Nueva Vizcaya State University

College of Engineering
Bayombong, Nueva Vizcaya
CIVIL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
Name
REVIEW MATH TRIGONOMETRY
Course & Yr

PLANE TRIGONOMETRY D. Double Angle Formulas ratio is the diameter of the circle
sin 2 x = 2 sin x cos x circumscribing the triangle.)
I. FUNCTIONS OF A RIGHT TRIANGLE cos 2 x = cos2 x − sin 2 x a
=
b
=
c
= 1 − 2 sin 2 x sin A sin B sin C
B. Cosine Law: In any triangle, the
= 2 cos2 x − 1
square of any one side equals the
tan 2 x =
2 tan x sum of the squares of the other two
1 − tan 2 x sides diminished by the twice the
E. Half Angle Formulas product of the other two sides and
opposite side  1 − cos the cosines of the included angle.
sin  = sin =
hypotenuse 2 2 a 2 = b 2 + c 2 − 2bc cos A
cos =
adjacent side  1 + cos b 2 = a 2 + c 2 − 2ac cos B
hypotenuse cos =
opposite side
2 2 c 2 = a 2 + b 2 − 2ab cos C
tan =  1 − cos C. Law of Tangents
adjacent side tan =
2 1 + cos  A− B
cot =
adjacent side
F. Powers of Functions
tan 
opposite side a −b  2 
1 − cos 2 x =
sec =
hypotenuse sin 2 x = a+b  A+ B
adjacent side 2 tan 
1 + cos 2 x  2 
csc =
hypotenuse cos x =
2

opposite side 2
1 − cos 2 x NOTE: The letters can be changed
Pythagorean Theorem: tan x =
2
to get the other equations.
In any right triangle, the square of 1 + cos 2 x
D. Mollweide’s Equations
the hypotenuse equals the sum of the squares G. Product of Functions
sin x cos y = 12 sin( x + y ) + sin( x − y )  A− B
of the other two sides. sin  
a−b  2 
c2 = a 2 + b2 sin x sin y = 12 cos( x − y ) − cos( x + y ) =
c C 
cos x cos y = 12 cos( x + y ) + cos( x − y ) cos 
2
II. TRIGONOMETRIC IDENTITIES H. Sum and Difference of Functions
Identity is a type of equation which is  A− B
x+ y x− y cos 
satisfied by any value of the variable/s. sin x + sin y = 2 sin   cos  a+b  2 
 2   2  =
c C 
x+ y x− y sin  
A. Basic Identities sin x − sin y = 2 cos  sin   2
sin  cos   2   2 
tan  = cot  =  x + y   x − y  IV. OTHER ELEMENTS AND PROPERTIES
cos  sin  cos x + cos y = 2 cos  cos 
1 1  2   2  OF A TRIANGLE
sec  = csc  = x+ y x− y A. Area of a Triangle
cos  sin  cos x − cos y = −2 sin   sin  
B. Pythagorean Relations  2   2  Given base b and altitude h
sin 2  + cos2  = 1 tan x + tan y =
sin( x + y ) A = 12 bh
tan 2  + 1 = sec2 
cos x cos y Given two sides a and b and the
sin( x − y ) included angle 
1 + cot 2  = csc2  tan x − tan y =
C. Sum and Difference of Two Angles
cos x cos y A = 1 ab sin 
2
sin( x + y ) = sin x cos y + cos x sin y Given three sides a, b, and c (Hero’s
III. OBLIQUE TRIANGLES
sin( x − y ) = sin x cos y − cos x sin y Formula)
cos( x + y ) = cos x cos y − sin x sin y A = s ( s − a )(s − b)( s − c)
cos( x − y ) = cos x cos y + sin x sin y a+b+c
s=
tan x + tan y 2
tan(x + y ) =
1 − tan x tan y A. Sine Law: In any triangle, the ratio of Given three angles A, B, and C and
tan x − tan y a side to the sine of its opposite one side a
tan(x − y ) =
1 + tan x tan y angle is constant. (This constant a 2 sin B sin C
A=
2 sin A
 B. Median of a Triangle Properties of Hyperbolic Functions Rule 2: SIN-TAN-AD Rule
The median of a triangle is the line The sine of any middle part is equal
drawn from one vertex to the to the product of the tangents of the
midpoint of its opposite side. The adjacent parts.
medians of a triangle intersect at a
common point called the centroid of C. Oblique Spherical Triangle
the triangle.
