Arihant 40 Days Crash Course For JEE Mains 2022 Maths

The Most Accepted
Crash Course Programme
JEE Main in
Days
Mathematics
The Most Accepted
Crash Course Programme
JEE Main in
Days
Mathematics
ARIHANT PRAKASHAN (Series), MEERUT

ARIHANT PRAKASHAN (Series), MEERUT
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PREFACE
It is a fact that nearly 10 lacs students would be in the race with you in JEE Main, the gateway
to some of the prestigious engineering and technology institutions in the country, requires
that you take it seriously and head-on. A slight underestimation or wrong guidance will ruin
all your prospects. You have to earmark the topics in the syllabus and have to master them
in concept-driven-problem-solving ways, considering the thrust of the questions being asked
in JEE Main.
The book 40 Days JEE Main Mathematics serves the above cited purpose in perfect manner.
At whatever level of preparation you are before the exam, this book gives you an accelerated
way to master the whole JEE Main Mathematics Syllabus. It has been conceived keeping in
mind the latest trend of questions, and the level of different types of students.
The whole syllabus of Mathematics has been divided into day-wise-learning modules with
clear groundings into concepts and sufficient practice with solved and unsolved questions on
that day. After every few days you get a Unit Test based upon the topics covered before that
day. On last three days you get three full-length Mock Tests, making you ready to face the test.
It is not necessary that you start working with this book in 40 days just before the exam. You
may start and finish your preparation of JEE Main much in advance before the exam date. This
will only keep you in good frame of mind and relaxed, vital for success at this level.
Salient Features
Ÿ Concepts discussed clearly and directly without being superfluous. Only the required
material for JEE Main being described comprehensively to keep the students focussed.
Ÿ Exercises for each day give you the collection of only the Best Questions of the concept,
giving you the perfect practice in less time.
Ÿ Each day has two Exercises; Foundation Questions Exercise having Topically Arranged
Questions & Progressive Question Exercise having higher Difficulty Level Questions.
Ÿ All types of Objective Questions included in Daily Exercises (Single Option Correct,
Assertion & Reason, etc).
Ÿ Along with Daywise Exercises, there above also the Unit Tests & Full Length Mock Tests.
Ÿ At the end, there are all Online Solved Papers of JEE Main 2021; February, March, July &
August attempts.
We are sure that 40 Days Mathematics for JEE Main will give you a fast way to prepare for
Mathematics without any other support or guidance.
Publisher
CONTENTS
Preparing JEE Main 2022 Mathematics in 40 Days !
Day 1. Sets, Relations and Functions 1-9
Day 2. Complex Numbers 10-19
Day 3. Sequences and Series 20-30
Day 4. Quadratic Equation and Inequalities 31-44
Day 5. Matrices 45-54
Day 6. Determinants 55-67
Day 7. Binomial Theorem and Mathematical Induction 68-77
Day 8. Permutations and Combinations 78-86
Day 9. Unit Test 1 (Algebra) 87-94
Day 10. Real Function 95-103
Day 11. Limits, Continuity and Differentiability 104-116
Day 12. Differentiation 117-126
Day 13. Applications of Derivatives 127-137
Day 14. Maxima and Minima 138-149
Day 15. Indefinite Integrals 150-162
Day 16. Definite Integrals 163-175
Day 17. Area Bounded by the Curves 176-187
Day 18. Differential Equations 188-198
Day 19. Unit Test 2 (Calculus) 199-208
Day 20. Trigonometric Functions and Equations 209-221
Day 21. Properties of Triangle, Height and Distances 222-232
Day 22. Inverse Trigonometric Function 233-242
Day 23. Unit Test 3 (Trigonometry) 243-250
Day 24. Cartesian System of Rectangular Coordinates 251-262
Day 25. Straight Line 263-274
Day 26. The Circle 275-288
Day 27. Parabola 289-300
Day 28. Ellipse 301-313
Day 29. Hyperbola 314-325
Day 30. Unit Test 4 (Coordinate Geometry) 326-335
Day 31. Vector Algebra 336-350
Day 32. Three Dimensional Geometry 351-366
Day 33. Unit Test 5 (Vector & 3D Geometry) 367-374
Day 34. Statistics 375-383
Day 35. Probability 384-394
Day 36. Mathematical Reasoning 395-405
Day 37. Unit Test 6 (Statistics, Probability & Mathematical Reasoning) 406-411
Day 38. Mock Test 1 412-416

Online JEE Main Solved Papers 2021 1-52

SYLLABUS
MATHEMATICS
UNIT 1 Sets, Relations and Functions
Sets and their representation; Union, intersection and complement of sets and their algebraic
properties; Power set; Relation, Types of relations, equivalence relations, functions;. one-one, into
and onto functions, composition of functions.
UNIT 2 Complex Numbers and Quadratic Equations

Complex numbers as ordered pairs of reals, Representation of complex numbers in the form a+ib
and their representation in a plane, Argand diagram, algebra of complex numbers, modulus and
argument
(or amplitude) of a complex number, square root of a complex number, triangle inequality,
Quadratic equations in real and complex number system and their solutions. Relation between
roots and
co-efficients, nature of roots, formation of quadratic equations with given roots.
UNIT 3 Matrices and Determinants

Matrices, algebra of matrices, types of matrices, determinants and matrices of order two and
three. Properties of determinants, evaluation of deter-minants, area of triangles using
determinants. Adjoint and evaluation of inverse of a square matrix using determinants and
elementary transformations, Test of consistency and solution of simultaneous linear equations in
two or three variables using determinants and matrices.
UNIT 4 Permutations and Combinations

Fundamental principle of counting, permutation as an arrangement and combination as
selection, Meaning of P (n,r) and C (n,r), simple applications.
UNIT 5 Mathematical Induction

Principle of Mathematical Induction and its simple applications.
UNIT 6 Binomial Theorem and its Simple Applications

Binomial theorem for a positive integral index, general term and middle term, properties of
Binomial coefficients and simple applications.
UNIT 7 Sequences and Series

Arithmetic and Geometric progressions, insertion of arithmetic, geometric means between two
given numbers. Relation between AM and GM Sum upto n terms of special series: ∑ n, ∑ n2, ∑ n3.
Arithmetico - Geometric progression.
UNIT 8 Limit, Continuity and Differentiability
Real valued functions, algebra of functions, polynomials, rational, trigonometric, logarithmic and
exponential functions, inverse functions. Graphs of simple functions. Limits, continuity and
differentiability.
Differentiation of the sum, difference, product and quotient of two functions. Differentiation of
trigonometric, inverse trigonometric, logarithmic exponential, composite and implicit functions
derivatives of order upto two. Rolle's and Lagrange's Mean Value Theorems. Applications of
derivatives: Rate of change of quantities, monotonic - increasing and decreasing functions,
Maxima and minima of functions of one variable, tangents and normals.
UNIT 9 Integral Calculus
Integral as an anti - derivative. Fundamental integrals involving algebraic, trigonometric,
exponential and
logarithmic functions. Integration by substitution, by parts and by partial fractions. Integration
using trigonometric identities.
Evaluation of simple integrals of the type

dx , dx , dx , dx ,
x2 ± a2 x 2 ± a 2 a2 – x2 a 2 – x 2
dx dx , (px + q) dx ,
,
ax 2 + bx + c ax 2 + bx + c ax 2 + bx + c
(px + q) dx ,
ax 2 + bx + c a 2 ± x 2 dx and x 2 – a 2 dx
Integral as limit of a sum. Fundamental Theorem of Calculus. Properties of definite integrals.

