Name:

ECE 5500 SPRING 2019

POWER SYSTEMS ANALYSIS

Exam #1 Date: May 17, 2019

Open textbook, open notes. Show all work; no credit will be given for correct
answers without supporting calculations. Work neatly; if the work is illegible, it
will earn no points.

1) (25%) The one line diagram of a three-phase power system is as shown in Fig. 1. Impedances
are marked in per unit on a 100-MVA, 400-kV base. The load at bus 2 is S2 = 15.93 − j33.4 MVA
and at the bus 3 S3 = 77 + j14 MVA. It is required to hold the voltage at bus 3 at 400∠0◦ kV.
Working in per unit, determine the voltage at buses 2 and 1.

V1 (t)

V2(t)

V3 (t)

XL12=0.5 XL23=0.4

S2
(t) S3
(t)

Figure 1: Problem 1

Solution:
Base quantities:

SB = 100 MVA
VB = 400 kVA

S2 15.93 − j33.4
S pu
2 = = = 0.1593 − j0.334 = 0.37∠ − 64.50◦ pu
SB 100
S3 77 + j14
S pu
3 = = = 0.77 + j0.14 = 0.7826∠10.30◦ pu
SB 100
V3 400∠0◦
V3pu = = = 1∠0◦ pu
VB 400

1
 V1 (t)

V2 (t)

V3 (t)

XL12=0.5 XL23=0.4

I12 I2 I3
S2
(t) S3
(t)

Figure 2: Problem 1: Solution

for convenience we will drop superscript pu

S ∗3 0.77 − j0.14
I3 = ∗ = = 0.77 − j0.14 = 0.7826∠ − 10.305◦ pu
V3 1

V 2 = V 3 + jXL23 I 3 = 1∠0◦ + j0.4 · (0.77 − j0.14) = 1.056 + j0.308 = 1.1∠16.26◦ pu

The line-to-line voltage at bus 2 is:

V2 = V2pu · VB = 1.1 · 400 = 440 kV

S ∗2 0.1593 + j0.334
I2 = = = 0.054 + j0.332 = 0.3364∠80.76◦ pu
V ∗2 1.1∠ − 16.26◦

I 12 = I 2 + I 3 = (0.054 + j0.332) + (0.77 − j0.14) = 0.824 + j0.192 = 0.8461∠13.119◦ pu

V 1 = V 2 + jXL12 I 12 = 1.1∠16.26◦ + j0.5 · (0.824 + j0.192) = 0.96 + j0.72 = 1.2∠36.87◦ pu

The line-to-line voltage at bus 1

V1 = V1pu · VB = 1.2 · 400 = 480 kV

2
2) (25%) A single-phase transformer rated 1.2 kV/120 V, 7.2 kVA has primary-referred parameters
R1 = r1 + a2 r2 = 1Ω and X1 = x1 + a2 x2 = 4.0 Ω. At rated voltage its core loss may be assumed
to be 40 W for all values of the load current.
Determine the efficiency and regulation of the transformer when it deliveres 7.2 kVA at V2 = 120
V and power factor of:

(a) 0.85 lagging;

(b) 0.85 leading.

Solution:

(a) cos θ = 0.85, lagging

cos(θ) = 0.85 lagging ⇔ θ = cos−1 (0.85) = 31.79◦

S2
lagging PF ⇔ I 2 = I2 ∠ − 31.79◦ = (cos(θ) − j sin(θ))
V2
7200
= (0.85 − j0.527) = 51 − j31.62 = 60∠ − 31.79 A
120
Power losses in the transformer
( )2 ( )2
I2 60
Ploss = Pcore + R2 I12 = Pcore + R2 = 40 + 1 = 40 + 36 = 76 W
a 10

Output power

Pout = S · cos θ = 7, 200 · 0.85 = 6, 120 W

Power efficiency
Pout Pout 6, 120
η= · 100 = · 100 = · 100 = 98.77%
Pin Pout + Ploss 6, 120 + 76

I2 51 − j31.62
V 1 = aV2 + (R1 + jX1 ) = 10 · 120 + (1 + j4)
a 10
◦
= 1, 217.7 + j17.23 = 1, 217.9∠0.811 V

percent regulation
Vno−load − VL 1, 217.9 − 1200
ϵ= · 100% = · 100% = 1.49%
VL 1200

