INTERNATIONAL ISO

STANDARD 14224

Third edition
2016-09-15
Corrected version
2016-10-01

Petroleum, petrochemical and

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natural gas industries — Collection

and exchange of reliability and
maintenance data for equipment
Industries du pétrole, de la pétrochimie et du gaz naturel — Collecte
et échange de données de fiabilité et de maintenance des équipements

Reference number
ISO 14224:2016(E)

© ISO 2016
 ISO 14224:2016(E)

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 ISO 14224:2016(E)


Contents Page

Foreword...........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................v
Introduction................................................................................................................................................................................................................................. vi
1 Scope.................................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 1
2 Normative references....................................................................................................................................................................................... 2
3 Terms and definitions...................................................................................................................................................................................... 2
4 Abbreviated terms............................................................................................................................................................................................18
5 Application...............................................................................................................................................................................................................20
5.1 Equipment coverage......................................................................................................................................................................... 20
5.2 Time periods........................................................................................................................................................................................... 20
5.3 Users of this International Standard.................................................................................................................................. 20
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5.4 Limitations................................................................................................................................................................................................ 21
5.5 Exchange of RM data........................................................................................................................................................................ 22
6 Benefits of RM data collection and exchange........................................................................................................................23
7 Quality of data.......................................................................................................................................................................................................25
7.1 Obtaining quality data.................................................................................................................................................................... 25
7.1.1 Definition of data quality........................................................................................................................................ 25
7.1.2 Planning measures....................................................................................................................................................... 25
7.1.3 Verification of quality................................................................................................................................................ 26
7.1.4 Limitations and problems...................................................................................................................................... 27
7.2 Data collection process.................................................................................................................................................................. 27
7.2.1 Data sources....................................................................................................................................................................... 27
7.2.2 Data collection methods.......................................................................................................................................... 28
7.2.3 Organization and training...................................................................................................................................... 28
8 Equipment boundary, taxonomy and time definitions...............................................................................................29
8.1 Boundary description..................................................................................................................................................................... 29
8.2 Taxonomy.................................................................................................................................................................................................. 30
8.3 Timeline issues..................................................................................................................................................................................... 32
8.3.1 Surveillance and operating period................................................................................................................. 32
8.3.2 Data collection periods............................................................................................................................................. 33
8.3.3 Maintenance times....................................................................................................................................................... 34
9 Recommended data for equipment, failures and maintenance........................................................................35
9.1 Data categories..................................................................................................................................................................................... 35
9.2 Data format.............................................................................................................................................................................................. 35
9.3 Database structure............................................................................................................................................................................ 36
9.3.1 Description.......................................................................................................................................................................... 36
9.3.2 Logical structure............................................................................................................................................................ 36
9.3.3 Database architecture............................................................................................................................................... 37
9.4 Equipment data.................................................................................................................................................................................... 38
9.5 Failure data.............................................................................................................................................................................................. 40
9.6 Maintenance data............................................................................................................................................................................... 42
9.6.1 General................................................................................................................................................................................... 42
9.6.2 Maintenance categories........................................................................................................................................... 42
9.6.3 Reporting maintenance data............................................................................................................................... 43
Annex A (informative) Equipment-class attributes............................................................................................................................46
Annex B (normative) Interpretation and notation of failure and maintenance parameters.............. 176
Annex C (informative) Guide to interpretation and calculation of derived reliability and
maintenance parameters...................................................................................................................................................................... 205
Annex D (informative) Typical requirements for data................................................................................................................ 229

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 ISO 14224:2016(E)


Annex E (informative) Key performance indicators (KPIs) and benchmarking............................................... 238

