NCSC Writeup Chemistry

NATIONAL
CHILDREN
SCIENCE
CONGRESS
2021-22
TOPIC:
HOW DO THE
MINERALS IN EARTH
INFLUENCE THE
QUALITY OF WATER
DONE BY:
A group consisting of
following students of
JNV Srikakulam:
1. Hareesh Patnayakuni-XII
2. DhilleswaraRao Urlana-XII
3. Pavan Kumar Pilaka-XII
4. Jagadeesh Bora-XII
Introduction:
Water is a common chemical substance essential for all forms of life.
Water quality is the physical,chemical and biological characteristics of water which determines
its fitness for a variety of uses and for protecting the health and integrity of aquatic ecosystems.
Water quality depends on the local geology and ecosystem, as well as human uses such as
sewage dispersion, industrial pollution, overuse of water bodies.
Categories:
The parameters for water quality are determined by the intended use. Work in the area of water
quality tends to be focused on water that is treated for human consumption or in the
environment.
Human consumption or drinking water quality:

The great majority of evident water related problems are the result of microbial contamination.
Nevertheless,an appreciable number of serious health problem may occur as a result of the
chemical contamination of drinking water.
Parameters:
 Alkalinity
 Colour of the water
 pH
 Taste and odour
 Dissolved metals and salts(sodium, chloride, potassium, calcium, manganese,
magnesium.)
 Microorganisms such as fecal coliform bacteria.
 Dissolved metals and mettaliods.
 Dissolved organics
 Radon
 Heavy metals
Enviormental water quality:

It is water quality that pertains to water bodies such as lakes,rivers and oceans.Is is also called
ambient water quality.
Toxic substances and high populations of certain microorganisms can present a health hazard for
non drinking purposes such as irrigation, swimmimg and industrial uses.
Environmental advocates express desires to return water bodies to pristine, or pre-industrial

conditions.
Parameters:
 Physical properties:
Color, odour , temperature, solids(resedues),turbidity,oil content and grease
content
 Chemical properties:
Conductivity, pH value, dissolved oxygen, nitrate, orthophosphate, chemical
oxygen demand, bio chemical oxygen demand and pesticides.
 Biological properties:
Coliforms , viruses, and other specific pathogens.
Characteristics of water quality:

Physical properties
Temperature
The temperature of water affects some of the important physical properties and characteristics of
water: thermal capacity, density, specific weight, viscosity, surface tension, specific
conductivity, salinity and solubility of dissolved gases etc. Chemical and biological reaction rates
increase with increasing temperature. Reaction rates usually assumed to double for an increase in
temperature of 10 °C. The temperature of water in streams and rivers throughout the world varies
from 0 to 35 °C.
Color
Color in water is primarily a concern of water quality for aesthetic reason. Colored water give
the appearance of being unfit to drink, even though the water may be perfectly safe for public
use. On the other hand, color can indicate the presence of organic substances, such as algae or
humic compounds. More recently, color has been used as a quantitative assessment of the
presence of potentially hazardous or toxic organic materials in water.
Taste and Odour

Taste and odour are human perceptions of water quality. Human perception of taste includes sour
(hydrochloric acid), salty (sodium chloride), sweet (sucrose) and bitter (caffeine). Relatively
simple compounds produce sour and salty tastes. However sweet and bitter tastes are produced
by more complex organic compounds. Human detect many more tips of odour than tastes.
Organic materials discharged directly to water, such as falling leaves, runoff, etc., are sources of
tastes and odour-producing compounds released during biodegradation.
Turbidity
Turbidity is a measure of the light-transmitting properties of water and is comprised of
suspended and colloidal material. It is important for health and aesthetic reasons.
Solids
The total solids content of water is defined as the residue remaining after evaporation of the
water and drying the residue to a constant weight at 103 °C to 105 °C. The organic fraction (or
volatile solids content) is considered to be related to the loss of weight of the residue remaining
after evaporation of the water and after ignition of the residue at a temperature of 500 °C. The
volatile solids will oxidize at this temperature and will be driven off as gas. The inorganic (or
fixed solids) remind as inert ash. Solids are classified as settleable solids, suspended solids and
filterable solids. Settleable solids (silt and heavy organic solids) are the one that settle under the
influence of gravity. Suspended solids and filterable solids are classified based on particle size
and the retention of suspended solids on standard glass-fibre filters
Chemical characteristics
Inorganic Minerals:
Runoff causes erosion and weathering of geological formation, rocks and soils as the runoff
travels to the surface-water bodies. During this period of contact with rocks and soils the water
dissolves inorganic minerals, which enter the natural waters. Inorganic compounds may
dissociate to varying degrees, to cations and anions
Major cations:
Major cation found in natural water includes calcium(Ca+2),magnesium(Mg+2),sodium(Na+1)
and potassium(k+1). Calcium (Ca2+), is the most prevalent cation in water and second inorganic
ion to bicarbonate in most surface water. The principal concern about calcium is related to the
fact that calcium is the primary constituent of water hardness. Calcium precipitates as CaCO3 in
iron and steel pipes. A thin layer of CaCO3 can help inhibit corrosion of the metal. However,
excessive accumulation of CaCO3 in boilers, hot water heaters, heat exchangers, and associated
piping affects heat transfer and could lead to plugging of the piping. Calcium concentration of up
to 300 mg/L or higher have been reported. However, calcium concentrations of 40 to 120 mg/L
are more common.
Magnesium is not abundant in rocks as calcium. Therefore, although magnesium salts are more
soluble than calcium, less magnesium is found in surface water. Sodium and potassium are
commonly found as free ions. The concentration of these cations in natural water usually are
low.
Other constituents in natural water in concentration of 1 mg/L or higher include aluminium,

