Physics Practicals 202122

CLASS –XI –PHYSICS PRACTICAL (2021-22)
Instruction
 Practical file should be written neatly and legibly.

 Diagrams must be drawn on the plane side (left side) of the file with pencil.
 Observation table must be drawn on the plane side (left side) of the file with
pencil.
 Graph should be drawn based on the readings recorded.
 Write the experiment number with the aim in the index page.
SECTION–B
Experiment No: 6
Aim: To find the force constant of a helical spring by plotting a graph between load
and extension
Apparatus
Spring, a rigid support, a 50 g or 20 g hanger, six 50 g or 20 g slotted weights, a

vertical wooden scale, a fine pointer, a hook.
Theory
When a load F suspended from lower free end of a spring hanging from a rigid
support, increases its length by amount l,
It is called the force constant or the spring constant of the spring

Procedure
1. Suspend the spring from a rigid support. Attach a pointer and a hook from its
lower free end.
2. Hang a 50 g hanger from the hook.
3. Set the vertical wooden scale such that the tip of the pointer comes over the
divisions on the scale but does not touch the scale.
4. Note the reading of the position of the tip of the pointer on the scale. Record it
in loading column against zero load.
5. Gently add suitable load of 50 g or 20 g slotted weight to the hanger. The
pointer tip moves down.
6. Wait for few minutes till the pointer tip comes to rest. Repeat step 4.
7. Repeat steps 5 and 6 till six slotted weights have been added.
8. Now remove one slotted weight. The pointer tip moves up. Repeat step 6.
Record the reading in unloading column.
9. Repeat step 8 till only hanger is left.
10. Record your observations as given below.
Observations
Least count of vertical scale = 0.1 cm

Graph
Result
The force constant of the given spring is 100 g wt per cm. [Remember with this spring,
a spring balance of range 1 kg will have a scale of length 10 cm]
Precautions
1. Loading and unloading of weight must be done gently.

2. Reading should be noted only when tip of pointer comes to rest.
3. Pointer tip should not touch the scale surface.
4. Loading should not be beyond elastic limit.
Sources of error
1. The support may not be rigid.

2. The slotted weights may not have correct weight.
Experiment No: 7
Aim: To determine the coefficient of viscosity of a given viscous liquid by measuring
terminal velocity of a given spherical body.
Apparatus
A half metre high, 5 cm broad glass cylindrical jar with millimetre graduations along
its height, transparent viscous liquid, one steel ball, screw gauge, stop clock/watch,
thermometer, clamp with stand.
Procedure
1. Clean the glass jar and fill it with the viscous liquid, which must be transparent.
2. Check that the vertical scale along the height of the jar is clearly visible. Note its
least count.
3. Test the stop clock/watch for its tight spring. Find its least count and zero error
(if any).
4. Find and note the least count and zero error of the screw gauge.
5. Determine mean radius of the ball.
6. Drop the ball gently in the liquid. It falls down in the liquid with accelerated
velocity for about one-third of the height of liquid. Then it falls with uniform
terminal velocity.
7. Start the stop clock/watch when the ball reaches some convenient division (20
cm; 25 cm ;………..). Note its fall.
8. Stop the stop clock/watch just when the ball reaches lowest convenient
division (45 cm).
9. Find and note the distance fallen and time taken by the ball.
10. Repeat steps 6 to 9 two times more.
11. Note and record temperature of the liquid.
12. Record your observations as given ahead.
Result
The coefficient of viscosity of the liquid at temperature (θ°C) =…….C.G.S. units.
Precautions
1. Liquid should be transparent to watch motion of the ball.
2. Ball should be perfectly spherical.
3. Velocity should be noted only when it becomes constant.
Sources of error
1. The liquid may not have uniform density.

2. The ball may not be perfectly spherical.
3. The noted velocity may not be constant.
Experiment No: 8
Aim: To study the relationship between the temperature of a hot body and time by
plotting a cooling curve.
Apparatus
Newton’s law of cooling apparatus (a thin-walled copper calorimeter suspended in a
double walled enclosure), two thermometers, clamp and stand, stop clock/watch.
Theory
Newton’s law of cooling, states that the rate of cooling (or rate of loss of heat) of a
body is directly proportional to the temperature difference between the body and its
surroundings, provided the temperature difference is small.
Procedure
1. Fill the space between double wall of the enclosure with water and put the
enclosure on a laboratory table.
2. Fill the calorimeter two-third with water heated to about 80°C.
3. Suspend the calorimeter inside the enclosure along with a stirrer in it. Cover it
with a wooden lid having a hole in its middle.
4. Suspend from clamp and stand, one thermometer in enclosure water and the
other in calorimeter water.
5. Note least count of the thermometers.
6. Set the stop clock/watch at zero and note its least count.
7. Note temperature (T0) of water in enclosure.
8. Start stirring the water in calorimeter to make it cool uniformly.
9. Just when calorimeter water has some convenient temperature reading (say
70°C), note it and start the stop clock/watch.
10. Continue stirring and note temperature after every one minute. The
temperature falls quickly in the beginning.
11. Note enclosure water temperature after every five minutes.
12. When fall of temperature becomes slow note temperature at interval of two
minutes for 10 minutes and then at interval of 5 minutes.
13. Stop when fall of temperature becomes very slow.
Observations
Least count of enclosure water thermometer = ……………….°C
Least count of calorimeter water thermometer = ………..°C
Least count of stop clock/watch = …………….s.
Table for time and temperature
Activity No: 6
Aim: To study the effect of detergent on surface tension of water by observing

