EC303 Applied Electromagnetic Theory

Module 1

ELECTROSTATICS
(Part – 6)
SHYAMA SREEKUMAR
Assistant Professor
Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering
Rajagiri School of Engineering and Technology
2 Topics Covered
z

▪ Electric Potential

▪ Relation between 𝐸 and V

▪ 2nd Maxwell’s Equation

▪ Electrostatic Energy Density

3 Electric Potential
z
▪ If we wish to move a point charge from point A to B in an electric field
▪ From Coulomb’s law, force on Q is
F = QE
▪ Work done in displacing the charge by a
distance, dԦl,
dW = −F. dԦl
dW = −QE. dԦl
-ve sign indicates that the work is done by an
external agent.
▪ Total work or potential energy required in
moving Q from A to B is
B

W = −Q න E. dԦl
A
4 Electric Potential (cont…)
z

▪ Dividing W by Q gives potential energy per unit charge

▪ VAB − Potential difference between A and B
𝐵
𝑊
𝑉𝐴𝐵 = = − න 𝐸. 𝑑𝑙Ԧ (𝑈𝑛𝑖𝑡 − JoulesΤCoulomb or Volts)
𝑄
𝐴
▪ Note:
▪ To determine VAB , A is the initial point and B is the final point.
▪ If VAB is negative, there is a loss in potential energy for moving Q from A to B →
work is being done by the field
▪ If VAB is positive, there is a gain in potential energy → an external agent performs
the work
▪ VAB is independent of the path taken
5 Electric Potential (cont…)
z
▪ If the electric field is due to a point charge, Q located at origin. Then,
Q
E= 2
aො r
4πεo r
rB
Q
VAB =−න 2
aො r . drොar
4πεo r
rA

rB
Q 1 Q 1 1
VAB = = −
4πεo r rA
4πεo rB rA
𝑉𝐴𝐵 = 𝑉𝐵 − 𝑉𝐴
▪ 𝑉𝐴 and 𝑉𝐵 are the potentials at A and B respectively
▪ 𝑉𝐴𝐵 → Potential at B with reference to A
6 Electric Potential (cont…)
z
7 Electric Potential (cont…)
z
8 Electric Potential (cont…)
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▪ Potential at any point is the potential difference between that point and
a chosen point at which potential is zero.
▪ In other words, by assuming zero potential at infinity – Potential at a
distance r from the point charge is the work done per unit charge by an
external agent in transferring a test charge from infinity to that point
𝑟

𝑉 = − න 𝐸. 𝑑𝑙Ԧ
∞
▪ If the point charge is not located at the origin but at a point with position
vector, 𝑟′. Then,
𝑄
𝑉 𝑟 =
4𝜋𝜀0 |𝑟Ԧ − 𝑟′|
9 Relation between 𝐸 and V – 2nd Maxwell’s Equation
z

Potential difference between two points A

and B is independent of the path taken.

𝐵
𝑉𝐴𝐵 = 𝑉𝐵 − 𝑉𝐴 = −𝑉𝐵𝐴 𝑉𝐴𝐵 = − න 𝐸. 𝑑𝑙Ԧ
𝑉𝐴𝐵 + 𝑉𝐵𝐴 = 0 𝐴

ර 𝐸. 𝑑𝑙Ԧ = 0 → Integral form of 2nd Maxwell′ s equation

𝐿
∴ Line integral of electric field along a closed path is zero.
→ No net work is done in moving a charge along a closed path in an
electrostatic field
10 Cont…
z

ර 𝐸. 𝑑 𝑙Ԧ = 0 − (1)
𝐿

Applying Stokes’s theorem, ‫𝐸 ׯ‬. 𝑑 𝑙Ԧ = ‫ 𝐸 × ∇ 𝑆׬‬. 𝑑 𝑆Ԧ = 0

∇×𝐸 =0− 2
(Point form or Differential form of 2nd Maxwell′ s equation)

▪ Any vector that satisfies the equation 1 or 2 − Conservative or Irrotational

▪ Electrostatic field is a conservative field

11 2nd Maxwell’s Equation for Electrostatic field
z
▪ Integral Form

ර 𝐸. 𝑑 𝑙Ԧ = 0 − (1)
𝐿

▪ Point form or differential form

∇×𝐸 =0− 2
12 Relation between Electric Field and Potential
z
▪ Potential is defined as 𝑉 = − ‫𝐸 ׬‬. 𝑑 𝑙Ԧ
𝑑𝑉 = −𝐸. 𝑑 𝑙Ԧ = −𝐸𝑥 𝑑𝑥 − 𝐸𝑦 𝑑𝑦 − 𝐸𝑧 𝑑𝑧
𝜕𝑉 𝜕𝑉 𝜕𝑉
But 𝑑𝑉 = 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑑𝑦 + 𝑑𝑧
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧

