COMPREHENSIVE

SYNTHESIS
IN
PHILIPPINE HISTORY

SUBMITTED BY: JERALDEN TULIS

SUBMITTED TO: LANNIES JANE J. YBIAS

 1897 CONSTITUTION OF BIAK - NA- BATO
 The constitution of Biak-na-bato was the Provisionary constitution of the
Philippine republic during the Philippine revolution, and was promulgated by the
Philippine revolutionary government on 1 November 1897. this constitution
borrowed from Cuba, was written by Isabelo Artacho and Felix Ferrer in Spanish,
later on translated into Tagalog.
 There are 3 organs of the government under the constitution
1. The supreme council- which was vested with the power of the republic,headed by
the president and four department secretaries which is the interior,foreign
affairs,treasury, and war.
2. The Consejo supremo de Garcia Y Justicia ( Supreme council of grace and
justice)-which was given the authority to make decisions and affirm or disprove
the sentences rendered by other courts and to dictate rules for the administration
of justice.
3. Asamblea de Representantes ( Assembly of Representatives) - which was to be
convened after the revolution to create a new constitution and to elect new
council of government and representatives of the people.
 The constitution of biak-na-bato was never fully implemented, since a truce, the
pact of biak-na-bato, was signed between the Spanish and the Philippine
revolutionary army.

1899: MALOLOS CONSTITUTION

 Upon the defeat of the Spanish to the Americans in the battle of manila bay on 1
May 1898, the united states navy transported Aguinaldo back to the Philippines.
The newly reformed Philippine revolutionary forces reverted to the control of
Aguinaldo, and the Philippine declaration of independence was issued on 12 June
1898, together with several decrees that formed the first Philippine republic.
 The Malolos congress was elected,which selected a commission to draw up a
draft constitution on 17 September 1898, which was composed of wealthy and
educated men.
 The political constitution of 1899 is the constitution has 39 articles divided into
14 titles, with 8 articles of transitory provisions, and a final additional article. The
author of this constitution is Felipe Calderon.
 The 27 articles of Title IV detail the natural rights and popular sovereignty of
Filipinos, the enumeration of which does not imply the prohibition of any other
rights not expressly stated.. Title III, Article V also declares that the state
recognizes the freedom and equality of all beliefs, as well as the separation of
church and state.
 The form of government, according to Title II, Article 4 is to be popular,
representative, alternative,and responsible, and shall exercise three distinct
powers which is the Legislative, Executive, and Judicial. This Legislative power
was vested in a unicameral body called the assembly of representatives, members
of which are elected for terms of four years. This Executive power was vested in
the president, and elected by a constituent assembly of the assembly of
representatives and special representatives. The president will serve a term of
four years without re-election. There was no vice president,and in case of a
 vacancy, a president was to selected by the constituent assembly. This judicial
power is the authority granted to courts and judges by the constitution and other
laws to interpret and decide, based on sound legal principles, and rules
accordingly.

1935: THE COMMONWEALTH

CONSTITUTION
 Two acts of the United States Congress were passed that may be considered to
have qualities of constitutionality. First was the Philippine Organic Act of 1902,
the first organic law for the Philippine islands that provided for the creation of a
popularly elected Philippines Assembly. This act is specified that legislative
power would be vested in a bicameral legislature composed of the Philippine
commission as the upper house and the Philippine assembly as lower house. It
also include a bill of rights for Filipinos and the appointment of two non-voting
Filipino resident commissioners of the Philippines as representative to the united
states house of representative. Second act is functioned as a constitution was the
Philippine Autonomy Act of 1916,commonly referred to “Jones law”, which
modified the structure of the Philippine government through the removal of the
Philippine commission, replacing it with senate that served as the upper house
and its members elected by the Filipino voters, the first truly elected national
legislature. It was also this act that explicitly declared the purpose of the united
states to end their sovereignty over the Philippines and recognize Philippine
independence as soon as a stable government can be established.
 By 1934 another law, Tydings-McDuffie Act also known as the Philippine
Independence Act it provides an authority and defined mechanism for the
establishment of a formal constitution by a constitutional convention.

1973: CONSTITUTIONAL
AUTHORITARIANISM
 In this constitutional authoritarianism Ferdinand E. Marcos was elected as
president of the Philippines. In this year martial law was declared. The president
was to be elected as the symbolic and ceremonial head of state chosen from the
members of the national assembly. The president would serve a six-year term and
could be re-elected to an unlimited number of terms.
 President Marcos issued Presidential Decree No.73 Setting the date of the
plebiscite was postponed later on since Marcos feared that the public might vote
to reject the proposed constitution on 30 November 1973.
 This event caused the coming together of the non-violent opposition against the
Marcos authoritarian regime.

1987: CONSTITUTION AFTER MARTIAL LAW

 President Corazon Aquino’s government had 3 options regarding the constitution;
Revert to the 1935 Constitution, Retain the 1973 Constitution and be granted the
 power to make reforms, or Start a new reforms. She decided to make a new
Constitution that, according to the president herself, should be “ truly reflective of
the aspirations and ideals of the Filipino People”. The Constitutional convention
has composed of 48 members with varied backgrounds and representation.
 The Executive Branch is headed by the president and his cabinet, whom he
appoints. The president is the head of the state and the chief executive,but his
power is limited by significant checks from the two other co-equal branches of
government, especially during times of emergency.
 The Legislative Power resides in a congress divided into 2 houses: The Senate
and The House of Representatives. The 24 senators are elected at large by
popular vote, and can serve no more than two consecutive six- year term. There
are 234 legislative districts in the Philippines that elect their representative to
serve 3 year term.