Evaluation of definite integrals, determining areas of the regions bounded by simple curves in
standard form.
UNIT 10 Differential Equations

Ordinary differential equations, their order and degree. Formation of differential equations.
Solution of differential equations by the method of separation of variables, solution of
homogeneous and linear differential equations of the type dy +p (x) y = q(x)
dx
UNIT 11 Coordinate Geometry

Cartesian system of rectangular coordinates in a plane, distance formula, section formula, locus
and its equation, translation of axes, slope of a line, parallel and perpendicular lines, intercepts of
a line on the coordinate axes.
Ÿ Straight Lines
Various forms of equations of a line, intersection of lines, angles between two lines,
conditions for concurrence of three lines, distance of a point from a line, equations of
internal and external bisectors of angles between two lines, coordinates of centroid,
orthocentre and circumcentre of a triangle, equation of family of lines passing through the
point of intersection of two lines.
Ÿ Circles, Conic Sections
Standard form of equation of a circle, general form of the equation of a circle, its radius
and centre, equation of a circle when the end points of a diameter are given, points of
intersection of a line and a circle with the centre at the origin and condition for a line to be
tangent to a circle, equation of the tangent. Sections of cones, equations of conic sections
(parabola, ellipse and hyperbola) in standard forms, condition for y = mx + c to be a tangent
and point (s) of tangency.
UNIT 12 Three Dimensional Geometry

Coordinates of a point in space, distance between two points, section formula, direction ratios
and direction cosines, angle between two intersecting lines. Skew lines, the shortest distance
between them and its equation. Equations of a line and a plane in different forms, intersection of
a line and a plane, coplanar lines.
UNIT 13 Vector Algebra

Vectors and scalars, addition of vectors, components of a vector in two dimensions and three
dimensional space, scalar and vector products, scalar and vector triple product.
UNIT 14 Statistics and Probability

Measures of Dispersion Calculation of mean, median, mode of grouped and ungrouped data.
Calculation of standard deviation, variance and mean deviation for grouped and ungrouped data.
Probability Probability of an event, addition and multiplication theorems of probability, Baye's
theorem, probability distribution of a random variate, Bernoulli trials and Binomial distribution.
UNIT 15 Trigonometry
Trigonometrical identities and equations. Trigonometrical functions. Inverse trigonometrical
functions and their properties. Heights and Distances.
UNIT 16 Mathematical Reasoning

Statements, logical operations and implies, implied by, if and only if. Understanding of
tautology, contradiction, converse and contra positive.
HOW THIS BOOK IS
USEFUL FOR YOU ?
As the name suggest, this is the perfect book for your recapitulation of the whole syllabus, as it
provides you a capsule course on the subject covering the syllabi of JEE Main, with the smartest
possible tactics as outlined below:
1. REVISION PLAN
The book provides you with a practical and sound revision plan.
The chapters of the book have been designed day-wise to guide the students in a planned
manner through day-by-day, during those precious 35-40 days. Every day you complete a
chapter/a topic, also take an exercise on the chapter. So that you can check & correct your
mistakes, answers with hints & solutions also have been provided. By 37th day from the date
you start using this book, entire syllabus gets revisited.
Again, as per your convenience/preparation strategy, you can also divide the available 30-35
days into two time frames, first time slot of 3 weeks and last slot of 1 & 1/2 week. Utilize first
time slot for studies and last one for revising the formulas and important points. Now fill the
time slots with subjects/topics and set key milestones. Keep all the formulas, key points on a
couple of A4 size sheets as ready-reckner on your table and go over them time and again. If you
are done with notes, prepare more detailed inside notes and go over them once again. Study
all the 3 subjects every day. Concentrate on the topics that have more weightage in the exam
that you are targeting.
2. MOCK TESTS
Once you finish your revision on 37th day, the book provides you with full length mock tests
for day 38th, 39th, & 40th, thereby ensures your total & full proof preparation for the final
show.
The importance of solving previous years' papers and 10-15 mock tests cannot be
overemphasized. Identify your weaknesses and strengths. Work towards your strengths i.e.,
devote more time to your strengths to be 100% sure and confident. In the last time frame of 1
& 1/2 week, don't take-up anything new, just revise what you have studied before. Be exam-
ready with quality mock tests in between to implement your winning strategy.
3. FOCUS TOPICS
Based on past years question paper trends, there are few topics in each subject which have
more questions in exam than other. So far Mathematics is concerned it may be summed up as
below:
Calculus, Trigonometry, Algebra, Coordinate Geometry & Vector 3D.
More than 80% of questions are normally asked from these topics.
However, be prepared to find a completely changed pattern for the exam than noted above as
examiners keep trying to weed out 'learn by rot practice'. One should not panic by witnessing a
new pattern , rather should be tension free as no one will have any upper hand in the exam.
4. IMPROVES STRIKE RATE AND ACCURACY
The book even helps to improve your strike rate & accuracy. When solving practice tests or mock
tests, try to analyze where you are making mistakes-where are you wasting your time; which
section you are doing best. Whatever mistakes you make in the first mock test, try to improve that
in second. In this way, you can make the optimum use of the book for giving perfection to your
preparation.
What most students do is that they revise whole of the syllabus but never attempt a mock and
thus they always make mistake in main exam and lose the track.
5. LOG OF LESSONS
During your preparations, make a log of Lesson's Learnt. It is specific to each individual as to where
the person is being most efficient and least efficient. Three things are important - what is working,
what's not working and how would you like to do in your next mock test.
6. TIME MANAGEMENT
Most candidates who don't make it to good medical colleges are not good in one area- Time
Management. And, probably here lies the most important value addition that's the book
provides in an aspirant's preparation. Once the students go through the content of the book
precisely as given/directed, he/she learns the tactics of time management in the exam.
Realization and strengthening of what you are good at is very helpful, rather than what one
doesn't know. Your greatest motto in the exam should be, how to maximize your scoring with
the given level of preparation. You have to get about 200 plus marks out of a total of about 400
marks for admission to a good NIT (though for a good branch one needs to do much better
than that). Remember that one would be doomed if s/he tries to score 400 in about 3 hours.
7. ART OF PROBLEM SOLVING

