ä®o y = ~x+7~ Á…¸¥œ„¦µ¢…°Š y ŗo—´Šœ¸Ê

–7 0 X

‹µ„„¦µ¢‹³¡ªnµ Á¤ºÉ° x t –7 , ~x + 7~ t 0

2) Ä®o y = ~ 5 – x ~ Á…¸¥œ„¦µ¢…°Š y ŗo—´Šœ¸Ê

0 5 X

‹µ„„¦µ¢‹³¡ªnµ Á¤ºÉ° x t 5, ~5 – x~ t 0

3) Ä®o y = ~2–x~ Á…¸¥œ„¦µ¢…°Š y ŗo—´Šœ¸Ê

0 2 X

‹µ„„¦µ¢ ¡ªnµ Á¤ºÉ° x < 2 , ~2 – x~ > 0

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ÁŒ¨¥Â f„®´— 1.6

1. Á…¸¥œ„¦µ¢…°Š¢{Š„r´œ f ŗo—´Šœ¸Ê Á­oœž¦³…œµœ„´Â„œ Y Á…¸¥œÅªoÁ¡ºÉ°nª¥Ä®o°nµœ„¦µ¢

ŗo´—Á‹œ¥·ÉŠ…¹Êœ ˜nŤnčn­nªœ®œ¹ÉŠ…°Š„¦µ¢

Y (µš)

20
18
16
14
12
10
8
6
4
2
0 50 100 250 500 1,000 1,500 2,000 X
(„¦´¤)
 93

2.
¡·„´—œÊ宜´„ °´˜¦µ (µš)
ŤnÁ„·œ 1,000 „¦´¤ 15.00
Á„·œ 1,000 „¦´¤ ‡·— 1,000 „¦´¤¨³ 10.00
(Á«¬…°Š 1,000 „¦´¤ Ä®oœ´Áž}œ 1,000 „¦´¤)

‹µ„˜µ¦µŠÁ…¸¥œ„¦µ¢…°Š¢{Š„r´œ f ŗo—´Šœ¸Ê (Á­oœž¦³…œµœ„´Â„œ Y Á…¸¥œÅªoÁ¡ºÉ°

nª¥Ä®o°nµœ„¦µ¢Å—o´—Á‹œ¥·ÉŠ…¹Êœ ˜nŤnčn­nªœ®œ¹ÉŠ…°Š„¦µ¢)

Y (µš)

55

45

35

25

15

10

1,000 2,000 3,000 4,000 5,000 X

(„¦´¤)