Appendix-AC, Guide For Working at Heights

KM-OMS-316.
09
Classification: Internal Use / SHEM-08.09: Working at Issue No.: 5 Date: Oct 2019
Heights Rev. No.: 0 Date: Oct 2019

Next Review Date: Oct 2022
DC-M45
OIMS-5.1: Personnel Safety (T1 BP – WAH) Page Page 1 of 23
Appendix AC
Guide for Working at Heights
1. Fall Protection
1. Each person who could fall to or more than 2.0 meters (6 ft.) shall be protected from
falling by a fall protection system. Fall protection system includes guardrail systems
and personal fall arrest systems. Fixed fall protection, such as guardrails, are preferred
over the use of personal fall arrest systems.
Working at Heights procedures apply when:

a A person is exposed to a fall potential of 6 ft. or 2 m (based on local requirement) or
greater and there is no physical barrier to prevent a potential fall.
Or
b. There is a potential for falling objects.

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Examples of working at height situations includes when a person is:
 In close proximity (6 ft. / 2 m or less) to the edge of elevated structures, floor openings,
unprotected ladder openings, docks, truck ramps, excavations, open holes and pits (sewers,
API separators, coke pits etc.)
 On a roof without adequate barrier protection
 Working from a raised surface within 6 ft (2 m) of a leading edge and where the effective
height of the handrail has been reduced to < 3 ft (0.9 m)
 Over-reaching (both feet not firmly planted within the guarded work area) and center of
gravity is outside the guarded area
 Accessing areas on equipment (e.g. deck, wind shield, engine) without adequate guarding.
(Note: Equipment operator may enter/exit the cab using a designated walkway designed by
the manufacturer without a personal fall arrest system. However, the operator needs to
ensure the equipment is properly setup and on a firm foundation)
 On a structure or temporary platform with any one of the following:
 Guard rails that do not provide protection against a 200 lb. (90 kg) force applied against
them
 Handrail height of less than (3 ft / 0.9 m)
 Opening on side wall >21 (h) by 18 (w) inches (0.53 m) x (0.46 m) not protected by
handrail
 Opening on the working surface (base) of > 12 by 12 inches (0.3 by 0.3 m)
 In a changing work environment resulting in an exposure for a potential fall of > 6 ft (2 m)
(e.g. removal of guard rails or pipe or equipment)
 Working from Personnel Lifts
Examples of working at height without guardrails are:
 Accessing or working on platforms, structures, Scaffolds without adequate guarding;

 Accessing roofs with slopes >20%;
 Accessing tank trucks, rail cars, mobile equipment;
 Near docks, truck ramps, excavations, open holes, pits (sewers, API separators, coke pits
etc.) where a fall is possible;
 Climbing or walking over or between installations/equipment at heights above 1.8 m/6 ft.
where there is no full floor underneath and there is a potential for fall (e.g., one is not
surrounded by equipment)
 Working from ladders above 2.0 m / 6 ft surrounding ground or work surface. Generally,
working from ladders is discouraged, particularly if force needs to be exerted to perform the
work. Refer to # 15
2. Each scaffold craftsman shall continuously wear a full body harness with a shock-absorption
lanyard while erecting, altering, or dismantling a scaffold. If possible to do so, each scaffold
craftsman shall properly anchor his lanyard whenever he is not protected by guardrail system
and could fall to or more than 2.0 meters (6 feet). The lanyard shall be anchored to the scaffold
only if it’s not possible to anchor to a stronger anchorage (including lifeline). Double lanyard
with shock absorber each shall be used to continuously protect (100%) the craftsman from his
movement. (Refer to SHEM 08.08 for PPE details)
All personnel performing work or inspection on scaffolds shall strictly adhere to the following
practices to address fall hazards. Notify immediate supervisor in case you cannot address fall
hazards.
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Inspected Scaffold Work Position Hazard Management
Having Top Rails, Mid rails Body trunk (chest) fully Recommended to have available full
and ladder – 100 % Safe inside the scaffold guardrails body harness and lanyards with snap
(Green tag) hooks on the body (not mandatory to
hook to anchor point). But Full body
harness shall be readily accessible to
wear hook in case there is a need to go
off the scaffold
Body trunk (chest) extending Wear full body harness and lanyards with
outside the scaffold snap hooks on the body and must hook
guardrails. to the anchor point.
In Scaffolds: Working At All works and body position Wear full body harness and lanyards with
Height situations where fall (Top rails and Mid rails not snap hooks on the body and must hook
protection is missing or LTA installed for maintenance to the anchor point.
(Yellow tag) need, Opening on the
platform of > 12 by 12 inches
(0.3 m by 0.3 m) & side wall >
21 (h) by 18 (w) inches - (0.53
m) x (0.46 m) not protected
by Hand rail, Hand rail less
than 3 ft. & changing work
environment resulting in an
exposure for a potential fall
of > 6 ft (2 m) (e.g. removal
of guard rails), close
proximity (6 ft. / 2 m or less)
to the edge of unprotected
ladder openings)
3. Where a complete guardrail system cannot be implemented, a personal fall arrest system shall
be continuously used by anyone on an elevated work area or platform. A personal fall arrest
system includes a full body harness, lanyards, substantial anchorage(s), and a lifeline if used
and possible. Double lanyard with shock absorber each shall be used to continuously protect
(100%). Half body/Safety belt shall not be used.
When using double lanyards, the following guidelines apply:
a. Whenever changing anchor points, the second lanyard shall be tied to the new anchor
point BEFORE the first one can be untied (100% tie off); never tie off by connecting the
two lanyards hook to hook;
b. The preferred type of double lanyard is one where both lanyards have a separate shock
absorber ("U lanyard", see picture in Appendix 2); for U lanyards, the time during which a
worker is tied off with both lanyards should be minimized; simultaneous deployment of
both shock absorbers may limit the effectiveness (stronger deceleration);
c. As an alternative, workers may have one common shock absorber for both lanyards
("twin tailed lanyard" or "Y lanyard"); when using a Y lanyard, the harness shall have
special lanyard keepers that are specifically designed to break immediately when put
under tension (typically special break away plastic clips); when tying back one of the
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lanyards to the harness, workers shall use this lanyard keeper (see pictures in Appendix
2); never tie back directly to the body or the harness because this could impede the
deployment of the single shock absorber;
d. Workers shall be properly trained to use double lanyards; workers shall not connect a
Snap-Hook to a D-ring to which another Snap-Hook or connector is attached unless the
Snap-Hook is a Locking Snap-Hook and is approved for that use by the manufacturer (in
order to prevent potential roll-out).
e. Workers shall always maintain a sufficient distance between anchor point and first
obstruction in order to allow a safe stop of the falling person before he/she hits that first
obstruction. As an example, for a standard 6 foot long lanyard with shock absorber, there
shall be minimum 18 1/2 feet (5.6m) distance between anchor point and first obstruction
(see Appendix 5)
f. Personal fall limiting Self Retracting Lanyards (SRLs) are an alternative to traditional
lanyards and should be tied off above the head whenever possible. When tied off above
the head, they will arrest the fall within inches. For that reason, they may be used also in
situations where the anchor point is less than 18.5 feet above grade or first obstruction.
In cases where tie off is below the head, the person will fall a certain distance before the
SRL arrests. For that reason, whenever an SRL is used and tie off is below the head, the
SRL shall be equipped with a shock absorber and minimum free fall distance between
that anchor point and the first obstruction shall be provided in line with appendix 5
(taking into account the length of the SRL and the deceleration distance of the shock
absorber).
g. If the manufacturer's guidelines do not allow adding a shock absorber to their SRL, then
that SRL shall only be used in applications with tie off above the head.
h. After a fall, a prompt rescue is important in order to avoid a potentially fatal suspension
trauma. For that reason, personnel shall not work alone. Using a radio does not satisfy
this criteria.
i. After a shock load/fall, fall protection equipment shall be removed from service.
j. Workers shall not use 2 shock absorbers in series (lanyard with shock absorber tied off to
an anchor point with a shock absorbing device).
4. Before each use the user shall inspect all components of the personal fall arrest system he will
be using. In addition, the weight of the person (who will use the Full Body Harness) shall be
consider base on the manufacturer specification.
5. Full body harness (including D-rings), lanyards (including snaphooks), lifelines, and other
components of personal arrest system shall be rated and labeled for a capacity of at least 2,300
kilograms (5000 lbs) by the manufacturer.
6. When used, personal fall arrest systems shall be attached by lanyard to a vertical lifeline,
horizontal lifeline, or overhead structural anchorage capable of supporting 2,455 kilograms
(5400 lbs).
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Continuous Fall Protection
i. Appropriate selection and use of restraint, positioning device or continuous fall

