BING4208-2

NASKAH TUGAS MATA KULIAH

Fakultas : FHISIP/Fakultas Hukum, Ilmu Sosial dan Ilmu Politik

1. Read the following passages and decide whether the authors of each passage intend to inform,
persuade or entertain. Explain your reason.

Passage 1

Sorry, my mistake. It won’t happen again. Please forgive me. If such words come easily to you, you’re
lucky. Most of us have to steel ourselves to apologies, sometimes because it feels as if we were fully
justified in our offending behavior, other times because it is so humiliating to admit that we weren’t.
It turns out that the words you utter when apologizing are less important than the act of apologizing
itself. Social psychologist Steven Scher of Eastern Illinois University in the US has identified the five
main elements of apologies:
A simple expression of regret: “I’m sorry”, “I apologies”, or “Excuse me”.
An explanation or account of the cause that brought about the violation: “I forgot to call you the other day
with the information.”
An expression of the speaker’s responsibility for the offence: “What I did was wrong.”
A promise of forbearance: “I promise nothing like this will happen again.”
An offer of repair: “What can I do to make it up to you?”
Employing any of these strategies is better than using none, Scher has found, and the effects can be
additive—the more components you include in the apology, the better. Perhaps most important, make it
genuine—insincere apologies can be worse than none at all, found psychologist Jeanne Zechmesiter
and colleagues at Chicago’s Loyola University.

Loftus, M. (n.d.) The Act of Apologizing. Retrieved August 30, 2016 from
https://www.psychologytoday.com/articles/201303/smooth-encounters

1. The author’s purpose is to inform the reader about the five main elements of apologies with provide
some acts
2. The passage is about the five main elements of apologies

Passage 2

Sally Singer Vogue Creative Digital Director

The Milan collections kicked off with a lunch, hosted by Matteo Renzi, the Italian prime minister, in the
studio where the sets and costumes for La Scala are created and archived. It was a magnificent
beginning to an energized week. With very few exceptions, all of the leading and emerging Italian
designers were in attendance, and everyone seemed determined to present a unified, upbeat force. The
speeches and conversation turned to global elections and refugees, and there was a feeling of
seriousness and purpose. What a welcome to Milan. It seemed light-years away from the siloed,
secretive, and overtly competitive tone that used to greet one on arrival at Linate. Times have changed:
This is a gentler and more soulful Milan. And how fitting that the gathering preceded the Gucci show,
where Alessandro Michele’s quirky bohemian scalawags are now favoring a punky monarchic look. For
that brand, and indeed for Italian fashion, hard and sexy seems a lifetime ago.

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The Gucci revolution sort of defines Milan at this point. It’s the reference for how to do a brand
makeover, but it’s also the style guide for far too many lesser collections. Look up or look down, and it’s
also the shoe, T-shirt, and sunglasses of choice for the fashion tribe. Ubiquitous and inescapable, Gucci
seems to embody the two things everyone wants from this town, or Milan wants everyone to want from
Milan: heritage and zeitgeist.

I think this is an incredibly tricky business, and Michele must be complimented on the deftness of his
whole vision. As the week wore on, the strain involved in pulling off this blend of the timeless and timely
became the story—for me, at least. A collection was either all about the ateliers and craftsmen (for
example, Bottega Veneta’s 50th anniversary show with its empowering, lovely pieces) or the creation of
streetwear stars and clothes made to stop traffic and paparazzi. It’s a schizophrenic moment, and that
just can’t be good. (Note to bloggers who change head-to-toe, paid-to-wear outfits every hour: Please
stop. Find another business. You are heralding the death of style.)