The book also let you to master the art of problem solving. The key to problem solving does not lie
in understanding the solution to the problem but to find out what clues in the problem leads you
to the right solution. And, that's the reason Hints & Solutions are provided with the exercises after
each chapter of the book. Try to find out the reason by analyzing the level of problem & practice
similar kind of problems so that you can master the tricks involved. Remember that directly going
though the solutions is not going to help you at all.
8. POSITIVE PERCEPTION
The book put forth for its readers a 'Simple and Straightforward' concept of studies, which is the
best possible, time-tested perception for 11th hour revision / preparation.
The content of the book has been presented in such a lucid way so that you can enjoy what you are
reading, keeping a note of your already stressed mind & time span.
Cracking JEE Main is not a matter of life and death. Do not allow panic and pressure to create
confusion. Do some yoga and prayers. Enjoy this time with studies as it will never come back.
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DAY ONE
Sets, Relations
and Functions
Learning & Revision for the Day
u Sets u Law of Algebra of Sets u Composition of Relations
u Venn Diagram u Cartesian Product of Sets u Functions or Mapping
u Operations on Sets u Relations u Composition of Functions
Sets
l
A set is a well-defined class or collection of the objects.
l
Sets are usually denoted by the symbol A, B, C, ... and its elements are denoted by a, b , c,
… etc.
l
If a is an element of a set A, then we write a ∈ A and if not then we write a ∉ A.
Representations of Sets
There are two methods of representing a set :
l
In roster method, a set is described by listing elements, separated by commas, within
curly braces{≠}. e.g. A set of vowels of English alphabet may be described as {a, e, i, o, u}.
l
In set-builder method, a set is described by a property P ( x), which is possessed by all its
PRED
elements x. In such a case the set is written as { x : P ( x) holds} or { x| P ( x) holds}, which MIRROR
Your Personal Preparation Indicator
is read as the set of all x such that P( x) holds. e.g. The set P = {0, 1, 4 , 9, 16,...} can be
written as P = { x2 | x ∈ Z }. u No. of Questions in Exercises (x)—
u No. of Questions Attempted (y)—
Types of Sets u No. of Correct Questions (z)—
l
The set which contains no element at all is called the null set (empty set or void (Without referring Explanations)
set) and it is denoted by the symbol ‘φ ’ or ‘{}’ and if it contains a single element, then it is
u Accuracy Level (z / y × 100)—
called singleton set.
u Prep Level (z / x × 100)—
l
A set in which the process of counting of elements definitely comes to an end, is called a
finite set, otherwise it is an infinite set. In order to expect good rank in JEE,
your Accuracy Level should be
l
Two sets A and B are said to be equal set iff every element of A is an element of B and above 85 & Prep Level should be
also every element of B is an element of A. i.e. A = B, if x ∈ A ⇔ x ∈ B. above 75.
2 40 DAYS ~ JEE MAIN MATHEMATICS DAY ONE
l
Equivalent sets have the same number of elements but not i.e. A ∩ B = { x : x ∈ A and x ∈ B}.
exactly the same elements.
A B U
l
A set that contains all sets in a given context is called
universal set (U).
l
Let A and B be two sets. If every element of A is an element
of B, then A is called a subset of B, i.e. A ⊆ B.
l
If A is a subset of B and A ≠ B, then A is a proper subset of A∩B
B. i.e. A ⊂ B.
l
If A ∩ B = φ, then A and B are called disjoint sets.
l
The null set φ is a subset of every set and every set is a
subset of itself i.e. φ ⊂ A and A ⊆ A for every set A. They
l
Let U be an universal set and A be a set such that A ⊂ U.
are called improper subsets of A. Then, complement of A with respect to U is denoted by A′
or Ac or A or U − A. It is defined as the set of all those
l
If S is any set, then the set of all the subsets of S is called elements of U which are not in A.
the power set of S and it is denoted by P(S ). Power set of a
given set is always non-empty. If A has n elements, then A′ U
P( A) has 2 n elements.
A
NOTE • The set { φ} is not a null set. It is a set containing one
element φ.
• Whenever we have to show that two sets A and B are equal
show that A ⊆ B and B ⊆ A. l
The difference A − B is the set of all those elements of A
• If a set A has m elements, then the number m is called which does not belong to B.
cardinal number of set A and it is denoted by n( A). Thus, i.e. A − B = { x : x ∈ A and x ∉ B}
n( A) = m. and B − A = { x : x ∈ B and x ∉ A}.
U U
Venn Diagram A B A B
The combination of rectangles and circles is called Venn Euler
diagram or Venn diagram. In Venn diagram, the universal set
is represented by a rectangular region and a set is represented
by circle on some closed geometrical figure. Where, A is the
set and U is the universal set. A–B B–A
l
The symmetric difference of sets A and B is the set
U ( A − B) ∪ (B − A) and is denoted by A ∆ B.
A i.e. A ∆ B = ( A − B) ∪ ( B − A)
A B U
Operations on Sets
l
The union of sets A and B is the set of all elements which A∆B
are in set A or in B or in both A and B.
i.e. A ∪ B = { x : x ∈ A or x ∈ B}
Law of Algebra of Sets
A B U If A, B and C are any three sets, then
1. Idempotent Laws
(i) A ∪ A = A (ii) A ∩ A = A
2. Identity Laws
A∪B
(i) A ∪ φ = A (ii) A ∩ U = A
3. Distributive Laws
l
The intersection of A and B is the set of all those elements
(i) A ∪ (B ∩ C) = ( A ∪ B) ∩ ( A ∪ C)
that belong to both A and B. (ii) A ∩ (B ∪ C) = ( A ∩ B) ∪ ( A ∩ C)
DAY ONE SETS, RELATIONS AND FUNCTIONS 3
4. De-Morgan’s Laws
Relations
(i) ( A ∪ B)′ = A′ ∩ B ′
l
Let A and B be two non-empty sets, then relation R from A to B
(ii) ( A ∩ B)′ = A′ ∪ B ′
is a subset of A × B, i.e. R ⊆ A × B.
(iii) A − (B ∩ C) = ( A − B) ∪ ( A − C )
(iv) A − (B ∪ C) = ( A − B) ∩ ( A − C)
l
If (a, b ) ∈ R, then we say a is related to b by the relation R and we
write it as aRb.
5. Associative Laws l
Domain of R = {a :(a, b ) ∈ R} and range of R = {b : (a, b ) ∈ R}.
(i) ( A ∪ B) ∪ C = A ∪ (B ∪ C) l
If n( A) = p and n(B) = q , then the total number of relations from A
(ii) A ∩ (B ∩ C) = ( A ∩ B) ∩ C
to B is 2 pq .
6. Commutative Laws
(i) A ∪ B = B ∪ A (ii) A ∩ B = B ∩ A Types of Relations
(iii) A ∆ B = B ∆ A l
Let A be any non-empty set and R be a relation on A. Then,
Important Results on Operation of Sets (i) R is said to be reflexive iff ( a, a) ∈ R, ∀ a ∈ A.
1. A − B = A ∩ B ′ (ii) R is said to be symmetric iff
2. B − A = B ∩ A ′ (a, b ) ∈ R
3. A − B = A ⇔ A ∩ B = φ ⇒ (b , a) ∈ R, ∀ a, b ∈ A
4. ( A − B) ∪ B = A ∪ B (iii) R is said to be a transitive iff ( a, b) ∈ R and (b, c) ∈ R
5. ( A − B) ∩ B = φ ⇒ ( a, c) ∈ R, ∀ a, b, c ∈ A
6. A ⊆ B ⇔ B ′ ⊆ A ′ i.e. aRb and bRc ⇒ aRc, ∀ a, b, c ∈ A.
7. ( A − B) ∪ ( B − A) = ( A ∪ B) − ( A ∩ B) l
The relation I A = {(a, a) : a ∈ A} on A is called the identity
8. n ( A ∪ B) = n ( A) + n ( B) − n ( A ∩ B) relation on A.
9. n ( A ∪ B) = n ( A) + n ( B) l
R is said to be an equivalence relation iff
⇔ A and B are disjoint sets. (i) it is reflexive i.e. ( a, a) ∈ R, ∀ a ∈ A.
10. n ( A − B) = n ( A) − n ( A ∩ B) (ii) it is symmetric i.e. ( a, b) ∈ R ⇒ (b, a) ∈ R, ∀ a, b ∈ A
11. n ( A ∆ B) = n ( A) + n ( B) − 2n ( A ∩ B) (iii) it is transitive
12. n ( A ∪ B ∪ C ) = n ( A) + n ( B) + n (C ) − n ( A ∩ B) i.e. ( a, b) ∈ R and (b, c) ∈ R
− n ( B ∩ C) − n ( A ∩ C) + n ( A ∩ B ∩ C) ⇒ ( a, c) ∈ R, ∀ a, b, c ∈ A
13. n ( A ′ ∪ B ′ ) = n ( A ∩ B) ′ = n (U ) − n ( A ∩ B)
Inverse Relation
14. n ( A ′ ∩ B ′ ) = n ( A ∪ B) ′ = n (U ) − n ( A ∪ B)
Let R be a relation from set A to set B, then the inverse of R, denoted
by R −1 , is defined by
Cartesian Product of Sets R −1 = {(b , a) : (a, b ) ∈ R}. Clearly, (a, b ) ∈ R ⇔ (b , a) ∈ R −1 .
Let A and B be any two non-empty sets. Then the NOTE • The intersection of two equivalence relations on a set is an
cartesian product A × B, is defined as set of all ordered equivalence relation on the set.
pairs (a, b ) such that a ∈ A and b ∈ B. • The union of two equivalence relations on a set is not necessarily
i.e. an equivalence relation on the set.
l
A × B = {(a, b ) : a ∈ A and b ∈ B} • If R is an equivalence relation on a set A, then R −1 is also an
l
B × A = {(b , a) : b ∈ B and a ∈ A} equivalence relation A.
and A × A = {(a, b ) : a, b ∈ A}.
l
A × B = φ, if either A or B is an empty set.
l
If n ( A) = p and n (B) = q , then Composition of Relations
n ( A × B) = n( A) ⋅ n(B) = pq . Let R and S be two relations from set A to B and B to C respectively,
l
A × (B ∪ C) = ( A × B) ∪ ( A × C) then we can define a relation SoR from A to C such that
l
A × (B ∩ C) = ( A × B) ∩ ( A × C) (a, c) ∈ SoR ⇔ ∃ b ∈ B such that (a, b ) ∈ R and (b , c) ∈ S . This relation
l
A × (B − C) = ( A × B) − ( A × C) is called the composition of R and S.
l
( A × B) ∩ (C × D) = ( A ∩ C) × (B ∩ D). RoS ≠ SoR
i.e. f : A → B is a many-one function, if it is not a one-one