Law of Sines:
sin a sin b sin c
= =
sin A sin B sin C
Inverse Hyperbolic Functions
Law of Cosines for Sides
4m = 2b + 2c − a
2
a
2 2 2
cos a = cos b cos c + sin b sin c cos A
4mb2 = 2a 2 + 2c 2 − b 2 cos b = cos a cos c + sin a sin c cos B
cos c = cos a cos b + sin a sin b cos C
4mc2 = 2a 2 + 2b 2 − c 2 NOTE: For every formula for the trigonometric
C. Altitudes of a Triangle functions, there is a similar (not necessary Law of Cosines for Angles
The altitude of a triangle is the line identical) formula for the hyperbolic functions. cos A = − cos B cos C + sin B sin C cos a
drawn from one vertex to its cos B = − cos A cos C + sin A sin C cos b
opposite side. The altitudes of a SPHERICAL TRIGONOMETRY
I. SPHERICAL TRIANGLE cos C = − cos A cos B + sin A sin B cos c
triangle intersect at a point called the
orthocenter of the triangle. A spherical triangle is the triangle
enclosed by arcs of three great circles of
a sphere.
Napier’s Analogies
sin 12 ( A − B ) tan 12 (a − b)
=
sin 12 ( A + B ) tan 12 c
2 AT sin 12 (a − b) tan 12 ( A − B )
aa = =
a sin 12 (a + b) cot 12 C
ab =
2 AT sin 12 ( A − B ) tan 12 (a − b)
b The sum of the interior angles of a =
spherical triangle is greater than 180o but sin 12 ( A + B ) tan 12 c
2 AT
ac = less than 540o. sin 12 ( A − B ) tan 12 (a − b)
c =
D. Angle Bisectors of a Triangle 180  ( A + B + C )  540
o o
sin 12 ( A + B ) tan 12 c
The angle bisector of a triangle is NOTE: For an arc of a great circle of the
the line drawn from one vertex to the earth, the distance equivalent to 1’ of the II. TERRESTRIAL SPHERE
opposite side bisecting the angle arc is 1 nautical mile (6080 ft).
included between the other two A. Area of a Spherical Triangle
sides. The angle bisectors of a
R 2 E
triangle intersect at a point called the A=
incenter of the triangle. 180o
R = radius of the sphere
E = spherical excess
E = ( A + B + C ) − 180 o
E s  s −a   s −b  s −c 
tan = tan tan  tan  tan 
4 2  2   2   2 
2 a+b+c Meridian – great circle passing thru the North
ba = bcs( s − a ) s=
b+c 2 and the South Poles
2 B. Right Spherical Triangle Equator – great circle perpendicular to the
bb = acs( s − b)
a+c meridians
2 Parallel or latitude – small circle parallel to
bc = abs( s − c) the equator
a+b
Prime Meridian – meridian passing thru
V. Hyperbolic Functions Greenwich, England
Napier’s Rules: GMT – Greenwich Mean Time
Rule 1: SIN- COOP Rule NOTES:
The sine of any middle part is equal 1. The earth rotates 360o in 24 hours or
to the product of the cosines of the 15o every hour.
opposite parts.
 2. The mean radius of the earth is 6373 PRACTICE PROBLEMS: A B C
a. 4 sin sin sin
km (3959 miles) 1. Of what quadrant is A if sec A is 2 2 2
3. One nautical mile = 6080 ft is the positive and csc A is negative? A B C
length of arc on the surface of the a. I c. III b. 2 cos cos cos
2 2 2
earth subtended by one (1) minute b. II d. IV
A B C
of an arc of the great circle. 2. An angular unit equivalent to 1/400 c. 4 cos cos cos
4. Manila is located at 121o05’ E of the circumference of a circle is 2 2 2
longitude and 14o 36’ N latitude with called: A
d . 2 sin sin sin
B C
time zone of GMT +8.00. a. mil c. radian 2 2 2
b. grad d. degree 12. Solve for x from the given
III. CELESTIAL SPHERE 3. A certain angle has a supplement trigonometric equation:
five times its compliment. Find the arctan(1 − x) + arctan(1 + x) = arctan 1 / 8
angle. a. 0.821 c. 0.281
a. 67.5o c. 168.5o b. 0.218 d. 0.182
b. 157.5o d. 186o 13. Solve for x:
4. If xsin  - ycos  = -1/3 and xsin  - x = (tan  + cot  ) sin 2  − tan 2 
2

ycos  = 3, what is the relationship a. Sin  c. 1

between x and y? b. cos  d. 2
a. x2 + y2 = 20 14. Find the value of y:
b. x2 - y2 = 5 y = (1 + cos 2 ) tan 
c. x2 + y2 = 16
d. x2 + y2 = 10 a. Cos  c. sin 2
b. Sin  d. cos 2
5. If tan + tan  = x , find 1
cot + cot  15. Solve for x: cos 6 x = .
csc(3x + 9)
tan  tan  .