protection with a Personal Fall Arrest System
ii. Restraint, Positioning device or Personal Fall Arrest System (e.g. Full Body Harness,
Anchor Connector and Lanyard) are fit for intended use and used per manufacturer’s
instructions
iii. Only approved (International or national standard, e.g. ANSI or equivalent) restraint,
positioning device or Personal Fall Arrest System are used
iv. User’s total weight (with tools) to be within the rated capacity of the equipment
v. All connecting devices to be of the double-action auto-locking type, from the anchor
point to the harness
vi. A double lanyard to be used when there is a need to change anchor points. At all times,
one lanyard remains affixed to an anchor point when exposed to a fall hazard
vii. If anchor point is < 18.5 ft. (5.6m ) from hazard below, a Self Retracting Lanyard (SRL) is
to be worn
viii. If horizontal lifelines are used, the minimum vertical clearance required for the system
must be taken into account when selecting or designing the type of lifeline system to be
used
ix. Fall Arrest Equipment to be inspected by the user prior to each use and periodically (at
least annually or per manufacturer’s recommendation) by a qualified person
x. Fall Arrest Equipment to be removed from service after a shock load, fall or exceeding
expiration of manufacturer’s recommendation
xi. Scaffold constructors to maintain 100% tie-off during erection, dismantling or repairing a
scaffold.
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Anchor Points
a. The anchor point for fall protection should be as high as practicable. The anchor best
points must be located above person.
b. Anchor points for personal (and collective) fall protection shall not be used unless they
are sufficiently strong. Falls from 2 m/6 ft can generate forces up to 1000kg (2205 lbs)
approx. Therefore, fixed anchor points shall be calculated/specified.
c. If a scaffold railing is used as an anchor point, it shall be fixed at each end, forming a
railing capable of withstanding the forces imposed by a fall. Rosette type cup of vertical
scaffold bar can be used as anchor point if the hook can be clipped into the cup and if the
scaffold bar is fixed at a minimum of 2 points.
d. Process pipeline should be avoided, however If piping is used as an anchor point, it shall
be steel piping of at least 4 inches in diameter. Small bore connections, tees, elbows,
aluminum piping and cold service pipeline shall not be used. Insulated piping can be used
if it meets the size, Steel piping of 2 inches in diameter may be used as an anchor point
only if the schedule is at least Sch. 40 or equivalent and if it is supported at maximum
1m/3ft from the anchor point (to be capable to withstand the forces imposed by a fall).
Fire water piping, electrical conduit and any piping supported by pipe hangers, handrails,
tubing, angle iron, suspended by threaded rod are not allowed as anchor points.
e. Workers shall not use piping as an anchor point unless it is in reasonably good condition
(not corroded) and should not use insulated piping. In case of need, ask inspection
engineer to determine the strength of structures and piping lines.
f. Horizontal steel anchor cables shall not be used unless they are engineered for the
applicable forces.
g. Consider surface temperature of piping and structure, as nylon and polypropylene drop
line deteriorate with temperature.
h. Anchor points are appropriate for its intended use
Anchor points are required to support the following shock load, unless local regulations
are more stringent.
i. Personal Fall Arrest System and positioning - 2200 Ibs / 1000 kg per person
j. Restraint –1000 lbs. / 450 kg per person
k. The highest available anchor points are used with a Personal Fall Arrest System. Anchor
points have sufficient height such that if a fall is initiated, a safe free fall distance is
available.
l. Sites to maintain a list of approved anchor points for common work scenarios. This
includes scenarios or situations where an anchor point independent of the temporary
platform is required (e.g. during construction of a hanging / cantilever scaffold or working
on a suspended scaffold)
m. Sites to work with their scaffold supplier to designate approved anchor points and
methods for securing the Personal Fall Arrest System.
n. Process pipes are to be avoided if a better anchor point is available. If required, only
piping greater or equal to 4 inches (10.16 cm) diameter are used provided that there is no
visible damage or excessive corrosion
o. Horizontal anchor points to be fixed at both ends to prevent the hook from sliding off
p. Cable (wire or rope) used as a temporary anchor point is to be designed by a qualified
person
q. While working on portable ladders, the anchor point is independent of the ladder
r. While on a personnel lift, use the anchor point provided in the personnel lift
s. For rope access, 2 independent anchor points are required
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7. Lanyards shall, if feasible, be tied-off to an anchorage point or lifeline that is high enough
(preferably above shoulder height) to prevent the worker from free falling more than 1.8 meters
(6 feet) or striking any lower level should a fall occur.
8. Locking type snaphooks or carabineers with self-closing, self-locking keepers shall be attached
to the end of each lanyard to prevent rollout. D-rings and snaphooks shall be compatible to
prevent rollout.
9. When lifelines are used, they shall be fastened to fixed safe point(s) of anchorage capable of
supporting 2, 450 kilograms (5, 400 lbs), shall be independent, and shall be protected from
sharp edges and abrasion. Safe points of anchorage may include structural members, but not
included guardrails, standpipes, vents, other small diameter piping systems, electrical conduit,
outrigger beams, or counterweights.
10. Horizontal lifelines shall be installed at the highest feasible point, preferably above shoulder
height. Horizontal lifelines shall be maintained with a sag at the center no greater than 300 mm
(12 inches) for every 10 meters (33 feet) of lifeline length between attachment points.
11. Horizontal and vertical lifelines shall be made from 10 mm (3/8-inch) min. diameter wire rope.
Other materials such as manila, nylon or polypropylene shall not be use as a lifeline.
12. Supervisor/team leader or designate shall ensure continuous monitoring of employees wearing
a personal fall arrest system so that prompt assistance is possible in the event of a fall.
13. Personal fall arrest system components shall not be used for any other purpose and shall not be
re-used after stopping a fall or if any component has any sign of damage. Personal Fall Arrest
System is required when climbing distance or fall potential exceeds:
- 20 ft. / 6 m on Uncaged Fixed or Scaffold ladders
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- 30 ft. / 9 m on Caged Scaffold or Fixed Ladders