The best collections, in my view, were neither concerned with the triumph of the artisan nor the
hegemony of Snapchat. At Versace, Donatella Versace showed a modern wardrobe for a woman with
shoes one could stride in happily and clothes that could walk into an office or a club and look interesting
and smart and the way one wants to look when one plunks down cash for designer clothes. Ditto the
ever-brainy Marni, where Consuelo Castiglioni sent out an emotionally charged collection (her last?) that
was intelligent and elegant. Neither of these collections were created for clicks’ sake or to wave the flag
for the past. Hooray. On to Paris.

http://www.vogue.com/13483417/milan-fashion-week-spring-2017-vogue-editors-chat/ retrieved
November 27, 2016

1. The author’s purpose is to inform the reader about a gentler and soulful event of Milan Fashion week
2. The passage is about Milan Fashion week

Passage 3

Good afternoon faculty and students. My name is Erin Rafter and I am running for treasurer for
the executive board. I am a junior and my major is environmental studies with minors in political science
and sociology. I have been a part of Student Government for one year being the off- campus/commuter
co-coordinator. My position was to take care of problems concerning the students and addressing them
to the Student Government in help making our school run more precisely. I also had the opportunity in
getting to know more people by talking and understanding their situations. When being the
off-campus/commuter co-coordinator, I did different things here and there, but I realized that I wanted to
take a more active role in student government. So, I am running for treasurer because I want to be more
involved in the key decision-making process that affects the campus as a whole. I believe that every
opinion matters and I will act as a voice for the college community.

King’s has a lot to offer and I have done my best to take advantage of this by actively taking part
in many clubs and organizations. I am the secretary of Sigma Kappa Tau, a service sorority
organization. In this organization we participate in Habitat for Humanity, Bowl for Kids’ Sake, the AIDS
Walk, and also working with the CEO for the Thanksgiving Food Drive. I am also in the Environmental
Club, Dance Club, Circle K and play intramural flag football and basketball. I have also been a part of
the orientation assistant committee where I get involved in welcoming the new and incoming students by
setting up different activities. I also work on campus. By doing this I have learned to communicate and
work well with others.

King’s has given me so much and I would like to give more back to it. I am positive that I can take on
more and I am ready to accept the challenge and I am very excited and enthusiastic about it. Since, I am
already a part of Student Government, and I already know what has been going on especially in the past
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year, I feel that I can continue to help students in voicing their opinions and by being heard.

http://departments.kings.edu/vote/execspeeches.htm. Retrieved August 30, 2016

1. The author’s purpose is to persuade students to vote Erin Rafter as part of Student
Government again
2. The passage is about campaign speech to be Student Government

Passage 4

The play opens amidst thunder and lightning, and the Three Witches decide that their next meeting
shall be with Macbeth. In the following scene, a wounded sergeant reports to King Duncan of Scotland
that his generals—Macbeth, who is the Thane of Glamis, and Banquo—have just defeated the allied
forces of Norway and Ireland, who were led by the traitorous Mcdonald and the Thane of Cawdor.
Macbeth, the King's kinsman, is praised for his bravery and fighting prowess.

In the following scene, Macbeth and Banquo discuss the weather and their victory. As they wander
onto a heath, the Three Witches enter and greet them with prophecies. Though Banquo challenges
them first, they address Macbeth, hailing him as "Thane of Glamis," "Thane of Cawdor," and that he
shall "be King hereafter." Macbeth appears to be stunned to silence. When Banquo asks of his own
fortunes, the witches respond paradoxically, saying that he will be less than Macbeth, yet happier, less
successful, yet more. He will father a line of kings though he himself will not be one. While the two men
wonder at these pronouncements, the witches vanish, and another thane, Ross, arrives and informs
Macbeth of his newly bestowed title: Thane of Cawdor, as the previous Thane of Cawdor shall be put
to death for treason. The first prophecy is thus fulfilled, and Macbeth, previously skeptical, immediately
begins to harbour ambitions of becoming king.
King Duncan welcomes and praises Macbeth and Banquo and declares that he will spend the night at
Macbeth's castle at Inverness; he also names his son Malcolm as his heir. Macbeth sends a message
ahead to his wife, Lady Macbeth, telling her about the witches' prophecies. Lady Macbeth suffers none
of her husband's uncertainty and wishes him to murder Duncan in order to obtain kingship. When
Macbeth arrives at Inverness, she overrides all of her husband's objections by challenging his manhood
and successfully persuades him to kill the king that very night. He and Lady Macbeth plan to get
Duncan's two chamberlains drunk so that they will black out; the next morning they will blame the
chamberlains for the murder. They will be defenseless as they will remember nothing.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macbeth. Retrieved November 27, 2016

