VECTOR 

A quantity which has both size and direction is called a vector

The general form of a vector written in this way is (r , θ) where r is its magnitude and θ its direction.

Direction is usually given as the angle the vector makes with the positive x axis, with the anticlockwise direction taken
to be positive The magnitude of a is given by the length a in figure

42 + 22 = 4.47  (using Pythagoras' theorem)

The direction is given by the angle θ

2
Tan θ = 4 = 0.5

θ = 26.6°
This technique can be written as a general rule, for all values of θ.
𝐫 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝛉
(r , θ)  = (r cosθ) i + (r sin θ) j
𝐫 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝛉
The length of the three-dimensional vector a1 i + a2 j + a3 k is given by

|a| = 𝐚𝟏 𝟐 + 𝐚𝟐 𝟐 + 𝐚𝟑 𝟐
 Points  i , j and k
 Equals  direction and magnitude are same
 Position  ai + bj + ck

Vector Calculation :
 Multiplying
 Negative
 Adding
 Subtracting
 Geometrical
 Unit is a vector with a magnitude of 1

Geometrical Unit Vector

Latihan 8 A 

1 Express the following vectors in component form.

3i + 2j 5i – 4j 3i – 3i – j

2 Draw diagrams to show these vectors and then write them in magnitude direction form
i. 2i + 3j −4 iv. – i + 2j
iii.
−4
3 v. 3i – 4j
ii.
−2

22 + 32 = 𝟏𝟑 32 + −22 = 𝟏𝟑 −42 + (−4)2 = 4 𝟐 −12 + 22 = 𝟓 32 + (−4)2 = 5

3 −2 −4 2 −4
θ = tan – 1 = 56.30 θ = tan– 1 = –33.70 θ = tan – 1 = 2250 θ = tan – 1 = 116.60 θ = tan– 1 = –53.10
2 3 −4 −1 3

3 Find the magnitude of these vectors.

1 iii. 2i + 4j + 2k 6
i. −2 = 12 + −22 + 32 = 3.74 v. −2 = 62 + −22 + −32 = 7
3 = 22 + 42 + 22 = 4.90 −3
4 iv. i + j – 3k vi. i – 2k = 12 + 02 + −22 = 3.74
ii. 0 = 42 + 02 + 22 = 4.47
2 = 12 + 12 + −32 = 3.32

4 Write, in component form, the vectors represented by the line segments joining the following points.
(i) (2, 3) to (4, 1) = (4 – 2)i + (1 – 3)j = 2i – 2j (vi) (0, 0, 0) to (-1, -2, 3) = – i – 2j + 3k
(ii) (4, 0) to (6, 0) = (6 – 4)i + (0 – 0)j = 2i (vii) (-1, -2, 3) to (0, 0, 0) = i + 2j – 3k
(iii) (0, 0) to (0, -4) = (0 – 0)i + (–4 – 0)j = – 4j (viii) (0, 2, 0) to (4, 0, 4) = 4i – 2j + 4k
(iv) (0, -4) to (0, 0) = (0 – 0)i + (0 + 4)j = 4j (ix) (1, 2, 3) to (3, 2, 1) = 2i – 2k
(v) (0, 0, 0) to (0, 0, 5) = 5k (x) (4, -5, 0) to (-4, 5, 1) = – 8i + 10j + k

5 The points A, Band C have co – ordinates (2, 3), (0, 4) and (– 2, 1).
(i) Write down the position vectors of A and C.
A = 2i + 3j
C = –2i + j
(ii) Write down the vectors of the line segments joining AB and CB.

AB = – 2i + j CB = 2i + 3j
 (iii) What do your answers to parts m and liil tell you about

(a) AB and OC  𝐀𝐁 = 𝐎𝐂

(b) CB and OA?  𝐂𝐁 = 𝐎𝐀

(iv) Describe the quadrilateral OABC.  A Patallelogram

Latihan 8B 

1. Simplify the following.

2 4 𝟔 3 −3 𝟎
i. += iii. + =
3 5 𝟖 4 −4 𝟎
2 −1 𝟏 2 1 𝟖
ii. + = iv. 3 +2 =
−1 2 𝟏 1 −2 −𝟏
v. 6(3i – 2j) – 9(2i – j) = – 3j

2 The vectors p, q and r are given by

p = 3i + 2j +k q = 2i + 2j + 2k r = – 3i – j – 2k
Find, in component form, the following vectors.
(i) p + q + r = 2i + 3j + k (iv) 3(p – q) + 2(p + r) = 3i + 2j – 5k
(ii) p – q =i-k (v) 4p – 3q + 2r = – 6k
(iii) p + r =j+k

3 In the diagram, PQRS is a parallelogram and PQ = a, PS = b.

(i) Write, in terms of a and b, the following vectors.