- 20 ft. / 6 m on Portable ladders
14. When working at height, workers do not work alone
An individual (co-worker or another person) is identified to observe a worker while Working at

Height. The individual is trained and is aware of his roles, which includes:
a. Maintaining visual contact with a worker Working at Height (for WAH alone in confined space
communicate with entrant as necessary to monitor entrant status)
b. Ensure his co-worker is using continuous fall protection (100% tied-off) and intervene if
required
c. Understand the rationale for timely rescue to prevent suspension trauma
d. Understand other hazards associated with the tasks (e.g. fire, chemical release) and the
appropriate response (e.g. to raise an alarm and seek help)
e. Understand how to initiate a response if the worker falls. (who to call and what to do)
f. It is acceptable for another person Working at Height to fulfill this requirement
g. For rope access, a minimum of 2 technicians is required for all jobs
h. For work on a ladder that is considered ‘working at heights’, a co-worker is required
i. For personnel lifts, the individual (can be part of the work crew but stationed on the ground)
to act as a spotter. At a minimum, this person has the following duties:
j. Guide the platform into its position when being maneuvered
k. Guide the vehicle when changing location
l. Assist in lowering basket if possible using ground controls and call for rescue and/or medical
response in case of emergency
m. Demonstrate an understanding of how to operate the personnel lifts
Use of Scaffolds
15. Only those scaffolding that has green tag scaffolding tag (signed by scaffolding inspector)
indicating that it is fit to be used, shall be used. Any scaffold tagged with red scaff tag shall not
be used, except by scaffold craftsmen and scaffolding inspectors for the purpose of erecting,
dismantling, altering, or correcting deficiencies and inspection.
Personnel who use a scaffold shall be trained to recognize obvious defects and should conduct
pre-inspection check before use, such as missing access ladder or handrails, damaged or loose
planking, incorrect overlap of boards, gaps, or charges in foundation support.
16. Planks shall not be stood on end unattended.
17. Platform units that have become slippery with oil, sand, or any other substance shall be cleaned,
or otherwise removed and replaced, prior to continuing use.
18. Climbing of scaffold braces, runners, etc. is not permitted, except as required by scaffold
craftsmen during scaffold erection, alteration, and dismantling.
Qualified Users of Scaffold
19. Users are made aware and verified that they understand the hazards associated with working
on scaffold and the proper control required
At a minimum the user has to:
a) Understand the tagging system of the site, including when fall arrest equipment is required
b) Not modify the scaffold and if required, to notify a scaffold builder to modify the scaffold
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c) Know how to conduct a pre-use inspection of the scaffold

d) Understand the load rating of the scaffold and ensure no excessive load to prevent
overloading
e) Wear fall arrest equipment if required:
- Trained to inspect and use the fall arrest equipment
- Trained to select an appropriate location as an anchor point
f) Not work alone if use fall arrest equipment is required
g) Mitigate hazards introduced by a change of work environment (e.g. removal of handrail and
piping)
2. Falling Object Protection
1. Unnecessary items should not be kept on the scaffolding platform.
2. In addition to wearing hardhats, additional protection from falling object may be provided by:
 Barricading the area below into which object can fall and not permitting workers to enter
the hazard area, or
 Erecting of debris nets, catch platforms, or canopy structures sufficient to catch falling
objects.
3. A debris net, catch platform or canopy structure shall be strong enough to withstand the impact
forces of potential falling objects.
4. Materials are not to be piled, stacked, or grouped unless they are stable and self-supporting.
5. Using ladder from the top of the scaffolding platform is highly unsafe. If there is a need to go
higher than the erected scaffold, increase the height of the scaffold. In case internal ladder is
provided, cover or guard rails for access hole shall be provided.
6. Access ladders shall be maintained in good condition at all times and inspected prior to each
use. Ladders shall be kept clean of oil and grease. Ladder with bent rungs or side rails or
excessive deflection shall be taken out of service.
Work practices to prevent falling objects
7. Mitigations to prevent falling objects when a person is working at height :
8. Adjust work practices / plans to minimize the need for stacked work
9. To address the risk of falling objects striking a person below due to stacked work and methods
to prevent including:
a. When and what extra steps are required to prevent falling objects for specific work
scenarios
b. Methods for preventing falling objects (Toe boards, screening or catch nets, tool
lanyards, tethers, tool bags or storage containers for materials)
c. Special emphasis to be given during high worker density times such as turnarounds and
projects (e.g. Milestones during appropriate planning stages to evaluate/develop plans)
Protection of workers exposed to Stacked work
10. Protection of workers exposed to stacked work is to provide barricade / overhead protection.
11. Site procedure to include mitigation steps to protect other workers below
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 Signs to warn workers below