1. The author’s purpose is to entertain and amuse the reader about the story of Macbeth
2. The passage is about the story of Macbeth who prophecies by witches that he will be King

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Passage 5

Halsey is fairly new to the music scene, having only signed a contract in 2014 with Astralwerks which
was followed with the release of her first EP Room 93. Following the release of her first album in 2015,
Badlands, Halsey releases track Ghost from the aforementioned album.

Halsey once said that the song is about “being in a relationship with someone who isn’t emotionally
available, you feel their physical presence but the emotional one isn’t there.” The lyrical content is down
to Halsey and her producer Dylan Scott: She first wrote the song and released it onto YouTube in 2015.
The lyrics and tone of the song really show the feeling that Halsey described of not being able to
emotionally connect with someone, such as “My ghost, where'd you go? I can't find you in the body
sleeping next to me.”
The melodies in the background of the song compliment Halsey’s both soft and powerful voice and her
vocal ability is excellent. Halsey doesn’t seem to change from low to high notes much during the song
but this lack of change doesn’t hinder how well the whole piece works together.

Halsey’s genre could be classed as electro-pop and indie and this is apparent through Ghost. The lyrics
are highly catchy, with periods of what feels like gentle rapping mixed in with catchy, relatable phrases.

Halsey will be following this with a UK tour commencing in February 2016 with only four dates
announced, including London, Birmingham and Glasgow.

Leese, J. (n.d.). Retrieved August 30, 2016 from

1. The author’s purpose is to inform the reader about the journey of music career Halsey begins
2. The passage is about how Halsey start her career as singer and back story of her song “Ghost”

Passage 6

Food processing dates back to the prehistoric ages when crude processing incorporated fermenting,
sun drying, preserving with salt, and various types of cooking (such as roasting, smoking, steaming, and
oven baking), Such basic food processing involved chemical enzymatic changes to the basic structure
of food in its natural form, as well served to build a barrier against surface microbial activity that caused
rapid decay. Salt-preservation was especially common for foods that constituted warrior and sailors'
diets until the introduction of canning methods. Evidence for the existence of these methods can be
found in the writings of the ancient Greek, Chaldean, Egyptian and Roman civilizations as well as
archaeological evidence from Europe, North and South America and Asia. These tried and tested
processing techniques remained essentially the same until the advent of the industrial revolution.
Examples of ready-meals also date back to before the preindustrial revolution, and include dishes such
as Cornish pasty and Haggis. Both during ancient times and today in modern society these are
considered processed foods.

Modern food processing technology developed in the 19th and 20th centuries was developed in a large
part to serve military needs. In 1809 Nicolas Appert invented a hermetic bottling technique that would
preserve food for French troops which ultimately contributed to the development of tinning, and
subsequently canning by Peter Durand in 1810. Although initially expensive and somewhat hazardous
due to the lead used in cans, canned goods would later become a staple around the world.
Pasteurization, discovered by Louis Pasteur in 1864, improved the quality of preserved foods and
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introduced the wine, beer, and milk preservation.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/. Retrieved December 5, 2016

1. The author’s purpose is to inform the reader about the food processing back then and present
2. The passage is about Food processing technology and its products

Passage 7

Style should embrace your curves – including the arch of your foot. But regular sandals are flat, which
can cause chronic foot, knee and back pain. Vionic sandals are biomechanically designed to hug your
arches and support natural alignment. This means they take the pain out of everyday activity. And they
look good doing it.

Reader’s Digest March 2015

1. The author’s purpose is to persuade the reader to purchase Vionic sandals

Passage 8
Fresh fish has a very short shelf life, but canning it allows us to eat fish at any time of the year and in
any temperature. How does this process of canning work, and what are the steps involved? I will now
describe how fish is canned.