Annex F (informative) Classification and definition of safety critical failures................................................... 251
Bibliography.......................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 260
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Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards
bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out
through ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical
committee has been established has the right to be represented on that committee. International
organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work.
ISO collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of
electrotechnical standardization.
The procedures used to develop this document and those intended for its further maintenance are
described in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 1. In particular the different approval criteria needed for the
different types of ISO documents should be noted. This document was drafted in accordance with the
editorial rules of the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2. www.iso.org/directives
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Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of
patent rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. Details of
any patent rights identified during the development of the document will be in the Introduction and/or
on the ISO list of patent declarations received. www.iso.org/patents
Any trade name used in this document is information given for the convenience of users and does not
constitute an endorsement.
For an explanation on the meaning of ISO specific terms and expressions related to conformity
assessment, as well as information about ISO’s adherence to the WTO principles in the Technical
Barriers to Trade (TBT) see the following URL: Foreword - Supplementary information
The committee responsible for this document is Technical Committee ISO/TC 67, Materials, equipment
and offshore structures for petroleum, petrochemical and natural gas industries.
This third edition cancels and replaces the second edition (ISO 14224:2006), which has been technically
revised. The main changes are:
— Clause 3 — several new definitions;
— Clauses 8 and 9 — changes in some figures and tables;
— Annex A — new equipment classes;
— Annex B — associated new and aligned failure modes;
— Annex C — some changes and new subclauses, e.g. C.3.4 and C.7;
— Annex D — new subclause D.5;
— Annex E — new KPIs;
— Annex F — alignment with ISO/TR 12489:2013.
This corrected version of ISO 14224:2016 incorporates various editorial corrections.

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 ISO 14224:2016(E)


Introduction
This International Standard has been prepared based on the previous edition (ISO 14224:2006),
experience gained through its use, and know-how and best practices shared through the international
development process.
In the petroleum, petrochemical and natural gas industries, great attention is being paid to safety,
availability, reliability and maintainability of equipment. The industry annual cost of equipment
unavailability is very large, although many plant owners have improved the availability of their
operating facilities by addressing this challenge. A stronger emphasis has recently been put on cost-
effective design and maintenance for new plants and existing installations among more industrial
parties. In this respect, data on failures, failure mechanisms and maintenance related to these industrial
facilities and its operations have become more important. It is necessary that this information is used
by, and communicated between, the various parties and its disciplines, within the same company or
between companies. Various analysis methodologies are used to estimate the risk of hazards to people
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and environment, or to analyse plant or system performance. For such analyses to be effective and
decisive, equipment reliability and maintenance (RM) data are vital.
These analyses require a clear understanding of the equipment’s technical characteristics, its operating
and environmental conditions, its potential failures and its maintenance activities. It can be necessary
to have data covering several years of operation before sufficient data have been accumulated to
give confident analysis results and relevant decision support. It is necessary, therefore, to view data
collection as a long-term activity, planned and executed with appropriate goals in mind. At the same
time, clarity as to the causes of failures is key to prioritizing and implementing corrective actions that
result in sustainable improvements in availability, leading to improved profitability and safety.
Data collection is an investment. Data standardization, when combined with enhanced data-
management systems that allow electronic collection and transfer of data, can result in improved
quality of data for reliability and maintenance. A cost-effective way of optimizing data requirements
is through industry co-operation. To make it possible to collect, exchange and analyse data based on
common viewpoints, a standard is required. Standardization of data collection practices facilitates the
exchange of information between relevant parties e.g. plants, owners, manufacturers and contractors
throughout the world.

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 INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO 14224:2016(E)

