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    Week 9 Soil Resources

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    REIN MATTHEW P. MALONZO
    The document discusses the key components of soil: rocks, sand, silt, clay, and humus. It explains that soil is made up of mineral matter, water, air, and organic material. Soil profiles are described as vertical sections that show the different soil horizons from the surface down to the bedrock. Human activities like poor farming, deforestation, overgrazing, and urbanization can negatively impact soil quality and quantity if not properly managed.

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    Week 9 Soil Resources

    Uploaded by

    REIN MATTHEW P. MALONZO
    22 views31 pages
    The document discusses the key components of soil: rocks, sand, silt, clay, and humus. It explains that soil is made up of mineral matter, water, air, and organic material. Soil profiles are described as vertical sections that show the different soil horizons from the surface down to the bedrock. Human activities like poor farming, deforestation, overgrazing, and urbanization can negatively impact soil quality and quantity if not properly managed.

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    The document discusses the key components of soil: rocks, sand, silt, clay, and humus. It explains that soil is made up of mineral matter, water, air, and organic material. Soil profiles are described as vertical sections that show the different soil horizons from the surface down to the bedrock. Human activities like poor farming, deforestation, overgrazing, and urbanization can negatively impact soil quality and quantity if not properly managed.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    22 views31 pages

    Week 9 Soil Resources

    Uploaded by

    REIN MATTHEW P. MALONZO
    The document discusses the key components of soil: rocks, sand, silt, clay, and humus. It explains that soil is made up of mineral matter, water, air, and organic material. Soil profiles are described as vertical sections that show the different soil horizons from the surface down to the bedrock. Human activities like poor farming, deforestation, overgrazing, and urbanization can negatively impact soil quality and quantity if not properly managed.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    of 31

    Geoecology

    Chapter 1
    These are five components of soil:

    •
    Rocks
    Rocks are solid and made of minerals
    Sands
    Sands are tiny grains of worn down rock.
    It doesn’t hold water or doesn’t have many
    nutrients.
    Silt
    Silt is very small, broken pieces of rock. It is
    larger than clay, but smaller than sand. It
    is powdery when dry.
    CLAY
    Clay holds water well. It is sticky and can
    be shaped when it is wet. But, it is very
    hard when dry.
    Clay has many nutrients.

    Clay is used for adobe or brick houses.


    Humus
    Humus is made of leaves, twigs, small
    animals, or other decayed substances.

    Humus adds many nutrients to the soil.

    Humus is in the topsoil.


    Soil Composition

     What is soil
    made up of?
    Soil Composition

    5%
    25%
    45%
    Mineral Mater
    Water
    Air
    25% Organic Material
    Soil Composition

    1. Mineral Matter: Rock particles from the bedrock and
    weathered rock.
    2. Air: found in the pore spaces between rock grains.
    3. Water: Also found in pore spaces.
    4. Organic Material:
     Humus – a black sticky gel produced from decaying
    leaves and animals.
     Living organisms – earthworms, beetles, & i
    bacteria.
    How are Soils Formed?

    3. Seeds are blown or
    1. Solid rock particles 2. Chemical carried onto the soil
    break down from weathering releases grains and may grow
    chemical important nutrients into plants that enrich
    weathering. from the rock grains. the soil when they die.

    4. Micro-organisms
    decompose the 5. The cycle continues
    remains of plants to until soils reaches
    form humus which maximum fertility given
    further enriches the the climate it is in.
    soil.
    Soil Formation
    Soil Profiles

     S h o w the type of soil in the region.
     D e f i n e d as a vertical section of soil from the
    ground surface downwards to where soil meets
    the underlying rock.
     C o m p o s e d of a number of distinctive layers
    called horizons.
     T h e key to understanding the process
    involved in soil development.
    Soil Profiles
    O = Organic horizon

     This has a high
    percentage of organic
    matter – leaves, plants
    and dead animals.
     Humus is formed as
    the dead organic matter
    decays.
    Soil Profiles
    A Horizon

     Known as topsoil.
     A dark organic
    material mixed with
    mineral soil grains.
     It is a source of
    plant nutrients and
    contains the majority of
    plant roots.
    Soil Profiles
    B Horizon

     Also called the subsoil.
     The B horizon is the
    widely used to identify soil
    type.
     May result purely
    from the weathering of
    underlying rock or from
    movement downwards of
    materials from horizons
    above.
    Soil Profiles
    C Horizon

     Lies just above
    the bedrock.
     The overlying soil
    horizons often develop
    from the C horizon.
    R.E.Lizardo/ES_2020

    Human Activities
    Affecting Quality
    and Quantity of
    Soil
    R.E.Lizardo/ES_2020

    1) Poor farming practices – leads to agricultural depletion


    ▪ Monoculture - The growing of one type
    of crop over large areas of land year
    after year
    - depletes nutrients and water
    supplies and has
    negative impact on topsoil
    ▪ Improper soil tillage
    ▪ Shifting cultivation without adequate
    fallow periods (tilling of land without
    sowing it for a season)
    ▪ Absence or poor soil conservation
    measures (to prevent erosion)
    ▪ Unbalanced fertilizer use
    R.E.Lizardo/ES_2020

    2) Land clearance (including clearcutting and deforestation)

    ▪ removing trees, stumps, and other


    vegetation
    ▪ to achieve needed land use
    adjustments and improvements
    (eliminates weeds and pests, decreases
    chances of fires, etc.)
    ▪ Clearcutting (clearcut logging) - a
    forestry/logging practice in which most
    or all trees in an area are uniformly cut
    down
    ▪ Deforestation - the permanent removal
    of trees in a forest to
    make land available for other uses
    R.E.Lizardo/ES_2020
    Earth Science – Week 8

    3) Overgrazing

    ▪ Occurs when the consumption of


    vegetation biomass by livestock and
    other grazers (e.g., wildlife)
    exceeds the vegetation's
    ability to recover in a timely fashion
    R.E.Lizardo/ES_2020
    Earth Science – Week 8

    4) Faulty planning or management of irrigation and


    overdrafting
    ▪ Over-irrigation - makes the soil clayey
    and dampy
    ▪ Overdrafting - removal of more water
    from ground and surface basins than is
    replaced by rain
    R.E.Lizardo/ES_2020

    5) Urban sprawl and Commercial development

    ▪ Urban sprawl - the


    unrestricted growth in
    many urban areas of
    housing, commercial
    development, and
    roads over large
    expanses of land,
    with little concern for
    urban planning
    R.E.Lizardo/ES_2020

    6) Land pollution including industrial wastes


    ▪ the deposition of solid or liquid
    waste materials on land or
    underground which
    contaminates the soil and
    groundwater
    Earth Science – Week 8

    7) Mining

    ▪ Leaves large amount of loose


    soil exposed to the elements
    ▪ Induces land subsidence
    >destroys soil structure and
    changes its properties >causes
    other eco-environmental
    problems, (limitation of
    vegetation growth, reduction
    of crop production, plant death)
    Earth Science – Week 8

    8) Recreational activities

    ▪ Include hiking, biking on


    terrains, driving off-road
    vehicles
    R.E.Lizardo/ES_2020
    Natural Resources
    • Made by NATURE
    • Cannot be replaced
    • Must be conserved (saved)!
    Ways to Conserve Soil
    • Plant trees
    • Plant grass
    • Healthy farming
    • Plant gardens to grow crops

    • What else can you do to conserve soil?


    END OF
    PRESENTATION

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