Celestial sphere - an abstract sphere with an a. 9o c. 18o
a. 2x c. x
arbitrarily large radius concentric to Earth. b. 8o d. 12o
b. 0.50 x d. 4x
North and South Celestial Poles – projections of the 16. Find the angle between the diagonal
6. If cos 4x = cos 6y, then
earth’s north and south poles, respectively of a cube and the diagonal of a face
Celestial equator - projection of the earth’s equator a. 2x + 3y = 90o of the cube. Both diagonals are
on the celestial sphere b. 2x + 3y = 270o drawn for the same vertex.
Horizon - is the circle on the celestial sphere cut c. 2x + 3y = 180o a. 35.26o c. 39.44o
by a plane tangent to the Earth at the feet of the d. 2x + 3y = 360o b. 30.67o d. 37.41o
observer 7. If sin 40o + sin 20o = sin , find the
Zenith – the point on the celestial sphere directly 17. A wheel, 3 feet diameter, rolls up
value of . and incline of 15o. When the point of
above the observer
a. 20o c. 120o contact of the wheel with the incline
Nadir – the point on the celestial sphere directly
below the observer, or opposite the zenith. b. 80 o d. 60o is 4 feet from the base of the incline,
Celestial meridian – the great circle passing thru 8. If csc (A + x) = sec (B + 2y), then A what is the height of the center of
the N and S celestial poles, the zenith and the + B is: the wheel above the base of the
nadir. a. 90o – (y – 2x) incline?
Altitude of a celestial body – angular distance of b. 90o –(2y – x) a. 2.48 ft c. 2.34 ft
the body from the observer’s horizon c. 90o – (x – 2y) b. 2.12 ft d. 2.56 ft
Declination of a celestial body - the angular d. 90o – (x + 2y)
distance of a point north or south of the celestial 18. In triangle ABC, C = 70o, A = 45o, AB
9. How many different values of x from = 40 m. What is the length of the
equator
0 to 180o for the equation median drawn from vertex A to side
Azimuth of a celestial body- angle between the
observer’s meridian and the direction of the celestial (2 sin x − 1)(cos x + 1) = 0 BC?
body a. 3 c. 1 A. 36.8 m c. 36.3 m
b. 0 d. 2 B. 37.1 m d. 37.4 m
CELESTIAL TRIANGLE 10. If sin  = k, which of the following is 19. The second angle of a triangle is
not correct? twice the first angle, and the third
k angle is thrice the second angle. The
a. cos = k 2 − 1 c. tan  =
1− k 2 perimeter of the triangle is 250 cm.
1 1 What is the length of the longest
b. sec = d. csc =
1− k 2 k side of the triangle?
a. 116.98 cm c. 46.2 cm
11. If A, B, and C are interior angles of a
b. 86.82 cm d. 36.89 cm
triangle, then which of the following
20. The distance of a point C from two
is equivalent to sin A + sin B + sin
points A and B, which cannot be
C?
measured directly, are required. The
line CA is continued through A for a
distance of 175 m to D, the line CB
is continued through B for 225 m to
 E, and the distances AB = 300 m, of the tops of the towers are a. 58.7 m c. 65.4 m
DB = 326 m, and DE = 488 m are complementary. Find the height of b. 98.7 m d. 85.9 m
measured. Find the distance AC in the smaller tower. 33. One degree on the earth’s equator is
meters. a. 36 m c. 40 m equivalent to:
a. 129.3 c. 145.4 b. 48 m d. 30 m a. 1 minute c. 4 minutes
b. 164.3 c. 132.8 27. The perimeter of a triangle is 271 b. 30 minutes d. 1 hour
21. A rectangular piece of land 40 m x cm. The interior angles measure 50o, 34. What is the spherical excess of the
30 m is to be crossed diagonally by 60o, and 70o, respectively. What is spherical triangle whose angles are
a 10-m wide roadway as shown. If the length of the longest side of the all right angles?