Functions or Mapping function.
l
If A and B are two non-empty sets, then a rule f which l
f is said to be onto function or surjective function, if each
associates each x ∈ A, to a unique member y ∈ B, is called a element of B has its pre-image in A.
function from A to B and it is denoted by f : A → B.
A B
l
The set A is called the domain of f (D f ) and set B is called f
a1 b1
the codomain of f (C f ).
a2 b2
l
The set consisting of all the f -images of the elements of the
a3 b3
domain A, called the range of f (R f ).
NOTE • A relation will be a function, if no two distinct ordered pairs Method to Check Onto Function
have the same first element.
Find the range of f ( x) and show that range of
• Every function is a relation but every relation is not
necessarily a function. f ( x) = codomain of f ( x).
• The number of functions from a finite set A into finite set l
Any polynomial function of odd degree is always onto.
B is { n(B )}n ( A). l
The number of onto functions that can be defined from a
finite set A containing n elements onto a finite set B
Different Types of Functions containing 2 elements = 2 n − 2 .
l
If n ( A) ≥ n (B), then number of onto function is 0.
Let f be a function from A to B, i.e. f : A → B. Then, l
If A has m elements and B has n elements, where m < n,
f is said to be one-one function or injective function, if then number of onto functions from A to B is
different elements of A have different images in B. nm − nC1 (n − 1)m + nC2 (n − 2)m − ..., m < n.
A B l
f is said to be an into function, if there exists atleast one
a1 f b1 element in B having no pre-image in A. i.e. f : A → B is an
a2 b2 into function, if it is not an onto function.
a3 b3 A B
a1 f b1
a4 b4
a2 b2
a3 b3
Methods to Check One-One Function a4 b4
Method I If f ( x) = f ( y ) ⇒ x = y , then f is one-one. a5 b5
Method II A function is one-one iff no line parallel to

X-axis meets the graph of function at more
l
f is said to be a bijective function, if it is one-one as well as
than one point. onto.
l
The number of one-one function that can be defined from a NOTE • If f : A → B is a bijective, then A and B have the same
 n( B ) Pn , if n (B) ≥ n ( A) number of elements.
finite set A into finite set B is  ( A)
. • If n ( A) = n (B ) = m, then number of bijective map from A to
 0, otherwise B is m!.
f is said to be a many-one function, if two or more

Composition of Functions
l
elements of set A have the same image in B.

Let f : A → B and g : B → C are two functions. Then, the
A B composition of f and g, denoted by
a1
f
b1 gof : A → C, is defined as,
a2 b2 gof ( x) = g[ f ( x)], ∀ x ∈ A.
a3 b3
a4 b4 NOTE • gof is defined only if f ( x ) is an element of domain of g.
a5 b5 • Generally, gof ≠ fog.
DAY PRACTICE SESSION 1
FOUNDATION QUESTIONS EXERCISE

