NAMME>RAM KRISHNA M_ W TFSS

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551GNMENT
QDiscuss the mafn characteristics of the
database approach and how 1t differS from
traditional ilesystems
felnJhe ma characteristtcsof the cletabase
appraach versuS thefileprocessing appLoach
are thefollouing
SELE=DESCRIBING 'NATURE DE A DATABASE
SYSTEM1

INSULATION BETWEEN PROGRAMS AND DATA

ANDDATA ABSTRACTION
)SUPPORT OF MULTIPLE YIELSOE THE DATA
SHARINIG AF DATAAND MDCTIDSER TRANSAC7|ONI.
PROCESSING
(SELF -DESCRIBINGNATURE OFA DATABASE-
SYSTEM
DB APPRDACH_iA fuadamental characterisHe
the olatabase approa.ch 5 that
the daiabasesyStem contains notonly he
databas fself but also acomplefecdefinition
Cr describfion of the dlatahasgstrucure and
constraints Ihedefinition isstored in the
DEMScatalag Lahich_eontains intormaHon such
ashe structuref eachle the type ac
Storageformat of ach data 2femane vrioosS
Constrans onthe data The information sfored
in the catalogs ealledmetc-olata and i
deseribes the sirueture o theprimcar data
base. _twlheneveraequeSis made to acces the
DBMS oftuware1efes to he eataloq to determir
the struefure of the file and the postton _and size
a tha Alame clata ifem_uolthin arecord.
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TRADITIONALFILE PROCtSs/NG: In tracitionena

file proccssing,
data definihion istyplcallpasf of
programs themselves flenefheseprogramsaaye thedpplicchion
consyained fooork ith on onapeci'fic
dateabesc ohose structure is oleclarecd in
the appliccutionprograms

INsUATION BETLWEEN PR0G RAM DND DATA.

AND 2DATA ABST RACTION
In draditionalfile processing thestructure
the
cdata files is embecdeled in the
appliccion pIograms o anychanges
to thestructure c afle may equlr
changin9 aprograms thet aLcess thet
ile
DB APPROACH _ByL Contrast DBMS access
programs donot _riequire sueh
chanqeS in most Cases he Structure of data
flessstorecd in theDBMSdeutalog separately
from fheatteSS programsJle call_this
prepert proqram: dala ndependaunte. Tn aLn
object-ariented_ancdsbleck-relational systems.
fn oparaions s specified in ttoo jpaurts
120Lts

The inderfacei of CLDoperction inclueles_the

operciioD name and the datatypes aik
a3gumenks. lhe implementation a the
paraion ispecifled separately and_can
be
tothout affectingthe interfae
LseopPplication programs can apercfei on fhe-
dafa by invohing these jperchions through
thefr names and asquments regard less
hou
ho the operafieon are tmplementecl1hIs
may be kerneel fermed program-o0erct
indepenclence.
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SoPpORT OFMULTIPLE VIEOS OF THE

DATA
A databare tpiceully has mauny tpes
ofCLSers cach_of whCm may reguire e
dilerent_perspechiveor vie the database
Aviel maybe c subsef of the database
ls
erit_may contain_virtual data that
derivecLom he olaabcsefilesbrut_3 not
explicitlhy storccl Amultiuse DBMSwhase
users have avariety_e dlsfinc epplicaticns,
muspIovidlefacilthesfor definingmuliple
vieLas orerample one seneef the databaie
may be Înterestec enly in eLccessing anel
ancl

printing the transeripE of _each shiclent A

second LSer Lwhof rferestec anly Pn
chechin9 thatstuclents have takenall the
prerequisites ef_each ccurse for which the
StudenE registers may equ?re the vieLI

SHABIALG OE DATA AND MULTD.SER_

TRANSACTIDA_PRDCESSLNG_
A mulhjuser
DBMS as 2k name implies mus ellous _mulHble
usersfn cuccessthe dlcitabase a t fhe same
imeYhis is_essentiol dcutefor mulible
abhlicathons s obe inteqrated anc maintained
in asingle clatabase, A fundamnental rale a
multiuser DBMSsoftuare s to ensure that
Loneurrent_ transaciens operatecorrect and
ebticient/yA transachion is anexecciing progra
Or process that includes one ar more dcitebase_

accessesStchas reading or pdaifing _aalectabe

-se recorcls, 7he DBMS musE_ enforce several_
hansacfion prcperties The aoltion propertj ensu
that each_transactien appeas exeeute P
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isalahionfrom ofher ransactiens even thouqh

hundreds iransactions may be executn
concetrentl 7he aitomicityprop11 ensures Bh
either all the database operaionSin_a_tran
n are executec or none _are.