Comparing the above two expressions for dV,

𝜕𝑉 𝜕𝑉 𝜕𝑉
𝐸𝑥 = − , 𝐸𝑦 = − , 𝐸𝑧 = −
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧
Therefore,
𝐸 = −∇𝑉
Electric field intensity is the negative gradient of potential.
➢ Negative sign indicates that the direction of 𝐸 is opposite to the direction in
which V increases
➢ 𝐸 is directed from higher to lower levels of V
 𝟏𝟎
13 Example: Given the potential, 𝑽 = 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝜽 𝒄𝒐𝒔∅.
𝒓𝟐
𝝅
a. Find electric flux density, 𝑫at 𝟐, 𝟐 , 𝟎 .
z
b. Calculate the work done in moving a 𝟏𝟎𝛍𝐂 charge from 𝐀(𝟏, 𝟑𝟎°, 𝟏𝟐𝟎°) to B(𝟒, 𝟗𝟎°, 𝟔𝟎°)
𝜕𝑉 1 𝜕𝑉 1 𝜕𝑉
Solution: E = −∇V = − 𝑎ො + 𝑎ො + 𝑎ො
𝜕𝑟 𝑟 𝑟 𝜕𝜃 𝜃 𝑟 sin 𝜃 𝜕∅ ∅

20 10 10
E = 3 sin 𝜃 cos ∅ 𝑎ො𝑟 − 3 cos 𝜃 cos ∅ 𝑎ො𝜃 + 3 sin ∅ 𝑎ො∅
𝑟 𝑟 𝑟

𝝅 20 10 10
At 𝟐, , 𝟎 , E = 𝑎ො − × 0𝑎ො𝜃 + × 0𝑎ො∅ = 2.5𝑎ො𝑟 𝑉/𝑚
𝟐 8 𝑟 8 8

D = εo E = 2.5εo 𝑎ො𝑟 𝐶 Τ𝑚2 = 22.1𝑎ො𝑟 𝑝𝐶 Τ𝑚2

Work done in moving a charge from A to B,

B
W = −Q ‫׬‬A E. dԦl = QVAB = Q(VB − VA )

VA = 𝑉(1,30°,120°) = −2.5𝑉, VB = 𝑉(4,90°,60°) = 0.3125𝑉

W = Q VB − VA = 10−5 0.3125 − −2.5 = 28.125μ𝐽

14 Energy Density in Electrostatic Fields
z
▪ To determine the energy present in an assembly of charges
– we must determine the amount of work necessary to
assemble them.

▪ Suppose we wish to
position 3 point charges
𝑄1 , 𝑄2 , 𝑄3 in an initially
empty space.
15 (cont..)
z
▪ No work is required to move
𝑄1 initially from ∞ to 𝑃1 because
the space is initially charge free
and there is no electric field

▪ Work done in transferring 𝑄2 from ∞ to 𝑃2 is equal to product of 𝑄 and

𝑉21 (Potential at 𝑃2 due to 𝑄1 )
▪ Work done in transferring 𝑄3 from ∞ to 𝑃3 is dependent on potential at
𝑃3 due to charges at 𝑃1 and 𝑃2 .
WE = W1 + W2 + W3
WE = 0 + Q 2 𝑉21 + Q 3 𝑉31 + 𝑉32 − (1)
16 (cont..)
z

▪ If the charges are placed in the reversed order,

WE = 0 + Q 2 𝑉23 + Q1 𝑉12 + 𝑉13 − (2)

▪ Adding equations (1) and (2),

2𝑊𝐸 = 𝑄1 𝑉12 + 𝑉13 + 𝑄2 𝑉21 + 𝑉23 + 𝑄3 𝑉31 + 𝑉32
2𝑊𝐸 = 𝑄1 𝑉1 + 𝑄2 𝑉2 + 𝑄3 𝑉3

1
𝑊𝐸 = 𝑄1 𝑉1 + 𝑄2 𝑉2 + 𝑄3 𝑉3
2
V1 , V2 and V3 → Total potential at P1 , P2 and P3
17 (cont..)
▪ For nzpoint charges,
𝑛
1
𝑊𝐸 = ෍ 𝑄𝑘 𝑉𝑘
2
𝑘=1
▪ For continuous charge distribution, summation changes to integration:

1
WE = න ρL V dl Line Charge
2
L

1
WE = න ρs V dS (Surface Charge)
2
𝑆

1
WE = න ρv V dv (Volume Charge)
2
𝑣
18 (cont..)
z charge,
For volume

1
WE = න ρv V dv Volume Charge
2
𝑣

According to Gauss’s law, ρv = ∇. 𝐷

1
WE = න (∇. 𝐷)V dv
2
𝑣

For any vector 𝐴Ԧ and scalar V, ∇. 𝐴Ԧ 𝑉 = ∇. 𝑉𝐴Ԧ − 𝐴.

