KINEMATICS OF MACHINE ELEMENTS

KINEMATICS
VELOCITY ANALYSIS WITH
3 INVERSION OF SINGLE INSTANTANEOUS CENTER
𝑗= 𝐿−2 𝐿 = 2𝑝 − 4
2 SLIDER CRANK CHAIN
• FOR ROTATING WHEEL (CENTER)
MECHANISM 𝑣
“AW KLEIN’S EQUATION” 𝜔𝐴 = 𝜔𝐵 ; 𝜔=
• BULL ENGINE 𝑟
𝐻 3 (PENDULUM PUMP) • FOR DISK ROLLING
𝑗 + >=< 𝐿 − 2 P 𝑣𝑐 𝑣𝑃
2 2 • OSCILLATING CYLINDER 𝜔𝐶 = 𝜔𝑃 ; =
ENGINE 𝑟𝐶𝐼 𝑟𝑃𝐼
LHS>RHS (Locked or Structure) C
LHS=RHS (Constraint) • ROTARY I.C.E. 𝜃 At any edge (P)
LHS<RHS (Unconstraint) • CRANK AND SLOTTED
𝑣𝑃 = √(𝑣𝐶 )2 + (𝑣𝐶 )2 − 2𝑣𝑐 𝑣𝑐 cos 𝜃
LEVER QUICK RETURN
MECHANISM
Binary=1 joints I
Tertiary=2 joints • WITHWORTH QUICK
RETURN MECHANISM
Quaternary=3 joints ACCELERATION ANALYSIS
DEGREE OF FREEDOM (DOF) / FOUR-BAR MECHANISM TANGENTIAL AND RADIAL
𝑎𝐴 = √𝑎𝑡 2 + 𝑎𝑟 2
KUTZBACK/ GRUEBLER’S EQUATION
ACCELERATION
𝐷𝑂𝐹 = 3(𝐿 − 1) − 2𝐽 − 𝐻 𝑎𝐴 = Absolute/Normal Acceleration
𝑎𝑡 = 𝑟𝛼 = 2𝑣𝜔 𝛼 = Angular Acceleration (if not given
DOF=1 (Constraint) 𝑣2 use 2𝑣𝜔)
DOF=0 (Locked/Structure) 𝑎𝑟 = 𝑟𝜔2 =
DOF>1 (Unconstraint)
𝜔 𝜔 = Angular Velocity

GRASHOFF’S RULE CAMS AND FOLLOW ERS

𝑠+𝑙 ≤𝑝+𝑞
LIFT = MAXIMUM POSITION – MINIMUM POSITION
CASE (s+l) VERSUS (p+q) SHORTEST BAR TYPE
1 < Frame Double- crank SLIDER CRANK MECHANISM
2 < Side Rocker- crank
𝐿 Crank Length = ½ Stroke of
3 < Coupler Double- rocker 𝑂. 𝑅. = 𝜃 = tan−1(𝑂. 𝑅. )
𝑟 Slider
4 = Any Change- point
5 > Any Triple- rocker ROLLING CYLINDERS

NUMBER OF INSTANTANEOUS CENTERS CYLINDERS ROLLING OPPOSITE CYLINDERS ROLLING SAME

DIRECTION DIRECTION
𝐿(𝐿 − 1) • Tangential Speed
𝑁= ; 𝑁 =𝐿 𝐶2 • Tangential Speed
2 𝑣1 = 𝑣2 = 𝜋𝐷1𝑁1 = 𝜋𝐷2 𝑁2
𝑣1 = 𝑣2 = 𝜋𝐷1𝑁1 = 𝜋𝐷2 𝑁2
• Relation of Diameter and • Relation of Diameter and
VELOCITY ANALYSIS Speed Speed
𝐷1𝑁1 = 𝐷2 𝑁2 𝐷1𝑁1 = 𝐷2 𝑁2
• Speed Ratio • Speed Ratio
𝑉𝐵 𝑉𝐴 𝑆𝑝𝑒𝑒𝑑 𝑜𝑓 𝐷𝑟𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑟 𝑁 𝐷
𝑆𝑝𝑒𝑒𝑑 𝑜𝑓 𝐷𝑟𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑟
𝑆𝑅 = 𝑆𝑝𝑒𝑒𝑑 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝐷𝑟𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑛 = 𝑁1 = 𝐷2
𝑁 𝐷 𝑆𝑅 = 𝑆𝑝𝑒𝑒𝑑 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝐷𝑟𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑛 = 𝑁1 = 𝐷2
2 1
2 1

VELOCITY ANALYSIS • Cylinder Distance • Cylinder Distance

𝐷2 + 𝐷1 𝐷2 − 𝐷1
𝑅2 + 𝑅1 = 𝑅2 − 𝑅1 =
𝑉𝐵 = 𝑟𝐵𝐶 𝜔𝐵𝐶 2 2

𝑉𝐴 = 𝑟𝐴𝑂 𝜔𝐴𝑂
MECHANICAL ADVANTAGE

𝐴𝑀𝐴 𝐿𝑜𝑎𝑑 𝐷𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒

𝜔𝐴𝐵 𝑒= ; 𝐴𝑀𝐴 = ; 𝐼𝑀𝐴 =
𝐼𝑀𝐴 𝐸𝑓𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑡 𝐻𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡
S
FOR JACKSCREW FOR WHEEL AND AXLE
VELOCITY ANALYSIS WITH 2𝜋𝐿 𝑅
𝐼𝑀𝐴 = 𝐼𝑀𝐴 =
𝑃 𝑟
INSTANTANEOUS CENTER
𝑉𝐵 = 𝑟𝐵𝐼 𝜔𝐴𝐵 FOR INCLINED PLANE

𝑉𝐴 = 𝑟𝐴𝐼 𝜔𝐴𝐵 1
𝐴𝑀𝐴 =
𝐻 𝐹𝑓
𝐿 +𝑊

𝐼
S
 STRENGTH OF MATERIALS
CONSTANTS THERMAL STRESS (𝜎𝑇 ) THERMAL DEFORMATION (𝛿𝑇 )
𝜎𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑎𝑙 = 𝐸𝛼∆𝑇 𝛿𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑎𝑙 = 𝛼𝐿∆𝑇
MODULUS OF RIGIDITY (G)
MODULUS OF ELASTICITY (E)
𝐺𝑆𝑡𝑒𝑒𝑙 = 11.5 𝑜𝑟 12 × 106 𝑝𝑠𝑖 SHEAR STRESS ( 𝝉)
𝐸𝑆𝑡𝑒𝑒𝑙 = 30 × 106 𝑝𝑠𝑖 𝐺𝑆𝑡𝑒𝑒𝑙 = 80 𝑜𝑟 83 𝐺𝑃𝑎
𝐸𝑆𝑡𝑒𝑒𝑙 = 207 𝐺𝑃𝑎
1 THERMAL STRESS (𝜎𝑇 )
𝐸𝐴𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑢𝑚 = 𝐸𝑆𝑡𝑒𝑒𝑙 SPECIFIC WEIGHT (ɣ)
3 𝑘𝑔 𝑙𝑏 𝐹
𝛾𝑆𝑡𝑒𝑒𝑙 = 7850 𝑚3𝑓 = 0.284 𝑖𝑛𝑓3 𝜏=
𝑃𝑟𝑜𝑗𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎
POISSON’S RATIO (𝜐)
COEFFICIENT OF THERMAL
𝜐𝑆𝑡𝑒𝑒𝑙 = 0.25 𝑡𝑜 0.30 EXPANSION/ CONTRACTION (𝛼)
𝛼𝑆𝑡𝑒𝑒𝑙 = 6.5 × 10−6 /℉
Use 0.30 if not given 𝛼𝑆𝑡𝑒𝑒𝑙 = 11.7 × 10−6 /℃

AXIAL STRESS ( 𝝈)
TENSILE/COMPRESSIVE STRESS
𝐹
𝜎=
𝑃𝑟𝑜𝑗𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎
𝜋𝑑 2 𝜋(𝐷𝑜 2 −𝐷𝑖 2 )
For Solid Circular: 𝐴 = For Hollow:
4 4
COMBINED TENSILE AND SHEAR STRESS
BEARING STRESS (𝜎𝑏 , 𝑆𝑏 )
MAXIMUM TENSILE STRESS MAXIMUM SHEAR STRESS
𝐹
𝜎𝑏 =
𝑃𝑟𝑜𝑗𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 2 2
𝑆𝑇 2 𝑆𝑡 2 𝑆𝑡
𝑆𝑇(𝑀𝑎𝑥) = + √𝑆𝑠 + ( ) 𝑆𝑆(𝑀𝑎𝑥) = √𝑆𝑠 + ( )
2 2 2