0 List and Eablain theadvanteiges o

databasSe managemenaf System
AnsAavanteges o DBMSare 8-
1cONRDLIN4 REDUNDANCY
Data rectundancYLeccls tto was ted_
Storage SpaLce deplicatiorn fort ancd
a higher likelihood of theintrocluchion of
incon.alsisny Onthe other hand rectundanay
Can be usecl to improveperformance eE
ueciesTncleresor_exemplaare entirely
rechundeurntbut help the DBNIS n
processingqueries merequiehly DBMS
shnulcl oroviclathe capab!lity auto maHta
-lly enfarcethe tule that n6 inconstisteDcies.
are introcluceelwhen dai s ipdated.
RESTRICTING UNAUTHORIZED AcCESS
A DBMS shouldproviclea securih SECuriT

and Lthorization UhSEyStem ohich the

DBAusestocreate acconh ancd fo
specityaccount restrictions 7henthe DBMS
should enforce 1hese restrictionscutomaHeale

)PPO VIDING PERSISTENT sTORAGE FOB2

PROGRAM OBIEC7S
Ohyecforiented odatabase
ys1emas mahei easier for_comples runfLs
Bbjecs be savedfn econdeary Storc
asfoSurvive beyenc pregYan
termiatlon and efrtevable at
fo be
a later ime
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_PROVIDINGSTORAGE STRUCTORESAND
SEARCH TECHNIDUES OR EEICIENT
UERY PROCESSLNG
Database systems must
provicle capabilitiesforefticiently execubing-
LLerie s and cpdates Ihe Leryprocessing.
and opiimizafion module af the DBMSis
Lesponsible for choesing an etficienfqLer
eNecLton planfor each query baseo
en theexisfingstoragestruchuLes
5 PROVIDINGMCKUp ANNDRECOVERY
ADBMS MLLSt proviclefacilites
for recoVering_romharclwae orsofHoare
fallures The backup and recoueryubssystem
othaDGNIS résponsihla or recovery 1he
recover ubsjstem celol ensurethat the
transaction resumeclfrem th2pointat
hichitasinterrupted a0 thattaful
ellect srecorded in the dafahare.
C PROVLDING MULTIPLEUSER NTEREACE6-
Manytypes o Lwers ith varying
levels_ef technicalknoueledge seadetabace
aDBMS shoulel _provicleavariety ouser
interfares jor example g1ry_languagesfar
ntertale
casual usersprogramming angugintcracer
formsand/ or
for oppllcafionpregammers
Command 0des or parameticUSers_menu
lriven_ inderfacesfer_stund-alone_users
DREPRESENT ING cOMPLEX RELA71ONSHLPS
AMONG DATA
A DBMS must have thecapabilik
D r e p J e s e n t Varie ty ofcomplex eletlons hin
mong the data
among9- fo detine ne relatonships
asfhey_arise anc fo erleve and upelatee
selafedolala easily_cnd eltlctentl
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8ENEORCING_INTE4RLTY COSTRAIN7s-
Most database applicaions ha
cerfatn integri_constraints that must hole
for the dafe 7he simples
ypeo intear
constraint
invohresspecifying a data tpe
for
or ench_data item A more complez tpe
constrcuint that freguenty _eceurs
invchvec specifying thakia vecorcl n_pne
filk must berelated to records in ethe
Ftleshis s khoon asa referenHal inteaik
constralnk Another typeoconstrcilnt
Specifies unig uenes n_data fem vaua
this_is 6noN aS a heyorunigueness
Constraint.-

9 PERM1TTING 1NEERENCING AND ACT ONS

VIA RULES
I n aeleductive olauta base systen
ene maspeci eleclarative_rules hat
allou the elatq base to infer ne_datal
Eq 29Lureoutwhieh"atudenh arg
aiademi prabationSuch_capabiliHies Aculd
take thepleeeoapplication programs.
that woule be ucect fo ascectainsuch
3uch

infrLmationethereotse 4cHve databa.se sysfems

goenestepfurtherhyallovotn achve
ules that can be uséd o nitate acfion
ALLtomatically.
lith the help o oliagram explain the
CoMponent moclules f alorta basa,
environment.
7 h e iqure is divided into foo park..
he top part of the 9rerefers fo the
Varfous ASers e_the clatabase environmen E
and
thcirnterfaces
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ttS DBA Saf Cosual ApplicaHion farameti

users ProqranmErS USers_

DDL Privileged InterackiveApplicathion

sdatemenkl commancdu uer Proqrans
DL Precompiler _ Hos
Comptler Compiler language{
compller

DML LCompllec
Op.imize Compiler Tansachi

DBA Commande
ueries and Transactons
Runtime Storec
N Databas Dala
Stjsten2- Processor Manaqer
Lataleg
Data concuirenw control