 1  (a) reflexive but neither symmetric nor transitive
1 If Q = x : x = , where y ∈ N , then
 y  (b) symmetric and transitive
2 (c) reflexive and symmetric
(a) 0 ∈Q (b) 1∈Q (c) 2∈Q (d) ∈Q (d) reflexive and transitive
3
2 If P ( A ) denotes the power set of A and A is the void set, 12 If g ( x ) = 1 + x and f {g ( x )} = 3 + 2 x + x , then f ( x ) is
then what is number of elements in P {P {P {P ( A )}}}? equal to
(a) 0 (b) 1 (c) 4 (d) 16 (a) 1 + 2 x 2 (b) 2 + x 2
(c) 1 + x (d) 2 + x
3 If X = {4n − 3n − 1: n ∈ N} and Y = {9 (n − 1): n ∈ N}; where N
is the set of natural numbers,then X ∪ Y is equal to 13 Let f ( x ) = ax + b and g ( x ) = cx + d , a ≠ 0, c ≠ 0. Assume
j JEE Mains 2014 a = 1, b = 2 , if ( fog ) ( x ) = ( gof ) ( x ) for all x. What can you
(a) N (b) Y-X (c) X (d) Y
say about c and d?
(a) c and d both arbitrary (b) c = 1and d is arbitrary
4 If A, B and C are three sets such that A ∩ B = A ∩ C and
(c) c is arbitrary and d = 1 (d) c = 1, d = 1
A ∪ B = A ∪ C, then
14 If R is relation from {11, 12 , 13 } to {8 , 10 , 12} defined by
(a) A = C (b) B = C (c) A ∩ B = φ (d) A = B
y = x − 3. Then, R −1 is
5 Suppose A1, A2,… , A 30 are thirty sets each having (a) {(8 , 11), (10, 13)} (b) {(11, 18), (13 , 10)}
5 elements and B1, B2,… , Bn are n sets each having (c) {(10, 13), (8 , 11)} (d) None of these
30 n
3 elements. Let ∪ A i = ∪ Bj = S and each element of S 15 Let R be a relation defined by R = {(4, 5), (1, 4), (4, 6),
i =1 j =1
(7, 6), (3, 7)}, then R −1 OR is
belongs to exactly 10 of Ai ’s and exactly 9 of Bj ’ s. The
(a) {(1, 1), (4, 4), (4, 7), (7, 4), (7, 7), (3, 3)}
value of n is equal to j
NCERT Exemplar
(b) {(1, 1), (4, 4), (7, 7), (3, 3)}
(a) 15 (b) 3 (c) {(1, 5), (1, 6), (3, 6)}
(c) 45 (d) None of these (d) None of the above
6 If A and B are two sets and A ∪ B ∪ C = U. Then, 16 Let A be a non-empty set of real numbers and f : A → A
{( A − B ) ∪ (B − C ) ∪ (C − A )}′ is equal to be such that f (f ( x )) = x , ∀ x ∈ R. Then, f ( x ) is
(a) A ∪ B ∪ C (b) A ∪ (B ∩ C) (a) a bijection (b) one-one but not onto
(c) A ∩ B ∩ C (d) A ∩ (B ∪ C) (c) onto but not one-one (d) neither one-one nor onto
7 Let X be the universal set for sets A and B, if 17 The function f satisfies the functional equation
n( A ) = 200, n(B ) = 300 and n( A ∩ B ) = 100, then  x + 59
n ( A′ ∩ B′) is equal to 300 provided n( X ) is equal to 3f ( x ) + 2f   = 10x + 30 for all real x ≠ 1. The value
 x −1 
(a) 600 (b) 700 (c) 800 (d) 900
of f (7) is
8 If n( A ) = 1000, n(B ) = 500, n( A ∩ B ) ≥ 1 and n( A ∪ B ) = P , (a) 8 (b) 4 (c) − 8 (d) 11
then
18 The number of onto mapping from the set A = {1, 2, ...100}
(a) 500 ≤ P ≤ 1000 (b) 1001 ≤ P ≤ 1498
to set B = {1, 2} is
(c) 1000 ≤ P ≤ 1498 (d) 1000 ≤ P ≤ 1499
(a) 2100 − 2 (b) 2100 (c) 2 99 − 2 (d) 2 99
9 If n( A ) = 4, n(B ) = 3, n( A × B × C ) = 24, then n(C ) is equal to x −m
19 Let f : R − {n} → R be a function defined by f ( x ) = ,
(a) 2 (b) 288 (c) 12 (d) 1 x −n
where m ≠ n . Then,
10 If R = {( 3 , 3) ,( 6, 6), ( 9, 9), (12 , 12), ( 6 , 12), ( 3 , 9), (3,12),
(a) f is one-one onto (b) f is one-one into
(3, 6)} is a relation on the set A = {3 , 6 , 9 , 12}. (c) f is many-one onto (d) f is many-one into
The relation is
20 A function f from the set of natural numbers to integers
(a) an equivalence relation
n − 1
(b) reflexive and symmetric , when n is odd

(c) reflexive and transitive defined by f (n ) =  2 is
n
(d) only reflexive  − , when n is even
 2
11 Let R = {( x , y ) : x , y ∈ N and x 2 − 4xy + 3y 2 = 0}, where
(a) one-one but not onto (b) onto but not one-one
N is the set of all natural numbers. Then, the relation R is
(c) both one-one and onto (d) neither one-one nor onto
j
JEE Mains 2013
21 Let f : N → N defined by f ( x ) = x 2 + x + 1 , x ∈ N, then f is (c) S is an equivalence relation but R is not an equivalence

(a) one-one onto (b) many-one onto relation
(c) one-one but not onto (d) None of these (d) R and S both are equivalence relations
22 Let R be the real line. Consider the following subsets of 2 + x , x ≥ 0
24 If f ( x ) =  , then f (f ( x )) is given by
the plane R × R . 4 − x , x < 0
S = {( x , y ): y = x + 1and 0 < x < 2}  4 + x, x≥0  4 + x, x ≥ 0
(a) f (f (x)) =  (b) f (f (x)) = 
and T = {( x , y ): x − y is an integer}  6 − x, x<0  x, x<0
 4 − x, x≥0  4 − 2 x , x≥0
Which one of the following is true? (c) f (f (x)) =  (d) f (f (x)) = 
 x, x<0  4 + 2 x, x < 0
(a) T is an equivalence relation on R but S is not
(b) Neither S nor T is an equivalence relation on R 25 Statement I A relation is defined by
(c) Both S and T are equivalence relations on R  x 2, 0 ≤ x ≤ 3
(d) S is an equivalence relation on R but T is not f (x ) =  is a function.
23 Consider the following relations 2 x , 3 ≤ x ≤ 9
R = {(x , y) | x and y are real numbers and x = wy for some Statement II In a function, every member must have a
rational number w}; unique image.
 m p 
S =  ,  m, n , p and q are integers such that n, q ≠ 0 (a) Statement I is true, Statement II is true; Statement II is a
 n q  correct explanation for Statement I
and qm = pn }. Then, (b) Statement I is true, Statement II is true; Statement II is
(a) R is an equivalence relation but S is not an equivalence not a correct explanation for Statement I
relation (c) Statement I is true; Statement II is false
(b) neither R nor S is an equivalence relation (d) Statement I is false; Statement II is true
PROGRESSIVE QUESTIONS EXERCISE