STRAIN(𝜺) AND ELONGATION ( 𝜹)

ELONGATION (𝛿) ELONGATION (𝛿)
STRAIN (𝜀)
FLEXURAL / BENDING STRESS
MAXIMUM BENDING MOMENT (M) 𝛿 𝐹𝐿 𝜌𝑔𝐿2
(𝜎𝑓 , 𝑆𝑓 ) 𝜀= 𝛿= 𝛿=
• For Simply Supported Beam with 𝐿 𝐴𝐸 2𝐸
𝑀𝑐 𝑀 𝐼 Load At the Center (Due to Force) (Due to Weight)
𝜎𝑓 = = ; 𝑧= 𝐹𝐿
𝐼 𝑧 𝑐 𝑀=
4 HOOKE’S LAW AND POIS SON’S RATIO ( 𝝂)
• Flexural Stress on Solid Shaft • For Simply Supported Beam with
𝑑 Load At Every 1/3 of the Length
32𝑀 𝑀 ( 2 ) 𝐹𝐿 HOOKE’S LAW POISSON’S RATIO (𝜐)
𝜎𝑓 = = 𝑀=
𝜋𝑑 3 𝜋𝑑 4 3
64 • For Simply Supported Beam with
• For Axial Stress 𝐸
𝐺=
Uniform Distributed Load 2(1 + 𝜈)
• Flexural Stress on Rectangle 𝜎 = 𝐸𝜀
𝜔𝐿2 𝜀𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑙 𝜀𝑦
ℎ 𝑀= 𝜈=− =−
6𝑀 𝑀( ) 8 • For Shear Stress
𝜎𝑓 = 2 = 2
• For Cantilever Beam with Load At 𝜀𝑙𝑜𝑛𝑔𝑖𝑡𝑢𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝜀𝑥
𝑏ℎ 𝑏ℎ 3 𝜏 = 𝐺𝜀𝑠
12 End NOTE: 0 < 𝜈 < 0.5
𝑀 = 𝐹𝐿
• Bending Stress of Steel Bandsaw • For Cantilever Beam with
EFFECTIVE MODULUS (𝑀𝑒 ) BENDING STRESS IN STEEL BANDSAW
𝐸𝐼 𝑡 Uniform Distributed Load
𝐸𝑡 ( ) 𝐸𝑡
𝜎𝑓 = = 𝑟 2 𝜔𝐿2 𝐸(1 − 𝜈)
2𝑟 𝐼 𝑀= 𝑀𝑒 = 𝜎𝑓 =
2 1 − 𝜈 − 𝜈2 2𝑟

POLAR SECTION MODULUS (𝑧𝑝 ) DILATATION ( 𝒆) AND BULK MODULUS (K)

POLAR MOMENT OF INERTIA (J) 𝐽
𝑧𝑝 = DILATATION (𝑒)
• For Solid Circular Beam 𝑐 BULK MODULUS (𝐾)
𝜋 4 • For Solid Circular Beam 1 − 2𝜈
𝐽= 𝐷 𝑒= (𝜎𝑥 + 𝜎𝑦 + 𝜎𝑧 ) ∆𝑃 ∆𝑃
32
𝜋 3 𝐸 𝐾= =
∆𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑒
• For Hollow Circular Beam 𝑧𝑝 = 𝐷 ∆𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒
16 𝑒= = (1 − 2𝜈)𝜀 𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒
𝜋
𝐽 = 32 (𝐷𝑜4 − 𝐷𝑖 4) • For Hollow Circular Beam 𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒
𝜋
𝑧𝑝 = 16𝐷 (𝐷 4 − 𝑑 4) STRESS DUE TO IMPACT LOADING
COMBINED BENDING AND AXIAL STRESSES
𝐹 2ℎ𝐴𝐸 𝑣2
𝐹 𝑀𝑐 𝑆= (1 + √1 + ) ℎ=
𝑆= ± (+) Tension ; (-) Compression 𝐴 𝐹𝐿 2𝑔
𝐴 𝐼
 BEAMS

THEORIES OF FAILURE
STRESS RATIO (R) AMPLITUDE RATIO (A)
𝑆𝑚𝑖𝑛 𝑆𝑎
𝑅= 𝐴=
𝑆𝑚𝑎𝑥 𝑆𝑚 (𝑺𝒎 ) (𝑺𝒂 )

VARIABLE AND FLUCTUATING STRESS ES

GERBER METHOD GOODMAN METHOD
2 1 𝑆𝑚 𝑆
1 𝑆𝑚 𝑆𝑎 = + 𝐾𝑓 𝑆𝑎 (For Brittle)
= 𝐹𝑆 ( ) + 𝐹𝑆 𝑆𝑢
𝐹𝑆 𝑆𝑢 𝑆𝑒 𝑒

SODERBERG METHOD ASME ELLIPTIC METHOD

1 𝑆𝑚 𝑆 2
= + 𝐾𝑓 𝑆𝑎 (For Ductile) 𝑆𝑚 𝑆𝑎 2
𝐹𝑆 𝑆𝑦 𝑒 (𝐹𝑆 ) + (𝐹𝑆 ) = 1
𝑆𝑦 𝑆𝑒

SHAFTINGS
SHEAR/TORSIONAL STRESS POWER TRANSMITTED TORSIONAL DEFLECTION ( 𝜽)
TORSIONAL DEFLECTION / ANGLE OF TWIST
𝑇𝑐 𝑇𝑁 𝑇𝐿
𝑆𝑆ℎ𝑎𝑓𝑡 = 𝑃=
𝐽 𝐹𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 𝜃=
𝐽𝐺
• FOR SOLID SHAFT
𝐷
16𝑇 𝑇 (2) SI ENG SHORTCUT FORMULAS
𝑆𝑆𝑜𝑙𝑖𝑑 = = 𝜋
𝜋𝐷 3 (𝐷 4 ) P kW HP • For Shearing Stress in the Shaft
32
• FOR HOLLOW SHAFT 𝑆𝑆 (2𝐿) = 𝐺𝜃𝐷
T N-mm lb-in
𝐷
16𝑇𝐷 𝑇 (2) • For Angular Deflection with Given Shaft Diameter
𝑆𝐻𝑜𝑙𝑙𝑜𝑤 = = 𝜋 N rpm rpm
𝜋(𝐷 4 − 𝑑 4 ) (𝐷 4 − 𝑑 4) 584𝑇𝐿 584𝑇𝐿
32 Factor 9.549 × 106 63025 𝜃= = 4
4
𝐷 𝐺 (𝐷 − 𝑑 4 )𝐺
 COMBINED TORSIONAL AND BENDING STR ESS SHAFT LINEAR DEFLECTION

SHEARING TENSILE NO BENDING ACTION BENDING ACTION

16 16 2 𝐿 2 𝐿
𝑆= (√𝑀2 + 𝑇 2 ) 𝑆= (𝑀 + √𝑀2 + 𝑇 2 ) 𝐷3 = 𝐷3 =
𝜋𝐷 3 𝜋𝐷 3 8.95 5.2
Compression
L= length in FT L= length in FT
RELATION OF DIAMETERS OF SOLID AND HOLLOW SHAFT
D= diameter in INCHES D= diameter in INCHES
𝐷 4 − 𝑑 4 = 𝐷𝑠 3𝐷 (For Equal Torsional Strength)
POWER TRANSMITTED
𝐷𝑠 2 = 2(𝐷 2 − 𝑑 2 ) (Weight of Hollow is Half the Weight of Solid Shaft)
𝐷 4
𝐻𝑃 = ( ) 𝑁
“If weight of the hollow shaft is half the 4.6

weight of solid shaft and equal torsional WEIGHT SAVED D= diameter in INCHES
N= RPM
strength” 𝐷2 − 𝑑2
% 𝑊. 𝑆. = 1 −
𝐷𝑠 2
1 + √2
𝐷𝑜 = 𝐷𝑠
2

