UNDS111 3 Parts of the Soul

Appetitive Soul - the part that is driven by

THE SELF FROM VARIOUS PERSPECTIVES desire and need to satisfy oneself (physical
needs,pleasure, desires)
Chapter 1: Philosophical Perspective Spirited Soul - the driver of our lives; the part
that thinks and plans for the future; the
What is Philosophy? conscious mind.
- Derived from the Greek words “Philos” and Rational Soul - the driver of our lives; the part
“Sophia” which literally means “Love for that thinks and plans for the future; the
Wisdom”. conscious mind.
- The study of acquiring knowledge through
rational thinking and inquiries that involves in St. Augustine
answering questions regarding the nature and - A saint and Philosopher of the church
existence of man and the world we live in. - Follows the idea that God encompasses us all
- His work’s focal point is on how God and his
Philosophers teaching affects various aspects in life.
- Rejected the doubtfulness of the academy in
which one cannot or should not accept ideas
Socrates Kant Descartes Churchland
from others.
Plato Freud Locke
Descartes
St. Ryle Hume Merleau- - Rene Descartes is French philosopher; Father
Augustine Ponty
of Modern Philosophy
- His belief in modern dualism or the existence of
Socrates body and mind and its implication to one’s
- His work was never published existence were presented with the evidences
- His students spoke of him in detail about his from experiments as well as philosophical
knowledge wit, wisdom & intellect reasoning
- Considered as first martyr for Education, - Descarte is known for the statement “Cogito
knowledge and philosophy Ergo Sum” which means in English as “I think
- His Philosophy: The Notion of “knowing therefor I am”
oneself” - A person is comprised of mind and body, the
- Men’s goal in life is to obtain happiness and body that perceives from the different senses
such goal motivates us to act towards or avoid and the mind that thinks and question or doubt
things that could negatively affect our lives what the body has experienced.
- Possession of knowledge is a virtue, ignorance
is depravity - a person’s acceptance of Locke
ignorance is the beginning of acquisition of - John Locke is a English philosopher, Physician;
knowledge Father of Classical Liberalism
- His work on the self is most represented by the
Introspection: concept “Tabula Rasa” which means a Blank
- Internal questioning of ourselves Slate
- He stated that a person is born with knowing
Socratic Method/Conversation nothing and that is susceptible to stimulation and
- A method of questioning oneself where accumulation of learning from the experiences,
the person assumes the role of both the failures, references, and observations of the
teacher and the student person.
- Considering this, it may imply that as a person,
Plato to be able to whom we want to be is limited only
- Student of Socrates to the environment, experiences, and the choice
- Wrote several literature about politics, human of the person.
nature
- Historically known to be the Father of the Hume
Academy - a place where learning and sharing - David Hume is a Scottish Philosopher
of knowledge happens - Focused his work in the field of Empiricism,
- Notable works: Allegory of the Cave, The Skepticism, and naturalism
Apology, The Republic - According to him, there is no permanent “self”
- According to Plato, a person who is a follower of that since our impressions of things based from
truth and wisdom will not be tempted by vices our experiences and from such impressions we
and will always be just. can create our ideas and knowledge.
- Believed in the division of a person’s body and - He said when a person is asked the question
oil which forms the person as a whole aside from “who are you?”, that person tends to answer
the material things; presented the idea that the different impressions such as good, happy,
soul has 3 parts. optimistic, contented, sad, etc. generally they
apply to who you are now but at the same time
these characteristics might change from time to
time.
 the unexplainable phenomenon or abilities of the
Kant mind where the soul is considered
- Immanuel Kant is a German Philosopher known - His explanation of self is further exemplified in
for his works on Empiricism and Rationalism his “ghost in the machine” view: a complex
- Kant responded to Hume’s work by trying to machine with different functioning parts, and the
establish that the collection of impressions and intelligence, and other characteristics or
different contents is what it only takes to define a behaviour of man is represented by the ghost in
person. the said machine.
- Kant argued that the awareness of different
emotions that we have, impressions and Churchland
behaviour is only part of our self. - Paul Churchland is a Canadian Philosopher
- He said that to fully understand who we are, whose focus is on the idea that people should
certain level of consciousness or sense that improve our association and use of words in
uses our intuition will pave the way to define and identifying the self.
know who we really are. - He has this idea that the “self” is defined by the
- Transcendental Apperception is an essence of movements of our brain.
our consciousness that provides basis for - The main philosophy of Churchland built the
understanding and establishing the notion of idea of “eliminative materialism” - eliminative
“self” by synthesizing one’s accumulation of materialism opposes that people’s common
experiences, intuition and imagination goes (e.g. sense understanding of the mind is false and
the idea of time and space) that most of the mental states that people
subscribe to, in turn, do not actually exist, this
Freud idea also applies on the understanding of
- Sigmund Freud is an Australian Psychologist behaviour and emotions.
and Physician, known as the father of - This leads to his idea of Neurophilosophy, he
psychoanalysis believed that to fully understand one’s
- Freud believed that man has different constructs behaviour, one should understand the different
of personality that interacts with each other and neurological movement of the brain that pertains
along with his concept of the different levels of to different emotions, feelings, actions and
consciousness provides an idea how a person reactions and how such brain movements affect
develops a sense of self. the body.
- Freud also introduced the idea that the
accumulation of the experiences of a person Merleau - Ponty
helps build his personality although such - Maurice Jean Jacques Merleau-Ponty is a
information are not stored in a single area French philosopher that is known for his works
- Believed that we are a by-product of our on existentialism and phenomenology.
experiences in the past - His idea of the self, regarded that the body and
mind are not separate entities, but rather those
Freud’s Aspects of Personality two components is one and the same.