 And at least one of the following
a. Exclusion zone (restrict access to area through barricade or other means, e.g.: Safety
watch)
b. Shield workers from fallen / falling objects (catch nets, temporary roof)
3. Mobile Scaffold Operation
1. A mobile scaffold shall only be used and moved on surfaces sufficiently firm and level to ensure
stability. Where the scaffold is to be used on an elevated floor or roof, it shall be designed to
apply loads no greater than the capacity of the floor or roof.
2. A mobile scaffold shall be moved only by manually pushing or pulling at the base. Force shall
not be applied at the height greater than 1.5 meters (5 feet) above the supporting surface.
3. No men, equipment, or materials shall be on the working platform or elsewhere on the scaffold
while it is in motion or under modification.
4. Casters shall be locked at all times except during scaffold movement. Wheels or caster, not less
than 13 cm (5 in) in diameter, and fitted with brakes which cannot be released accidentally, shall
be securely fixed to the bases of the standards.
5. Temporary foundations or tracks shall be properly set in place on soft or uneven ground to
facilitate movement of the mobile scaffold. The temporary foundation or track shall be level and
properly secured.
4. Temporary Stairways
Stairs shall not be used if slippery conditions exist.
5. Slipping and Tripping
Good housekeeping shall be maintained to help slipping, tripping, and falls. Oil spills, mud,
scrap, and other debris shall be cleared up immediately. All chords, leads, hoses, etc. shall, if
possible, be supported at least 2.4 meter (8 feet) above walkways and platform by non-
conductive material.
6. Roof Work
1. For work within 1.8 meters (6 feet) of the edge of a (flat or sloped) roof or for work at any
location on roof with a slope 1:4 (vertical : horizontal) or greater, either installation of temporary
(rigid or wire rope) guardrails or use of a personal fall restraint system is required.
2. Roofs shall be reinforced where necessary to bear the load of workers and materials.
3. Workers shall not work on a roof that is exposed to the weather during storms or high wind (as
defined in 8).
4. Materials shall not be stored within 1.8 meters (6 feet) of the roof edge unless a guardrail
system, including toe boards, is erected along the edge.
7. Lighting
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Every work area every means of access to and exit from and elevated work area used during
nighttime shall be provided with properly maintained and adequate lighting, according to Global
Practice (GP)
8. High Winds.
All employees and contractors shall not be on any scaffold, including erecting and dismantling, or
other temporary elevated work area during storms or high winds – sustained winds more than 60
Kph (38 mph) – unless the scaffold or working level is indoors or otherwise unaffected by the
weather conditions. Outdoor scaffolds or elevated work platforms shall not be used during
thunderstorms, sandstorms and when there is likelihood of lighting.
9. Work Over Water
1. Where men work on, over, or near water, a guardrail system (per Section 9.5.2) shall be
provided. Whenever a guardrail system is impractical, or when men are outside the protected of
these safeguards, a personal fall arrest system (per Section 9.5.3) shall be worn.
2. An approved personal flotation device (life vest) shall be work at all times by each person
working above or near water. Personal flotation devices shall be inspected prior to each use.
3. Floatation rings shall be provided at intervals not greater than 15 meters (50 feet) apart when
personnel are working above or near water. The number of floatation rings and the length of the
rope depend on the location and vertical distance above the water.
4. A continuous man-watch shall be provided when personnel are working above or near water.
10. Hot Surfaces
Suitable precautions shall be taken to prevent workers from coming into contact with any hot
surface. Barriers shall be erected. Signs shall be posted warning “Hot Surfaces”. If these are not
possible, then a standby man shall be assigned to warn other workers of the hazard.
11. Forklift-Supported Temporary Work Platforms
Forklifts shall not be used to support temporary work platforms, including scaffolds.
12. Portable Ladders and Stepladders (meeting ANSI or Equivalent local standard)
This sub-section contains requirements for portable ladders and stepladders, including job-made
ladders.
Permanent ladders shall be constructed in accordance with Global Practice (GP), as applicable.
1. All portable ladders and stepladders are designed for intended purpose shall meet the
applicable ANSI standard (or equivalent standard), and be maintained in good condition at all
times. Joints shall be tight. All rungs, hardware and fittings shall be securely attached, and
movable parts shall operate freely without binding or undue play.
2. Each portable ladder shall be examined before use. Any ladder that is damaged or weakened
shall be immediately removed from the site.
3. Example of damage include :
 Split or broken side rails.

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 Missing or damaged rungs.