KEYS AND COUPLINGS

KEYS COUPLINGS

SHEARING STRESS OF KEYS TOTAL FORCE TRANSMITTED

2𝑇 2𝑇
𝑆𝑆 = 𝐹𝑇 = = 𝑛𝐵 𝐹𝑒𝑎𝑐ℎ
𝑊𝐿𝐷𝑠 𝐷𝐵𝐶

COMPRESSION ON THE KEYS

4𝑇 SHEARING OF BOLTS
𝑆𝑆 = 𝐹𝑇 2𝑇
𝐻𝐿𝐷𝑠 hj 𝑆𝑆 = =
𝑛𝐵 𝐴𝐵 𝑛𝐵 𝐴𝐵 𝐷𝐵𝐶
KEYS OF SAME MATERIAL
𝐷𝑆ℎ𝑎𝑓𝑡 COMPRESSION OF BOLTS
𝑊𝐾𝑒𝑦 = 𝐿𝐾𝑒𝑦 = 1.2𝐷𝑠ℎ𝑎𝑓𝑡
4 𝐹𝑇 2𝑇
𝑆𝑆 = =
𝑛𝐵 𝑑𝐵 𝑡𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑛𝐵 𝑑𝐵 𝑡𝑝 𝐷𝐵𝐶

COLUMNS
SLENDERNESS RATIO SLENDERNESS RATIO RADIUS OF GYRATION
SHAPE 𝐼 𝐾𝑔
CRITICAL FORCE
𝐿𝑒 𝐼 S < 50 Short Rectangle 𝐼 = 𝑏ℎ ⁄12
3 ℎ⁄
𝑆= 𝐾𝑔 = √ √12
𝜋 2 𝐼𝐸
𝐾𝑔 𝐴 50 < S <200 Intermediate 3 ℎ⁄ 𝐹𝐶 =
Triangle 𝐼 = 𝑏ℎ ⁄36 𝐿𝑒 2
√18
𝐿𝑒 = Column Length S > 200 Long 4 𝐷⁄
𝐾𝑔 = radius of gyration Circle 𝐼 = 𝜋𝐷 ⁄64 4
 EFFECTIVE LENGTH (𝐿𝑒 )
𝐿𝑒 = 𝑘𝐿 CRITICAL SPEED OF SHAFT
1 for Pinned/Hinged Ends
𝑟𝑎𝑑 576𝐸𝐼𝑔
2 for Fixed and Free Ends 𝜔𝑐𝑟 ( )=√
𝒌 0.5 for Fixed Ends
𝑠 𝑊𝐿3

0.7 for Pinned and Fixed Ends

SPRINGS
SPRING STRESS SPRING INDEX IMPACT LOADING ON SPRINGS
8𝐾𝐹𝐶 𝐷𝑚 𝐷𝑜 − 𝑑𝑤 𝐷𝑖 + 𝑑𝑤
𝑆𝑠 = 2 𝐶= = = FREE FALL
𝜋𝑑𝑤 𝑑𝑤 𝑑𝑤 𝑑𝑤
∆𝑃𝐸 = 𝑆𝑝𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑊𝑜𝑟𝑘
SPRING CORRECTION FACTOR (K) 1
𝑊(ℎ + 𝛿) = 𝐹𝛿
WAHL’S FACTOR (𝐾) BERGSTRASSER’S FACTOR (𝐾𝐵 ) 2

4𝐶 − 1 0.615 4𝐶 + 2
𝐾= + 𝐾𝐵 =
4𝐶 − 4 𝐶 4𝐶 − 3
BODIES WITH VELOCITY
DIRECT SHEAR / STRESS CURVE CORRECTION ∆𝐾𝐸 = 𝑆𝑝𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑊𝑜𝑟𝑘
CONCENTRATION FACTOR (𝐾𝑆 ) FACTOR (𝐾𝑐 )
1 1
2 𝐾 𝑚𝑣 2 = 𝐹𝛿
𝐾𝑆 = 1 + 𝐾𝐶 = 2 2
𝐶 𝐾𝑆

SPRING DEFORMATION ( 𝜹)
SPRING CONSTANT ( 𝒌)

SPRINGS IN SERIES
1 1 1 1 1
= + + +⋯
SPRING 𝑘 𝑇 𝑘1 𝑘2 𝑘3 𝑘𝑛

CONSTANT (k) 𝛿𝑇 = 𝛿1 + 𝛿2 + 𝛿3 + ⋯ 𝛿𝑛

𝐹 𝐹𝑇 = 𝐹1 = 𝐹2 = 𝐹3 = 𝐹𝑛
𝑘=
𝛿

SPRING DEFORMATION (𝛿)

8𝐹𝐶 3 𝑛𝑐
𝛿=
𝐺𝑑𝑤 SPRINGS IN PARALLEL
TYPES OF COILS 𝑛𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 SOLID LENGTH FREE LENGTH 𝑘 𝑇 = 𝑘1 + 𝑘2 + 𝑘3 + ⋯ 𝑘𝑛
GROUND 𝑛𝑐 𝑛 𝑐 𝑑𝑤 𝑛𝑐 𝑝 𝛿𝑇 = 𝛿1 = 𝛿2 = 𝛿3 = 𝛿𝑛
PLAIN 𝑛𝑐 (𝑛𝑐 + 1)𝑑𝑤 𝑛 𝑐 𝑝 + 𝑑𝑤
𝐹𝑇 = 𝐹1 + 𝐹2 + 𝐹3 + ⋯ 𝐹𝑛
SQUARED/CLOSED
𝑛𝑐 + 2 (𝑛𝑐 + 2)𝑑𝑤 𝑛𝑐 𝑝 + 2𝑑𝑤
AND GROUND

SQUARED 𝑛𝑐 + 2 (𝑛𝑐 + 3)𝑑𝑤 𝑛𝑐 𝑝 + 3𝑑𝑤

SPRING WORK ( 𝑾𝒔 )
FREQUENCY OSCILLATION
SPRING WORK / ELASTIC POTENTIAL ENERGY
𝑟𝑎𝑑
𝑘 2𝜋 1 𝜔= natural frequency,
1 1 𝑡= 𝑓= 𝑠
𝑆𝑝𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑊𝑜𝑟𝑘 (𝑊𝑠 ) = 𝐹𝛿 = 𝑘𝛿 2 𝜔=√ 𝜔 𝑡 𝑙𝑏𝑚
2 2 𝑚 𝑘= (ENG) 𝑖𝑛
× 32.2 × 12
 WORK IN SPRING USING INTEGRATION STRESS FACTOR (𝐹𝑠 )
STRESS (𝑆𝑠 ) FORCE
𝐿2−𝐿𝑁𝑎𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑎𝑙 𝐹𝑠 = 1(Single, Cantilever)
𝐹
𝑊𝑠 = ∫ 𝑘𝑥𝑑𝑥 ; 𝑘= 6𝐹𝐿 𝐹𝑠 = 1⁄2 (Semi-elliptical) 𝐹𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑙
𝐿1−𝐿𝑁𝑎𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑎𝑙 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑡𝑐ℎ𝑒𝑑 𝐿𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ 𝑆𝑠 = 2 (𝐹𝑠 ) 𝐹=
𝑏𝑡 𝑛 𝐹𝑠 3 2
= 2𝑛 +3𝑛 (Multiple)
𝑛 𝑔 𝑓
PRELOAD OF EYEBOLT USING SPRING
DEFLECTION (𝛿) DEFLECTION FACTOR (𝐹𝑑 )
𝐹𝑛𝑒𝑡 = 𝑊 − 𝐹𝑠𝑝𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑔
𝑆𝐿2 𝐹𝑑 = 2⁄3 (Single, Cantilever
𝛿= (𝐹 )
LEAF SPRING 𝑡𝐸 𝑑 Rectangular, Multiple Leaves)
𝐹𝑑 = 1 (Cantilever)
𝐹𝑑 = 1⁄6 (Semi- elliptical)
DEFLECTION MULTIPLE
SPRING THICKNESS OF CANTILEVER
LEAVES SPRING
12𝐹𝐿3 3
4𝐹𝐿𝐹 2
𝛿=
𝑏𝑡3 𝐸(2𝑛 𝑡𝑠 = √
𝑔 + 3𝑛𝑓 ) 𝑏𝐸
(Minimum Bending Stress)

