06 Passenger Car Engine Oil 1600615748970

Performance you can rely on.
Passenger Car Engine Oil

InfineumInsight.com/Learn
1 © INFINEUM INTERNATIONAL LIMITED 2019. All Rights Reserved.
©INFINEUM INTERNATIONAL LIMITED 2020. All Rights Reserved.
© 2020 Infineum International Limited. All rights reserved.
Introduction and Outline
1 2 3
The components API SN-PLUS and The PCEO market

of a PCEO ILSAC GF-6 and future trends
additive package specifications
2
Overarching Formulation Considerations
▪ ACC Code of Practice, ATC Code of ▪ OEM requirements including factory

Practice, API EOLCS guidelines, and fill or service fill applications
ATIEL guideline
▪ Base stock availability and quality
▪ Desired performance level or
specifications ▪ Component and viscosity modifier
(VM) technology
▪ Viscosity grade coverage
▪ Customer / oil company requirements
3
What goes into a Finished PCEO?
Base stock, 72-89%(m)
Additive package, 5-12%(m)
Viscosity modifier, 5-15%(m)
Pour point depressant, <1%(m)
4
What goes into a PCEO Additive Package?

Component Function Typical type
Suspension of soot, sludge, and deposit
Dispersant PIBSA/PAM
precursors
Prevention of rust, corrosion, and deposit Calcium or magnesium based

Detergents
adhesion sulphonates, phenates, and salicylates
Prevention of oxidation via radical traps and ZDDP, diphenylamine, hindered

Antioxidants
peroxide decomposition phenols, metal and/or sulfur-based
Anti-wear agents Prevention of surface microwelding and tearing ZDDP
Short-chain organic acids, ‘solid’

Friction modifiers Reduction of boundary layer friction
lubricants
Anti-foamant Reduction in foaming tendency and stability Polydimethylsiloxane
5
PCEO Categories: Past, Present, Future
6
ILSAC GF-6
ILSAC GF-6 is driven by a combination of regulatory and/or performance needs
▪ Fuel economy improvement
▪ Low Speed Pre-Ignition (LSPI) protection
▪ Improved deposits protection
▪ Improved cam chain wear performance
▪ Replacement of old tests
7
API and ILSAC Gasoline Specifications
Sequence VID Sequence VIE/F

Sequence VIII Sequence VIII
Sequence VG Sequence VH
Sequence IVA Sequence IVB
Sequence IIIG Sequence IIIH
Sequence IIIGA Sequence IIIHA
Sequence X
Sequence IX
P & S content
P & S content Ball Rust Test
TEOST MHT NOACK + VGC
Ball Rust Test TEOST 33C EOFT + EOWT
NOACK + VGC E85 Emulsion Foam + HTFoam
EOWT + EOFT E85 Emulsion
Foam + HTFoam Miscibility
Miscibility
Elastomers
8
API SP and ILSAC GF-6 Engine Tests, Some Have Replacements

Test Parameter Engine description
Sequence IIIH Oxidation and deposits control 2012 FCA 3.6L PFI
2012 FCA 3.6L PFI
Sequence IIIHA Aged oil viscosity
Bench
Sequence IIIHB* Phosphorous retention 2012 FCA 3.6L PFI
Sequence IVB Wear control 2010 Toyota 1.5L PFI
Sequence VH Sludge and varnish control 2013 Ford 4.6L PFI
Sequence VIII Bearing corrosion resistance and shear stability CLR Test 0.7L
Sequence VIE
Fuel economy 2012 GM 3.6L PFI
OR Sequence VIF*
Sequence IX Low Speed Pre-Ignition protection 2016 Ford 2.0L GDI
Sequence X Cam chain wear protection 2016 Ford 2.0L GDI
*Sequence VIF only required for GF-6B (0W-16)

9
Engine Tests
10
Sequence IIIH
PASS
Evaluates viscosity increase, piston deposits, and
valve train wear during high temperature conditions
Viscosity Increase v. Time
200%
Viscosity Increase
Parameter Units Seq. IIIH
related to Lubricant
Oxidation
150%
KV40 increase [%] ≤ 100
Avg. weighted [merits] ≥ 4.2

KV Increase [%]
Break Point piston deposits

100%
Viscosity
FAIL
Avg. cam + lifter [m] -
Increase related
50% to basestock wear
volatility
Hot stuck rings [#] =0
0%
Timing 20 40 60 80 100
11
Sequence IIIHA (and ROBO)