 Bent or missing hinges.
 Any other damage that hinders safe usage of the ladder.
4. Wood and aluminum ladders and stepladder shall not be painted.
5. Side rails shall have smooth surfaces (without slivers) with no projections.
6. Ladders shall have uniformly spaced rungs (all rungs shall be the same distance apart),
between 250 mm (10 inches) and 360 mm (14 inches) on center. A rung spacing of 300 mm (12
inches) is preferable.
7. Minimum distance between side rails of a straight ladder, or any section of an extension ladder,
shall be 300 mm (12 inches), except for tripod ladders.
8. The rungs of portable ladders shall be corrugated, knurled, dimpled, coated with skid-resistant
material, or otherwise treated to minimum the possibility of slipping.
9. Use of Non – rigid (e.g. rope, chain, webbing etc) ladders should be limited and are not used
unless endorsed and reviewed by the Safe Operating Committee (OIC) or equivalent before
application.
10. Single (straight) ladders longer than 7.5 m (25 feet) shall not be permitted to be used.
11. Two-section extension ladders longer than 18 (60 feet) shall not be permitted to be used. The
ladder extension shall not deflect under a load that would cause the ladder to slip off its
supports
12. Ladders shall not be loaded beyond the manufacturer's rated capacity and use only according
to designed purposes.
13. Ladders shall neither be used in a horizontal position as a platform, runway or scaffold nor be
used as a brace, skid, gin pole, etc.
14. Double-cleated ladders or two or more ladders shall be provided when ladders are the only way
to enter or exit a work area where 25 or more employees work or when a ladder serves
simultaneous two-way traffic.
15. Two or more separate ladders used to reach an elevated work area shall be offset with a landing
platform between the ladders, except when portable ladders are used to gain access to fixed
ladders
13. Appropriate use of Portable ladders
1. Straight ladder and extension ladder shall be placed at a slope of 4:1 (for every 4 meter of
vertical rise, the base set 1 meter out). Or, straight ladder and extension ladders may be placed
vertically if both side rails are rigidly attached to a supporting structure (i.e. scaffold) at the top,
middle, and bottom of the ladder. Both rail should be supported equally. It is not applicable to
scaffold ladders. Risk assessment should be conducted and SAFER approval should be taken in
cases where it cannot meet any specific requirement. Scaffold ladders are installed between 90
and 135 degrees to the scaffold deck access opening to facilitate access / egress to the scaffold
deck, where-ever possible.
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2. All ladder shall extend at least 900 mm (3 feet) above the landing, platform, eave, or roofline to
facilitate transition to another level or the platform. (If not possible, the ladder shall be secured
and a grasping device such as a grab rail shall be provided to assist in mounting and
dismounting the ladder)
3. Wooden ladders shall not be used in process areas. If they are used in other parts of the site,
the rungs shall be supported by metal tie rods and the ladders shall be regularly inspected to
ensure they are in good condition. (Use only wooden ladders built at the jobsite with spliced
side rails at an angle where the horizontal distance is one-eighth of the working length of the
ladder)
4. All wood ladders will be of natural finish. Painting of portable ladders that may conceal cracks,
chemical attack, wood or metal deterioration shall not be allowed. Wooden ladders may be
sealed with clear materials, which seals out moisture and other liquids but it should be
transparent to aid inspection.
5. Stepladders longer than 6 m (20 feet) shall not be permitted for use. A substantial spreader
shall be provided to hold the front and back sections in the open position. Ladders with slopes
of less than 22 degrees shall not be used.
6. Use only non-conductive (e.g. wooden, fiberglass ladders) when working within 2 meter of open
electrical equipment or where contact with live electrical circuits are possible.
7. Ladder rungs, cleats, and steps shall be parallel, level, and uniformly spaced when the ladder is
in position for use. (Single rail ladder shall not be use)
8. On two-section (extension) ladders, the minimum overlap for the two sections in use shall be as
follows:
SIZE OF LADDER (METERS) OVERLAP (METERS)
up to and including 11.4 0.9
over 11.4 up to and including 14.4 1.2
over 11.4 up to and including 18.0 1.5
9. All single and two-section ladders should be equipped with at least a 1.8 m (6 foot) long Nylon
rope of diameter 4 mm (3/16 inch) or 8 mm (5/16 inch) in diameter Manila rope to secure the top
of the ladder.
10. When setting up a ladder for use, the following shall be observed:
1. The ladder base shall be on a firm, level surface ladders shall not be leaned against
unstable surfaces. Mobile ladders shall be used on hard level surfaces and not on sand
or gravel
2. Stepladders shall have the legs fully opened and the spreader locked.
3. Straight ladders should be set against the wall (support) at a four-to-one ratio; i.e., the
base should be one foot away from the wall (support) for every four feet between the
base of the ladder and its support point. It is not applicable to Scaffold ladders. Risk
Assessment should be conducted and SAFER approval should be taken in cases where it
cannot meet any specific requirement. Have someone hold the base of straight ladder
until the top is securely tied.
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4. The top portion of ladder shall protrude at least approximately 0.9 m (3 ft) beyond the
top support. Where this is impossible because of interference by the surroundings, a
suitable hand grip in the form of an extension secured to one of the ladder side rails or
to adjacent equipment should be made available.
5. Barricades or guards are required if the ladder is set up in a crowded area. The area at
the base of the ladder shall always be kept uncluttered.
6. When a straight ladder is used to mount a roof or platform, the top of the ladder shall
extend at least 1 meter (3 feet) above the roof or platform edge. Ladders used for access
to and egress from excavations shall extend at least one meter above the natural grade
line or the top of the cut.
7. Straight and extension ladders should be secured to prevent ladders from slipping (tied
off) as close to the support point as possible. If this is not possible, a second person
should be assigned to support the base.
8. Portable Ladders should not be placed in front of doors or passageways unless the door
is locked, blocked, or otherwise guarded. Never rest a ladder against window pane,
window sash, screen, awning or loose objects.
9. When placing ladders in close proximity to sprinkler systems or other delicate or

hazardous equipment where damage may be done, care should be exercised in the
positioning of the ladder to avoid contact.
10. Stepladders of proper length shall be used so that user does not stand on topmost step
of ladder. Enough of ladder shall extend above step being stood on to allow user
something to hold for support. Personnel shall not stand on the top stair of a stepladder
if there is no hand hold.
11. Spreaders on stepladders shall be locked into place. A stepladder should not be used as
a straight ladder.
12. Portable ladder rails should be placed against a solid surface.
13. When a ladder is on a scaffold, anchor both ends of the ladders
11. Portable straight and extension ladders that are equipped with shoes/feet made of slip resistant
material (e.g. rubber) shall only be used. Slip resistant feet shall not be used as a substitute for
exercising care when placing, lashing or holding a ladder upon slippery surfaces
12. The following unsafe practices should be avoided:
1. Never climb on boxes or chairs to lift objects down from high places.
2. Never keep ladders unguarded, when placed in aisles, walkways or roads.
3. Never slide down ladders and get off the ladders to move them. Moving, extending and
shifting while in use.
4. Never reach from a ladder farther than is permitted by keeping the trunk of your body.
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5. Ladders shall not be tied together to provide longer sections. If they are designed for
extended use, they shall be equipped with hardware fittings.
6. Climbing higher than the third rung from the top of straight or extension ladders, nor the
second step from the top of stepladders. e.g. gaining access to roofline.
7. Climbing or descending without holding on to the rungs with both hands and facing the
ladder. Observe for oil, grease or other substances on both shoes and ladder rungs,
before using a ladder.
8. Climbing or descending with material in hand (Tool belt or a hand line with a suitable
container should be used).
9. Climbing or descending of more than one person at a time.
13. Portable Ladder should be properly stored; that is, off the ground, secured and out of normal
walkways.
14. When stored horizontally, the racks should provide enough support to prevent sagging.
Wooden ladders shall be stored where they are not exposed to excessive heat or dampness.
15. Portable/Step Ladders shall be inspected periodically by the Owning Unit, section, craft, etc.,
and those with missing rungs, broken or split sides, worn safety shoes or other defects are to
be tagged “DANGEROUS, DO NOT USE.” A record of the inspection and results should be kept
on file for one year.
16. In addition to the formal inspections, employees should perform the inspection prior to using a
ladder.
17. Following should be included in the visual inspection:
1. Corrosion of metallic parts such as bolts, rivets, braces, screws, tie rods, brackets, etc.
2. Breakage and cracking for the Fiberglass ladders.
3. Splitting of side rails and rungs for wooden ladders.
4. Loose rung to rail joints and tie-rod condition.
5. Tag defective ladder and return back to the tool room. Never use a defective ladder.
18. Portable Ladder integrity should be checked periodically. Integrity of ladder may be checked by
laying the ladder in a flat horizontal plane on blocks at each end and then placing approximately
90 kilograms or one person near the center to check for deflection, cracks, etc.
19. Employees who use ladders in the performance of their duties shall be trained on the proper
use, care, and inspection of ladders.
20. When using stairways, observe the following practices
1. Never climb up or down a stairway with a load that blocks vision.
2. Use handrails when going up or down the stairways.

