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화학공학입문설계 강의노트 9

1) The document discusses heat transfer and strategies for cooling down products and removing heat. 2) It examines heat exchanger design and evaluates whether counter-current or co-current flow is most effective for transferring a given amount of heat using the fewest exchangers. 3) Sizing heat exchangers appropriately by determining the necessary heat transfer area based on the rate of heat transfer and temperature differences between hot and cold streams is also covered.

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0% found this document useful (0 votes)
565 views19 pages

화학공학입문설계 강의노트 9

1) The document discusses heat transfer and strategies for cooling down products and removing heat. 2) It examines heat exchanger design and evaluates whether counter-current or co-current flow is most effective for transferring a given amount of heat using the fewest exchangers. 3) Sizing heat exchangers appropriately by determining the necessary heat transfer area based on the rate of heat transfer and temperature differences between hot and cold streams is also covered.

Uploaded by

wani ana
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Ch. 10.

Heat Transfer (Cooling Down the Product)


열전달(제품의 냉각)

10.1 정상상태에서 열린계의 에너지 수지


(ENERGY BALANCES FOR STEADY-STATE OPEN SYSTEMS)

Thermal pollution
Elevated temperature
~ decreases the level
of dissolved oxygen

Temperature HCl byproduct = 60℃


Regulation: below 27℃
Thermal pollution
Elevated temperature ~ decreases the level of dissolved oxygen
Questions:
1. Will the temperature of the mixture still exceed the government’s maximum
temperature requirement even after the addition of the NaOH?
(최대 허용온도를 얼마나 초과하는가?)

2. If so,
(a) How much heat would still need to be removed to bring the temperature down
below the government’s maximum-temperature requirement?
(제거해야 할 열의 양은?)
(b) What strategy should be used to remove the heat referred to in question 2(a)?
(열 제거 전략은?)
(c) What other resources are needed to implement the strategy referred to in
question 2(b)? (열 제거 전략에 필요한 자원은?)
How to describe changes in the energy of a material and the associated changes
in temperature (물질의 에너지 변화와 이에 따른 온도변화를 표현하는 방법)

1. First law of thermodynamics for a closed system 닫힌계에 대한 열역학 제 1 법칙

에너지 보존 법칙

∆𝐸 = 𝑄 + 𝑊

E: total energy of the system 계의 총에너지(units of energy)


Q: heat transferred from the environment to the system through the boundaries of the volume
(units of energy) over the interval of time during which E changes
W: work done on the system by the environment (units of energy)
over the interval of time during which E change
2. First law of thermodynamics for open systems 열린계에 대한 열역학 제 1 법칙

정상상태
෍ 𝑚ሶ 𝐸෠ 𝑜𝑢𝑡
− ෍ 𝑚ሶ 𝐸෠ 𝑖𝑛
= 𝑄ሶ + 𝑊ሶ
𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑝𝑢𝑡
𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑚𝑠 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑚𝑠

𝑚ሶ = mass flow rate of a stream (units of mass per time) 흐름의 질량유량
𝐸෠ = energy per mass of a stream of flowing material 흐름의 질량당 에너지
𝑄ሶ = rate of transfer of energy across the boundaries of a system into that system
(units:[energy per time]), 계로 들어오는 에너지 전달속도
𝑊ሶ = rate that work is done on a system (units of energy per time) 계에 행해지는 일의 속도
10.1.1. 에너지 (E)

Two forms of energy (expressed per unit mass 단위질량 당 ):


1
Kinetic energy 운동에너지: 𝛼𝑣 2
2

Potential energy 위치에너지: 𝑔𝑧


Third form of energy: “Internal” energy 내부에너지 per unit mass (𝑈)

molecules ~ kinetic energy (from their individual motion)
potential energy (from the attraction and repulsion between molecules).