FLYWHEELS
INERTIA IN FLYWHEELS
TORQUE MASS MOMENT OF ANGULAR
1 INERTIA (𝐼𝑀 ) ACCELERATION (𝛼)
𝑇 = 𝐼𝑀 𝛼 (32.2)
1 𝜔𝑖 − 𝜔𝑜
For ENG Unit 𝐼𝑀 = 𝑚𝑟 2 = 𝑚𝐾𝑔 2 𝛼=
𝑡
2

PUNCHING IN FLYWHEELS

ENERGY IN PUNCHING
1 1
𝐸𝑝 = 𝐹𝑡 = 𝑆𝑢 𝜋𝑑𝐻 𝑡 2
2 2
𝑑𝐻 – Diameter of Hole
𝑆𝑢 – Ultimate Shear Stress
TOTAL WEIGHT OF FLYWHEELS WEIGHT OF RIM (𝑊𝑟 ) 𝑡 – Thickness

𝑊𝑓 = 𝑊𝑟 + 𝑊𝐻&𝐴 𝑊𝑟 = 𝛾𝑉𝑟 = 𝛾(𝜋𝐷𝑚 𝑏𝑡)

POWER IN PUNCHING
PRESSURE FORCE FOR
KINETIC ENERGY OF FLYWHEELS PUNCHING 1 2
𝐸𝑝 2 𝑆𝑢 𝜋𝑑𝐻 𝑡
1 𝑊𝑓 𝑟𝑎𝑑 𝑃𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑃= =
∆𝐾𝐸 = 2 ( ) (𝜋𝐷𝑚 )2 (𝑁1 2 − 𝑁2 2 ) ;𝑁 = 𝑡 𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒
𝑔 𝑠
𝑃= × 𝑡 × 𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟
3
𝑊𝑓 𝑃 – in TONS PRESSURE FORCE FOR
∆𝐾𝐸 = 𝐶𝑓 𝑚𝑉𝑚 = 𝐶𝑓 ( ) (𝜋𝐷𝑚 𝑁𝑚 )2 𝑡 – in INCHES PUNCHING (CIRCLE)
𝑔
𝐹𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 – 80 (Steel) ; 65 (Brass) 𝑃 = 𝑑 × 𝑡 × 𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟
1
∆𝐾𝐸 = 𝐼𝑀 (𝜔𝑓 2 − 𝜔𝑜 2 )
2 CENTRIFUGAL FORCE IN FLYWHEEL
1
COEFFICIENT OF FLUCTUATION/REGULATION (𝐶𝑓 ) 𝐹𝐶 = 𝑚𝑟𝜔2 (32.2) For ENG Unit
2(𝑁1 − 𝑁2 ) 2(𝑣1 − 𝑣2 )
𝐶𝑓 = =
𝑁1 + 𝑁2 𝑣1 + 𝑣2
 PRESSURE VESSELS
THIN-WALLED PRESSURE VESS ELS THICK-WALLED PRESSURE VESSELS
𝑡 𝑡
< 0.1 ≥ 0.1
𝐷𝑖 𝐷𝑖

TANGENTIAL/ CIRCUMFERENTIAL/ AXIAL STRESS LAME’S EQUATION

GIRTH/ HOOP STRESS
𝑃𝑖 𝑟𝑖 2 − 𝑃𝑜 𝑟𝑜 2 𝐷𝑖 𝑆𝑇 + 𝑃𝑖
𝑃𝐷𝑖 𝑆𝑎 = 𝑡= (√ − 1)
𝑆𝑇 = 𝑟𝑜 2 − 𝑟𝑖 2 2 𝑆𝑇 − 𝑃𝑖
2𝑡𝜂𝑗𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡

LONGITUDINAL STRESS MAXIMUM INTERNAL STRESS (𝑆𝑖 )

𝑃𝐷𝑖 𝑃𝑖 (𝑟𝑜 2 + 𝑟𝑖 2 ) − 2𝑃𝑜 𝑟𝑜 2

𝑆𝐿 = 𝑆𝑖 =
4𝑡𝜂𝑗𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡 𝑟𝑜 2 − 𝑟𝑖 2

SPHERICAL PRESSURE VESSELS

MAXIMUM EXTERNAL STRESS (𝑆𝑜 )
STRESS IN SPHERICAL VESSEL
2𝑃𝑖 𝑟𝑖 2 − 𝑃𝑜 (𝑟𝑜 2 + 𝑟𝑖 2 )
𝑃𝐷𝑖 𝑆𝑜 =
𝑆𝑇 = 𝑆𝐿 = 𝑟𝑜 2 − 𝑟𝑖 2
4𝑡𝜂𝑗𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡

BRAKES
BAND BRAKES DIFFERENTIAL BAND BRAKES

TENSION
BRAKE TORQUE
𝐹1
𝑇 = (𝐹1 − 𝐹2 )𝑟𝑑𝑟𝑢𝑚 = 𝑒 𝑓𝜃
𝐹2

MAXIMUM UNIT PRESSURE MINIMUM FORCE MAXIMUM FORCE

STRESS IN BAND (𝑆𝑏 )
(𝑃𝑚𝑎𝑥 ) ↻ ∑𝑀𝑜 = 0 ↺ ∑𝑀𝑜 = 0
𝐹1
𝐹1 𝑆𝑏 =
𝑏𝑡 𝐹𝑚𝑖𝑛 (𝐿) + 𝐹1 (𝑏) − 𝐹2 (𝑎) = 0 𝐹𝑚𝑎𝑥 (𝐿) + 𝐹2 (𝑏) − 𝐹1 (𝑎) = 0
𝑃𝑚𝑎𝑥 =
𝑏𝑟 𝐹2 (𝑎) − 𝐹1 (𝑏) 𝐹1 (𝑎) − 𝐹2 (𝑏)
𝐹𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 𝐹𝑚𝑎𝑥 =
SIMPLE BAND BRAKES 𝐿 𝐿

ORIENTATION PERPENDICULAR
TO THE DIAMETER BISECTING 𝛽 = 90 − 𝜃
THE ANGLE OF CONTACT
360 − 𝐴𝑂𝐶
• MINIMUM FORCE (Clockwise) 𝜃=
2
(𝐹2 sin 𝛽)(𝑎) = 𝐹𝑚𝑖𝑛(𝐿)
MINIMUM FORCE MAXIMUM FORCE
• MAXIMUM FORCE (CCW) AOC = angle of contact
↻ ∑𝑀𝑜 = 0 ↺ ∑𝑀𝑜 = 0 (𝐹1 sin 𝛽)(𝑎) = 𝐹𝑚𝑎𝑥 (𝐿)
𝐹𝑚𝑖𝑛 (𝐿) − 𝐹2 (𝑎) = 0 𝐹𝑚𝑎𝑥 (𝐿) − 𝐹1 (𝑎) = 0
𝐹2 (𝑎) 𝐹1 (𝑎) HEAT DISSIPATED IN BRAKES
𝐹𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 𝐹𝑚𝑎𝑥 =
𝐿 𝐿 𝜋𝐷𝑁
𝐻 = 𝐹𝑓𝑣 𝑣= ; 𝑁 = 𝑟𝑝𝑚
60
 CLUTCHES AND BEARINGS
CLUTCHES BEARINGS
CLUTCH TORQUE BEARING PRESSURE (𝑃𝑏 )