 1 6 On the set N of all natural numbers define the relation R
1 If f ( x ) + 2f   = 3x , x ≠ 0 and S = {x ∈ R : f ( x ) = f ( − x )};
x by aRb iff the g.c.d. of a and b is 2, then R is
then S j
JEE Mains 2016 (a) reflexive but not symmetric (b) symmetric only
(a) is an empty set (c) reflexive and transitive (d) equivalence relation
(b) contains exactly one element 7 Suppose f is a function satisfying f ( x + f ( x )) = 4f ( x ) and
(c) contains exactly two elements f (1) = 4. The value of f ( 21) is
(d) contains more than two elements
(a) 16 (b) 64 (c) 4 (d) 44
 2x − 1 
2 x ∈ R : ∈R  is equal to  1 1
x 3 + 4x 2 + 3x 8 Let f  x +  = x 2 + 2 , x ≠ 0, then f ( x ) is equal to
   x x
(a) R − {0} (b) R − {0, 1, 3 } (a) x 2 (b) x 2 − 1
(d) R − 0, − 1, − 3, 
1 (c) x 2 − 2 (d) x 2 + 1
(c) R − {0, − 1, − 3 }
 2 x
9 Let f ( x ) = , the fofofo K of ( x ) is
3 Given the relation R = {(1, 2) ( 2, 3)} on the set A = {1, 2, 3}, 1+ x2 1442443
x times
the minimum number of ordered pairs which when
x x
added to R make it an equivalence relation is (a) (b)
 n   n 
(a) 5 (b) 7 (c) 6 (d) 8 1+  Σ r  x2 1 +  Σ 1 x 2
r = 1  r = 1 
4 The set ( A ∪ B ∪ C ) ∩ ( A ∩ B ′∩ C ′ )′ ∩ C ′ is equal to  
x
x nx
j
NCERT Exemplar (c)   (d)
 1+ x2  1 + nx 2
(a) B ∩ C ′ (b) A ∩ C  
(c) B ′∩ C ′ (d) None of these 10 If two sets A and B are having 99 elements in common,
5 Let A = {1, 2, 3, 4}, B = {2, 4, 6}. Then the number of sets then the number of elements common to each of the sets
C such that A ∩ B ⊆ C ⊆ A ∪ B is A × B and B × A are
(a) 6 (b) 9 (c) 8 (d) 10 (a) 2 99 (b) 992 (c) 100 (d) 18
ANSWERS
SESSION 1 1. (b) 2. (d) 3. (d) 4. (b) 5. (c) 6. (c) 7. (b) 8. (d) 9. (a) 10. (c)
11. (a) 12. (b) 13. (b) 14. (a) 15. (a) 16. (a) 17. (b) 18. (a) 19. (b) 20. (c)
21. (c) 22. (a) 23. (c) 24. (a) 25. (d)
SESSION 2 1. (c) 2. (c) 3. (b) 4. (a) 5. (c) 6. (b) 7. (b) 8. (c) 9. (b) 10. (b)
Hints and Explanations

SESSION 1 6 From Venn Euler’s diagram, 11 Qa2 − 4 a ⋅ a + 3 a2 = 4 a2 − 4 a2 = 0
1 Clearly, 1 ≠ 0, 2 and 2 [Q y ∈ N ] ∴ (a, a) ∈ R, ∀a ∈ N ⇒ R is reflexive.
C U
y 3 Now, as a2 − 4 ab + 3b 2 = 0
A∩B∩C
1 C–A but b 2 − 4ba + 3 a2 ≠ 0
∴ can be 1.
y
∴ R is not symmetric.
⇒ x = 1 ∈Q Also, (a, b ) ∈ R and (b, c ) ∈ R
A–B B–C ⇒/ (a, c ) ∈ N
2 The number of elements in power set of B
A is 1. So, R is not transitive.
A
∴ P {P ( A )} = 2 = 2
1
12 Given, g ( x ) = 1 + x
⇒ P {P {P ( A )}} = 22 = 4 It is clear that,
{( A − B ) ∪ (B − C ) ∪ (C − A )} ′ and f { g ( x )} = 3 + 2 x + x …(i)
⇒ P {P {P {P ( A )}}} = 24 = 16 = A ∩ B ∩C ⇒ f (1 + x) = 3 + 2 x + x
3 We have, 7 Qn ( A ∪ B ) = n ( A ) + n (B ) − n ( A ∩ B ) Put 1 + x = y ⇒ x = ( y − 1)2
X = {4n − 3 n − 1: n ∈ N } ∴ n ( A ∪ B ) = 200 + 300 − 100 = 400 ∴ f ( y ) = 3 + 2 ( y − 1) + ( y − 1)2
∴ n ( A ′ ∩ B ′ ) = n ( A ∪ B )′ = n ( X ) = 2 + y2
X = {0, 9, 54, 243,...}
[put n = 1,2,3,...] − n( A ∪ B ) ∴ f ( x ) = 2 + x2
Y = {9(n − 1): n ∈ N } ⇒ 300 = n ( X ) − 400
⇒ n ( X ) = 700
13 Here, ( fog )( x ) = f {g ( x )} = a(cx + d ) + b
Y = {0, 9,18,27,...} and (gof ) ( x ) = g { f ( x )} = c (ax + b ) + d
[put n = 1,2,3,...] 8 We know, Since, cx + d + 2 = cx + 2c + d
It is clear that X ⊂ Y . n ( A ∪ B ) = n( A ) + n(B ) − n( A ∩ B )
[Q a = 1, b = 2]
∴ X ∪Y = Y ∴ P = 1500 − n ( A ∩ B )
⇒ n( A ∩ B ) = 1500 − P Hence, c = 1 and d is arbitrary.
4 Clearly, A ∩ B = A ∩ C and Clearly, 1 ≤ n( A ∩ B ) ≤ 500
A ∪ B = A ∪ C possible if 14 R is a relation from {11, 12, 13} to
[Qmaximum number of elements
B =C common in A and B = 500] {8, 10, 12} defined by
y =x−3⇒ x− y =3
⇒ 1 ≤ 1500 − P ≤ 500
5 Number of elements in ∴ R = {(11, 8), (13, 10)}
A 1 ∪ A 2 ∪ A 3 ∪…∪ A 30 is 30 × 5 but ⇒ − 1499 ≤ − P ≤ − 1000
⇒ 1000 ≤ P ≤ 1499 Hence, R −1 = {(8, 11), (10, 13)}
each element is used 10 times, so
30 × 5 9 We know, 15 Clearly, R −1 = {(5, 4), (4, 1), (6, 4), (6, 7),
n(S ) = = 15 …(i)
10 n ( A × B × C ) = n ( A ) × n(B ) × n(C ) (7, 3)}
Similarly, number of elements in ∴ n(C ) =
24
=2 Now, as (4, 5) ∈ R and (5, 4) ∈ R −1 ,
4×3 therefore (4, 4) ∈ R −1OR
B1 ∪ B2 ... ∪ B n is 3 n but each element
is repeated 9 times, so 10 Since for each a ∈ A, (a, a)∈ R. R is Similarly, (1, 4) ∈ R and (4, 1) ∈ R −1
3n reflexive relation. ⇒ (1, 1) ∈ R −1OR
n(S ) =
9 (4, 6) ∈ R and (6, 7) ∈ R −1
Now, (6, 12) ∈ R but (12, 6) ∉ R. So, it is
3n not a symmetric relation. ⇒ (4, 7) ∈ R −1OR
⇒ 15 = [from Eq. (i)]
9 (7, 6) ∈ R and (6, 7) ∈ R −1
Also, (3, 6), (6, 12) ∈ R ⇒ (3, 12) ∈ R
⇒ n = 45 ⇒ (7, 7) ∈ R −1OR
⇒ R is transitive.
(7, 6) ∈ R and (6, 4) ∈ R −1
⇒ (7, 4) ∈ R −1OR integer is an image of odd natural ⇒ mq ⋅ ps = np ⋅ rq ⇒ ms = nr