ATTEMPTS TO AMEND OR CHANGE THE

1987 CONSTITUTION
 The 1987 Constitution provided for three methods by which the constitution can
be amended, all requiring ratification by a majority vote in a national referendum.
The first attempt was in 1995, the second attempt happened in 1997, when the
group called PIRMA hoped to gather signatures from voters to change the
constitution through a people’s initiative.
 Miriam Defensor Santiago, who brought the issue to court and won -with the
supreme council judging that a people’s initiative cannot push through without an
enabling law. Federalism may not be enough for those who clamor separation.
Any efforts to shift the system of government also entails costs , and it would not
be cheap it cost billions of money to change it.

AGRARIAN REFORMS
 Agrarian Reforms is essentially the rectification of the whole system of
agriculture. It is an important aspect of the Philippine economy because nearly
half of the population is employed in the agriculture sector, and most citizens live
in rural areas. Agrarian reforms is centered on the relationship between
production and the distribution of land among farmers. It is also focused on the
political and economic class character of the relations of production and
distribution in farming and related enterprises, how these connect to the wider
class structure. Through genuine and comprehensive agrarian reform, the
Philippines would be able to gain more from its agricultural sector, who have
been ,for the longest time, suffering in poverty and discontent.
 PHILIPPINE TAXATION
 Taxation is defined in many ways just like it is process by which the sovereign,
through its law making body, races revenue use to defray expenses of
government. It is also increasing its revenue welfare and protection of its
citizenry. It is a collection of the share of individual and organizational income by
a government under the authority of the law.
 Taxation also is the inherent power of the state to impose and demand
contribution upon persons,properties, or rights for the purpose of generating
revenues for public purposes.
 Fiscal adequacy mean that the sources of revenue taken as a whole should be
sufficient to meet the expanding expenditures of the government regardless of
business, export taxes, trade balances, and problems of economic adjustments .
 Equality or theoretical justice means the taxes levied must be base upon the
ability of the citizen to pay.
 Administrative feasibility this principle connotes that in a successful tax system,
such tax should be clear and plain to tax payers capable of enforcement.
 Consistency or compatibility with economic goals it is refer to the tax laws that
should be consistent with economic goals or programs of the government.
 COMPREHENSIVE
SYNTHESIS
IN
HUMAN BEHAVIOR
in ORGANIZATION

SUBMIITED BY: JERALDEN TULIS

SUBMITTED TO: VIOSA ARBISO ALENDRO

CHAPTER 5
 MOTIVATION
 Motivation defined as the process of activating behaviour, sustaining it, and
directing it toward a particular goal. It is also moves people to act and to
accomplish a task.
 There are conditions to met these are; the capacity to perform, opportunity to
perform and willingness to perform.
 There are also Elements of motivation just like intensity,direction and
persistence.
 We have two theories related to motivation classified as Content And Process
Theories. Content Theories are those that focus on analyzing the wants and needs
of an individual while Process Theories explain how people act in response to the
wants and needs that they have.
 Motivation through job design may defined as the way the elements in a job are
organized. We have 3 concepts that are important in designing jobs such as job
enrichment, job characteristics, and job crafting.
 Motivation through financial incentives this are the powerful tools of motivation.
They are monetary rewards paid to employees because of the output they
produce, skills, knowledge, and competencies. We have form of Incentives; time
rates, payment by results, performance and profit related pay, skill/competency
based pay and lastly cafeteria of flexible benefits system.

CHAPTER 6
COMMUNICATION
 Communication may be defined as the transfer of information including feelings
and ideas, from one person to another. The importance of communication without
communication organizations cannot exist. It is through communication that the
individual members of the organization will know the important concerns.
 There are 6 components of an effective communication such as Sender, Message,
Channel, Receiver, Feedback and The Environment.
 We have 3 basic methods which is Verbal, Written and Non-verbal
communication.
 We have 4 major Functions of communication such as Information function,
Motivation function, Control function and lastly Emotive function. Also there are
basic goals of effective communication consist of the following; to gain goodwill,
to inquire, to inform, and to persuade.
 We have also barriers to communication; Filtering, Selective perception,
Information overload, Emotions, Language, Communication Apprehension,
Absence of feedback, Physical separation and lastly Lack of credibility of the
sender.
 CHAPTER 7
WORK TEAMS AND GROUPS

 A group may be defined as two or more persons, interacting and interdependent,

who have come together to achieve certain objectives.
 We have two types of groups such as Formal Group and Informal Group.
 Also we have types of formal group consist of following; Command group and
Task group. Types of Informal group; Interest group and Friendship group.
 Teamwork promotes as strong working relationships, when employees work
together and succeed as a team, they form bonds that can turn into trust and
friendship. It also build strong employee relationships because the more
employees work close to each other, the more they get to know each other and
develop a liking for each other. The more they work together , learn together.

CHAPTER 8
LEADERSHIP

 Leadership may be defined as the process of guiding and directing the behaviour
of people in the organization in order to achieve certain objectives.
 The difference between leadership and management is that leadership is the
ability of an individual to influence, motivate, and enable others to contribute to
the organization’s success while management is responsible for controlling an
organization , a group, or a set of entities to achieve a particular objective.