𝑇 = 𝑛𝑓𝐹𝑎 𝑟𝑚 AXIAL FORCE 𝐹

𝑃𝑏 =
• For Multiple Disk Clutch 𝐹𝑎 = 𝑃 × 𝐴 𝐿𝐷𝑖
𝑛 = 𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑒𝑙 + 𝑛𝑏𝑟𝑜𝑛𝑧𝑒 − 1 RADIAL CLEARANCE (𝐶𝑟 )
𝐷−𝑑
UNIFORM PRESSURE UNIFORM WEAR 𝐶𝑟 = 2
(NEW) (OLD)
DIAMETRAL CLEARANCE DIAMETRAL CLEARANCE RATIO (𝐶𝑅𝑑 )
2 𝑟𝑜 3 − 𝑟𝑖 3 𝑟𝑜 + 𝑟𝑖
𝑟𝑚 = ( 2 ) 𝑟𝑚 = (𝐶𝑑 ) 𝐶𝑑 𝐷 − 𝑑
3 𝑟𝑜 − 𝑟𝑖 2 2
MEAN 𝐶𝑅𝑑 = =
𝐶𝑑 = 𝐷 − 𝑑 𝑑 𝑑
RADIUS (𝑟𝑚 ) 1 𝑑𝑜 3 − 𝑑𝑖 3 𝑑𝑜 + 𝑑𝑖
𝑟𝑚 = ( 2 ) 𝑟𝑚 =
3 𝑑𝑜 − 𝑑𝑖 2 4 BEARING MODULUS (𝐵𝑀) VISCOSITY (𝜇)
𝜋 𝜇𝑁 1 𝑅𝑒𝑦𝑛 = 1 𝑝𝑠𝑖 ∙ sec
AREA (𝑑 2 − 𝑑𝑖 2 ) 𝜋𝑑𝑖 𝑡 𝐵𝑀 =
4 𝑜 𝑝 𝑑𝑦𝑛𝑒 ∙ 𝑠𝑒𝑐
1 𝑃𝑜𝑖𝑠𝑒 = 1
𝜇 = reyns ; 𝑁 = rps ; 𝑝 = psi 𝑐𝑚 2
CONE CLUTCH
PETROFF’S EQUATION
HEAT DISSIPATION IN
CONE CLUTCH TORQUE
4𝜇𝜋 2 𝑟 3 𝐿𝑁 BEARINGS
𝑛𝑓𝐹𝑎 𝑟𝑚 𝑇𝑓 (𝑙𝑏 ∙ 𝑖𝑛) = 𝐵𝑇𝑈 𝐶ℎ 𝐿𝐷
𝐶𝑟
𝑇= 𝐻( )=
sin 𝛼 𝜇 – viscosity in REYNS 𝑚𝑖𝑛 778
𝑟, 𝐿 – in INCHES 𝐷, 𝐿 – in INCHES
𝑁 – speed in RPS 𝑓𝑡
𝐶ℎ – Heat D. Coefficient in 𝑝𝑠𝑖 ∙ 𝑚𝑖𝑛
NORMAL FORCE (𝐹𝑛 ) 𝐶𝑟 – radial clearance in INCHES

𝐹𝑎
𝐹𝑛 = BALL BEARING AND ROLLER BEARING
sin 𝛼
RADIAL LOAD OF BALL RADIAL LOAD OF ROLLER
𝛼 = Cone Clutch Angle
BEARING BEARING
FORCE NEEDED TO ENGAGE CONE CLUTCH (𝐹𝑒 ) 𝑘1 𝑛𝐷2 𝑘2 𝑛𝐿𝐷
𝐹𝑟 (𝑙𝑏𝑠) = 𝐹𝑟 (𝑙𝑏𝑠) =
𝐹𝑒 = 𝐹𝑛 (sin 𝛼 + 𝑓 cos 𝛼) 5 5
𝐷 – Diameter in INCHES 𝐷 – Diameter in INCHES
𝑛 – Number of Balls 𝑛 – Number of Rollers
MAXIMUM PRESSURE (𝑃𝑚𝑎𝑥 )
550 for Unhardened Steel 7000 for Hardened
𝐹𝑛 𝐷−𝑑 𝑡 700 for Hardened Steel Carbon Steel
𝑃𝑚𝑎𝑥 = ; 𝐴 = 𝜋𝐷𝑚 𝑏 ; 𝑏 = ; sin 𝛼 = 𝒌𝟏 1000 for Hardened Alloy on Flat 𝒌𝟐
𝐴 2 sin 𝛼 𝑏 10,000 for Hardened
2000 for Hardened Alloy on Grooved Alloy Steel
𝑏 = Face Width
BEARING LIFE FACTOR BEARING SPEED FACTOR
JAW CLUTCH
3 𝐻𝐷 3 𝐾𝑟𝑜𝑡 𝑁𝐷
BEARING BEARING BEARING AREA (𝐴𝑏 ) 𝐾𝐿 = √ 𝐾𝑆 = √
𝐻𝐶 𝐾𝑟𝑒𝑙 𝑁𝐶
PRESSURE (𝑃𝑏 ) FORCE (𝑃𝑏 ) 𝐴𝑏 = 𝑡ℎ𝑛𝑗 𝐻𝐷 – Desired Life of Bearing 𝑁𝐷 – Desired Speed of Bearing
𝐹𝑎 2𝑇 𝐻𝐶 – Catalog Life of Bearing 𝑁𝐶 – Catalog Speed of Bearing
𝑃𝑏 = 𝐹𝑏 = 𝑛𝑗 = No. of Jaw Faces 𝐾𝑟𝑒𝑙 – Reliability Factor 𝐾𝑟𝑜𝑡 – Rotational Factor
𝐴𝑏 𝐷𝑚 ℎ = Jaw Height
POWER LOSS IN BEARING
SOMMERFELD NUMBER
(∆𝑇 + 33)2 𝐿𝐷
𝑃𝐿𝑜𝑠𝑠 = 𝑓𝐹𝑣 = 𝜇𝑁 𝐷 2
55 𝑆= ( )
𝐹 – in LBS 𝐿, 𝐷 – INCHES
𝑃 𝐶𝐷
𝑣 = 𝜋𝐷𝑁 = FT/MIN ∆𝑇 – ℉
 BELTS
OPEN FLAT BELTS CONDITIONS FOR TRANSMISSION OF MAXIMUM POWER
• The power transmitted shall be maximum when
ANGLE OF CONTACT 𝐹1
𝐷2 − 𝐷1 𝐹𝑐 =
3
𝜃 =𝜋±
𝐶 • The belt runs at the velocity, 𝑣 = √3𝑚
1 𝐹
, where 𝑚 is mass of
+ Larger Diameter
− Smaller Diameter belt per unit length. At this velocity, the maximum possible
power transmission is
LENGTH OF OPEN BELT 2𝐹1
𝑃= (1 − 𝑒 −𝑓𝜃 )𝑣
𝐷1 + 𝐷2 (𝐷2 − 𝐷1 )2 3
𝐿 = 𝜋( ) + 2𝐶 +
2 4𝐶
V-BELTS

BELT TENSION RATIO

ANGLE OF CONTACT
𝐹1 − 𝐹𝑐 𝑓𝜃
𝐷2 + 𝐷1 = 𝑒 sin 𝛽
𝜃 =𝜋+ 𝐹2 − 𝐹𝑐
𝐶
“Angle of Groove (𝛽) given
usually is (2𝛽) so it must be
LENGTH OF CROSSED BELT HALVED.”

𝐷1 + 𝐷2 (𝐷2 + 𝐷1 )2 BELT’S DESIGN STRESS INCREASE IN POWER

𝐿 = 𝜋( ) + 2𝐶 + TRANSMISSION CAPACITY
2 4𝐶 𝑆𝐷 (𝑝𝑠𝑖) = 400𝑒 ′
𝑒 𝑓𝜃 − 1
𝑓𝜃 ′
NET TENSION (𝐹𝑛𝑒𝑡 ) BELT TENSION RATIO 1 for Cemented Joint (1 + %𝑖𝑛𝑐) = 𝑒
𝑇𝑅 − 1
𝑒 𝑓𝜃 − 1 𝐹1 𝐹1 − 𝐹𝑐 𝑒 0.88 for Wire lace Ends 𝑇𝑅
𝐹𝑛𝑒𝑡 = (𝐹1 − 𝐹𝑐 ) ( ) = = 𝑒 𝑓𝜃 0.35 Metal Hooked End 𝑇𝑅 – Tension Ratio ; 𝜃 ′ – New AOC
𝑒 𝑓𝜃 𝐹2 𝐹2 − 𝐹𝑐

CENTRIFUGAL FORCE (𝐹𝑐 )

INITIAL TENSION
𝐹𝑐 = 𝐹 − 𝐹1 = 𝑚𝑣 2 = 𝜌𝑏𝑡𝑣 2
1
12 𝐼. 𝑇. = (𝐹 + 𝐹2 + 2𝐹𝑐 )
𝑚= 𝜌𝑏𝑡 (32.2) For ENG 2 1

CHAIN DRIVES AND SPROCKET

DIAMETER OF LARGE DIAMETER OF SMALL
SPROCKET SPROCKET
𝑃 𝑃
𝐷= 𝑑=
180˚ 180˚
sin ( 𝑇 ) sin ( )
𝑡

CHAIN PITCH PITCH LINE VELOCITY POWER

2 𝑉 = 𝜋𝐷𝑁 = 𝑡𝑝𝑁 𝑃 = 𝐹𝑣
900 3
𝑝(𝑖𝑛) ≤ ( )
𝑁𝑠 SPROCKET OUTSIDE DIAMETER
𝑁𝑠 – Speed of Smaller Sprocket 𝐷𝑜 = 𝐷 + 0.8𝑑𝑖 (𝑑𝑖 = ⌀ of chain roller)