Petroleum, petrochemical and natural gas industries —

Collection and exchange of reliability and maintenance
data for equipment

1 Scope
This International Standard provides a comprehensive basis for the collection of reliability and
maintenance (RM) data in a standard format for equipment in all facilities and operations within the
petroleum, natural gas and petrochemical industries during the operational life cycle of equipment. It
describes data collection principles and associated terms and definitions that constitute a “reliability
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language” that can be useful for communicating operational experience. The failure modes defined in
the normative part of this International Standard can be used as a “reliability thesaurus” for various
quantitative as well as qualitative applications. This International Standard also describes data quality
control and assurance practices to provide guidance for the user.
Standardization of data collection practices facilitates the exchange of information between parties, e.g.
plants, owners, manufacturers and contractors. This International Standard establishes requirements
that any in-house or commercially available RM data system is required to meet when designed for
RM data exchange. Examples, guidelines and principles for the exchange and merging of such RM data
are addressed. This International Standard also provides a framework and guidelines for establishing
performance objectives and requirements for equipment reliability and availability performance.
Annex A contains a summary of equipment that is covered by this International Standard.
This International Standard defines a minimum amount of data that is required to be collected, and it
focuses on two main issues:
— data requirements for the categories of data to be collected for use in various analysis methodologies;
— standardized data format to facilitate the exchange of reliability and maintenance data between
plants, owners, manufacturers and contractors.
The following main categories of data are to be collected:
a) equipment data, e.g. equipment taxonomy, equipment attributes;
b) failure data, e.g. failure cause, failure consequence;
c) maintenance data, e.g. maintenance action, resources used, maintenance consequence, down time.
NOTE Clause 9 gives further details on data content and data format.

The main areas where such data are used are the following:
1) reliability, e.g. failure events and failure mechanisms;
2) availability/efficiency, e.g. equipment availability, system availability, plant production availability;
3) maintenance, e.g. corrective and preventive maintenance, maintenance plan, maintenance
supportability;
4) safety and environment, e.g. equipment failures with adverse consequences for safety and/or
environment.
This International Standard does not apply to the following:
i. data on (direct) cost issues;

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ii. data from laboratory testing and manufacturing (e.g. accelerated lifetime testing), see also 5.2;
iii. complete equipment data sheets (only data seen relevant for assessing the reliability performance
are included);
iv. additional on-service data that an operator, on an individual basis, can consider useful for operation
and maintenance;
v. methods for analysing and applying RM data (however, principles for how to calculate some basic
reliability and maintenance parameters are included in the annexes).

2 Normative references
The following documents, in whole or in part, are normatively referenced in this document and are
indispensable for its application. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For undated
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references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies.
ISO 20815:2008, Petroleum, petrochemical and natural gas industries — Production assurance and
reliability management

3 Terms and definitions

For the purposes of this document, the following terms and definitions apply.
NOTE Some derived RM parameters, which can be calculated from collected RM data covered by this
International Standard, are contained in Annex C. References to Annex C are given as deemed appropriate.

3.1
active maintenance time
duration of a maintenance action, excluding logistic delay
Note 1 to entry: Technical delays are included in the active maintenance time.

Note  2  to entry:  See Figure 4 and Annex C for a more detailed description and interpretation of maintenance
times. See also ISO/TR 12489:2013, Figure 5.

Note 3 to entry: A maintenance action can be carried out while the item is performing a required function.

[SOURCE: IEC 60050-192:2015, 192-07-04, modified – Notes 2 and 3 to entry have been added.]
3.2
active repair time
effective time to achieve repair of an item
Note 1 to entry: See also ISO/TR 12489:2013, Figures 5 and 6.

Note 2 to entry: See also definition of “mean active repair time (MART)” in ISO/TR 12489:2013, 3.1.34, that is
defined as “expected active repair time”.

3.3
availability
ability to be in a state to perform as required
Note 1 to entry: See Annex C for a more detailed description and interpretation of availability.

Note 2 to entry: Further terms are given in ISO/TR 12489:2013.

[SOURCE: IEC 60050-192:2015, 192-01-23, modified – Notes 1 and 2 to entry have been added.]
3.4
boundary
interface between an item and its surroundings

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3.5
common cause failures
failures of multiple items, which would otherwise be considered independent of one another, resulting
from a single cause
Note 1 to entry: Common cause failures can also be common mode failures.

Note 2 to entry: The potential for common cause failures reduces the effectiveness of system redundancy.

Note 3 to entry: It is generally accepted that the failures occur simultaneously or within a short time of each other.