ID - also known as the child aspect of a person; The Idea of Phenomenology of Perception according to
It is driven by the pleasure principle. Merleau - Ponty is divided into three (3) division:

SUPER EGO - the conscience of the one’s The Body - both received the experience as well
Personality (uphold justice, do what is morally right integrates such experiences in the different
and socially acceptable actions) perception.

EGO - known as the Police/mediator between id and The Perceived World - the accumulation of the
superego; it operates within the boundaries of reality; perception as integrated by the experiences of
keeps ID in check the body.

Freud’s Levels of Consciousness The People and the World - enable one to not
only be able to integrate the other objects in the
CONSCIOUS - where minority of our memories are world but also to be able to experience the
stored; memories that are in the conscious are easier to cultural aspect and relate to others
access.

PRE-CONSCIOUS - the middle part of the entirety of

our consciousness, the memories stored in this are can
still be accessed but with a little difficulty.

UNCONSCIOUS - this area is where majority of our

memories since childhood are deeply stored.

Ryle
- Doesn’t believe that the mind and body are two
separate entities which is said to be evident in
 THE SELF FROM VARIOUS PERSPECTIVE The Game Stage (6-9 years old)
- The final stage of self-development according to
Chapter 2 : Sociological Perspective Mead where are characterized by the ability of
the children to recognize the rules of the game
What is Sociology? and be able to identify their roles and the roles of
- The study of how human society is the others that is playing with them.
established, its structure and how it - With the idea of Mead with regards to the
works, the people's interaction with each establishment of the sense of self, socialization
other and the effects they have to one is a lifetime endeavor, and the people one
another is an aspect in which we have to interacts with will change throughout a person’s
consider with regards to the developmebt life, as such, considering the social environment
to a person. one belongs to along with the changes on the
person’s development.
George Herbert Mead
- Is an American Sociologist: considered as the
Father of American Pragmatism: one of the THE SELF FROM VARIOUS PERSPECTIVE
pioneers in the field of social psychology
because of his contributions on the development Chapter 3: Anthropological Perspective
of the person relating to various social factors.
- Mead rejected the idea of biological THE SELF AND THE PERSON IN CONTEMPORARY
determination of the self which proposes that an ANTHROPOLOGY
individual already has an established self from
the the moment he is born. Anthropology and Its Subdisciplines
- For him, the notion of a person with regards to - The academic discipline of anthropology, or
who they are develops from one's social “four-field” anthropology, studies human
interaction with other people. species and its immediate ancestors; includes
four main sub disciplines or
The "I" and the "Me" subfields-sociocultural, archaeological, biological
- Mead proposes that there are two components and linguisti anthropology.
of the self.
Cultural Anthropology
Me - Is the study of human society and culture which
- are the characteristics, behaviour, and or actions describes, analyzes, interprets and explains
done by a person that follows the "generalized social and cultural similarities and differences; it
others" that person and interacts wit. explores the diversity of the present and the
past.
I - Ethnography and Ethnology are two different
- is the reaction of the individual to the attitude of activities which can study and interpret cultural
others, as well as the manifestation of the diversity.
individuality of the person.
Ethnography - required field work to collect data; often
descriptive and specific to group.
Mead's Three (3) Role - playing Stages of Self
Development Ethnology - uses data collected by a series of
researchers, usually synthetic and comparative;
Preparation Stage - (Birth - 2 years old) cross-cultural comparison.
Play Stage - (2-6 years old)
Game Stage - (6-9 years old)
Archeological Anthropology
The Preparatory Stage (Birth - 2 years old) - reconstructs, describes and interprets human
- According to Mead, during this page the infant behavior and cultural patterns through material
simply imitates the actions and behaviors of the remains (e.g plant, animals, ancient garbage
people that the infant interacts with. that provide stories about use and actions)
- Because the child is only mimicking what he or
she observes from his or her environment, their Biological Anthropology
actions are only the reflection of what they can - focuses on these special interest human
remember without any intention or meaning evolution as revealed by the fossil, human
behind it. genetics, human growth and development,
human biological plasticity and the biology,
The Play Stage (2-6 years old) evolution, behavior and social life of monkeys,
- Children begin to interact with others where apes and other nonhuman primates.
certain rules apply (rules that are set by the
children themselves)
- The child practices real life situations through
pretend play and is the onset of
self-consciousness.
Linguistic Anthropology James had claimed that the understanding of Self can
- studies language in its social and cultural be separated into three (3) categories:
context across space and over time. Universal 1. Its constituents;
features of language are analyzed and 2. Self-feelings - the feelings and emotions they
association between language and culture are arouse;
evaluated. 3. Self-seeking & self-preservation - the actions
to which they prompt.
The Self Embedded in the Culture
- Culture refers to customary behavior and beliefs James Sub-categories of Self
that are passed on through enculturation
(Kottak,2008) The Material Self - is constituted by our bodies,
- Enculturation is the social process which culture clothes, immediate family and home.
is learned and transmitted.
The Social Self - is based on our interactions
Culture with society and the reaction of people towards
- is a social process that is learned and passed us.
down from generation to the next.
- Shared The Spiritual Self - is the most intimate; the
- Symbolic ability to argue and discriminate one's moral
- Natural sensibility, conscience and indomitable will.
- Learned
- Integrated
- Encompassing Concept of Self
- Maladaptive Carl Rogers, had come up with his conception of self
- Adaptive through the intervention he used for his client, the
Person-centered therapy - a non-directive intervention
- Csordas (1999) elaborated that the body is not that believes that all people have the potential to solve
an object to be studied in relation to culture, but their own problems.
is to be considered as the subject of culture.
- Geertz (1973) described culture as "a system Roger's Concept of Self
of inherited conceptions expressed in
symbolic forms by means of which men The Perceived Self (Self worth) - how the person sees
communicate perpetuate, and develop their self and others sees them.
knowledge about and attitudes toward life"
- Each culture has its own symbols and has its The Real Self (Self Image) - how the person really is
own meaning: one must need to comprehend
those meanings keeping in mind the end goal to The Ideal Self - how the person would like to be
understand the culture.