Evaluates the low temperature performance of used oil
▪ Seq. IIIHA utilizes used oil previously evaluated in the Seq. IIIH
▪ ROBO (Romaszewski Oil Bench Oxidation) intended to simulate oxidation of fresh oil
in the Seq. IIIH on the bench scale to improve efficiency in oil qualification
▪ Oil oxidized with NO2 and air for 40h at 170°C in the presence of iron catalyst
▪ Both Seq. IIIHA and ROBO evaluated against the same criteria:
Parameter Units GF-6 Limit
≤ 60,000
MRV apparent viscosity at EOT [cP]
(at original or next highest viscosity grade)
MRV yield stress at EOT [Pa] < 35
12
Sequence IVB
Evaluates a lubricant’s performance in resisting valve train wear and control of iron concentration
Average Intake Lifter Volume Loss [m] ≤ 2.7
Fe Content at EOT Ppm < 400
Camshaft Lobe from Toyota 2NR-FE Engine Imaged using 3D Profilometry
13
Sequence VIII
Evaluates a lubricant’s performance in resisting

copper-, lead-, or tin-bearing corrosion and
measures shear stability
PASS FAIL
Parameter Units GF-6 limit
Bearing weight loss [mg] ≤ 26
Shear stability = stay in grade
14
Sequence VH
Evaluates a lubricant's ability to prevent sludge and varnish formation PASS FAIL
Parameter Units GF-6 limit

Seq. VH
Engine sludge, average [merits] ≥ 7.6

Rocker cover sludge, average [merits] ≥ 7.7
Engine varnish, average [merits] ≥ 8.6
Piston skirt varnish [merits] ≥ 7.6
Oil screen sludge [%] Report
Hot stuck compression rings [#] =0
Cold stuck rings [#] Report
Oil screen clogging [%] Report
Oil screen debris [%] Report
15
Sequence VIE/VIF
Evaluates the effect of engine oil on the fuel economy of passenger cars and light-duty trucks
▪ Seq VIF run only for 0W-16 viscosity grade with different procedure for Seq VIE
FEI2 Limit [%]

FEI2 Limit [%] FEISUM Limit [%] FEISUM Limit [%]
SAE Grade Seq. VIE
Seq. VIE Seq. VIE Seq. VIE
xW-20 ≥ 1.8 ≥ 3.8
xW-30 ≥ 1.5 ≥ 3.1
10W-30 ≥ 1.3 ≥ 2.8
0W-16 ≥ 1.9 ≥ 4.1
16
Sequence IX
▪ Fired engine dynamometer lubricant test which evaluates the ability of a test
lubricant to reduce pre-ignition events
▪ Test sequence (each 175000 cycles) repeated for 4 test iterations
▪ LSPI events are defined as outliers of peak pressure (PP) and crank angle
location of 2% mass fraction burned (MBF02) data.
▪ Limit on total number of LSPI events across all 4 cylinders averaged over 4 iterations
Average total number of LSPI events # ≤5
17
Sequence X
▪ Sequence X Ford Chain Wear Ford Timing Chain Inner Guide Link Plates
test designed to induce wear
on timing chain
▪ Elongation occurs over time,

which can lead to potential
misfires and loss of power
Parameter Units SN PLUS
Limit
Chain stretch % ≤ 0.085
18
The PCEO Market and Future Trends
19
NA Viscosity Grade Trends

US PCMO lubricant demand for 2018
was estimated around 545 MM gal.
▪ Up ~1% from 2017, modest increase due to increased
disposable income
▪ Significant sales from collective independent brands
Viscosity grades are changing…

*Infineum estimate
▪ SAE 5W-30 remains the dominant grade (40%)
▪ Lower viscosities continue to grow
▪ Significant growth for 0W-20 seen. Only 10% of the
market in 2016, expected closer to 20% by YE 2018
▪ SAE 0W-16 continues to be a very niche grade but
generates interest
▪ More Grp III players in the market in 2018, creating
significant qualification work
20
NA Market Segmentation
Conventional ILSAC GF-5 oil High Mileage
is the majority of the market 8% Mid Tier
13% Conventional
Roll to GF-6 expected to be relatively swift API SN | ILSAC
GF-5
Branded Top Tier 64%
Conventional API SN/ILSAC GF-5 10%
included synthetic blend volumes
Mid Tier includes mainline synthetics, API SL and

below *Infineum estimate
dexos 1, 0W-20 ‘s 5%
dexos1 increasingly being commoditized
Market action/reaction concentrated in
Top Tier Includes EU PCMO needs Mid Tier and Branded Top Tier
• Niche vis grade coverage
• Non-standard claim sets
• Extended drain claims
21
US OEMs Continue to Drive Oil Performance Forward