Ԧ ∇𝑉
Here, A = D
1 1
∴ 𝑊𝐸 = න ∇. 𝑉𝐷 𝑑𝑣 − න 𝐷. ∇𝑉 𝑑𝑣
2 2
𝑣 𝑣
19 (cont..)
1 1
z 𝑊𝐸 = න ∇. 𝑉𝐷 𝑑𝑣 − න 𝐷. ∇𝑉 𝑑𝑣
2 2
𝑣 𝑣
Applying divergence theorem, to the first terms on RHS of equation

1 1
WE = ර VD . dԦs − න D. ∇V dv
2 2
s v
Potential, V varies as 1Τ𝑟 and D varies as 1Τ𝑟 2 for point charges.
Potential, V varies as 1Τ𝑟 2 and D varies as 1Τ𝑟 3 for dipoles.
VD varies atleast by 1Τ𝑟 3 while dS varies as r 2
For point charges,

1 1 2
1
ර VD . dԦs ∝ × 2 × 𝑟 ∝ → 0 (Large surfaces)
𝑟 𝑟 𝑟
s
As surface S becomes large → First term in the equation is neglected.
20 (cont..) Significantly small for large surfaces

z 1 1
WE = ර VD . dԦs − න D. ∇V dv
2 2
s v

1
WE = − න D. ∇V dv
2
v

Here, 𝐸 = −∇V

1
WE = න D. E dv
2
v

Here, D = 𝜀E

1 1
∴ WE = න 𝜀E. E dv = න 𝜀|𝐸|2 dv
2 2
v v
21 (cont..)
z

Electrostatic energy, 𝑊𝐸 (𝐽) is

𝟐
𝟏 𝟏 𝟐
𝟏 𝑫
𝐖𝐄 = න 𝐃. 𝐄 𝐝𝐯 = න 𝜺|𝑬| 𝒅𝒗 = න 𝒅𝒗
𝟐 𝟐 𝟐 𝜺
𝐯 𝐯 𝐯

Electrostatic energy density, 𝑤𝐸 (𝐽ൗ𝑚3 ) is defined as,

𝟐
𝐝𝐖𝐄 𝟏 𝟏 𝟐
𝑫
𝐰𝐄 = = 𝑫. 𝑬 = 𝜺|𝑬| =
𝒅𝒗 𝟐 𝟐 𝟐𝜺
 Example: Point charges -1nC, 4nC and 3nC are located at (0,0,0), (0,0,1) and (1,0,0)
22
respectively. Find energy in the system.
z

Solution:
n
1 1
WE = ෍ Qk Vk = Q1 V1 + Q2 V2 + Q3 V3
2 2
k=1

Q1 Q 2 Q3 Q 2 Q1 Q3 Q 3 Q1 Q2
WE = + + + + +
2 4πεo r2 4πεo r3 2 4πεo r1 4πεo r3 2 4πεo r1 4πεo r2

9 × 109 2Q 2 Q3
WE = 2Q1 Q2 + 2Q1 Q3 +
2 2

12 × 10−18
WE = 9 × 109 −4 × 10−18 − 3 × 10−18 + = 13.37nJ
2
 Example: Given the potential function, 𝐕 = 𝟐𝐱 + 𝟒𝐲 𝐯𝐨𝐥𝐭𝐬 in free space, find the electrostatic
23
energy density in a volume of 𝟏𝐦𝟑 centred at the origin.
z

Solution:
𝜕V 𝜕V 𝜕V
E = −∇V = − aො + aො + aො
𝜕x x 𝜕y y 𝜕z z
E = −2ොax − 4ොay (VΤm)

𝐽
Electrostatic energy density, 𝑤𝐸 ( ൗ 3 ) is defined as,
𝑚
1
wE = 𝜀|𝐸|2
2
Here, 𝐸 = −2 2 + −4 2 = 20

1 3
wE = × 8.854 × 10−12 × 20 = 8.854 × 10−11 𝐽Τ𝑚
2
24