capillary rise.
Apparatus
Three capillary tubes of different radii and a tipped pointer clamped in a metallic
plate with a handle, travelling microscope, clamp and stand, a fine motion adjustable
height stand, a flat bottom open dish, clean water in a beaker, thermometer.
Theory
A detergent when added to distilled water reduces surface tension of water. If we use
same capillary tube to study the rise of pure distilled water and then the rise of
detergent mixed water (solution), we shall find that the rise will be less in case of
solution. If quantity of detergent (solution concentration) is increased, rise will be still
lesser.
Procedure
(a) Setting the apparatus

1. Place the adjustable height stand on the table and make its base horizontal by level-
ling screws.
2. Take dirt and grease free water in an open dish with flat bottom and put it on the
top of the stand.
3. Take three capillary tubes of different radii (ranging from 0.05 mm to 0.15 mm).
4. Clean and dry them, clamp the capillary tubes in a metallic plate in order of
increasing radius. Also clamp a pointer after third capillary tube.
5. Clamp the horizontal handle of the metallic plate in a vertical stand, so that the
capillary tubes and the pointer become vertical.
6. So adjust the height of metallic plate that the capillary tubes dip in water in open
dish.
7. Adjust the position of the pointer, such that its tip just touches the water surface.
(b) Measurement of capillary rise

8. Find the least count of the travelling microscope for the horizontal and the vertical
scale. Record the same in the note-book.
9. Raise the microscope to a suitable height, keeping its axis horizontal and pointed
towards the capillary tubes.
10. Bring the microscope in front of first capillary tube (which has maximum rise).
11. Make the horizontal cross wire just touch the central part of the concave meniscus
seen convex through microscope.
12. Note the reading of the position of the microscope on the vertical scale.
13. Now move the microscope horizontally and bring it in front of the second capillary
tube.
14. Lower the microscope and repeat steps 11 and 12.
15. Repeat steps 11 and 12 for third capillary tube.
16. Lower the stand so that pointer tip becomes visible.
17. Move the microscope horizontally and bring it in front of the pointer.
18. Lower the microscope and make the horizontal cross wire touch the tip of the
pointer. Repeat step 12.
(c) Measurement of the internal diameter of the capillary tube

19. Place the first capillary tube horizontally on the adjustable stand.
20. Focus the microscope on the end dipped in water. A white circle (inner bore)
surrounded by a green circular strip (glass cross section) will be seen.
21. Make horizontal cross-wire touch the inner circle at A. Note microscope reading on
vertical scale.
22. Raise the microscope to make the horizontal cross-wire touch the circle at B. Note
the reading (the difference gives the vertical internal diameter AB of the capillary
tube).
23. Move the microscope on horizontal scale and make the vertical cross wire touch
the inner circle at C. Note microscope reading on horizontal scale.
24. Move the microscope to the right to make the vertical cross-wire touch the circle at
D. Note the reading (the difference gives the horizontal internal diameter CD of the
capillary tube).
25. Repeat steps 19 to 24 for other two capillary tubes.
26. Note temperature of water in dish.
28. Take a known volume of distilled water from same sample.
29. Dissolve a small known mass of a detergent in the water to make a dilute solution.
30. Find the rise of the solution in same capillary tube. The rise will be less than that
for pure water.
31. Add double mass of detergent in same volume of water to have a solution with
double concentration.
32. Find the rise of this concentrated solution in same capillary tube. The rise will be
still lesser.
33. Repeat with solution of same detergent having increased concentration. Rise will
decrease as concentration increases.
Observation
The rise in capillary tube decreases with addition of detergent in pure water. With
more addition of detergent, rise becomes lesser and lesser.
Result
The detergent reduces the surface tension of water.
Precautions Capillary tube and water should be free from grease.
1. Capillary tube should be set vertical.

2. Microscope should be moved in lower direction only to avoid back lash error.
3. Internal diameter of capillary tube should be measured in two mutually
perpendicular directions.
4. Temperature of water should be noted.
Sources of error
Water and capillary tube may not be free from grease.

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CLASS –XI –PHYSICS PRACTICAL (2021-22)

 Practical file should be written neatly and legibly.

Spring, a rigid support, a 50 g or 20 g hanger, six 50 g or 20 g slotted weights, a

It is called the force constant or the spring constant of the spring

Least count of vertical scale = 0.1 cm

1. Loading and unloading of weight must be done gently.

1. The support may not be rigid.

Aim: To determine the coefficient of viscosity of a given viscous liquid by measuring

terminal velocity of a given spherical body.

1. The liquid may not have uniform density.

Aim: To study the effect of detergent on surface tension of water by observing

(a) Setting the apparatus

(b) Measurement of capillary rise

(c) Measurement of the internal diameter of the capillary tube

Precautions Capillary tube and water should be free from grease.

1. Capillary tube should be set vertical.

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