and (3, 7) ∈ R and (7, 3) ∈ R −1 number. So, f is onto.
⇒
m r
=
⇒ (3, 3) ∈ R −1OR 21 Let x, y ∈ N such that f ( x ) = f ( y ) n s
m r
Hence, R −1OR = {(1, 1), (4, 4), (4, 7), ⇒ x2 + x + 1 = y 2 + y + 1 ⇒ S
n s
(7, 7), (7, 4), (3, 3)} ⇒ ( x2 − y 2 ) = y − x So, the relation S is transitive.
16 Let x, y ∈ A such that f ( x ) = f ( y ), then ⇒ ( x − y ) ( x + y + 1) = 0 Hence, the relation S is
f ( f ( x )) = f ( f ( y )) ⇒ x = y or x = − y − 1 ∉ N equivalence relation.
⇒ x= y ⇒ x= y 24 Clearly,
⇒ f is one-one. ⇒ f is one-one. 2+ f ( x) ≥ 0
f ( f ( x )) = 
f ( x ),
Also,for any a∈ A, we have But f is not onto, as 1∈N does not have
4 − f ( x ), f ( x) < 0
f ( f (a)) = a any pre-image.
2+ (2 + x ), x≥ 0
⇒ f (b ) = a , where b = f (a) ∈ A ∴ f is one-one but not onto. = 
Thus, for each a ∈ A (codomain) there 2 + (4 − x ), x< 0
exists b = f (a) ∈ A such that f (b ) = a 22 Since, (1, 2) ∈ S but (2, 1) ∉S 4 + x, x≥ 0
= 
∴ f is onto. Thus S is not symmetric.
 6 − x, x< 0
Hence f is a bijective function. Hence, S is not an equivalence relation.
 2
 x + 59 
Given, T = {( x, y ) : ( x − y )∈ I } 25 Statement I f ( x ) =  x , 0 ≤ x ≤ 3
17 We have, 3 f ( x ) + 2 f   Now, x − x = 0∈ I , it is reflexive 2 x, 3 ≤ x ≤ 9
 x− 1 
relation. Now, f (3) = 9
= 10 x + 30 … (i) Again, now ( x − y )∈ I
x + 59 Also, f (3) = 2 × 3 = 6
On replacing x by , we get ⇒ y − x ∈ I , it is symmetric relation. Here, we see that for one value of x,
x−1
Let x − y = I1 there are two different values of f ( x ).
 x + 59 
3f   + 2 f ( x) and y − z = I2 Hence, it is not a function but
 x−1  Then, x − z = ( x − y ) + ( y − z) Statement II is true.
40 x + 560
= …(ii) = I1 + I2 ∈ I
x−1 So, T is also transitive. Hence, T is an SESSION 2
On solving Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get equivalence relation. 1 We have, f ( x ) + 2 f  1  = 3 x,
6 x2 − 4 x − 242  x
f ( x) = 23 Since, the relation R is defined as
x−1 R = {( x , y )| x , y are real numbers and x ≠ 0 … (i)
f   + 2 f ( x ) =
6 × 49 − 4 × 7 − 242 x = wy for some rational number w}. 1 3
∴ f (7) = =4 ∴ … (ii)
6 (a) Reflexive xRx as x = 1 x  x x

replacing x by 
Here, w = 1 ∈ Rational number 1
18 We know that if n( A ) = n and n(B ) = 2, 
So, the relation R is reflexive.  x 
the number of onto relations from A to
B = 2n − 2 (b) Symmetric xRy ⇒
/ yRx as 0R1 but On multiplying Eq. (ii) by 2 and then
subtracting it from Eq. (i), we get
∴ Required number of relations 1 R/ 0
6
So, the relation R is not − 3 f ( x) = 3 x −
= 2100 − 2 x
symmetric. 2
19 Suppose for any x, y ∈ R, Thus, R is not equivalence ⇒ f ( x) = − x
x
f ( x) = f ( y ) relation. Now, consider f ( x ) = f (− x )
x−m y −m
⇒ = Now, for the relation S, defined as,
2 2 4
x−n y −n  m p  ⇒ − x=− + x ⇒ = 2x
⇒ x= y S =   ,  m , n, p and q ∈ integers x x x
So, f is one-one.  n q 
Let α ∈ R be such that f ( x ) = α such that n , q ≠ 0 and qm = pn} ⇒ x2 = 2 ⇒ x = ± 2
x−m m − nα m m
∴ =α ⇒ x= (a) Reflexive S ⇒ mn = mn Thus, x contains exactly two elements.
x−n 1−α n n 2x −1
[true] 2 Clearly, 3 ∈ R only when
Clearly, x ∉ R for α = 1 Hence, the relation S is reflexive. x + 4 x2 + 3 x
So, f is not onto. m p x3 + 4 x2 + 3 x ≠ 0
(b) Symmetric S ⇒ mq = np
20 Let x, y ∈ N and both be even. n q Consider x3 + 4 x2 + 3 x = 0
x y p m
Then, f ( x ) = f ( y ) ⇒ − = − ⇒ np = mq ⇒ S ⇒ x ( x2 + 4 x + 3) = 0
2 2 q n
⇒ x=y ⇒ x ( x + 1) ( x + 3) = 0
Again, x, y ∈ N and both are odd. Hence, the relation S is ⇒ x = 0, − 1, − 3
Then, f ( x ) = f ( y ) ⇒ x = y symmetric.  2x − 1 
∴ x ∈ R : 3 ∈ R
So, f is one-one (c) Transitive
m p
S and
p r
S  x + 4 x2 + 3 x 
n q q s = R − {0, − 1, − 3}
Since, each negative integer is an image
of even natural number and positive ⇒ mq = np and ps = rq
3. For R to be an equivalence relation, R Thus, aRb ⇒ bRa x

must be reflexive, symmetric and Hence, R is symmetric. 1 + x2
transitive. According to given option, R is =
x2
R will be reflexive if it contains (1, 1), symmetric only. 1+
(2, 2) and (3, 3) 1 + x2
7 We have, x
R will be symmetric if it contains =
f ( x + f ( x )) = 4 f ( x ) and f (1) = 4
(2, 1) and (3, 2) 1 + 2 x2
On putting x = 1, we get
R will be transitive if it contains (1, 3) x
and (3, 1) f (1 + f (1)) = 4 f (1) Similarly, f ( f ( f ( x ))) =
Hence, minimum number of ordered ⇒ f (1 + f (1)) = 16 1 + 3 x2
pairs = 7 ⇒ f (1 + 4) = 16 M M
x
4 ( A ∪ B ∪ C ) ∩ ( A ∩ B ′∩ C ′ )′∩ C ′ ⇒ f (5) = 16 fofo K of of ( x ) =
1442443 1 + nx2
= ( A ∪ B ∪ C ) ∩ ( A ′∪ B ∪ C ) ∩ C ′ On putting, x = 5, we get n times
= (φ ∪ B ∪ C ) ∩ C ′ f (5 + f (5)) = 4 f (5) x
=
= (B ∪ C ) ∩ C ′ ⇒ f (5 + 16) = 4 × 16  n 
= (B ∩ C ′ ) ∪ φ = B ∩ C ′ 1 +  Σ 1 x2
⇒ f (21) = 64 r =1 
5 Here, A ∩ B = {2, 4}
8 We have, 10 We know,
and A ∪ B = {1, 2, 3, 4, 6}
( A × B ) ∩ (C × D ) = ( A ∩ C )
f  x +  = x2 + 2
1 1
Q A ∩ B ⊆ C ⊆ A∪B
 x x × (B ∩ D )
∴ C can be {2, 4}, {1, 2, 4}, {3, 2, 4},
2 ∴ ( A × B ) ∩ (B × A ) = ( A ∩ B )
=  x +  − 2
{6, 2, 4}, {1, 6, 2, 4}, {6, 3, 2, 4}, 1
× (B ∩ A )
{1, 3, 2, 4}, {1, 2, 3, 4, 6}  x
Thus, number of elements common to
Thus, number of set C which satisfy the ⇒ f ( x ) = x2 − 2 A × B and B × A
given condition is 8.
x = n (( A × B ) ∩ (B × A ))
6 Clearly, g.c.d (a, a) = a, ∀ a ∈ N 9 We have, f ( x ) =
1 + x2 = n (( A ∩ B ) × (B ∩ A ))
∴R is not reflexive. = n( A ∩ B ) × n (B ∩ A )
f ( x)
If g.c.d (a, b ) = 2, then g.c.d (b, a) is ⇒ f ( f ( x )) = = 99 × 99 = 992
also 2. 1 + ( f ( x ))2
DAY TWO
Complex
Numbers
u Complex Numbers and Its u Argument or Amplitude of a u De-Moivre’s Theorem