Note 4 to entry: Components that fail due to a shared cause normally fail in the same functional mode. The term
common mode is therefore sometimes used. It is, however, not considered to be a precise term for communicating
the characteristics that describe a common cause failure.

Note 5 to entry: See also ISO/TR 12489:2013, 3.2.14 and 5.4.2.

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Note 6 to entry: See also C.1.6

[SOURCE: IEC 60050-192:2015, 192-03-18, modified – Notes 3-6 to entry have been added.]
3.6
common mode failures
failures of different items characterized by the same failure mode
Note 1 to entry: Common mode failures can have different causes.

Note 2 to entry: Common mode failures can also be common cause failures (3.5).

Note 3 to entry: The potential for common mode failures reduces the effectiveness of system redundancy.

[SOURCE: IEC 60050-192:2015, 192-03-19, modified]

3.7
condition-based maintenance
CBM
preventive maintenance based on the assessment of physical condition
Note 1 to entry: The condition assessment can be by operator observation, conducted according to a schedule, or
by condition monitoring of system parameters.

[SOURCE: IEC 60050-192:2015, 192-06-07, modified]

3.8
corrective maintenance
maintenance carried out after fault detection to effect restoration
Note 1 to entry: Corrective maintenance of software invariably involves some modification

Note  2  to entry:  See also ISO/TR  12489:2013, Figures 5 and 6, which illustrate terms used for quantifying
corrective maintenance.

[SOURCE: IEC 60050-192:2015, 192-06-06, modified – Note 2 to entry has been added.]

3.9
critical failure
failure of an equipment unit that causes an immediate cessation of the ability to perform a required
function
Note 1 to entry: Includes failures requiring immediate action towards cessation of performing the function, even
though actual operation can continue for a short period of time. A critical failure results in an unscheduled repair.

Note 2 to entry: See also definition of “critical dangerous failure” and “critical safe failure” in ISO/TR 12489:2013,
3.2.4 and 3.2.7, respectively.

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3.10
cycle
operation and subsequent release/reset
[SOURCE: IEC 60050-444:2002, 444-02-11]
3.11
degraded failure
failure that does not cease the fundamental function(s), but compromises one or several functions
Note 1 to entry: The failure can be gradual, partial or both. The function can be compromised by any combination
of reduced, increased or erratic outputs. An immediate repair can normally be delayed but, in time, such failures
can develop into a critical failure if corrective actions are not taken.

3.12
demand
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activation of the function (includes functional, operational and test activation)

Note 1 to entry: See C.1.3 for a more detailed description.

Note 2 to entry: Annex F.3 gives a list of safety critical equipment which are subject to periodic testing.

Note 3 to entry: See also relevant definitions in ISO/TR 12489:2013: “mean time to demand (MTTD)” is defined
in 3.1.38, “failure due to demand” is defined in 3.2.13, and “demand mode of operation safety system” is defined
in 3.3.1.

3.13
design life
planned usage time for the total system
Note  1  to  entry:  It is important not to confuse design life with the ‘mean time to failure’ (MTTF), which is
comprised of several items that might be allowed to fail within the design life of the system as long as repair or
replacement is feasible.

[SOURCE: ISO 20815:2008, 3.1.5]

3.14
detection method
method or activity by which a failure is discovered
Note 1 to entry: A categorization of detection methods (e.g. periodic testing or continuous condition monitoring)
is shown in Table B.4.

3.15
down state
unavailable state
internally disabled state
internal disabled state
<of an item> state of being unable to perform as required, due to internal fault, or preventive
maintenance
Note 1 to entry: Down state relates to unavailability of the item.

Note 2 to entry: The adjectives “down” or “unavailable” designate an item in a down state.

Note 3 to entry: See also Table 4 and Figure 4.

Note 4 to entry: See also ISO/TR 12489:2013, Figures 5 and 6.

[SOURCE: IEC 60050-192:2015, 192-02-20, modified – Notes 3 and 4 to entry have been added.]