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3. Slippery conditions on stairways shall be corrected.
4. Do not use spiral stairways that will not be a permanent part of the structure.
5. Stairways with metal pan landings and treads shall not be used if the treads and/or
landings have not been filled in with concrete or other materials unless the pans of the
stairs and/or landings are temporarily filled in with wood or other materials.
6. Skeleton metal frame structures and steps (where treads and/or landings will be
installed later) shall not be used, unless the stairs are fitted with secured temporary
treads and landings. Temporary treads shall be made of wood or other solid material
and installed the full width and depth of the stair
21. Stairs, not ladders, should be provided where:
1. Personnel are required to carry large tools or pieces of equipment up or down the
structure.
2. Equipment must be accessed or personnel evacuated during emergencies (e.g. battery

limit valves, manual sampling of dangerous materials).
3. Equipment is frequently accessed (at least once per shift on average)
22. Indoor and outdoor stairs, ladders and platforms that could become slippery due to
environmental or production conditions shall be slip resistant.
23. All new ladders in excess of 10 feet/3m should be provided with an outrigger bottom (bottom
wider than rest of ladder for stability) if locally available.
24. Ladders should only be used for light activities when parts or tools weight don’t affect balance
or ladder stability, weigh no more than 5 kilograms or 10 pounds and no heavy force is needed
for the work, and no product can be released. Refer to # 15 and appendix J
25. Ladder Material of construction is selected based on the environment that it is being used
14. Safe Work Practice for Lifting Personnel through Cages
1. Avoid lifting of personnel through hanging cages when working at height. Consider use of
alternative means as practicably possible. In case use of cage to lift personnel is not avoided.
2. Use only tested and certified cage (third party). Cage that meet and inspected and have the
following feature and refer to 2.3 procedure
1. It have a steel ring at the top for passing the sling or four steel ring at the top corners.
2. Wall and floor cages is be free from any protruding to avoid injury to personnel.
3. Cage have a top railing and Intermediate railing in good condition (vertical height of 1
meter (3.3 feet) and halfway between top and floor respectively)
4. Pipe railing are seal welded and of adequate strength, cage capable to support (4 times
the maximum) intended load
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5. The chain do not hang excessively and its maximum deflection should be 8 cm (3 inches).
The safety chain must be always at the rear side of the person.
6. Cage toe plates are (minimum 8.9 cm (3 ½ inch) high), securely fastened and not more
than 1.2 cm (1/2 inch) clearance above floor level.
7. The equipment will not endanger lifting person’s safety due to falling, crushing, trapping
striking, etc.
3. Position the equipment in a manner to minimize risk from drifting, striking, or unintentional
release.
4. Fastened the cage to the crane through sling. (If the cage has one steel ring at the top center
then use one chain or steel ring. If it has four rings then use four chain or steel ring.)
5. Use only Crane hook with a safety latch for the cage.
6. If the cage is to be raised more than 10 meters in height, tie the cage on either side with two 1.2
cm (1/2 inch) diameter guy rope, use this to prevent the swinging action. Two person from the
ground must held the rope to control the swinging action. If the cage is to be raised up to 10
meters only, single rope and person can be used.
7. Do not lift man and the materials together in a single cage. Do not use equipment or cage not
intended for lifting people to lift people and work at height.
8. Consider wind direction and speed before start the job and during the job. Stop the work in case
the wind speed get higher than 25 miles per hour (40.2 km/hr). Consider also other weather
conditions like rain, heat and humidity.
9. Perform the hoisting of personnel in a slow, controlled and cautious manner. Barricade the area
to restrict the entry of personnel not directly involved.
10. Jobs shall be performed while standing on the cage floor. Cage railing shall not be used for
standing.
11. Appropriate and effective communication system shall be established between personnel in
cage and supervisor at ground level.
15. REQUIREMENTS FOR PLATFORMS, STAIRS, LADDERS AND PIPE RACKS
This appendix identifies additional mandatory detailed requirements for performing WAH activities on
platforms, stairs, ladders and pipe racks. These requirements supplement LoP 2.8.
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Location of Personnel Activity Fall Protection Remarks

Required?
Permanent Platform, Stairs, Walking or Climbing No One person is allowed on the ladder at any
Caged Ladder ≤ 30 ft (9 m), one time.
Fixed Ladder ≤ 20 ft (6 m) It is necessary to use the three point contact
Scaffold Ladder ≤ 20 ft (6m) technique when climbing ladders.
Portable Ladder ≤ 20 ft
(6.0m)
Permanent Platform Performing work within No Ladders used only for light activities (e.g.
Scaffold - Completed guarded area of when parts or tool weight do not affect
Portable Platform Ladder platform balance or ladder stability and no heavy force
is needed for the work,)
Leaning outside Yes Personal Fall Arrest System
guarded area of Or
platform (including Restraint System
over-reaching) at (Platform or Scaffold)
>6ft(2m) above ground
Permanent Platform or Accessing the platform Yes Personal Fall Arrest
Scaffold for any reason Or
Where Guarding is missing, Restraint System
Handrail is lower than
required, or
Holes or openings > than
that allowed
All Ladders Performing work from Yes Personal Fall Arrest System
ladder at >6 ft (2m) Or
above ground Positioning System
Caged ladder > 30 ft (9 m) Climbing Yes One person is allowed on the ladder at any
Fixed ladder, not caged > 20 one time. Personal Fall Arrest device for
ft (6 m) climbing
Working Yes Positioning or Personal Fall Arrest when
working
Pipe Racks, if height of fall to Walking / Working Yes Personal Fall Arrest System
grade or lower level is more Consider use of Temporary Lifeline
than 6 ft (2 m).
Note 1: In order to minimize the risk of falling backwards, it is recommended to avoid non caged ladders > 6 ft (2m)
whenever possible
Note 2: In order to minimize the risk of falling backwards, it is a good practice to provide scaffold ladders > 6 ft (2m)
with a protection in the back (e.g. second ladder) or as an alternative give the ladder a 70° inclination (see figures 1)
Note 3: see detailed guidelines on portable ladders
Note 4: Personal fall protection as described above