3
(b) cos θ = 0.85, leading
η = 98.77% because it does not depend on whether θ is leading or lagging
S2
leading PF ⇔ I 2 = I2 ∠31.79◦ = (cos(θ) + j sin(θ))
V2
7200
= (0.85 + j0.527) = 51 + j31.62 = 60∠31.79 A
120

I2 51 + j31.62
V 1 = aV2 + (R1 + jX1 ) = 10 · 120 + (1 + j4)
a 10
= 1, 192.5 + j23.562 = 1, 192.7∠1.132◦ V

percent regulation
Vno−load − VL 1, 192.7 − 1200
ϵ= · 100% = · 100% = −0.61%
VL 1200

4
3) (25%) A balanced ∆-connected load consisting of a pure resistance of 18 Ω per phase is in
parallel with a purely resistive balanced Y -connected load of 12 Ω per phase as shown in fig. 3
The combination is connected to a three-phase balanced supply of 346.41 V rms (line-to-line) via
three-phase line having an inductive reactance of j3 Ω per phase. Taking the phase voltage Van as
reference, determine:

(a) The current, real power and reactive power drawn from the supply.

(b) The line-to-neutral and the line-to-line voltage of phase a at the combined load terminals.

Figure 3: Problem 3

Solution:
Transforming the ∆ connected load to an equivalent Y -connected load, result in the phase a equiv-
alent circuit, shown in fig. 4

Figure 4: Problem 3: per-phase equivalent circuit

(a)
346.41
Van = √ = 200 V
3
The input impedance is:
12 · 6
Z= + j3 = 4 + j3 Ω
12 + 6

5
 Van 200
Ia = = = 32 − j24 = 40∠ − 36.87◦ A
Z 4 + j3
The total complex power is:

S = 3V an I ∗a = 3 · 200 · 40∠36.87◦ = 24, 000∠36.87◦ = (19.200 + j14.4) kVA

(b)

V 2 = V an − Z L I a = 200 − j3 · 40∠ − 36.87◦ = 128 − j96 = 160∠ − 36.87◦ V

Thus, the magnitude of the line-to-line voltage at the load terminal is

√ √
V2L = 3 · V2 = 3 · 160 = 277.1 V

6
4) (25%) A three-phase round-rotor synchronous generator, rated 16 kV and 200 MVA, has negli-
gible losses and synchronous reactance of 1.65 per unit. It is operated on an infinite bus having a
voltage of 15 kV. The internal emf E and the power angle δ of the machine are found to be 24 kV
(line-to-line) and 27.4◦ , respectively.
(a) Determine the line current and the three-phase real and reactive power being delivered to the
system.

(b) If the mechanical power input and the field current of the generator are now changed so that
the line current of the machine is reduced by 25% at power factor of (a), find the new internal
emf E and the rotor angle δ.
Per-unit values are given on machine rating as the base.

Solution:

(a) Using VB = 16 kV, SB = 200 MVA base;

15
V = = 0.9375 pu
16
24
E= ∠27.4◦ = 1.5∠27.4◦ = 1.3317 + j0.6903 pu
16
E−V 1.3317 + j0.6903 − 0.9375
Ia = =
jXS j1.65
= 0.4818∠ − 29.7302◦ = 0.4184 − j0.2389 pu

SB 200 · 103
IB = √ = √ = 7.217 kA
3 · VB 3 · 16
I = Ia · IB = 0.4818 · 7.217 = 3.477 kA

S = V I ∗ = 0.9375 · 0.4818∠29.7302 = 0.3922 + j0.2240 = 0.4517∠29.7302 pu

S = 0.4517 · 200 = 90.34 MVA

P = 0.3922 · 200 = 78.45 MW

Q = 0.2240 · 200 = 44.80 MVAr

(b)
I a = 0.75 · 0.4818∠ − 29.7302◦ = 0.3613∠ − 29.7302◦ = 0.3138 − j0.1792 pu

E = V + jXs I a
= 0.9375 + j1.65 · (0.3138 − j0.1792) = 1.2332 + j0.5177 = 1.3374∠22.7743◦ pu

E = 1.3374∠22.7743◦ · 16 = 21.3990∠22.7743◦ kV