the land cost P1,500.00 per square triangle? a. 45o c. 90o
meter, the cost of the roadway is: a. 80.72 cm c. 99.02 cm b. 60 o d. 30o
a. P 401.10 c. P601,650.00 b. 91.26 cm d. 93.65 cm 35. A spherical triangle has the following
b. P 60,165.00 d. P651,500.00 28. An Air Force pilot making a parts: B = 42o 30.2’, C = 128o 46.6’,
preliminary aerial survey first a = 64o 26.4’. Find the value of side
40 m observed that when he flew directly b.
over a straight road connecting two a. 57.24o c. 46.47o
coastal towns X and Y, the angles b. 63.25 o d. 103.99o
30 m made by these towns with the 36. A spherical triangle have angles 63o,
10 m
vertical were 30o and 60o, 85o, and 54o. Find the area of the
respectively. When he flew back triangle if the sphere has a surface
directly over the same road for the area of 16,286 square centimeters.
22. A statue 3.20 m high is standing on second observation, his altimeter a. 365.8 cm2 c. 563.1 cm2
a base 6 m high. If an observer’s indicated that he was 1,000 meters b. 287.4 cm 2 d. 497.6 cm2
eye is 1.50 m above the ground, higher and noted that both towns 37. An airplane will fly from Mactan,
how far should he stand from the made an angle of 45o with the Cebu (10o18’ N, 123o 58’ E) to
base is order that the angle vertical. What is the distance Wellington, New Zealand (41o19’S,
subtended by the statue is 12o? between the two towns in 174o 48’E) following a great circle
a. 15.61 m c. 19.82 m kilometers? path with an average speed of 800
b. 12.22 m d. 24.07 m a. 13.678 c. 15.456 kph. At what longitude will it cross
23. A pole leans 11o from the vertical b. 14.928 d. 12.834 the equator?
towards the sun. If it casts a shadow 29. An observer wishes to determine the a. 138o43’ c. 132o2’
12 m long when the angle of height of the tower. He took sight of b. 128 15’ o d. 130o3’
elevation of the sun is 40o, find the the top of the tower from A and got 38. A right spherical triangle has an
length of the pole. an angle of elevation of 30o. He then angle C = 90o, a = 50o, and c = 80o.
a. 12.46 m c. 12.26 m walked 25 m closer to point B and Find side b.
b. 12.36 m d. 12.16 m observed the angle of elevation as a. 45.33o c. 74.33o
24. From the window of a house, the 40o. Points A and B are at the same b. 78.66o d. 75.89o
angle of depression of an object on elevation, and on a direct line with 39. Find the distance in nautical miles
the ground is 14o33’. Six meters the tower. How high is the tower? between Manila (14o 36’ N, 121o 05’
above the window, the angle of a. 43.21 m c. 46.27 m E) and San Francisco (37o48’ N,
depression of the same object is b. 57.32 m d. 76.32 m 122o 24’ W)
24o48’. Find the height of the house 30. The three sides of a triangle a. 7856.2 c. 6326.2
(top being the second point of measure 36 cm, 18 cm, and 24 cm. b. 5896.2 d. 6046.2
observation). What is the length of the median 40. An airplane flew from Manila (14o36’
a. 17.95 m c. 13.69 m drawn to the longest side from the N, 121o 05’ E) at a course S 30o E
b. 18.28 m d. 16.44 m opposite vertex? maintaining a certain altitude and
25. A flagpole 4 m tall stands vertically a. 12.325 cm c. 10.125 cm following a great circle path. If its
on a sloping roof. A guy wire 5 m b. 11.225 cm d. 13.045 cm groundspeed is 350 knots, after how
long attached to the top of the pole 31. A truck travels from point M many hours will it cross the equator?
to a point on the roof 6 m up from northward for 30 minutes, then a. 2.87 hrs c. 3.17 hrs
the bottom of the pole. At what angle eastward for one hour, then shifted b. 2.27 hrs d. 3.97 hrs
is the roof inclined to the horizontal? N 30o W. If the constant speed is 40
a. 14.23o c. 44.23o kph, how far directly from M, in km,
b. 24.23 o d. 34.23o will it be after 2 hours?
26. Two vertical towers 120 m apart are a. 43.5 c. 47.8
on the same horizontal plane. An b. 45.2 d. 41.6
observer standing successively at 32. At a point A south of a tower the
the bases of the towers observes angle of elevation of the top of the
that the angle of elevation of the tower is 50o. At another point B, 200
taller tower is twice that of the meters east of A, the angle of
smaller. At the midway point, he elevation is 22o. Find the height of
observes that the angles of elevation the tower?