SPROCKET TEETH IN TERMS OF SPROCKET BORE

ROLLER CHAIN DESIGNATION 4𝑑′
For RC Pitches up to 1 inch 𝑇𝑚𝑖𝑛 = +5
RC Roller Chain 𝑝
4𝑑′
X Pitch = (1⁄8)X For RC with Pitches 1 ¼” to 2 ½” 𝑇𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 𝑝
+4
RCXY 0 for Chains of Usual Portion For Silent Chain 𝑇𝑚𝑖𝑛 =
4𝑑′
+6
Y 𝑝
1 for Lightweight Chain 𝑑′ - bore (in)
 LENGTH OF CHAIN HORSEPOWER CAPACITY OF ROLLER CHAIN
𝑇1 + 𝑇2 (𝑇2 − 𝑇1 )2 𝐻𝑃𝑔𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑛
𝐿𝑝 (𝑝𝑖𝑡𝑐ℎ𝑒𝑠) = + 2𝐶𝑝 + 𝑁𝑜. 𝑜𝑓 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑑𝑠 =
2 40𝐶𝑝 𝐻𝑃⁄
𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑑
𝐶
𝐶𝑝 = ; 𝐿𝑐 = 𝐿𝑝 × 𝑝 • BASED ON LINK FATIGUE STRENGTH
𝑝
𝐻𝑃⁄ 1.08 0.9 3−0.07𝑝
𝐿𝑐 – Length of Chain ; 𝑝 – pitch ; 𝐶 – Center Distance 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑑 = 0.004(𝑇1 ) (𝑁1 ) (𝑝)
• BASED ON ROLLER – BUSHING IMPACT
HORSEPOWER PER INCH OF WIDTH OF SILENT CHAIN 1.5
𝐻𝑃⁄ 100𝑇1
𝐻𝑃𝑔𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑛 (𝑝)0.8
𝑊𝑖𝑑𝑡ℎ = 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑑 = 𝐾𝑟 ( 𝑁1 )
𝐻𝑃⁄
𝑤𝑖𝑑𝑡ℎ
17 for RC40 to RC90
𝐻𝑃⁄ 𝑝𝑣 𝑣
= (1 − )
𝑤𝑖𝑑𝑡ℎ 53 425(𝑇1 − 8) 𝑲𝒓 3.4 for RC41
29 for RC25 and RC35
𝑣 – Velocity in FPM ; 𝑝 – Pitch ; 𝑇1 – Teeth of Small Sprocket
𝑁1 –RPM of Small Sprocket ; 𝑝 – Pitch in INCHES ; 𝑇1 – Teeth of Small Sprocket

POWER SCREWS, BOLTS, AND NUTS

POWER SCREWS TOTAL TORQUE (𝑇𝑡 ) POWER
PITCH (𝑝) LEAD (𝐿) LEAD ANGLE (𝑥) • For Raising the Load • For Power Input
𝑟𝑒𝑣 1 𝑣 𝐿 𝑇𝑡 = 𝑇𝑟 + 𝑇𝑐 𝑡𝑇𝑁
𝑃 = 𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟
𝑝( )= 𝐿 = 𝑛𝑝 = tan 𝑥 =
𝑖𝑛𝑐ℎ 𝑇𝑃𝐼 𝑁 𝜋𝐷𝑚 • For Lowering the Load
𝑇𝑃𝐼 – Threads Per Inch 𝑛 – number of threads • For Frictional Power
𝐷𝑚 – mean/ pitch diameter 𝑇𝑡 = 𝑇𝐿 + 𝑇𝑐
𝑐𝑇𝑁
𝑓𝑐 – Frictional Collar 𝑃 = 𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟
𝑟𝑐 – Mean Radius of Collar
MEAN DIAMETER (𝐷𝑚 ) THREAD LENGTH (𝐿𝑇 )
𝐷𝑚 = 𝐷𝑖 + ℎ = 𝐷𝑜 − ℎ 𝐿 𝑇 = √(𝜋𝐷𝑚 𝑁)2 + 𝐿2 EFFICIENCY OF POWER SCREW (𝜂)
• Using Power Angles
tan 𝑥 (cos ø − 𝑓 sin 𝑥)
HEIGHT OF THREAD (ℎ) 𝜂=
𝑓𝐷
1⁄ 𝑝 Square and Other Threads tan 𝑥 cos ø + 𝑓 cos 𝑥 + 𝑐 𝑐 (cos ø − 𝑓 sin 𝑥)
2 𝐷𝑚
7⁄ 𝑝 Seller Square Thread • Using Forces
𝒉 16
0.64p Whitworth 𝑊𝑝
𝜂=
0.866𝑝 V-threads 𝐹(2𝜋𝑟)
𝑊 – Weight to be Lifted ; 𝑝 – Pitch ; 𝐹 – Operating Force ; 𝑟 – Radius/Lever Arm
TORQUE APPLIED TO TURN POWER SCREWS (𝑇𝑟 )
• For Raising the Load EFFICIENCY FOR SQUARE THREADS
cos ø tan 𝑥 + 𝑓
𝑇𝑟 = 𝐹𝑟𝑚 ( ) tan 𝑥
cos ø − 𝑓 tan 𝑥 𝜂𝑠𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑑 =
𝑓𝑐 𝐷𝑐
• For Lowering the Load tan(𝑥 + ø𝑓 ) + 𝐷𝑚
cos ø tan 𝑥 − 𝑓
𝑇𝐿 = 𝐹𝑟𝑚 ( ) ø𝑓 = tan−1 (𝑓)
cos ø + 𝑓 tan 𝑥
𝑓 – Thread Friction ; 𝑥 – Lead Angle

THREAD/PRESSURE ANGLE (∅)

0˚ for Square Threads FRICTIONAL
7˚ for Buttress Threads TORQUE (𝑇𝑐 )
14.5˚ for ACME Threads
∅ 15˚ for Trapezoidal Threads
𝑇𝑐 = 𝐹𝑟𝑐 𝑓𝑐
𝑓𝑐 – Frictional Collar
30˚ for American Standard 𝑟𝑐 – Mean Radius of Collar
Threads
 BOLTS AND NUTS EMPIRICAL FORMULAS FROM VALLENCE

STANDARD STRESS AREA OF BOLTS (𝐴𝑠 ) 𝑆(𝑝𝑠𝑖) = 𝐶(𝐴𝑠 )0.4

𝜋 𝐹𝐵 (𝑙𝑏𝑠) = 𝐶(𝐴𝑠 )1.4
𝐴𝑠 = (𝐷 + 𝐷𝑖 )2
16 𝑚 5,000 for Carbon Steel (Ammonia)
AMERICAN UNC THREAD SERIES 𝑪 10,000 for Bronze Steel
15,000 for Alloy Steel
𝐴𝑠 – Stress Area in 𝑖𝑛2

EMPIRICAL FORMULAS FOR

EMPIRICAL FORMULAS
SETSCREWS
FROM FAIRES
𝐷𝑠 𝑁𝐷2.3
𝑆𝑦 (𝐴𝑠 )0.5 𝑃𝑠 (𝐻𝑃) =
𝑆(𝑝𝑠𝑖) = 50
6
𝑃𝑔𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑛
𝑆𝑦 (𝐴𝑠 )1.5 𝑛𝑠 =
STRESS AREA OF BOLTS (𝐴𝑠 ) 𝐹𝐵 (𝑙𝑏𝑠) = 𝑃𝑠
𝜋 6
𝐷𝑠 – Shaft Diameter in INCHES
𝐴𝑠 (𝑖𝑛2 ) = (𝐷 − 0.9743𝑝)2 𝐴𝑠 – Stress Area in 𝑖𝑛2 𝑁 – RPM
4 𝑑 – diameter of Setscrew in INCHES
𝐷 – Nominal Diameter in INCHES ; 𝑝 – Pitch in INCHES

METRIC THREAD SERIES “WORKING STRENGTH TO SCREWED UP

TIGHTLY PACKED JOINT”
𝑊𝑠 (𝑙𝑏𝑠) = 𝑆𝑡 (0.55𝑑 2 − 0.25𝑑 )
𝑆𝑡 – Tensile/ Working Stress in PSI ; 𝑑 – Bolt Diameter in INCHES