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Figure 1
Ladder with 70 degree inclination Protection in the back
Sturdy Guard rail system with a self – closing drop bar
16. Collective Fall Protection
1. Catch Nets may be used as the sole means of fall protection only when other means of personal
fall protection are not feasible.
2. Catch Nets may be used in addition to other fall protection measures.
3. Minimum strength of Catch Nets and minimum free space below the Catch Net shall be in line
with manufacturer's guidelines or local site procedures if more stringent.
4. The fall height and the distance position shall be defined for each Catch Net.
5. Anchor points and connections to the catch nets shall be designed for the position.
6. Catch Nets shall be installed by qualified personnel in accordance with site rules. Inspection by
an inspection agency is recommended.
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17. Mobile fall arrestors/Anti-Chute/Rope Grab
Procedures shall address a site OIC review of the use of these systems prior to their utilization
and include instructions for their use. (refer to appendix J)
18. Static fall arrestor types (With OIC Approval)
a Stop-Chute or YoYo:
 Shall be used with a Full Body Harness, directly attached to the D-ring or with a specially
designed strap and without a shock-absorber;
 Shall be used in a vertical position, unless the device is designed for a horizontal
position (some devices are suitable for vertical and horizontal positions).
b Rem-Chute (descent 2.7 m/sec):
 Shall be used with a Full Body Harness without a shock-absorbing lanyard;
 Shall be used in a vertical position, unless the device is designed for a horizontal
position (some devices are suitable for vertical and horizontal positions);
 Shall only be used when safe ascent is possible (e.g., not above water because of risk of
drowning).
c Sky Climber On A Tripod:
 Shall be used with Stop-Chute or Rem-Chute (e.g., for descending into confined spaces).
19. Rope Access (OIC Approval – Refer to Appendix J)
a Rope Access shall be technically reviewed, approved & evaluated through the Safe
Operating Committee – OIC (supported by relevant subject matter experts of the contract
with the company) or by SH&E experts under the following basic rules:
- Contract with the company is limited to the type of tasks that the company is approved
to perform (either by IRATA or equivalent, local requirements or as specified by site,
whichever is more stringent)
 A Rope Access technician shall have two ropes (a working rope and a back-up) and each
rope shall have an independent anchor point;
 When the worker is supported by ropes, each of the worker’s ropes shall have a fail-safe
descent mechanism;
 All secondary tools and equipment (e.g., drills, sealant, etc.) shall be attached by
lanyards to the worker’s harness;
 A minimum of two technicians is required for any job;
 All technicians shall be specially qualified;
 Training shall include rescue procedures;
 All Rope Access equipment shall be regularly inspected and maintained.
b All materials (i.e., ropes, ascending/descending device, and safety harness) of Rope Access
devices are designed and shall be certified according to local legal requirements if
applicable, International Rope Access Trade Association (IRATA) or equivalent.
c Personnel in Rope Access activities shall be medically checked and certified by IRATA (or
equivalent), and are allowed to work on rope access and on tasks that they are qualified to
perform as approved by SOC - OIC according to IRATA (International Rope Access Trade
Association) (www.irata.org) guidelines (or local legal specification if more stringent).
d Sites to specify the review process and criteria to ensure that the rope access devices are
designed to an acceptable international standard. At a minimum:
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DC-M45
Third Party Company providing the rope access services to demonstrate that they are a
member of International Rope Access Trade Association (IRATA) or equivalent (e.g. Society
of Professional Rope Access Technicians (SPRAT) in USA)
e. All rope access work at the site will be supervised by an IRATA Level III Technician (or
equivalent) (IRATA Level III technicians are technicians who have demonstrated knowledge
of advanced rigging and capable of conducting advanced rescue techniques)
f. Rope Access material and accessories are fabricated from approved materials and inspected
prior to use
g. All components are designed for scaffold service and components are used for its intended
purpose
h. All components are visually inspected prior to delivery to the job site and as they are being
used during construction
20. Fall Protection on tank trucks or rail cars / mobile equipment (e.g. crane set-up)
The preferred solution for tank trucks/rail cars/mobile equipment is to avoid people having to
climb onto the tank truck/trail car/mobile equipment. Bottom (un)loading, venting at ground
level and in general any work at ground level is preferable to working on top of the tank truck/rail
car/mobile equipment. If working on top cannot be avoided or if an approved platform is not
available, a temporary platform or a fall prevention or protection system (personal fall arrest
system) shall be used.
Tank Trucks / Rail Cars
a. The requirement for fall protection on tank trucks / rail cars is to:
have a barricaded enclosure (approved guarded platform with proper footing) with enclosed
ramp access that may be lowered over the dome area of the tank truck or rail car and stay
within the platform.
OR
use a Full Body Harness anchored to a life line / overhead rail.

