Periodic table

Lab Report 2
Guliyev Turan 10BA1
Introduction
The properties of metals are very important in human life. Properties affect to the
health,economy,industry nowadays. Physical and mechanical properties both determine how a
metal will behave in the real world. For manufacturers, understanding these properties is an
important step in choosing the right materials for their products. Metals are used in making
machinery , utensils , industrial gadgets , electrical wires, instruments , vehicles , buildings ,
appliances etc. Non metals like oxygen is used for breathing , chlorine for purifying water ,
sulphur use used as insecticide , etc.
For this experiment metals and non-metals will be provided and there will be some processes
related to their physical and chemical properties.During the experiment results from each metal
and non-metal reaction will be recorded and at the end will be compared to the hypothesis.
The objectives of this experiment are to predict the each result related to its metallicity and
know the properties of the metals and non-metals.Also with this experiment difference in the
properties of metals and non-metals will be studied.There are some affects of these properties to
the reactions,they will be studied that how they affect to the reactions.
Related to the background information about properties there are some properties of metals and
non-metals:
Metal’s properties:
A physical property is any measurable property whose value describes the state of a physical
system.
Physical properties of metals:
 Metals have high melting points.
 Metals are good conductors of electricity.
 Metals are good conductors of heat.
 Metals have high density.
 Metals are malleable.
 Metals are ductile.
Non-metal’s properties:
Physical properties of non-metals:

 Non-metals are brittle.

 Non-metals are bad conductors of heat and electricity.
 Non-metals are non-lustrous and cannot be polished.
  Non-metals may be solids, liquids or gases at room temperature.
 Non-metals are neither tough nor strong.

Chemical properties are the characteristics of a particular substance that can be observed
in a chemical reaction.After the reactions and processes during the experiment chemical
reactions will be studied.
The hypothesis of this experiment is that at the end of the experiment , the results will be
seen based on the physical and chemical properties of metals and non-metals.If one of the
elements used in experiment is metal , then it can be swiftly hammered into sheets because of
its malleable property. But if one of the elements used in experiment is non-metal , then it
can degrade when hammered and cannot be formed into sheets due to their non-
malleability.And if the element is more reactive it will have more different reaction with the
substance used in experiment.
Materials:
Figure 1 shows the materials used during the experiment.In table 1,names of materials are
written.
1. Voltmeter
2. Heater
3. Matches
4. Elements
5. Hammer
6. 8 test tubes and test tube rack
7. Pipette
8. Glasses
9. Beaker
10. Splints
11. Dishes and bottles
12. Paper towels
13. Spatula
14. Test tube holder

Table 1: Names of materials

A voltmeter, also known as a voltage meter, is an instrument used for measuring the potential
difference, or voltage, between two points in an electrical or electronic circuit. This instrument
usually graduated in volts, millivolts (0.001 volt), or kilovolts (1,000 volts).In this experiment
voltmeter was used for the measuring resistance of metals and non-metals.Heater is used to give
heat to the water during the reaction.Matches are used to burn the splints.Splint were used to
check element in the air.The experiment was provided with some elements.They are:
copper,carbon,aluminum,zinc,iron,tin,lead,sodium,hydrogen.Test tubes are used for reactions.
Reactions were going in the test tubes and test tube rack is used to keep the test tubes. Test tube
holder is used for taking test tubes from test tube rack.Pasteur pipette is used to take a small
amount of liquid and beaker is used to heat the water in it.Beaker is placed on the heater. Spatula
is used to transport and distribute dry chemical compounds during the experiment.Glasses are
used for wearing for safety.With hammer, elements are forged by the hammer.Dishes and
bottles hold and store chemicals.Paper towels are put on the chemical elements.