“TIGHTENING / INITIAL
“MINIMUM LENGTH OF
TORQUE ON BOLTS”
ENGAGEMENT”
𝑇𝑖 = 𝑐𝐹𝑖 𝐷
2𝐴
STRESS AREA OF BOLTS (𝐴𝑠 ) 𝐿𝑒 = 0.2 As Received Bolts
0.5𝜋(𝐷 − 0.65𝑝)
𝜋
𝐴𝑠 (𝑚𝑚2 ) = (𝐷 − 0.938𝑝)2
𝒄 0.5 Lubricated Bolts
4
𝐷 – Nominal Diameter in MM ; 𝑝 – Pitch in MM SHEAR FORCE ON
HEIGHT OF
HEIGHT OF V-
NUT THREADS
FORCE PER BOLT (𝐹𝐵 ) BOLT NUTS
TOTAL FORCE (𝐹𝑇 ) THREADS
𝐹𝑆 = 𝑆𝑆 𝐴𝑛𝑢𝑡𝑠
𝜋 7
𝐹𝑇 = 𝑃𝐴 = 𝐹𝐵 𝑛𝐵 𝐹𝐵 = 𝑆𝐵 𝐴𝐵 ; 𝐴𝐵 = 𝑑 𝐵 2 ℎ𝑛𝑢𝑡𝑠 = 𝑑𝐵 1 ℎ𝑣𝑡 = 0.866𝑝
4 8 𝐴𝑛𝑢𝑡𝑠 = 𝜋𝑑ℎ𝑛𝑢𝑡𝑠
2

GEARS
GEAR RATIO (𝐺𝑅) / RATIO (𝑆𝑅) CIRCULAR PITCH /TRANSVERSE
DIAMETRAL PITCH (𝑃𝑑 ) MODULE (𝑚)
CIRCULAR PITCH (𝑃𝐶 )
𝑁𝑃 𝐷𝐺 𝑇𝐺 1 𝑇 𝑡𝑒𝑒𝑡ℎ 𝐷 1 𝑚𝑚
= = 𝜋𝐷 𝑃𝑑 = = ( ) 𝑚= = ( )
𝑁𝐺 𝐷𝑃 𝑇𝑃 𝑃𝐶 = = 𝜋𝑚 𝑚 𝐷 𝑖𝑛 𝑇 𝑃𝑑 𝑡𝑒𝑒𝑡ℎ
𝑇

PRESSURE ANGLE (𝜙) CENTER DISTANCE BETWEEN TWO GEARS

14.5˚ First Assumption • External Gear (Opposite Direction)
𝜙 20˚ 𝐷𝐺 + 𝐷𝑃
𝐶=
2
CENTER DISTANCE • Internal Gear (Same Direction)
𝑇𝐺 + 𝑇𝑃 𝐷𝐺 − 𝐷𝑃
𝐶= 𝐶=
2𝑃𝑑 2
•
 SPUR GEARS HELIX GEARS

ADDENDUM (𝑎) DEDENDUM (𝑑) WHOLE DEPTH(𝑊)

𝑎=𝑚 𝑑 = 𝑎+𝑐 𝑊 =𝑎+𝑑

TOOTH THICKNESS
WORKING DEPTH(𝑊)
𝜋 𝑃𝑐 𝜋𝑚
𝑑 = 𝑊 − 𝑐 = 2𝑎 = 2𝑚 𝑡= = =
2𝑃𝑑 2 2
HELIX ANGLE (𝜓)
GEAR TOOTH PROPORTIONS
𝑃𝑐 𝑃𝑐𝑛 𝑃𝑑
ITEM 𝟏𝟒. 𝟓˚ 𝟐𝟎˚ tan 𝜓 = ; cos 𝜓 = =
1⁄ 1⁄ 𝑃𝑎 𝑃𝑐 𝑃𝑑𝑛
Addendum 𝑃𝑑 𝑃𝑑 𝑃𝑎 – Axial Pitch ; 𝑃𝑐 – Normal Circular Pitch ; 𝑃𝑑𝑛 – Normal Diametral Pitch
Dedendum 1.157⁄ 1.25⁄
𝑃𝑑 𝑃𝑑
0.157⁄ 0.25⁄ 𝑃𝑐 𝑃𝑑 = 𝑃𝑐𝑛 𝑃𝑑𝑛 = 𝜋
Clearance 𝑃𝑑 𝑃𝑑
Working Depth 2 𝐴𝑑𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑑𝑢𝑚 𝐹𝑟 𝐹𝑎
tan 𝜙 = tan 𝜓 =
Whole Depth 𝐷𝑒𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑑𝑢𝑚 + 𝐴𝑑𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑑𝑢𝑚 𝐹𝑡 𝐹𝑡
Outside Diameter 𝐷 + 2𝑎
Inside Diameter 𝐷 − 2(𝑎 + 𝑐) NORMAL FORCE (𝐹𝑛 )

BACKLASH (𝐵) WIDTH SPACE (𝑆) BASE PITCH (𝑃𝑏 ) 𝐹𝑛 = √𝐹𝑡 2 + 𝐹𝑟 2 + 𝐹𝑎 2

𝐵 = 0.035𝑚 𝑆=𝑡+𝐵 𝑃𝑏 = 𝑃𝑐 cos 𝜙
NORMAL PRESSURE ANGLE (𝜙𝑛 )
LEWIS EQUATION FOR TOOTH tan 𝜙𝑛 = tan 𝜙 cos 𝜓
TOOTH THICKNESS
BENDING STRESS
WITH BACKLASH (𝑡 ′ )
𝑀𝑐 𝐹𝑡 𝑃𝑑 𝑎 WORM GEARS
𝜋𝑚 − 𝐵 𝜎𝑏 = = ; 𝑘𝑑 =
𝑡′ = 𝐼 𝑦𝑏𝑘𝑑 𝑎+𝑣
2 𝐿
𝑦 – Lewis Factor ; 𝑎 – 600fpm tan 𝜆 = 𝜓𝑤 = 90˚ − 𝜆
𝜋𝐷𝑤

CENTER DISTANCE
𝐷𝑤 + 𝐷𝐺
𝐶=
2
𝑃𝑐 𝑃𝑑 = 𝜋

NORMAL PRESSURE ANGLE

FORCE TANGENTIAL / RADIAL LOAD / tan 𝜙𝑛 = tan 𝜙 cos 𝜆
TRANSMITTED LOAD (𝐹𝑡 ) SEPARATING LOAD (𝐹𝑟 )
𝑃
𝐹𝑡 = = 𝐹𝑛 cos 𝜙 𝐹𝑟 = 𝐹𝑡 tan 𝜙
𝑣 FORCE ON SEPARATION/ RADIAL (𝐹𝑠 )

RESULTANT FORCE / NORMAL FORCE (𝐹𝑛 ) sin 𝜙𝑛

𝐹𝑠 = 𝐹𝑤 ( )
sin 𝜆 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜙𝑛 + 𝑓 cos 𝜆
𝐹𝑛 = √𝐹𝑡 2 + 𝐹𝑟 2
 FORCE ON WORM GEAR (𝐹𝑔 ) TANGENTIAL FORCE ON
RADIAL FORCE ON
cos 𝜆 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜙𝑛 − 𝑓 cos 𝜆 BEVEL GEARS
𝐹𝑔 = 𝐹𝑠 ( ) BEVEL GEARS
sin 𝜙𝑛 2𝑇
𝐹𝑡 = 𝐹𝑟 = 𝐹𝑡 tan 𝜙𝑛 cos 𝛾𝑝
𝐷𝑝

EFFICIENCY OF WORM GEARS (𝜂𝑤 )

tan 𝜆 (cos 𝜙𝑛 − 𝑓 tan 𝜆) AXIAL FORCE ON RESULTANT FORCE
𝜂𝑤 = BEVEL GEARS
cos 𝜙𝑛 tan 𝜆 + 𝑓
𝐹𝑎 = 𝐹𝑡 tan 𝜙𝑛 sin 𝛾𝑝 𝐹𝑛 = √𝐹𝑡 2 + 𝐹𝑟 2 + 𝐹𝑎 2

BEVEL GEARS

CONE DISTANCE (𝐶𝐷) FACE WIDTH (𝑏)