내부에너지(𝑈
෡ or 𝐸෠𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑛𝑎𝑙 ) =분자들의 운동에너지 + 위치에너지, 온도의 함수

Total energy per mass of material 물질의 질량당 총에너지

1 2
෠ ෠ ෠ ෠ ෡
𝐸𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 = 𝐸𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑛𝑎𝑙 + 𝐸𝑘𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑡𝑖𝑐 + 𝐸𝑝𝑜𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑙 = 𝑈 + 𝛼𝑣 + gz
2
Units of Energy

෍ 𝑚ሶ 𝐸෠ 𝑜𝑢𝑡
− ෍ 𝑚ሶ 𝐸෠ 𝑖𝑛
= 𝑄ሶ + 𝑊ሶ
𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑖𝑛𝑝𝑢𝑡
𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑚𝑠 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑚𝑠

1 2 1 2

෍ 𝑚ሶ 𝑈 + 𝛼𝑣 + 𝑔𝑧 − ෡
෍ 𝑚ሶ 𝑈 + 𝛼𝑣 + 𝑔𝑧 = 𝑄ሶ + 𝑊ሶ
2 𝑜𝑢𝑡
2 𝑖𝑛𝑝𝑢𝑡
𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑖𝑛𝑝𝑢𝑡
𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑚𝑠 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑚𝑠
위의 에너지 수지식은 어디에 사용될 것인가?
-. Calculating the transfer of heat
-. Calculating the temperature of streams in a chemical process

10.1.2. 열전달속도(𝑄)ሶ

열전달 메커니즘
-. Conduction (전도)
-. Convection (대류)
-. Radiation (복사)
1. 전도(conduction)

𝐹𝑜𝑢𝑟𝑖𝑒𝑟′𝑠 𝑙𝑎𝑤

𝑇2 − 𝑇1
𝑄ሶ 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑, 𝐴 = −𝑘𝐴
𝑥2 − 𝑥1 𝐹𝑖𝑐𝑘 ′ 𝑠 𝑓𝑖𝑟𝑠𝑡 𝑙𝑎𝑤
Δ𝑇 Δ𝐶𝐴
= −𝑘𝐴 𝐽𝐴 = − 𝐷𝐴𝐵
Δ𝑥 Δ𝑥
𝑇1 > 𝑇2

𝑄𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑, 𝐴 ∶ 단면적 A를 통해 전달되는 열전달속도 [𝐽Τ𝑠]


𝐴: 전도가 일어나는 단면적, [𝑚2 ]
𝑄𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑, 𝐴
𝑘: 물질의 열전도도 (thermal conductivity, [𝑊 Τ𝑚 ∙ 𝐾])

𝐽 2
𝐾 𝐽 𝑊
=𝑘 𝑚 , 𝑘: =
𝑠 𝑚 𝑠∙𝐾∙𝑚 𝑚∙𝐾
Approximate Values of 𝑘 [𝑊 Τ𝑚 − 𝐾] @ 300 K
Δ𝑇
𝑄𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑, 𝐴 = −𝑘𝐴
Δ𝑥

𝑘 ↑, 𝑄𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑, 𝐴 ↑

𝑘 ↓, 𝑄𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑, 𝐴 ↓

Air : an excellent insulator 단열재


2. 대류(convection)

𝑄ሶ 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑣𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
𝑁ሶ𝐴 = ℎ𝑚 𝐴(𝐶𝐴1 − 𝐶𝐴2 )

𝑄ሶ 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑣𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 = ℎ𝐴 (𝑇𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑒 − 𝑇𝑏𝑢𝑙𝑘 𝑓𝑙𝑢𝑖𝑑 )

𝑄𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑣𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 : 표면에서 외부유체로 단면적 A를 통한 대류, 열전달속도 [𝐽Τ𝑠]


𝐴 : 대류가 일어나는 단면적, [𝑚2 ]
ℎ : 열전달계수 (heat transfer coefficient, [𝑊 Τ𝑚2 ∙ 𝐾])

𝐽 𝐽 𝑊
= ℎ 𝑚2 𝐾 , ℎ: =
𝑠 𝑠 ∙ 𝐾 ∙ 𝑚2 𝑚2 ∙ 𝐾
3. 복사 (radiation)

Stefan-Boltzmann law

𝑄ሶ 𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 = 𝜀𝜎𝐴 𝑇𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑒