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 ISO 14224:2016(E)


3.16
down time
time interval during which an item is in a down state
Note 1 to entry: The down time includes all the delays between the item failure and the restoration of its service.
Down time can be either planned or unplanned (see Table 4).

Note 2 to entry: Mean downtime is in IEC 60050-192, 192-08-10, defined as the ‘expectation of the down time’.

[SOURCE: IEC 60050-192:2015, 192-02-21, modified - Notes 1 and 2 to entry have been added.]
3.17
downstream
business category most commonly used in the petroleum industry to describe post-production
processes
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EXAMPLE Refining, transportation and marketing of petroleum products

Note 1 to entry: See also A.1.4 for further details.

3.18
equipment class
class of similar type of equipment units (e.g. all pumps)
Note  1  to  entry:  Annex A contains equipment-specific data for the equipment covered in this International
Standard.

3.19
equipment data
technical, operational and environmental parameters characterizing the design and use of an
equipment unit
3.20
equipment type
particular feature of the design which is significantly different from the other design(s) within the same
equipment class
3.21
equipment unit
specific equipment within an equipment class as defined by its boundary
Note 1 to entry: Equipment unit is given at level 6 of the equipment taxonomy classification with taxonomic levels
shown in Figure 3.

3.22
error
discrepancy between a computed, observed or measured value or condition and the true, specified or
theoretically correct value or condition
Note 1 to entry: An error within a system can be caused by failure of one or more of its components, or by the
activation of a systematic fault.

Note  2  to entry:  An error can be caused by a faulty item, e.g. a computing error made by faulty computer
equipment.

Note 3 to entry: In this International Standard, error is also specifically used for software and human errors.

[SOURCE: IEC 60050-192:2015, 192-03-02, modified – Notes 2 and 3 to entry have been added.]

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3.23
failure
<of an item> loss of ability to perform as required
Note 1 to entry: A failure of an item is an event that results in a fault of that item: see fault (3.22).

Note  2  to entry:  A failure of an item is an event, as distinct from a fault of an item, which is a state [source:
ISO/TR 12489:2013].

Note 3 to entry: This concept as defined does not apply to items consisting of software only.

Note 4 to entry: See Table B.1, and also F.2 and F.3.

[SOURCE: IEC 60050-192:2015, 192-03-01, modified – Notes 2 through 4 to entry have been added.]
3.24
failure cause
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root cause
set of circumstances that leads to failure
Note 1 to entry: A failure cause can originate during specification, design, manufacture, installation, operation or
maintenance of an item.

Note 2 to entry: See also B.2.3 and Table B.3, which define failure causes for all equipment classes.

[SOURCE: IEC 60050-192:2015, 192-03-11, modified – Note 2 to entry has been added.]

3.25
failure data
data characterizing the occurrence of a failure event
Note 1 to entry: See also Table 6.

3.26
failure due to demand
failure occurring on demand
Note 1 to entry: See further details in ISO/TR 12489:2013, 3.2.13.

[SOURCE: ISO/TR 12489:2013, modified – Note 1 to entry has been added.]

3.27
failure frequency
unconditional failure intensity; conditional probability per unit of time that the item fails between t and
t + dt, provided that it was working at time 0
Note 1 to entry: Another term used for failure frequency is “rate of occurrence”.

Note 2 to entry: See also ISO/TR 12489:2013, 3.1.22 and 3.1.23.

[SOURCE: ISO/TR 12489:2013, modified – Notes 1 and 2 to entry have been added.]

3.28
failure impact
effect of a failure on an equipment’s function(s) or on the plant
Note  1  to entry:  On the equipment level, failure impact can be classified in three classes (critical, degraded,
incipient); see definitions of “critical failure” (3.9), “degraded failure” (3.11) and “incipient failure” (3.40).
Classification of failure impact on taxonomy levels 3 to 5 (see Figure 3) is shown in Table 3.

Note 2 to entry: Classification of failure impact on taxonomy levels 4 and 5 (see Figure 3) is shown in Table 3. See
also C.1.10.

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