▪ API SN Plus has brought LSPI prevention to the general market
▪ Some interim OEM specifications have also advanced oil quality ahead of GF-6
▪ The ILSAC GF-6 specification development targets these performance improvements valued by API and OEMs
ILSAC GF-6 Targeted Performance Areas
Low Speed Engine

Cleanliness/ FE and FE
Pre-ignition durability
Deposits Ctrl Retention
(LSPI)
Additional
GF-6 Focus
Areas
WSS-M2C945-B1
WSS-M2C946-B1
WSS-M2C947-B1
WSS-M2C953-B1
22
General Motors and dexos™

▪ GM created harmonized specifications to improve ▪ GM licenses use of dexos™ trademark separately
efficiency and cost while ensuring consistent quality from the API Service Symbol (‘donut’) and
among suppliers Certification Mark (‘starburst’), and the marketer
incurs an annual licensing and royalty fee based on
• dexos1™ for • dexos2™ for their market share
gasoline engines diesel engines
▪ Current dexos1™ includes elements of ILSAC GF-5 ▪ dexos1™ program costs about 3-4x an ILSAC GF-5
(more stringent) and ACEA A in addition to approval
GM/OPEL engine tests
▪ Mandatory use of dexos1™:2015 was
▪ New dexos1™ generation 3 specification (released in August 31, 2017
Sept 2020) will include elements of ILSAC GF-6, as ▪ To include Low Speed Pre-Ignition (LSPI) protection
well as two new GM engine tests for transient SPI ▪ New dexos1TM Gen 2 trademark
and Fuel Economy
23
Relative PCMO Spec Performance Comparison

LSPI ▪ The API SN PLUS improves upon ILSAC GF-5
SN-PLUS-RC
GF-6 solely by LSPI
Oxidation FE dexos1
dexos1gen2
▪ ILSAC GF-6 raises the bar in most every
dimension over API SN PLUS
▪ dexos1 gen2 is well aligned with ILSAC GF-6

Wear Deposits
today but does provide additional
performance in some areas due to
additional tests and limits
Aeration Sludge ▪ dexos1 gen3 may help create more of a gap

from GF-6 in yet undetermined area
Volatility
24
Summary
1 2 3
PCEO formulation requires The NA market continues to ILSAC GF-6 will deliver
careful component and base experience segmentation improved fuel economy
stock selection Due to diverging OEM and more robust engine
To achieve balanced needs, engine platforms, protection,
performance in combination and consumer
Similar to its predecessors →
engine and bench tests preferences
still a very competitive market
defined by a specification segment
25
Appendix
26
Detergents
Many configurations available including:
• Salicylates, phenates, and sulphonates
Background
• Neutral and highly overbased
• Magnesium and/or calcium
1. Mixture of detergents generally used to provide an balance of attributes

2. Neutral provide detergency for piston cleanliness while overbased provide a source of
alkalinity reserve
3. Sulfonates more effective at lower temperature (piston skirt) while phenates more effective
Formulation at higher temperature (piston crown)
considerations
4. Salicylates provide detergency and antioxidant protection, and their low sulfur content
enables greater flexibility in restricted formulations
5. Metal variety can affect wear performance
6. Source of ash, a restricted parameter in some applications
27
Dispersants
• High and low molecular weight
Background
• Chloro or thermal
• Borated or non-borated
1. Concentration and type chosen to provide:
• Sludge and filter plugging control
• Piston and engine cleanliness
• Control of soot-induced oil thickening
2. Contributes significantly to additive package and finished oil viscosity, so high treat rates
Formulation
can be detrimental to fuel economy performance
considerations
3. Detrimental to CCS viscosity
4. Chloro-dispersant contains residual chlorine, a restricted parameter in some applications
5. May be detrimental to compatibility with certain elastomers
6. Borated dispersants are beneficial in wear and elastomer compatibility, at the expense of
sludge control efficiency
28
ZDDP
Background • High or low molecular weight
• Primary or secondary
1. Provide dual-functionality as both an antioxidant and antiwear component