After the fish is sent to the cannery, it is cleaned carefully, and some parts are removed. The fish is
washed thoroughly, and then drained. The next stage is soaking in salt. This helps to preserve the fish.
Next, the fish is put into cans which are then sealed with lids. The cans of fish are then heated in large
pressure cookers. This kills the bacteria and ensures that the fish remains safe to eat. After the tins cool,
labels are added and the cans are put into boxes. Finally, the boxes are stored in a warehouse, ready
for delivery to wholesalers and retail outlets.

Canning fish enables people everywhere to enjoy healthy great-tasting food. Why not try some tuna or
salmon in a sandwich today!

http://www.admc.hct.ac.ae/hd1/english/writing/wtgprocess20.htm. Retrieved November 26, 2016

1. The author’s purpose is to persuade people to consume canned fish especially tuna or salmon
2. The passage is about the process of canning fish

Passage 9

An Avocado a Day May Keep Bad Cholesterol Away

Eating healthy fats, including those in avocado, is important for protecting your heart health and
optimizing your cholesterol levels.

Among overweight and obese Americans, those who consumed a moderate-fat diet with one avocado
per day had lower low-density lipoprotein (LDL, or "bad") cholesterol levels (by 13.5 mg/dL) compared to
those eating an average American diet.
Small dense LDL cholesterol was "especially" lowered, which is an important distinction. Large LDL
particles are not harmful. Only small dense LDL particles can potentially be a problem, as they can
squeeze through the lining of your arteries. If they oxidize, they can cause damage and inflammation.
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The fact that eating an avocado a day helps lower this subset of potentially dangerous cholesterol
particles is good reason to add it to your diet. In addition, past research has shown avocados might help
improve lipid profiles, both in healthy individuals and in those with mild hypercholesterolemia (elevated
cholesterol levels).
Healthy individuals saw a 16 percent decrease in total cholesterol level following a one-week-long diet
high in monounsaturated fat from avocados.
In those with elevated cholesterol levels, the avocado diet resulted in a 17 percent decrease of serum
total cholesterol, and a 22 percent decrease of both LDL cholesterol and triglycerides, along with an 11
percent increase of the so-called "good" HDL cholesterol.

One study even found that eating one-half of a medium avocado with a hamburger significantly inhibited
the production of the inflammatory compound Interleukin-6 (IL-6), compared to eating a burger without
fresh avocado.7 According to lead author David Heber, MD, PhD, the findings offer "promising clues"
about avocado's ability to benefit vascular function and heart health.

Mercola. (2015, June 29). June 29, Anti cancer benefits of Avocado Retrieved November 27, 2016 from
http://articles.mercola.com/sites/articles/archive/2015/06/29/avocado-anti-cancer-benefits.aspx

1. The author’s purpose is to inform the reader about the benefits of consuming avocado for diet
2. The passage is about the advantageous of consuming avocado for diet and health

Passage 10
Why should we wear seat belts?

The statistics make the importance of wearing seat belts very plain. According to the CDC, in greater
than one-half of the fatalities in car crashes in the year 2009, seat belts were not worn. The CDC reports
that wearing seat belts has increased from 11 percent in 1981 to almost 85 percent in 2010. Yet experts
there assert that one in seven people still do not wear their safety belts. Unrestrained travelers are 30
times more apt to be ejected from the car during an accident, and more than 75 percent of people
ejected die. Seat belts prevent many serious injuries and deaths in the event of a car accident. The risk
of death is cut by 45 percent and the risk of serious injury by 50 percent of those people driving or in the
front passenger seat. Someone sustains an injury in a car crash every 15 seconds, and someone dies in
a crash every 13 minutes. Wearing a seat belt correctly and having children properly restrained in car
seats help prevent these tragedies.
https://www.reference.com/government-politics/should-wear-seat-belts-
cd246cbb089f8739?qo=cdpArticles. Retrieved November 27, 2016

1. The author’s purpose is to persuade reader about the importance of wearing seat belts
2. The passage is about the importance of wearing seat belts and how it can reduce the risk of ejected from
the car during an accident

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