RYAN INTERNATIONAL SCHOOL (CBSE)

Bannerghatta Road, Bengaluru

Research on Neuronal nonlinear dynamics

Class: 12 AISSCE
Academic Year: 2022-2023
Registration no :
Roll No:
Task: Project
Subject: Physics
Year: 2022-23
Topic: study of Neuronal nonlinear dynamics

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 Bonafide Certificate

Certified that this project titled “Research on neuronal nonlinear

dynamics” is the bonafide work of Mr. Govardhan H who carried out the
research under my supervision. Certified further that to the best of my
knowledge the work reported here does not form part if any other
project work.

Ms. Jeelu Varghese Guide, Physics Teacher

Principal Mr. Vigneshwaran S

External Examiner

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 Declaration
I govbardhan H, hereby declare that the project entitled “Research on
neuronal nonlinear dynamics” submitted to Ryan International School is
a record of bonafide work done by me during the period of June 2022 to
December 2022 under the supervision and guidance of Mr.
Vigneshwaran S, Physics teacher.

Acknowledgement
I would like to present my sincere thanks to CBSE to give us the
opportunity to make an investigatory project on the topics related to
our subject.

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 I would also like to thank our principal Ms. Jeelu Varghese and our
Physics teacher Mr. Vigneshwaran S to motivate us to do the
investigation and complete the project and to provide us with the
opportunity to perform the assessment.
These kinds of projects hold an important place in our lives. It helps
us develop our investigation skills and know in deep about the topic we
were assigned to and how the topic is related to us in our daily lives and
how it is helpful to us.

Index
1. Aim
2. Introduction
3. Conclusion
4. Bibliography

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Abstract
The general purpose photoconductive cell is also known as
LDR – light dependent resistor. It is a type of semiconductor
and its conductivity changes with proportional change in the
intensity of light. There are two common types of materials
used to manufacture the photoconductive cells. They are
Cadmium Sulphide (CdS) and Cadmium Selenide (CdSe).
Extrinsic devices have impurities added, which have a
ground state energy closer to the conduction band - since
the electrons don't have as far to jump, lower energy
photons (i.e. longer wavelengths and lower frequencies) are
sufficient to trigger the device. Two of its earliest
applications were as part of smoke and fire detection
systems and camera light meters. The structure is covered
with glass sheet to protect it from moisture and dust and
allows only light to fall on it.

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LDR

Objective
To study the variations, in current flowing in a circuit
containing a LDR, because of a variation:-

(a) In the power of the incandescent lamp, used to

‘illuminate’ the LDR. (Keeping all the lamps at a fixed
distance).

(b) In the distance of a incandescent lamp, (of fixed power),

used to ‘illuminate’ the LDR.

Theory

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1.) LDR and its characteristics When light is incident on it, a
photon is absorbed and thereby it excites an electron from
valence band into conduction band. Due to such new
electrons coming up in conduction band area, the electrical
resistance of the device decreases. Thus the LDR or photo-
conductive transducer has the resistance which is the
inverse function of radiation intensity.

ldr

λ0 = threshold wavelength, in meters e = charge on one

electron, in Coulombs Ew = work function of the metal used,
in Ev

Here we must note that any radiation with wavelength

greater than the value obtained in above equation CANNOT
PRODUCE any change in the resistance of this device. The
band gap energy of Cadmium Sulphide is 2.42eV and for
Cadmium Selenide it is1.74eV. Due to such large energy
gaps, both the materials have extremely high resistivity at
room temperature.

Characteristics of photoconductive cells

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Now when the device is kept in darkness, its resistance is
called as dark resistance. This resistance is typically of the
order of 1013 ohms. When light falls on it, its resistance
decreases up to several kilo ohms or even hundreds of
ohms, depending on the intensity of light, falling on it. The
spectral response characteristics of two commercial cells
were compared in our laboratory. And we found that there
is almost no response to the radiation of a wavelength
which was shorter than 300nm. It was very interesting to
note that the Cadmium Sulphide cell has a peak response
nearer or within the green color of the spectrum within a
range of 520nm. Thus it can be used nearer to the infra-red
region up to 750nm. It was found that the maximum
response of Cadmium Sulphoselenide is in the yellow-
orange range at 615nm and also it can be used in the infra-
red region up to about 970nm.

Sensitivity
The sensitivity of a photo detector is the relationship
between the light falling on the device and the resulting
output signal. In the case of a photocell, one is dealing with
the relationship between the incident light and the
corresponding resistance of the cell.

Spectral Response

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Like the human eye, the relative sensitivity of a
photoconductive cell is dependent on the wavelength
(color) of the incident light. Each photoconductor material
type has its own unique spectral response curve or plot of
the relative response of the photocell versus wavelength of
light.

Materials Required:
• Light Dependent Resistor (LDR)

• Connecting Wires

• Source of different power rating (bulbs)

• Bulb Holder

• Metre scale

• Multi Meter

• Battery

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Circuit Diagram

Procedure:
Choose a specific position for the source and mount it
using a holder, make sure it is stable.

 Select the bulb with the lowest power rating and connect
it to the holder as shown in the figure.

 Connect the LDR, battery(6V) and the multimeter in series.

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 Set the multimeter to ohm section and select suitable
range and measure the resistance with a bulb on.

 Similarly switch to current section and move to micro

ampere in the multimeter. This gives the value of the
current.

 Repeat these steps with different power sources at

different distances and note down observations

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Application :-
Lead sulfide (PbS) and indium antimonide (InSb) LDRs are
used for the mid infrared spectral region. GeCu
photoconductors are among the best farinfrared detectors
available, and are used for infrared astronomy and infrared
spectroscopy.

Analog Applications
· Camera Exposure Control

· Auto Slide Focus - dual cell

· Photocopy Machines - density of toner

· Colorimetric Test Equipment

· Densitometer

· Electronic Scales - dual cell

· Automatic Gain Control – modulated light source

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· Automated Rear View Mirror

Digital Applications
· Automatic Headlight Dimmer

· Night Light Control

· Oil Burner Flame Out

· Street Light Control

· Position Sensor

Conclusion
The LDR resistance decreases with increase in intensity of
light and hence there is an increase in the flow of current.

There is an increase in the current as the distance from the

source decreases.

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 The intensity decreases as the distance from the source
increases

The error lies within the experimental limit.

Bibliography
www.academia.edu
www.scholar.google.co.in
www.link.springer.com
www.sciencedirect.com
www.healthline.com

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