(a) QR = b
(b) PR = a+b

(c) QS = –a+b
(ii) The mid-point of PR is M. Find

(a) PM = ½ (a + b)

(b) QM = ½ (– a + b)
(iii) Explain why this shows you that the a p diagonals of a parallelogram bisect each other.

PQRS is any parallelogram and 𝐏𝐌 = ½ 𝐏𝐑 ; 𝐐𝐌 = ½ 𝐐𝐒

4 In the diagram, ABCD is a kite.

AC and BD meet at M.

AB = i + j and AD = i – 2j
(i) Use the facts that the diagonals of a kite meet at right angles j
and that M is the mid-point of AC to find, in terms of i and j i i

(a) AM = I (c) BC = i – j – 2j
(b) AC = 2i (d) CD = – i – 2j
 (ii) Verify that |AB| = |BC| and |AD| = |CD|

|AB| = |BC| = 12 + 12 = 𝟐

|AD| = |CD| = 12 + −22 = 𝟓

5 In the diagram, ABC is a triangle. L, M and N are the mid-points of the sides BC, CA and AB.

AB = p and AC = q
(i) Find, in terms of p and q,
BC = – p + q LM = – ½ p

MN = ½ p – ½ q LN = – ½ q
(ii) Explain how your results from part (i) show you that the sides of triangle LMN are parallel to those of triangle
ABC, and half their lengths.

𝐍𝐌 = ½ 𝐁𝐂 𝐍𝐋 = ½ 𝐀𝐂 𝐌𝐋 = ½ 𝐀𝐁

6 Find unit vectors in the same directions as the following vectors.

𝟐
2 𝟏𝟑
(i)  Magnitude 22 + 32 = 13 Unit = 𝟑
3
𝟏𝟑
𝟑 𝟒
(ii) 3i + 4j  Magnitude 32 + 42 =5 Unit = 𝟓 i + 𝟓 j
−𝟏
−2 𝟐
(iii)  Magnitude −22 + −22 = 2 2 Unit = −𝟏
−2
𝟐
𝟓 𝟏𝟐
(iv) 5i – 12j  Magnitude 52 + −122 = 13 Unit = 𝟏𝟑 i – 𝟏𝟑 j

7 Find unit vectors in the same direction as the following vectors.

𝟏

1 𝟏𝟒
𝟐
(i) 2  Magnitude 12 + 22 + 32 = 𝟏𝟒 Unit = 𝟏𝟒
3 𝟑
𝟏𝟒
𝟐 𝟐 𝟏
(ii) 2i – 2j + k  Magnitude 22 + −22 + 12 =3 Unit = 𝟑 i – 𝟑 j + 𝟑 k
𝟑 𝟒
(iii) 3i – 4k  Magnitude 32 + 02 + −42 =5 Unit = 𝟓 i – 𝟓 k
−𝟐

−2 𝟐𝟗
𝟒
(iv) 4  Magnitude −22 + 42 + −32 = 𝟐𝟗 Unit = 𝟐𝟗
−3 −𝟑
𝟐𝟗
𝟓 𝟑 𝟐
(v) 5i – 3j + 2k  Magnitude 52 + −32 + 22 = 𝟑𝟖 Unit = 𝟑𝟖
i– 𝟑𝟖
j+ 𝟑𝟖
k
4 𝟏
(vi) 0  Magnitude 42 + 02 + 02 =4 Unit = 𝟎
0 𝟎
8 Relative to an origin 0, the position vectors of the points A, B and C are given by
2 −2 −1
OA = 1 OB = 4 OC = 2
3 3 1
Find the perimeter of triangle ABC = 5 + 14 + 3 = 8 + 𝟏𝟒 = 11.74
−4 −3 1
|AB| = 3 =5 |AC| = 1 = 𝟏𝟒 |BC|= −2 = 3
0 −2 −2

9 Relative to an origin 0, the position vectors of the points P and Q are given by OP = 3i + j + 4k and OQ = i + xj – 2k.
Find the values of x for which the magnitude of PQ is 7.