b. Fall protection meeting all applicable local legal/regulatory requirements shall be used.
c. When handling high temperature products, selection and use of personal fall protection
equipment should consider the ease of egress
d. When loading / unloading flammable materials, lanyards / harnesses are not to be used.
Only work from an approved guarded platform
e. Workers on top of railcars or tank trucks (without proper guarding) to maintain 100% tie-off
21. Mobile Equipment
a. A Full Body Harness anchored to a life line / overhead rail shall be used. (Example: setting up
the lattice boom where a worker needs to walk along the bridge on the boom, secure life line
at the crane guide poles, or use the boom lift.) If this is impractical to achieve, the site shall
perform a risk assessment and define other measures to mitigate a potential fall.
22. Personnel Lifts
1. The correct type of personnel lift is selected for the terrain and work task
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2. A pre-job site visit is conducted to survey the work site to determine that the right equipment is
being selected and addresses the following:
a. Maximum Load
b. Ground condition and stability of the work area namely, the type of terrain that the
equipment is designed for
c. Limitation of wind speed according to manufacturer's guidance for the type of personnel
lift
3. Daily inspection by the user and periodic inspection by qualified person to ensure safety level
interlocks and deadman switch are tested and in good working condition
4. Only qualified person(s) operate the equipment (Personnel Lifts)
Operator of personnel lifts is trained and certified as required by local regulations. At a

minimum,
a. How to conduct a pre-use inspection using manufacturer’s operating manual or equivalent to
ensure that the device is in a proper working condition
b. Have an understanding of the hazards associated with the operations of the equipment
c. Understand how to operate the equipment and the safety features of the equipment
d. Understand how to utilize fall arrest equipment to prevent falling or being catapulted from lift
5. Personnel Lifts are operated on firm and level ground

6. Personnel Lifts are to be operated on a firm and level ground that is capable of supporting the
equipment. Matting is required in other areas to prevent equipment instability during operation
7. Users of Personnel Lifts to maintain 100% tie-off while inside a basket
8. To Operate Personnel Lifts
a. Only trained and authorized personnel shall operate a personnel lift.

b. Have a Government Equipment Operator License.
c. Third Party (Certified Vendor) Certified (provide Photo Copy)
d. Years of Working Experience as an Operator of Personnel lifts.
e. To conduct a pre-use inspection using manufacturer’s operating manual or equivalent to
ensure that the device is in a proper working condition.
f. Medical Certificate (provide Photo copy) and physical fitness to work at heights (during
Operation)
g. Understand how to operate the equipment and the safety features of the equipment
h. Understand how to utilize fall arrest equipment to prevent falling or being catapulted
from lift
23. Prompt rescue to prevent suspension trauma
1. To have a plan for prompt rescue of personnel working at heights that is consistent with the site
philosophy SHEM 11 / OIMS 10.1 – App. B 2 (with regards to use of internal and external rescue
resources). At a minimum:
a. A summary of how the site ensures prompt rescue and the interface with external resource,
if applicable
b. A list of site personnel who are the designated rescuers and how their training plan is kept
up to date
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DC-M45
c. A list of training requirements (e.g. Working at Height rescue, first aid and communication
plan), the mode of training and the qualification process for a successful initial response
d. A list of equipment required to assist in the retrieval of a person trapped at height
e. Plan for periodic drills for working at height scenarios
2. For jobs with a complex rescue scenario not covered adequately by the above, develop a
documented emergency rescue plan for the scenarios. Consider need for a drawing indicating the
layout of the work and the location of rescue access - SHEM 11 / OIMS 10.1 – App. B 2.
24. Suspended Platforms
1. Suspended platforms are designed to meet local standards, ANSI A92.2 or equivalent design
of suspended platform (gondola, spider, window washers) meets international standards (e.g.
ANSI A10.4, A92.2, ASME B30.23) or local regulatory requirements. At a minimum, meeting the
following requirements:
a. Brackets attaching platform to rigging equipment meet design and certification

requirements
b. Required inspections are completed before use and on frequency specified by
manufacturer and local regulatory requirements
c. Pre-operational weight tests are performed, witnessed and documented, as required by
manufacturer
d. Maximum working load is specified
e. Suspended platform is fitted with a safety line independent of the platform rigging for
each worker
f. Limitation of wind speed (per manufacturer’s specification) is considered
2. Work on suspended platform (gondola, spider, window washers) is conducted by qualified

persons. Process and the Criteria to mitigate the risks associated with work on suspended
platform shall be reviewed at a minimum:
a. Technical review (evaluation) and approval through the Safe Operating Committee – OIC
(supported by relevant subject matter experts of the contract with the company)
b. Only personnel certified by local requirements or as specified by the site are to work on
suspended platforms
3. Material for Suspended platform are fabricated from approved materials and inspected prior
to use
a. All components and accessories are designed for suspended platform and are used for
its intended purpose
b. All components are visually inspected prior to delivery to the job site and as they are
being used during construction by using Appendix – E.

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KM-OMS-316.

Heights Rev. No.: 0 Date: Oct 2019

Guide for Working at Heights

Working at Heights procedures apply when:

b. There is a potential for falling objects.

Heights Rev. No.: 0 Date: Oct 2019

Examples of working at height situations includes when a person is:

Examples of working at height without guardrails are:

 Accessing or working on platforms, structures, Scaffolds without adequate guarding;

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Inspected Scaffold Work Position Hazard Management

When using double lanyards, the following guidelines apply:

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Continuous Fall Protection

i. Appropriate selection and use of restraint, positioning device or continuous fall

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- 30 ft. / 9 m on Caged Scaffold or Fixed Ladders

14. When working at height, workers do not work alone

An individual (co-worker or another person) is identified to observe a worker while Working at

16. Planks shall not be stood on end unattended.

Qualified Users of Scaffold

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c) Know how to conduct a pre-use inspection of the scaffold

2. Falling Object Protection

1. Unnecessary items should not be kept on the scaffolding platform.

Work practices to prevent falling objects

7. Mitigations to prevent falling objects when a person is working at height :

Protection of workers exposed to Stacked work

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 Signs to warn workers below

3. Mobile Scaffold Operation

Stairs shall not be used if slippery conditions exist.

5. Slipping and Tripping

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9. Work Over Water

10. Hot Surfaces

11. Forklift-Supported Temporary Work Platforms

3. Example of damage include :

 Split or broken side rails.

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 Missing or damaged rungs.

4. Wood and aluminum ladders and stepladder shall not be painted.

13. Appropriate use of Portable ladders

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9. When placing ladders in close proximity to sprinkler systems or other delicate or

12. Portable ladder rails should be placed against a solid surface.

13. When a ladder is on a scaffold, anchor both ends of the ladders

12. The following unsafe practices should be avoided:

2. Never keep ladders unguarded, when placed in aisles, walkways or roads.

Heights Rev. No.: 0 Date: Oct 2019

9. Climbing or descending of more than one person at a time.

17. Following should be included in the visual inspection:

2. Breakage and cracking for the Fiberglass ladders.

3. Splitting of side rails and rungs for wooden ladders.

4. Loose rung to rail joints and tie-rod condition.