1 3 5 4 6 2

14 11 13 10 8 7

Figure 1: Materials used during the experiment

(Unfortunately paper towels are not shown in the figure 1)
Procedure:
Table 2 shows the appearance and conductivity of elements used in experiment.In this study,
the experiment has been gone based on the
elements.Copper,carbon,aluminum,zinc,iron,tin,lead,sodium were given elements.Firstly,the
appearance of elements was observed and recorded.After that, probes of the voltemeter connected to
the elements.With voltmeter resistance of elements was recorded and written in the page.Then
malleability was recorded.For malleability each of elements was taken and put into the paper
towels.They were forged by hammer and with this method their malleability was checked.Malleability of
elements was written to the page.In reactivity part, reactivity of elements checked with HCl. Here 1 M
HCl and 8 labeled test tubes were taken.With pipette a small part of 1 M HCl was put into each of the 8
labelled test tubes.Then with spatula each of the elements was taken and put into their labelled test
tubes.For some moment test tubes were observed to see reaction.During the observation,notes were
taken and written to the page.After observing they were put into the beaker with test tube holder .Each
of them were observed separately again and after few minutes each of them were taken from beaker
with test tube holder and washed.Again,during the observation notes were taken for each of the
elements about reactions.After all these processes,they were defined and written to the page that they

are metals or non-metals.

Element Appearance Conductivity

Copper Reddish powder N/A
Carbon Black dull N/A
Aluminum Silvery-white 0.03 on 200V
Zinc Silvery-white 0.05 on 200V
Iron Silvery-grey N/A
Tin Silvery-white N/A
Lead Bluish-white 0.06 on 200V
Sodium Silvery-white 0.02 on 200V
Table 2.

Element Malleability Reactivity with HCl Metal or non-metal

Copper N/A - Metal
Carbon Brittle - Non-metal
Aluminum Maleable + Metal
Zinc Maleable + Metal
Iron N/A + Metal
Tin N/A + Metal
Lead Maleable - Metal
Sodium Maleable + Metal
Results and discussion
Table 3 shows the malleability,reactivity with HCl and metallicity of elements used in
experiment.
Table 3.
As mentioned in hypothesis,results were seen based on the physical and chemical properties of
metals and non-metals.After the forging with hammer,malleability of metals covered.Because of
copper,iron,tin are powders,their malleability is written N/A.While forging carbon with
hammer,in result it has been seen that carbon is brittle.It is delicate and it has been broken into
the pieces easily.Aluminum,zinc,lead,sodium are malleable because these elements are metal and
they were extended or shaped by beating with a hammer.As in the hypothesis, as a result of
experiment, metals were malleable and non-metals were brittle.After that reactivity covered in
this study.
All these properties are based on metallicity and they are all covered in the periodic table.
Copper-4th period,11th group Carbon-2nd period,14th group Aluminum-3rd period,13th group
Zinc-4th period,12th group Iron-4th period,8th group Tin-5th period,14th group
Lead-6th period,14th group Sodium-3rd period,1st group
Metallic characteristics of used elements in this experiment neither increased from top to bottom
nor bottom to top.
Here, elements are arranged in increasing order according to their metallicity:

Aluminum<Sodium<Zinc<Copper<Iron<Tin<Lead

First reaction was between copper and hydrochloric acid.In the first observation,copper in the
test tube,nothing happen.Reaction did not go.Second observation was in the beaker.Heater was
heating beaker for reactions and test tube was put into the beaker.After waiting for few minutes,it
has been seen that nothing happen again.Reaction between copper and hydrochloric acid did not
go.

Cu+HCl → ∅
Second reaction was between carbon and hydrochloric acid.In the first observation nothing
happened in the test tube.For second observation test tube was put into the beaker.After getting
heat from the heater,test tube was observed again.In the second observation,results were the
same with the first one.Reaction did not occur between carbon and hydrochloric acid.

C+HCl → ∅

After this reaction,aluminum was put into another test tube.In the first seconds of the first
observation without heating,nothing happened.But after a few seconds,reaction started to go.Tiny
bubbles have been seen in the first observation. After putting it into the beaker,speed of reaction
icreased and hydrogen gas released in the test tube as in the first observation.But it could not
leave the test tube because of the spotter. The level of HCl and Cu increased.After few minutes it
popped.Hydrogen gas could release from the test tube with popping and reaction
went.Aluminum’s valency is 3 and chlorine’s valency is 1 → AlCl3.

2Al+6HCl → 2AlCl3 + 3H2

Next reaction is between zinc and hydrochloric acid.This reaction happened instantly.In the
first minutes of the first observation,tiny bubbles could be seen in the test tube and hydrogen gas
released.After that in the second observation,after putting into the beaker,speed of reaction
increased and amount of hydrogen gas increased too.After a few seconds,spotter and hydrogen
gas left the test tube.Reaction occurred.Zinc’s valency is two and chlorine’s valency is 1 →
ZnCl2.