PQ = OQ – OP = (i + xj – 2k) – (3i + j + 4k) = – 2i + (1 – x)j + 6k

(– 2)2 + (1 – x)2 + 62 = 72
(1 – x)2 = 49 – 4 – 36
(1 – x)2 = 9
(1 – x) = ± 3  x = – 2 or 4

10 Relative to an origin 0, the position vectors of the points A and B are given by
4 3
OA = 1 OB = 2
−2 −4
(i) Given that C is the point such that AC = 2AB, find the unit vector in the direction of OC.
ci − 4 3−4 𝟐
cj − 1 = 2 2−1  OC = 𝟑
ck + 2 −4 + 2 −𝟔
|OC| = 22 + 32 + −62 = 7
𝟐
𝟏
Unit OC = 𝟕 𝟑
−𝟔
1
The position vector of the point D is given by OD = 4 , where k is a constant, and it is given that
k
OD = m OA + n OB, where m and n are constants.

(ii) Find the values of m, n and k.

1 4 3
4 =m 1 +n 2
k −2 −4
1 = 4m + 3n  1 = 4m + 3n
4 = m + 2n  16 = 4m + 8n –
 15 = 5n
n = 3
m=–2
k = – 2m – 4n  k =–8
The angle between two vectors :

OA = a = a1 i + a2 j

OB = b = b1 i + b2 j
OA = |a| ; OB = |b| ; AB = |b – a|
𝐎𝐀𝟐 +𝐎𝐁 𝟐 −𝐀𝐁 𝟐
Cos θ = 𝟐 𝐱 𝐎𝐀 𝐱 𝐎𝐁
𝐚𝟏 𝐛𝟏 +𝐚𝟐 𝐛𝟐 𝐚. 𝐛
Cos θ = = 𝐚 |𝐛|
𝐚𝟏 𝟐+𝐚𝟐𝟐 𝐱 𝐛𝟏 𝟐 +𝐛𝟐 𝟐

a.b = a1b1 + a2b2 + …

a.b = |a||b|cos θ

Perpendicular vectors :
a.b = 0

Further points concerning the scalar product :

𝐚𝟏 𝐛𝟏
𝐚𝟐 . 𝐛𝟐 = a1b1 + a2b2 + a3b3
𝐚𝟑 𝐛𝟑

Latihan 8C 
1 Find the angles between these vectors.
(i) 2i + 3j and 4i + j
a. b a 1 b 1 +a 2 b 2 2 x 4 +3 x 1 11
Cos θ = = = =
a |b| 22 +32 x 4 2 +12 13 x 17
a 1 2 +a 2 2 x b 1 2 +b 2 2

11
θ = cos – 1 = 42.30
13 x 17

(ii) 2i – j and i + 2j
a. b a 1 b 1 +a 2 b 2 2 x 1 + −1 x 2 0
Cos θ = = = =
a |b| 22 +−12 x 12 +22 5x 5
a 1 2 +a 2 2 x b 1 2 +b 2 2

θ = cos – 1 0 = 900

−1 −1
(iii) and
−1 −2
a. b a 1 b 1 +a 2 b 2 −1 x−1 + −1 x−2 3
Cos θ = = = =
a |b| 2 2 −12 +−12 x −12 +−22 2x 5
a 1 2 +a 2 2 x b 1 +b 2

3
θ = cos – 1 = 18.40
2x 5

(iv) 4i + j and i + j
a. b a 1 b 1 +a 2 b 2 4 x 1 +1 x 1 5
Cos θ = = = =
a |b| 4 2 +12 x 12 +12 17 x 2
a 1 2 +a 2 2 x b 1 2 +b 2 2

5
θ = cos – 1 17 x 2
= 31.00
 2 −6
(v) and
3 4
a. b a 1 b 1 +a 2 b 2 2 x−6 + 3 x 4 0
Cos θ = = = =
a |b| 2 2 22 +32 x −62 +4 2 13 x 52
a 1 2 +a 2 2 x b 1 +b 2

θ = cos – 1 0 = 900

3 −6
(vi) and
−1 2
a. b a 1 b 1 +a 2 b 2 3 x−6 + −1 x 2 −20
Cos θ = = = =
a |b| 2 2 32 +12 x −62 +22 10 x 40
a 1 2 +a 2 2 x b 1 +b 2

−20
θ = cos – 1 10 x 40
= 1800

2 The points A, B and C have co-ordinates (3, 2), (6, 3) and (5, 6), respectively.

(i) Write down the vectors AB and BC.