2. Lower molecular weight provides better wear protection while higher molecular weight
provides better thermal stability
Formulation 3. Secondary provides better wear protection while primary provides better thermal
considerations stability
4. Source of ash, a restricted parameter in some applications
5. Contribute phosphorous, a controlled parameter for emissions system protection
6. Highly efficient and cost-effective
29
Antioxidants and Friction Modifiers

Antioxidants
Several options available beyond ZDDP including:
Background • Aminic and phenolic
• Metal – and/or sulfur-based
Formulation 1. Response of oil to oxidation varies significantly by engine test, so a combination of

considerations antioxidants typically used to achieve performance
Friction Modifiers
Several options available including:
Background • Organic
• Inorganic
Formulation 1. Some are highly surface active and can detrimentally impact wear performance
considerations 2. Organic FMs may cause stability issues in the additive package or finished oil
30
Viscosity Modifiers
Many options available including:

Background • OCP, PMA, styrene/isoprene copolymer
• Functionalized (dispersant) or non-functionalized
1. Exhibit different degrees of temporary and permanent viscosity loss in high-

shear operating conditions
2. Exhibit different contributions to low temperature performance
Formulation
considerations 3. Typically detrimental to engine cleanliness
4. Selection of VM may benefit fuel economy
5. VM diluent contributes to finished oil volatility
31
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Performance you can rely on.

Passenger Car Engine Oil

Performance you can rely on.

Introduction and Outline

The components API SN-PLUS and The PCEO market

©INFINEUM INTERNATIONAL LIMITED 2020. All Rights Reserved.

Overarching Formulation Considerations

▪ ACC Code of Practice, ATC Code of ▪ OEM requirements including factory

▪ Customer / oil company requirements

©INFINEUM INTERNATIONAL LIMITED 2020. All Rights Reserved.

What goes into a Finished PCEO?

Base stock, 72-89%(m)

Additive package, 5-12%(m)

Viscosity modifier, 5-15%(m)

Pour point depressant, <1%(m)

©INFINEUM INTERNATIONAL LIMITED 2020. All Rights Reserved.

What goes into a PCEO Additive Package?

Prevention of rust, corrosion, and deposit Calcium or magnesium based

Prevention of oxidation via radical traps and ZDDP, diphenylamine, hindered

Anti-wear agents Prevention of surface microwelding and tearing ZDDP

Short-chain organic acids, ‘solid’

Anti-foamant Reduction in foaming tendency and stability Polydimethylsiloxane

©INFINEUM INTERNATIONAL LIMITED 2020. All Rights Reserved.

PCEO Categories: Past, Present, Future

▪ Fuel economy improvement

▪ Low Speed Pre-Ignition (LSPI) protection

▪ Improved deposits protection

▪ Improved cam chain wear performance

▪ Replacement of old tests

©INFINEUM INTERNATIONAL LIMITED 2020. All Rights Reserved.

API and ILSAC Gasoline Specifications

Sequence VID Sequence VIE/F

API SP and ILSAC GF-6 Engine Tests, Some Have Replacements

Sequence IVB Wear control 2010 Toyota 1.5L PFI

Sequence VH Sludge and varnish control 2013 Ford 4.6L PFI

Sequence X Cam chain wear protection 2016 Ford 2.0L GDI

*Sequence VIF only required for GF-6B (0W-16)

Avg. weighted [merits] ≥ 4.2

Break Point piston deposits

©INFINEUM INTERNATIONAL LIMITED 2020. All Rights Reserved.

Sequence IIIHA (and ROBO)

Parameter Units GF-6 Limit

MRV yield stress at EOT [Pa] < 35

©INFINEUM INTERNATIONAL LIMITED 2020. All Rights Reserved.

Parameter Units GF-6 Limit

Average Intake Lifter Volume Loss [m] ≤ 2.7

Fe Content at EOT Ppm < 400

Camshaft Lobe from Toyota 2NR-FE Engine Imaged using 3D Profilometry

©INFINEUM INTERNATIONAL LIMITED 2020. All Rights Reserved.

Evaluates a lubricant’s performance in resisting

Bearing weight loss [mg] ≤ 26

Shear stability = stay in grade

©INFINEUM INTERNATIONAL LIMITED 2020. All Rights Reserved.

Parameter Units GF-6 limit

Engine sludge, average [merits] ≥ 7.6

©INFINEUM INTERNATIONAL LIMITED 2020. All Rights Reserved.

FEI2 Limit [%]

xW-20 ≥ 1.8 ≥ 3.8

xW-30 ≥ 1.5 ≥ 3.1

10W-30 ≥ 1.3 ≥ 2.8