4
𝑄ሶ 𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛

𝑄𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 ∶ 단면적 A를 통한 복사 열전달속도 𝐽Τ𝑠


𝜀: 𝑒𝑚𝑖𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑣𝑖𝑡𝑦, 표면이 복사선을 얼마나 잘 복사하는지를 나타내는 값 [무차원]
𝜎: 𝑆𝑡𝑒𝑓𝑎𝑛 − 𝐵𝑜𝑙𝑡𝑧𝑎𝑚𝑎𝑛𝑛 상수, [𝑊 Τ𝑚2 ∙ 𝐾 4 ]
𝐴 : 복사가 일어나는 단면적, [𝑚2 ]

𝐽 𝐽 𝑊
= 𝜎 𝑚2 𝐾 4 , 𝜎: =
𝑠 𝑠 ∙ 𝐾 4 ∙ 𝑚2 𝑚2 ∙ 𝐾 4
열전달 메카니즘

열전달 열전달 열전달속도 열전달 상수


메카니즘 원동력

Conduction Δ𝑇 𝑊
𝑇2 − 𝑇1 𝑄ሶ 전도 = −𝑘𝐴 𝑘:
Δ𝑥 𝑚∙𝐾
전도

Convection 𝑊
𝑇표면 − 𝑇벌크 𝑄ሶ ℎ:
대류 = ℎ𝐴 (𝑇표면 − 𝑇벌크 ) 𝑚2 ∙ 𝐾
대류

Radiation 𝑊
𝑇𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑒 𝑄ሶ 복사 = 𝜀𝜎𝐴 𝑇 4 𝜎:
표면 𝑚2 ∙ 𝐾 4
복사
온도에 있어서 환산인자

Relationship between temperatures and temperature differences


10. 3. 열교환장치 (heat exchanger)
-. Device designed to exchange heat between two flowing streams.

Principle of heat-exchanger operation

Concentric-cylinder heat exchanger 동심형 열교환기


Co-current or parallel (병류) Counter-current (향류)

based on the direction of fluid flow

어느 형태가 가장 적은 열교환기를 사용해 주어진 양의 열을 효과적으로 전달할 수 있는가?


Shell-and-tube heat exchanger (다관형 열교환기): one tube pass, one shell pass
10.3.2 Determining the Size (Heat-Transfer Area) of the Exchanger 열교환기의 크기(열전달면적) 결정

열교환기의 중요한 특성: 뜨거운 쪽으로부터 차가운 쪽으로 열이 전달될 수 있는 가능한 면적의 크기.

열전달 속도, 𝑄:ሶ 𝐻𝑒𝑎𝑡 𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑠𝑓𝑒𝑟 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒

𝑄ሶ
𝑄ሶ = ℎ1 𝐴 𝑇1 − 𝑇2 𝑇1 − 𝑇2 =
ℎ1 𝐴

𝑇2 − 𝑇3 𝑄ሶ 1 ∆𝑥 1

𝑄 = 𝑘𝐴 𝑇2 − 𝑇3 = 𝑇1 − 𝑇4 = + + 𝑄ሶ
∆𝑥 𝑘𝐴 ℎ1 𝐴 𝑘𝐴 ℎ2 𝐴
∆𝑥
𝑄ሶ
𝑄ሶ = ℎ2 𝐴 𝑇3 − 𝑇4 𝑇3 − 𝑇4 =
ℎ2 𝐴
𝑄ሶ 𝑄ሶ
𝑇1 − 𝑇4 𝑂𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑙𝑙 𝑑𝑟𝑖𝑣𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒
𝑄ሶ = =
1 ∆𝑥 1 σ 𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒
+ +
ℎ1 𝐴 𝑘𝐴 ℎ2 𝐴
𝑇1 − 𝑇4 𝑂𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑙𝑙 𝑑𝑟𝑖𝑣𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒
𝑄ሶ = =
1 ∆𝑥 1 σ 𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒
+ +
ℎ1 𝐴 𝑘𝐴 ℎ2 𝐴
경제적인 측면: 열교환기에서 최대한의 열전달

저항 감소(↓), 열전달 증가(↑)

𝑇1 − 𝑇4 𝑊

𝑄= = 𝑈0 𝐴∆𝑇 𝑈0 : 𝑜𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑙𝑙 ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑡 − 𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑠𝑓𝑒𝑟 𝑐𝑜𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡,
1 ∆𝑥 1 𝑚2 ∙ 𝐾
+ +
ℎ1 𝐴 𝑘𝐴 ℎ2 𝐴 총괄 열전달 계수

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