𝟑
AB = B – A =
𝟏
−𝟏
BC = C – B =
𝟑

(ii) Show that the angle ABC is 90°

BA . BC = 0
−3
BA = A – B =
−1
a. b a 1 b 1 +a 2 b 2 −3 x−1 + −1 x 3 0
Cos θ = = = =
a |b| −32 +−12 x −12 +32 10 x 10
a 1 2 +a 2 2 x b 1 2 +b 2 2

θ = cos – 1 0 = 900

(iii) Show that |AB| = |BC|.

32 + 12 = −12 + 32
𝟏𝟎 = 𝟏𝟎
(PROVEN)

(iv) The figure ABCD is a square. Find the co-ordinates of the point D.

AD = BC  Parallel

D – A = BC

D = BC + A
−1 3
D = +
3 2
𝟐
D =
𝟓
3 Three points P, Q and R have position vectors, p, q and r respectively, where
p = 7i + l0j q = 3i + 12j r = – i + 4j

(i) Write down the vectors PQ and RQ, and show that they are perpendicular.

PQ = q – p = – 4i + 2j

RQ = q – r = 4i + 8j

(ii) Using a scalar product, or otherwise, find the angle PRQ.

RP = p – r = 8i + 6j
a. b a 1 b 1 +a 2 b 2 8 x4+6x 8 80
Cos θ = = = =
a |b| 2 2 82 +62 x 4 2 +82 100 x 80
a 1 2 +a 2 2 x b 1 +b 2

80
θ = cos – 1 100 x 80
= 26.60

(iii) Find the position vector of S, the mid-point of PR.

S = ½ (r + p) = 3i + 7j

(iv) Show that |QS| = |RS|

02 + −52 = 42 + 32
𝟐𝟓 = 𝟐𝟓
(PROVEN)
Using your previous results, or otherwise, find the angle PSQ.

SP = – 4i – 3j SQ = – 5j
a. b a 1 b 1 +a 2 b 2 −4 x 0 + −3 x−5 15
Cos θ = = = =5x5
a |b| 2 2 −4 2 +−32 x 02 +52
a 1 2 +a 2 2 x b 1 +b 2

3
θ = cos – 1 5 = 53.10

4 Find the angles between these pairs of vectors .

2 2
(i) 1 and −1
3 4
a. b a1 b1 + a2 b2 + a3 b3 2 x 2 + 1 x−1 + 3 x 4 15
Cos θ = = = =
a |b| 2 2 2 22 +12 +32 x 22 +−12 +4 2 14 x 21
a12 + a22 2
+ a3 x b1 + b2 + b3

15
θ = cos – 1 14 x 21
= 29.00

1 3
(ii) −1 and 1
0 5
a. b a1 b1 + a2 b2 + a3 b3 1 x 3 + −1 x 1 + 0 x 5 2
Cos θ = = = =
a |b| 2 2 2 12 +−12 +02 x 32 +12 +52 2 x 35
a12 + a22 + a3 2 x b1 + b2 + b3

2
θ = cos – 1 2 x 35
= 76.20
 (iii) 3i + 2j – 2k and – 4i – j + 3k
a. b a1 b1 + a2 b2 + a3 b3 3 x−4 + 2 x−1 + −2 x 3 −20
Cos θ = = = =
a |b| 32 +22 +−22 x −4 2 +−12 + 32 17 x 26
a12 + a22 + a3 2 x b1 2 + b2 2 + b3 2

−20
θ = cos – 1 17 x 26
= 1620

5 In the diagram, OABCDEFG is a cube in which each side has length 6. Unit vectors i, j and k are parallel to OA, OC
1
and OD respectively. The point P is such that AP = 3 AB and the point Q is the mid-point of DF.

(i) Express each of the vectors OQ and PQ in terms of i, j and k.

OQ = OD + ½ DF = 6k + (3i + 3j) = 3i + 3j + 6k
PQ = OQ – OP = (3i + 3j + 6k) – (6i + 2j) = – 3i + j + 6k

(ii) Find the angle OQP.