Zn + 2HCl → ZnCl2 + H2

During the experiment,there was also reaction between iron and hydrochlorid acid.In the first
minutes only bubbles happened in the test tube.After putting test tube into the beaker,reaction
went earlier than the other elements mentioned before and spotter left the test tube.With this
hydrogen gas released from the test tube and it popped when bringing splint near the hydrogen
gas.Reaction occurred this time.Ferrum’s valency is 2 and chlorine’s valency is 1→ FeCl2.
Fe + 2HCl → FeCl2 + H2

This time reaction was between tin and hydrochloric acid.In the first minutes of
observation,reaction started to go and bubbles appeared in the test tube.After putting test tube
into the beaker,its level and amount of bubbles increased.Hydrogen released from the test tube
and spotter left the test tube.Tin’s valency is 2 and chlorid’s valency is 1 → SnCl2¬ + H2

Sn + 2HCl → SnCl2¬ + H2

Next reaction was between lead and hydrochlorid acid.During the first minutes of observation
nothing happened and only tiny bubbles appeared in the test tube.Then test tube was put into the
beaker.During this part of experiment nothing happened again.So reaction did not occur.

Pb + HCl → ∅

Last reaction was between sodium and hydrochlorid acid.Sodium is very reactive metal and
reaction went instantly.In the first observation big bubbles appeared in the test tube.After putting
test tube into the beaker,hydrogen released in the test tube.Because of reactivity,spotter left the
test tube.When the lighted splint was brought near the hydrogen gas for checking it,here
appeared squeaky pop.Hydrogen gas released from the test tube and left the test tube.Both of
sodium’s and chlorid’s valency is 1 so →NaCl.

2Na + 2HCl → 2NaCl + H2
During this study,there are some details that they should be mentioned.They
are:electronegativity,electronic affinity and atomic radius.
Atomic radius increases toward the bottom left corner of the periodic table, with Francium
having the largest atomic radius. Atoms decrease in size across the period and increase in size
down the group.
Electronegativity generally increases as you move from left to right across a period and
decreases as you move down a group.Also electron affinity increases upward for the groups
and from left to right across periods of a periodic table because the electrons added to energy
levels become closer to the nucleus, thus a stronger attraction between the nucleus and its
electrons.And the ionization energy decreases from top to bottom in groups, and increases from
left to right across a period. Thus, helium has the largest first ionization energy, while francium
has one of the lowest.Metals generally are in the left side of the periodic table and non-metals are
in the right side of periodic table.

Conclusion
In this experiment,staff has seen that chemical reactions go based on the elements’ physical
and chemical properties.Sometimes reactions can not occur,it is because of reactivity.And there
are some reactive elements such as sodium,reaction occurs instantly.Chemical properties are
known from the chemical reactions.There are some properties of metals and non-metals:

Chemical properties of metals:

Metals lose valence electrons easily
Metals have low electronegativity

Chemical properties of non-metals:

Non-metals gain or share valence electrons easily
Non-metals have high electronegativity
Also one of the main details is the activity of the metals.Reactions are also based on the activity
of the metals. The activity of metals is a listing of the metals in decreasing order of their
reactivity with hydrogen-ion sources such as water and acids. Once organized, an activity
series helps us to predict if a reaction will occur when a piece of elemental metal is placed in
water, an acid solution, or a solution containing the ion of another metal.So in this experiment
activity is also learned.

References
https://blog.eaglegroupmanufacturers.com/metal-properties-understanding-mechanical-and-
physical-properties#:~:text=Common%20metal%20properties&text=High%20thermal
%20conductivity%3A%20compared%20to,otherwise%20deformed%20without%20easily
%20breaking.

https://blog.eaglegroupmanufacturers.com/metal-properties-understanding-mechanical-and-
physical-properties#:~:text=Common%20metal%20properties&text=High%20thermal
%20conductivity%3A%20compared%20to,otherwise%20deformed%20without%20easily
%20breaking.

https://www.britannica.com/science/hydrogen-chloride
https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/physics-and-astronomy/metallicity
https://www.techtarget.com/whatis/definition/voltmeter