boron, iron, manganese, phosphorus and etc.
Major anions:
Major anions include chloride, sulfate, carbonate, bicarbonate, fluoride and nitrate. Bicarbonate
(HCO3 - ) is the principal anion found in natural water. These ions are very important in the
carbonate system, which provides a buffer capacity to natural water and is responsible in a great
measure for the alkalinity of water.
One source of bicarbonate ions (HCO3 - ) in natural water is the dissociation of carbonic acid
(H2CO3) that is formed when carbon dioxide (CO2) from the atmosphere, or from animal (e.g.
fish) and bacterial respiration, dissolves in water.
In addition to bicarbonates (HCO3 - ) anions such as chlorides (Cl- ), sulfates (SO4 2- ), and
nitrates (NO3 - ) are commonly found in natural water. These anions are released during the
dissolution and dissociation of common salt deposits in geologic formations.
The concentration of the chlorides anions (Cl- ) determines the water quality because the quality
of water get worse after increasing in the concentration of this anions which limit possibilities of
using of natural water for different purposes (household, agriculture, industry and etc.).
Local issue:
In the jnv srikakulam and its surroundings the water is contaminated with fluorides.
Chemical analysis:
 Take a little sample in the dry test tube and add an equal amount of sand.mix the contents
and add concentrated H2SO4.heat the contents and place a glass rod moistened with water
over the mouth of the test tube. A waxy white deposite on the rod is obtained.
 Reaction with conc. H2SO4:
NaF + H2SO4 = NaHO4 + HF (g)
This gas (HF) react with silica of the sand forming silicon tetrafluoride
SiO2+4HF = SiF4 + 2H2O
A white deposite of ortho silicic acid take place on the moistened glass rod.
3SiF4 + 4H2O = H2SiO4 + 2 H2SiF6
(ortho silicic acid)
Observations:
Name of the village Source of samples Conc. Of fluoride ions(in

ppm)
Sarubujjili Tap water 1.8
Canal water 1.9
Chiguravalasa Water from well 1.9
Tap water 1.7
Vennelavalasa Drinking water from home 1.3
Jnv sklm Water from the mess before 1.6
filtration
How does fluoride get in water?

Water moving over and through natural deposits will dissolve a small amount of various fluoride
minerals, making fluoride a common contaminant of most waters. Natural physical and chemical
weathering processes also produce many extremely small particles or colloids of fluoride
minerals.
Result:
So, presence of fluoride ion composition in higher amounts in drinking water is the cause of
fluorosis in the villages nearby.
Solution to the problem:
 A reverse osmosis filtration system is a simple solution for removing fluoride from
drinking water. A Reverse Osmosis (RO) system can remove 85-92% of fluoride in
water.
 Distillation is an effective and affordable method to remove fluoride from water.
Sign. Of group leader :
Hareesh patnayakuni
Sign of group members:
1. Dilleswara rao urlana
2. Pavan kumar pilaka
3. Jagadeesh bora
Ch.Ramesh
signature of guided teacher:

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NATIONAL

Human consumption or drinking water quality:

Enviormental water quality:

Environmental advocates express desires to return water bodies to pristine, or pre-industrial

Characteristics of water quality:

Taste and Odour

Other constituents in natural water in concentration of 1 mg/L or higher include aluminium,

 Reaction with conc. H2SO4:

NaF + H2SO4 = NaHO4 + HF (g)

SiO2+4HF = SiF4 + 2H2O

3SiF4 + 4H2O = H2SiO4 + 2 H2SiF6

(ortho silicic acid)

Name of the village Source of samples Conc. Of fluoride ions(in

How does fluoride get in water?

Solution to the problem:

 Distillation is an effective and affordable method to remove fluoride from water.

Sign. Of group leader :

Sign of group members:

1. Dilleswara rao urlana

2. Pavan kumar pilaka

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