OQ = – 3i – 3j – 6k
c = 3i – j – 6k
a. b a1 b1 + a2 b2 + a3 b3 −3 x 3 + −3 x−1 + −6 x−6 30
Cos θ = = = =
a |b| −32 +−32 +−62 x 32 +−12 +−62 54 x 46
a12 + a22 + a3 2 x b1 2 + b2 2 + b3 2

30
θ = cos – 1 54 x 46
= 53.00

6 Relative to an origin 0, the position vectors of points A and B are 2i + j + 2k and 3i – 2j + pk respectively.

(i) Find the value of p for which OA and OB are perpendicular.

a. b a1 b1 + a2 b2 + a3 b3 2 x 3 + 1 x−2 + 2 x p 𝟒 + 𝟐𝐩
Cos θ = = = = = 00
a |b| 2 2 2 22 +12 +22 x 32 +−22 +p 2 𝟑 𝐱 𝟏𝟑+𝐩
a12 + a22 + a3 2 x b1 + b2 + b3

4 + 2p = 0
p=–2

(ii) In the case where p = 6, use a scalar product to find angle AOB, correct to the nearest degree.
a. b a1 b1 + a2 b2 + a3 b3 2 x 3 + 1 x−2 + 2 x 6 16
Cos θ = = = =3x7
a |b| 22 +12 +22 x 32 +−22 +62
a12 + a22 + a3 2 x b1 2 + b2 2 + b3 2

16
θ = cos – 1 = 40.40
3x 7
 (iii) Express the vector AB in terms of p and hence find the values of p for which the length of AB is 3.5 units.

AB = OB – OA = i – 3j + (p – 2)k

|AB| = 3.5
12 + (– 3)2 + (p – 2)2 = 3.52
1 + 9 + p2 – 4p + 4 = 12.25
p2 – 4p – 1.75 = 0
4p2 – 16p – 7 = 0
(2p – 1)(p – 7) = 0
p1 = ½
p2 = 7

7 Relative to an origin 0, the position vectors of the points A and B are given by

OA = 2i – 8j + 4k and OB = 7i + 2j – k
(i) Find the value of OA . OB and hence state whether angle AOB is acute, obtuse or a right angle.
OA . OB = 2 x 7 + (– 8) x 2 + 4 x (– 1) = – 6 (Negative = Obtuse)

2
(ii) The point X is such that AX = AB . Find the unit vector in the direction of OX.
5
2 2 2
OX = OA + AX = OA + AB = OA + (OB – OA) = (2i – 8j + 4k) + (5i + 10j – 5k) = 4i – 4j + 2k
5 5 5

|OX| = 42 + −42 + 22 = 6
𝟐
𝟑
𝟐
Unit OX = − 𝟑
𝟏
𝟑

8. Relative to an origin 0, the position vectors of the points A and B are given by

OA = 2i + 3j – k and OB = 4i – 3j + 2k.
(i) Use a scalar product to find angle AOB, correct to the nearest degree.
a. b a1 b1 + a2 b2 + a3 b3 2 x 4 + 3 x−3 + −1 x 2 −3
Cos θ = = = =
a |b| 22 +32 +−12 x 4 2 +−32 +22 14 x 29
a12 + a22 + a3 2 x b1 2 + b2 2 + b3 2

−3
θ = cos – 1 14 x 29
= 98.60

(ii) Find the unit vector in the direction of AB.

AB = OB – OA = 2i – 6j + 3k

|AB| = 22 + −62 + 32 = 7
𝟏
Unit vector AB = (2i – 6j + 3k)
𝟕
 (iii) The point C is such that OC = 6j + pk, where p is a constant.

Given that the lengths of AB and AC are equal, find the possible values of p.

|AB| = |AC|

|OB – OA| = |OC – OA| = |(–2i + 3j + (p + 1)|

72 = (– 2)2 + 32 + (p + 1)2
49 = 4 + 9 + p2 + 2p + 1
p2 + 2p – 35 =0
(p + 7)(p – 5) =0
p1 =–7
p2 =5

9 Relative to an origin 0, the position vectors of the points P and Q are given by
−2 2
OP = 3 and OQ = 1 , where q is constant
1 q
1
(i) In the case where q = 3, use a scalar product to show that cos POQ = 7

OP . OQ = – 2 x 2 + 1 x 1 + 1 x 3 = 0
a. b a1 b1 + a2 b2 + a3 b3 –2x2+1x 1+1x3 2 2 1
Cos θ = = = = = = (PROVEN)
a |b| −22 +32 +12 x 22 +12 +32 14 x 14 14 7
a12 + a22 + a3 2 x b1 2 + b2 2 + b3 2

(ii) Find the values of q for which the length of PQ is 6 units.

