Exercise 1.

Name: Flowny Ann P. Paradero Score: __________

Class Schedule: 69685 - INORGANIC AND ORGANIC CHEMISTRY FS(05:00-09:00PM)
Date: September 15, 2022

I. Matching Type. Match the scientists in column A with their contributions in column B. Write the letter of
the best answer before the number. NO ERASURES.

Column A Column B

G 1. Wilhelm Roentgen a. discovered oxygen

F 2. Dmitri Mendeleev b. made urea in the test tube
B 3. Friedrich Woehler c. discovered hydrogen
A 4. Joseph Priestly d. relationship bet. gas and pressure
C 5. Henry Cavendish e. proponent of the atomic theory
E 6. John Dalton f. arranged elements in the periodic table
H 7. Antoine Lavoiser g. discovered x-rays
J 8. Aristotle h. Father of modern chemistry
I 9. Ernest Rutherford i. discovered proton
D 10. Robert Boyle j. everything is composed of four elements

II. Define the following braches of chemistry.

1. Organic chemistry = is the study of matter that is composed principally of carbon and hydrogen. The
study of structure determines their chemical composition and formula and the study of properties includes
physical and chemical properties, and evaluation of chemical reactivity to understand their behavior. The study
of organic reactions includes the chemical synthesis of natural products, drugs, and polymers, and study of
individual organic molecules in the laboratory and via theoretical (in silico) study.

2. Inorganic chemistry = is the study of matter that consists of all of the elements other than carbon
and hydrogen and their combinations. Inorganic chemistry is concerned with the properties and behavior of
inorganic compounds, which include metals, minerals, and organo metallic compounds.

3. Biochemistry = is the study of life at the molecular level and the processes associated with life,
such as reproduction, growth and respiration. Biochemistry is the branch of science that explores the chemical
processes within and related to living organisms. It is a laboratory based science that brings together biology
and chemistry. By using chemical knowledge and techniques, biochemists can understand and solve biological
problems.

4. Physical chemistry = is a discipline that attempts to explain the way in which matter behaves. It examines:
How matter behaves on a molecular and atomic level. How chemical reactions occur.

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Chapter 1: Introduction
 Exercise 1.2

Name: Flowny Ann P. Paradero Score: __________

Class Schedule: 69685 - INORGANIC AND ORGANIC CHEMISTRY FS(05:00-09:00PM)
Date: September 15, 2022
I. Explain the following.

1. Atomic theory =
 According to the modern scientific theory of matter, the chemical elements that combine to form the
vast array of substances are themselves collections of similar subunits (atoms) with nuclear and
electron substructure characteristics. Atomic theory is an ancient philosophical theory that claims that
everything can be explained by infinite combinations of hard, small, indivisible particles (called
atoms) of various sizes but of the same basic material.
 Dalton's theory has not proven to be correct under all circumstances. The first rule was proven
incorrect when scientists divided atoms in a process called nuclear fission. The second rule was
proven incorrect by the discovery that not all atoms of the same element have the same mass; there
are different isotopes. However, these failures do not justify discarding the atomic theory. It correctly
explains the law of conservation of mass: if atoms of an element are indestructible, then the same
atom must be present after a chemical reaction as before and, and the mass must constant. Dalton’s
atomic theory also explains the law of constant composition: if all the atoms of an element are alike
in mass and if atoms unite in fixed numerical ratios, the percent composition of a compound must
have a unique value without regards to the sample analyzed. The atomic theory led to the creation of
the law of multiple proportions.

2. Phlogiston theory =
 The phlogiston theory is a superseded scientific theory that postulated the existence of a fire-like
element called phlogiston. The idea was first proposed in 1667 by Johann Joachim Becher and later
put together more formally by Georg Ernst Stahl. Phlogiston theory attempted to explain chemical
processes such as combustion and rusting, now collectively known as oxidation. It was challenged
by the concomitant weight increase, and was abandoned before the end of the 18th century following
experiments by Antoine Lavoisier and others.
 Phlogiston theory led to experiments which ultimately concluded with the discovery of oxygen.
Phlogiston theory states that phlogisticated substances contain phlogiston and that they
dephlogisticate when burned, releasing stored phlogiston which is absorbed by the air. Growing
plants then absorb this phlogiston, which is why air does not spontaneously combust and also why
plant matter burns as well as it does. Thus phlogiston accounted for combustion via a process that
was opposite to that of the oxygen theory. In general, substances that burned in air were said to be
rich in phlogiston; the fact that combustion soon ceased in an enclosed space was taken as clear-cut
evidence that air had the capacity to absorb only a finite amount of phlogiston. When air had become
completely phlogisticated it would no longer serve to support combustion of any material, nor would a
metal heated in it yield a calx; nor could phlogisticated air support life. Breathing was thought to take
phlogiston out of the body.

II. Write down other scientist and their contributions in the field of chemistry. (Do not include the
one found in your book).

1. Amedeo Avogadro 1776 – 1856. = The first scientist to realize that elements could exist in the
form of molecules rather than as individual atoms; originator of Avogadro’s law.

2. Jacob Berzelius 1779 – 1848. = A founder of modern chemistry: the first person to measure
accurate atomic weights for the chemical elements; discovered three elements: cerium, thorium, and

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Chapter 1: Introduction
selenium; devised the modern symbols for elements; described how chemical bonds form by electrostatic
attraction.

3. Niels Bohr 1885 – 1962. = Founded quantum mechanics when he remodeled the atom so
electrons occupied ‘allowed’ orbits around the nucleus while all other orbits were forbidden; architect of
the Copenhagen interpretation of quantum mechanics.
4.Lawrence Bragg 1890 – 1971. = Discovered how to locate the positions of atoms in solids
using X-ray diffraction, enabling scientists to build 3D models of the atomic arrangements in solids. The
discovery was arguably the most significant experimental breakthrough of twentieth century science.
5. Hennig Brand 1630 – 1710. = Discovered phosphorus, becoming the first named person in
history to discover a chemical element.
6.Georg Brandt 1694 – 1768. = The first named person in history to discover a new metal –
cobalt; was one of the first scientists to condemn alchemy, publicly demonstrating tricks used by
alchemists to make people think they could make gold.

7.Robert Bunsen 1811 – 1899. = Discovered cesium and rubidium; discovered the antidote to
arsenic poisoning; invented the zinc-carbon battery and flash photography; discovered how geysers
operate.
8.Erwin Chargaff 1905 – 2002. = Chargaff’s rules paved the way to the discovery of DNA’s
structure.

9. Democritus c. 460 — c. 370 BC = Devised an atomic theory featuring tiny particles always in
motion interacting through collisions; advocated a universe containing an infinity of diverse inhabited
worlds governed by natural, mechanistic laws rather than gods; deduced that the light of stars explains
the Milky Way’s appearance; discovered that a cone’s volume is one-third that of the cylinder with the
same base and height.
10. Michael Faraday 1791 – 1867. = Discovered electromagnetic induction; devised Faraday’s laws
of electrolysis; discovered the first experimental link between light and magnetism; carried out the first
room-temperature liquefaction of a gas; discovered benzene.

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Chapter 1: Introduction