Dichienary} BackupRecovery
thsystems

Sfored Dotrbase nput 7output

rom datahase
Ley and Iransacfton

eeciution
he lower partshouss the internak of the
DBMS Yespensibleforstorageofdafa anc
processin9 fronsactions
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7he daaba.se_and DBMSCatalbg are

stored on_disk Acress to the clis

ueuallyy
uiuall,
Rs
condrolled primarily. b fhe
peratingSystem
(Os) which schedules disheadl/rite
ManyDBMSs have their ewnbuffermanagemen
mbdulefo schedle d'sk reador'te.
Storedolata manager_controlsaccess fo DBMS
information thaut2s sforedon disk 1hether
it spart af_the adatabase r the catelog.
70p HALE FIGURE
i shoLaS iote1faces for the DBA staff_
cascualutersoho_workwith interactive
interfaces toorimulate queres
applicaion programmerg whocreateproqramns
usingSome hosEprogramnmnA tangtuages
parametric uSers do ata
Luho
entry-
ork by scpplyingparamet
predeined ransactiops
DBA STAFE 2
7he DDL comppler processes schema-
definitionsspecifiecd in the 2DL and
stores dascriptions afthe schemas lmefa-.
elota in the DBMS catalog.
The ccatalbg inckdes intnrmaion_such as
the names and sizeso les nameS
and clata types o data idems storage
deia?ls each tile mapping information
ambng3chemas and eonstrai'n.
CAsUH usERS
nleract asing some form o interae
Lohich e call the interecHyeque
intexface.
Dueries are parsedand validatedtor
Orrectness h e queryynfax ne
the
namesorlesand lala elements, and
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40 0n a queLsLompiler_tha compfles_then
into an nierna form.
This nternal ergissabjected te query
Dplimizalon
LLCry optimizes concerned sifh_fhe rearrang
-ement ancl possiblereordering a opera hions
eliminabion af redunclancies a1d uSe
Correcalgorithms and indexesduring ereccuton.
APPCICATIONNPROGRAMMERS
Wrtte programs in_hast languagesJuch_as
Java (_orLtt that _are subntHed t a
pre compiler
precomp?ler extrack DML commanclsfrom an
applfcation pregram
Commands are sent o the DML compiler_for
compilaHon_
rest sf the program ssent_fa Me hest languag-
Compfler
1he ohtect cooles r the DML commands anc
anci

the rest af thepragram re linked forming a-

canned ~ansacHon A
HINTHE LOOER_PART OF_FIGURE L
eXPCUtes
The runime databasLprocesSOL.
theprivileged commands
the erecutable queryplanscand
3)the aanned _fransactions ithnntimne
Paraumeterc
3orhs oith the syslem catalog and Ma
upalate tlh statisics
also worhs- th the stored data Manager_
which in turn ses basicoperaHngsystem_
servitesor carrsing_u Ibd-level input
cutpeut (read Jorite) operations betuaeen the
and ma?n_nemory
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Ezplatn_entity integrit and referenial

integrilyconstrafnB why each_ ?s
consicdered very important give example.
po ENTLLY NtEGLLTY
he primary hey a the p2rk he table
whould be an atribute that anipuely
identifies Lach_record
Here Pn genera the item wth_Dnbers
olefines_unlglenessand hence fs tavourable
for bein ed ar Primary pey
er excample -=
Tn_a_warehouse_database_m0del hetem
number_s_unigue and hence sthe primory
cey
severalrecorals_haue the sameprimary
keyvalue oining_ Oulo dupltcate the
iransitoNs fo mateh with_each other record
Aith_SAme recora

REEERENTLA INTEGRIT
This ensures thoak thelink betuween_the
transactinn table and part table_s_correctly
tormed.
In a transacion fable_the itemnumber
tor theoreign_Ky which_s the-
attribute that 1inks to the primar ke
of_the table
thethe transa.ckion table contains an ftem
number thats aso in_afable
oiningthe ables together A22LLl cause
transaction oith miss)ngoletallsleft
Out o resuls
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05) Disciss various fpes set thepry

cperahens ith_examplesS
Ana he variouS typesa set_thezIH- perchions
are ) union (u)
2) iniexsect (n)
Except/minu (
THE OALIOAl OPERATION
LA URI
Here _A and k _are the relations sYmbol
(w'suSed to denotethe union peraor
The result t h e relahion thet_basicall
ncluolesall the taples that are presen in
or eliminaHng- dsplicate
Egi=_Lef A 3 4 56

AVA=1243 5O 12
eliminatec,_
Here the duplPcate elaments re

THE INTERSECTIDN 6PERATION

LA DR
A and R_are aeaHons
ancl_the
Here
symbol D2s ed holennte the
fotersecion_Dperator T basical Pnchucles

all fhe tuples_thaf_are Rresenf in_ hoth

a n d R._

2 2 3, 12 16 20
AnRi2,3

it A 1,2, 6 9

Tn both the examples the elemenk_which

A ond _ae
are not_commonIn
eltmina tec)
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MINUs_OPERATION = / CxcEPT)
A-R
Here A andB_are elqHons anc

Smbo/ 1-1 usedto denote the

minus operafor he resulE_sbouss allL
all
elemens oAbut, not
ER- A
12 14 16, 1 20
8 2 2224-

4-3=/6 19 20
= X= - X