1 10
𝐶𝐷 = √𝐷𝑃 2 + 𝐷𝐺 2 𝑏=
𝑃𝑑
2

CONE PITCH ANGLE (𝛾)

𝐷𝑃 1
𝛾𝑃 = tan−1 ( ) = tan−1 ( )
𝐷𝐺 𝑆𝑅
𝐷𝐺
𝛾𝐺 = tan−1 ( ) = tan−1 (𝑆𝑅)
𝐷𝑃
𝜃 = 90˚ = 𝛾𝐺 + 𝛾𝑃

MACHINE SHOP THEORY AND PRACTICE

ELEVATOR RIVETS WELDED JOINTS
1 STRENGTH OF BUTT WELD
𝑁𝑜. 𝑜𝑓 𝑃𝑒𝑜𝑝𝑙𝑒 𝑑ℎ = 𝑑𝑟 +
𝑁𝑜. 𝑜𝑓 𝐸𝑙𝑒𝑣𝑎𝑡𝑜𝑟 = 16 𝐹𝑇
220 𝑆𝑇 =
𝑡𝐿
FORCES ON RIVETS
𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎(𝑚2 ) • Force that can be carried by STRENGTH OF FILLET WELD
𝑁𝑜. 𝑜𝑓 𝑃𝑒𝑜𝑝𝑙𝑒 =
9.3 Unpunched Plate
𝐹𝑇
𝐹𝑈 = 𝑆𝑡 (𝑡𝐿) 𝑆𝑇 =
√2𝑡𝐿
• Force that can cause Tensile Stress
FOR AREA ≤ 4.65𝑚2 𝐹𝑇 = 𝑆𝑡 [𝑡(𝐿 − 𝑛𝐷ℎ )] • If Shears Strength of Fillet Weld
𝑊(𝑘𝑔) = 35.10𝐴2 + 326.224𝐴 𝐹𝑇
• Force that can cause Shearing Stress 𝑆𝑦𝑠 =
𝜋 √2
𝐹𝑆 = 𝑆𝑡 (𝑛 𝐷ℎ 2 )
4 2 𝑡𝐿
FOR AREA > 4.65𝑚2 • Force that can cause Bearing Stress • If Yield Strength is Given
𝑊(𝑘𝑔) = 2.458 𝐴2 + 611.36𝐴 − 621.4 𝐹𝐵 = 𝑆𝑡 (𝑛𝑡𝐷ℎ )
𝑆𝑦𝑠 = 0.5𝑆𝑦
𝐹𝑚𝑎𝑥 – 𝐹𝑈 ; 𝐹𝑚𝑖𝑛 – 𝐹𝑇 , 𝐹𝑆, 𝐹𝐵
 SPLINES WIRE ROPES

TORQUE OF SPLINES
𝑑𝑤 = 0.063𝑑
𝑇 = 𝐹𝑛 𝑟𝑚
𝐴 = 0.38𝑑 2
𝑑 –⌀ Rope in INCHES
MEAN RADIUS ℎ – Wire ⌀ in NCHES
𝐴 – Area in 𝑖𝑛2
𝑑𝑜 + 𝑑𝑖
𝑟𝑚 =
4
SPLINE SPECIFICATION TENSION IN ROPE
NORMAL FORCE 𝐹𝑢𝑙𝑡 TENSILE LOAD (𝐹𝑡 )
(8 × 52 × 60) 𝑆𝑝𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑒
𝐹𝑇 = 𝐹𝑡 = 𝑇 + 𝐹𝐵
"8" – No. of Teeth 𝐹𝑛 = 𝑃𝐴 𝐹𝑆
"52" – Minor Diameter 𝑊𝐿 𝑎
𝐴 = 𝑡𝐿 × 𝑛𝑠 76,000𝑑 2 for 6x7 , 6x19 𝑇=( + 𝑊𝑟 ) (1 + )
"60" – Major Diameter
𝐹𝑢𝑙𝑡 75,000𝑑 2 for 6x37 , 8x19
𝑛𝑟 𝑔
SEVOLUTE 𝐴𝐸𝑑𝑤
𝐹𝐵 =
1 SLIDING FORCE ROPE WEIGHT (𝑊𝑟 ) 𝐷𝑠
sev 𝜃 = − inv 𝜃 𝐹𝐵 – Bending Force
cos 𝜃 𝐹𝑆𝑙𝑖𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑔 = 𝜇𝐹𝑛 𝑊𝑅𝑜𝑝𝑒 = 1.58𝑑 2 ℎ
𝜋 𝑊𝐿 – Weight of Load per Rope
inv 𝜃 = tan 𝜃 − (𝜃 × ) 𝑑 – Diameter of Rope in INCHES 𝐷𝑆 – Diameter of Sheave
180˚ ℎ – Height of Rope in FT

TRUE STRAIN AT FAILURE ( 𝜺𝒇 ) MOHR’S CIRCLE

PERCENT REDUCTION IN AREA COMPRESSION (−) TENSION (+)

𝐴𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑙
%𝑅𝐴 = 1 − 𝑒 −𝜀𝑓 = 1 −
𝐴𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑙

BURSTING SPEED FOR FLYWHEEL 𝜎𝑥 + 𝜎𝑦

SHEAR STRESS (𝜏) 𝜎𝑎𝑣𝑒 =
2
𝑉 = √𝑘𝑆𝑡 (↑)( →) = (+) 𝜏
(↓)( ←) = (+) 𝜏 𝜎𝑥 − 𝜎𝑦 2
10.5 for Cast Iron 𝑅 = √𝜏𝑥𝑦 2 + ( )
𝒌 9.5 for Steel
(↓)( →) = (−) 𝜏 2

𝑓𝑡
𝑉 – velocity in 𝑠 ; 𝑆𝑡 – Tensile Strength in PSI PRINCIPAL STRESS
𝜎𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 𝜎𝑎𝑣𝑒 + 𝑅 STRAINS (𝜀)
𝜎𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 𝜎𝑎𝑣𝑒 − 𝑅 1
SLAB MILLING 𝜀𝑥 = [𝜎𝑥 − 𝜈(𝜎𝑦 + 𝜎𝑧 )]
𝐸
ℎ𝑝 ∙ 𝑚𝑖𝑛 ORIENTATION (𝜃𝑝 ) 1
𝐻𝑃 = (𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑐𝑖𝑓𝑖𝑐 𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦) ( ) (𝑀𝑅𝑅) 𝜀𝑦 = [𝜎𝑦 − 𝜈 (𝜎𝑥 + 𝜎𝑧 )]
𝑖𝑛3 𝜏𝑥𝑦 𝐸
tan(2𝜃𝑝 ) = 𝜎 − 𝜎 1
𝑖𝑛 3 𝑥 𝑦
𝜀𝑧 = [𝜎𝑧 − 𝜈(𝜎𝑥 + 𝜎𝑦 )]
𝑀𝑅𝑅 ( ) = 𝑏𝑑𝑣 2 𝐸
𝑚𝑖𝑛 𝜃𝑝 − 𝜃𝑝 = 90˚
2 1

𝑣 = 𝑓𝑁𝑇
BRINELL SCALE
𝑏 – Width in INCHES ; 𝑑 – Depth of Cut in INCHES
𝑖𝑛
𝑑 – Feed in 𝑡𝑜𝑜𝑡ℎ ; T – No. of Teeth
BRINELL HARDNESS NUMBER
ULTIMATE STRENGTH (𝑆𝑢 )
𝐿𝑜𝑎𝑑
MACHINE SHOP 𝑆𝑢 (𝑝𝑠𝑖) = 𝐵𝐻𝑁 × 515 𝐵𝐻𝑁 =
𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝐼𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
𝑆𝑢 (𝑘𝑠𝑖) = 𝐵𝐻𝑁 × 0.5 𝑘𝑔
TAPER PER LENGTH 𝐵𝐻𝑁 – in 𝑚𝑚2

TIME 𝑡𝑎𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝐷−𝑑 AREA

⁄𝑓𝑜𝑜𝑡 =
𝐿𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ 𝐿 𝐿(𝑓𝑡) 𝜋𝐷
𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒 = = 𝐴= (𝐷 − √𝐷2 − 𝑑 2 )
𝑅𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑓𝑁 𝑡𝑎𝑝𝑒𝑟⁄ 𝐷−𝑑 2
𝑖𝑛𝑐ℎ = 𝐿(𝑖𝑛) D – Indenter in MM
d – Indentation in MM