Concept of Unified and Multiple Self

THE SELF FROM VARIOUS PERSPECTIVE As Daniel CW (2016) wrote in his article
"Psychoanalysis vs Postmodern Psychology" he
Chapter 4: Psychological Perspective has emphasized how Freud perceived person as unified
beings and Gergens concept of multiple "selves"
Psychology
- has various ways of understanding a person and In Freud's concept, he argued that mind is divided into
the therapist way of helping people understand three connected but distinct parts:
themselves.
- The psychology of studying self is about either Id - the center of primitive, animalistic impulses (sex,
the cognitive and affective representation of food, and comfort) following the pleasure principle.
one's identity or the subject of experience.
- The earliest formulation of the self in modern Ego - the moderator between these two which is driven
psychology forms the distinction between tye by rationality principle.
self as I, the person knower, and the self as Me,
the person that is known. Super Ego - as the center for ethical imperative;
reminds the self of what is right of wrong following
"The Self and It Selves" morality principle.
- William James, a psychologist, has introduced in
his document. The Principles of Psychology
(1890) a numerous concepts and distinction of - Conscious are the thoughts that we are aware
self. of
- His main concepts of self are the "me-self" wnd - Unconscious as thoughts that we are not aware
the "I-self" . of.
- The "me-self" is the phenomenal self, the - Freud has argued that self has a multiple parts,
experienced self or the self as known. he still believed that ultimately we are a Unified
- The "I-self" is the self-thought or the beings (atleast, when we are healthy)
self-knower.
 - Gergen argued that having a flexible sense of
self allows for multiple "selves" . That it is up to
the self to define himself as warm or cold,
dominant or submissive, sexy or plain.
- According to Kenneth Gergen, proponent of
Postmodern Psychology, the individual has
many potential selves (cold or warm, dominant
or submissive, etc)
- Multiple selfhood is part of what it means to be
human, and forcing oneself to stick to one
self-concept maybe unhealthy.

True Self and Fake Self

True Self - as rooted from early infancy is called the

simple being. The sense of self based on spontaneous
authentic experience and feeling of being alive, having
"real self".

Fake Self - is our defense facade. Overlaying or

contradicting the original sense of self. Problem would
be we might build false set of relationship through
concealing and barren emptiness behind an
independent-seeming facade.