Lab Manual For Tensile Test

MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
MATERIAL SCIENCE LABORATORY

TEST U1: Tensile Testing
Scope:
Tensile tests measure the force required to break a specimen and the extent to which the
specimen stretches or elongates to that breaking point. Tensile tests produce a stress- strain
diagram, which is used to determine tensile modulus. The data is often used to specify a material,
to design parts to withstand application force and as a quality control check of materials. Since
the physical properties of many materials (especially thermoplastics) can vary depending on
ambient temperature, it is sometimes appropriate to test materials at temperatures that simulate
the intended end use environment.
Tensile Test Values:
F
1. Engineering stress σ =
A
Lι −Lo
2. Strain ε =
Lo
load at yield
3. Tensile Strength at Yield σ y =
cross sectional area
load at max
4. Tensile Strength at Maximum σ m=
cross sectional area
Lι −Lo
5. Elongation and percent elongation ¿ х 100 %
Lo
A ι− A o
6. Reduction and percent reduction in area = ¿ х 100 %
Ao
Where:
F = Load (N)
Ao = initial cross sectional area (mm2 )
Aι = cross sectional area after test (mm2)
Lo = initial gauge length (mm)
Lι gauge length after test (mm)
TITLE: Mechanical Properties of Metal and Plastic.
1. Material: i) Mild steel
ii) Al alloy
ii) PE
iv) ABS
2. Equipment: Universal Testing Machine
3. Test Procedure:
i) Get the diameter (metal), width and thickness (plastic) and gauge length of specimens.
ii) Place the specimens in the grips of the Instron, and pulled until failure. An extensomeler is
used to determine elongation and tensile modulus.
iii) Measure the diameter (metal), width and thickness (plastic) and gauge length of specimens
after the test.
iv) Observe the breaking phenomena of the specimens.
Figure 3: Examples of the geometrical shape of commonly used tension test specimens.
(a) standard round tension test specimen. (b) standard rectangular tension test specimen.
4. Discussions:
From the load-displacement curve, calculate the stress and strain for each specimen.
Based on the stress and strain, draw the stress-strain curve and get the yield strength.
proof stress, ultimate strength, and the breaking stress of each specimen. Compare and
discuss your results.
5. Reference:
i) B.S 18: Part 2: 1971
i) Rollason : Metallurgy or Engineers (m.s 5-10)
Load at yield and maximum load can be found from the stress-strain curve of each test:
(i) Mild steel
Figure 1: Stress strain curve.

1. maximum stress
2. yield stress
3. breaking stress
(ii) Al alloy or any material which do not have specific load at yield, it can be found from ‘0.2%
strain offset method' known as ‘proof stress’.
Figure 2: Stress strain curve at 0.2% offset yield stress.

1. maximum stress
2. 0.2% strain offset yield stress
3. yield stress
4. breaking stress
5. 0.2% strain
Mechanical Engineering Department
Material Science Lab
SB3 Hardness Test and Charpy Impact Test
Hardness Test:
Hardness is a obstruction material for concavity when occur after the pyramid diamond steel bal
was loading into the surface materials, Hardness test have 3 main methods for metal/alloy which
are (a) Vickers hardness test (b) Rockwell hardness test (c) Brinell hardness test.
(a) Vickers hardness test (BS 427 : 1961)
From this method square shape pyramid diamond L36' was pressed to the surface of metal using
some load (5kgf until 120kgf) under certain time (15 sec) and lastly the load will release. Square
shape corner on the metal surface will be used. (figure a)
Vicker hardness number (VHN) can be calculated by equation below:

Load
VHN =
Area
2 P sin 136' /2 1.854 F

¿ = (estimated)
d2 d2
where, P = load (kgf)
d 1 +d 2
d=
2
(b) Rockwell hardness test (BS 89l: 1962)
This method has 2 main scales which are :
i. Scale B, concavity is a steel ball (l.58 mmϕ) and load using is l00 kgf.
ii. Scale C, concavity is a cone diamond having corner 120' and load is 150 kgf.
Firstly, small load (10kgf) was using and change to zero. Then, the additional load was using
(90 kgf for scale B, 140 kgf for scale C) to get some effect in concavity, d. Rockwell hardness
will be calculated by equation below :
d
HRC=100−
0.002
d
HRB=130−
0.002
where, d = concavity
(c) Brinell hardaess test (BS 240: 1962)
From brinell hardness test, the harden steel ball kas a good diameter, D under the load and
certain time will be use to get diameter concavity effect,d. Brínell hardness number (BHIN) will
be calculated by :
Load
BHN=
Area of concavity
P
¿
D
(D− √ D2−d 2)
2
Where, P = load (kgf)
D = diameter ball (mm)
d = diameter concavity effect (mm)
H = internal concavity effect (mm)
1
= ( D−√ D −d )
2 2
2
Note :
1. Loading time using is 15 sec
2. Steel ball diameter using:
Steel ball Load (kgf)
diameter
(mm) Steel and cast Coppet and Aluminium Tin and other
iron Cu-Al alloy alloys
P/D2 = 30 D/D2 = 10 P/D2 = 5 P/D2 = 1
1 30 10 5 1
2 120 40 20 4
5 750 250 125 25
10 3000 1000 500 100
Charpy Impact test (BS131. Bhg 2:1959)

Charpy impact test is one of the impact tests to ascertain the fracture characteristics of materials.
The brittle can be occurring when the brittle fracture takes place without any plastic deformation
and by rapid crack propagation. But for ductile fracture it will influenced with plastic. Brittle
fracture seen clear, shiny and smooth surface but for the ductile fractures are gray and necking.
In charpy impact, the specimen is in the shape of bar of square cross section, into which a V-
notch is machined (Figure 1). The load is applied as an impact blow from the weighted
pendulum hammer that is released from the cocked position at the fixed height with 280 J
energy. With the scale showing, the energy absorption can be measured for impact energy.
Procedure:
a) Determine the Vickers, Rockwell and Brinell hardness for mild steel, medium carbon steel and
alloy steel.
b) Charpy specimen was prepared. 2 types of steels are mild steel and medium carbon steel.
Discussion:
Write the result and discuss the influenced factors of mechanic characteristics with each test.
Attention:
Explain the charpy test included with specimens drawing using by the report.
Charpy machine drawing no needs to show.
References:
1. Cliffe “Technical Motallurgy, ms 150-154
2. Sergal “Materials, Their Nature, Fabrication and Properties, ms 143-145, 71-72
3. Rolesen “Metallurgy for Engineering”, ms 15
4. British Standard, 131 Part 2 (1959)
5. British Standard, 427: 1961
6. British Standard, 420: 1962
7. British Standard, 131, Sec. 2: 1959
Figure 1

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MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT

MATERIAL SCIENCE LABORATORY

Figure 1: Stress strain curve.

Figure 2: Stress strain curve at 0.2% offset yield stress.

Vicker hardness number (VHN) can be calculated by equation below:

2 P sin 136' /2 1.854 F

P/D2 = 30 D/D2 = 10 P/D2 = 5 P/D2 = 1

Charpy Impact test (BS131. Bhg 2:1959)

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