4
PQ = OQ – OP = −2
q−1
|PQ| = 42 + −22 + (q − 1)2
62 = 16 + 4 + q2 – 2q + 1
q2 – 2q – 15 = 0
(q – 5) (q + 3) = 0
q1 = 5
q2 = – 3
10 The diagram shows a semi-circular prism with a horizontal rectangular base ABCD. The vertical ends AED and BFC

are semi-circles of radius 6 cm. The length of the prism is 20 cm. The mid-point of AD is the origin 0, the mid-point

of BC is M and the mid-point of DC is N. The points E and Fare the highest points of the semi-circular ends of the
prism. The point P lies on EF such that |EP| = 8 cm.

Unit vectors i, j and k are parallel to OD, OM and OE respectively.

(i) Express each of the vectors PA and PN in terms of i, j and k.

PA = OA – OP = – 6i – (8j + 6k) = – 6i – 8j – 6k

(ii) Use a scalar product to calculate angle APN.  PA & PN

PN = ON – OP = (6i + 10j) – (8j + 6k) = 6i + 2j – 6k
a. b a1 b1 + a2 b2 + a3 b3 −6 x 6 + −8 x 2 + −6 x−6 −16
Cos θ = = = =
a |b| 2 2 2 −62 +−82 +−62 x 62 +22 + −62 136 x 76
a12 + a22 + a3 2 x b1 + b2 + b3

−16
θ = cos – 1 136 x 76
= 99.10

11 The diagram shows the roof of a house. The base of the roof, OABC, is rectangular and horizontal with OA = CB =

14 m and OC = AB = 8 m. The top of the roof DE is 5 m above the base and DE = 6m. The sloping edges OD, CD,
AE and BE are all equal in length.

5 cm

Unit vectors i and j are parallel to OA and OC respectively and the unit vector k is vertically upwards.

(i) Express the vector OD in terms of i, j and k, and find its magnitude.
OD = ½ (14 – 6)i + 4j + 5k = 4i + 4j + 5k
 (ii) Use a scalar product to find angle DOB.  𝐎𝐃 & 𝐎𝐁

OB = 14i + 8j + 0k
a. b a1 b1 + a2 b2 + a3 b3 4 x 14 + 4 x 8 + 5 x 0 88
Cos θ = = = =
a |b| 4 2 +4 2 +52 x 14 2 + 82 + 02 57 x 260
a12 + a22 + a3 2 x b1 2 + b2 2 + b3 2

88
θ = cos – 1 = 43.70
57 x 260

12 The diagram shows a cube OABCDEFG in which the length of each side is 4 units. The unit vectors i, j and k are

parallel to OA, OC and OD respectively. The mid-points of OA and DG are P and Q respectively and R is the centre of
the square face ABFE.

(i) Express each of the vectors PR and PQ in terms of i, j and k.

PR = OR - OP = (4i + 2j + 2k) – (2 i) = 2i + 2j + 2k

PQ = OQ - OP = (2j + 4k) – (2 i) = – 2i + 2j + 4k

(iil Use a scalar product to find angle QPR.  𝐏𝐐 & 𝐏𝐑

a. b a1 b1 + a2 b2 + a3 b3 2 x−2 + 2 x 2 + 2 x 4 8
Cos θ = = = =
a |b| 22 +22 +22 x −22 + 22 + 4 2 12 x 24
a12 + a22 + a3 2 x b1 2 + b2 2 + b3 2

8
θ = cos – 1 12 x 24
= 61.90

(iii) Find the perimeter of triangle PQR, giving your answer correct to 1 decimal place.

QR = 4i + 0j – 2k
Perimeter = 𝐏𝐐 + 𝐏𝐑 + 𝐐𝐑
= 22 + 22 + 22 + −22 + 22 + 42 + 42 + 02 + 22
= 12 + 24 + 20
= 12.8 units