Representation Complex Number u Cube Roots of Unity
u Algebra and Equality of u Different forms of a Complex u nth Roots of Unity
Complex Numbers Number
u Applications of Complex
u Conjugate and Modulus of a u Concept of Rotation
Numbers in Geometry
Complex Number u Square Root of a Complex
Number
Complex Numbers and Its Representation

l
A number in the form of z = x + iy, where x, y ∈ R and Y
P (x, y)
i = −1, is called a complex number. The real numbers
Imaginary axis
x and y are respectively called real and imaginary parts PRED

of complex number z.
i.e. x = Re (z), y = Im (z) and the symbol i is called iota.
y
MIRROR
X′ X
l
A complex number z = x + iy is said to be purely real if O x Real
y = 0 and purely imaginary if x = 0. axis u No. of Questions in Exercises (x)—
l
Integral power of iota (i)
Y′ u No. of Correct Questions (z)—
(i) i = −1, i 2 = − 1, i 3 = − i and i 4 = 1 Argand diagram (Without referring Explanations)
+1 +2
(ii) If n is an integer, then i 4 n = 1, i 4 n = i, i 4 n = −1
Accuracy Level (z / y × 100)—
and i 4 n + 3 = − i
u

(iii) i n + i n +1 + i n +2
+ i n +3 = 0
l
The complex number z = x + iy can be represented by a point P in a plane called In order to expect good rank in JEE,
argand plane or Gaussian plane or complex plane. The coordinates of P are referred above 85 & Prep Level should be
to the rectangular axes XOX ′ and YOY′ which are called real and imaginary axes,
respectively.
DAY TWO COMPLEX NUMBERS 11
Algebra and Equality of Argument or Amplitude of

Complex Numbers a Complex Number
If z1 = x1 + i y1 and z2 = x2 + i y2 are two complex numbers, then Let z = x + iy be a complex number, represented by a point
(i) z1 + z2 = ( x1 + x2 ) + i ( y1 + y2 ) P( x, y) in the argand plane. Then, the angle θ which OP makes
(ii) z1 − z2 = ( x1 − x2 ) + i ( y1 − y2 ) with the positive direction of Real axis (X -axis) is called
(iii) z1 z2 = ( x1 x2 − y1 y2 ) + i( x1 y2 + x2 y1 ) the argument or amplitude of z and it is denoted by arg ( z ) or
z1 ( x1 x2 + y1 y2 ) + i ( x2 y1 − x1 y2 ) amp ( z ).
(iv) =  y
z2 x22 + y22 The argument of z, is given by θ = tan −1  
 x
(v) z1 and z2 are said to be equal if x1 = x2 and y1 = y2 .
l
The value of argument θ which satisfies the inequality
NOTE • Complex numbers does not possess any inequality, − π < θ < π, is called principal value of argument.
e.g. 3 + 2i > 1 + 2i does not make any sense. l
The principal value of arg(z) is θ, π − θ, −π + θ or − θ
according as z lies in the 1st, 2nd, 3rd or 4th quadrants
Conjugate and Modulus respectively, where θ = tan −1
y
.
of a Complex Number x
l
If z = x + iy is a complex number, then conjugate of z is P (x, y)
Imaginary axis
denoted by z and is obtained by replacing i by −i.
i.e. z = x − iy
y
l
If z = x + iy, then modulus or magnitude of z is denoted by
| z| and is given by| z| = x 2 + y2 θ
x Real axis
Results on Conjugate and Modulus l
Argument of z is not unique. General value of argument of z
(i) (z) = z is 2nπ + θ.
(ii) z + z = 2 Re (z), z − z = 2 i Im(z)
(iii) z = z ⇔ z is purely real.
Results on Argument
(iv) z + z = 0 ⇔ z is purely imaginary. If z, z1 and z2 are complex numbers, then
(v) z1 ± z2 = z1 ± z2 (i) arg (z) = − arg (z)
(vi) z1 z2 = z1 z2 (ii) arg (z1 z2 ) = arg (z1 ) + arg (z2 )
 z1 
 z1  z1 (iii) arg   = arg (z1 ) − arg (z2 )
(vii)   = , if z2 ≠ 0  z2 
 z2  z2
a1 a2 a3 a1 a2 a3 (iv) The general value of arg (z) is 2nπ − arg (z).
π
(viii) If z = b1 b2 b3 , then z = b1 b2 b3 (v) If z is purely imaginary then arg (z) = ± .
2
c1 c2 c3 c1 c2 c3 (vi) If z is purely real then arg (z) = 0 or π.
where ai , b i , c i ; (i = 1, 2 , 3) are complex numbers. (vii) If| z1 + z2| = | z1 − z2|, then
| z| = 0 ⇔ z = 0
(ix)
 z1  π
| z| = | z| = |− z| = |− z|
(x) arg   or arg (z1 ) − arg (z2 ) =
− | z| ≤ Re(z), Im(z) ≤ | z|
(xi)  z2  2
| z1 z2| = | z1|| z2|
(xii) (viii) If| z1 + z2| = | z1| + | z2|, then arg (z1 ) = arg (z2 )
z1 | z1|
(xiii) = , if| z2| ≠ 0
z2 | z2|
Different forms of a
(xiv) | z1 ± z2|2 = | z1|2 + | z2|2 ± z1 z2 ± z1 z2
= | z1|2 + | z2|2 ± 2 Re (z1 z2 ) Complex Number
(xv) | zn | = | z|n , n ∈ N l
Polar or Trigonometrical Form of z = x + iy is
(xvi) Reciprocal of a complex number For non-zero complex z = r (cos θ + i sin θ), where r =| z| and θ = arg (z).
number z = x + iy, the reciprocal is given by If we use the general value of the argument θ, then the
1 z
z −1 = = 2 . polar form of z is z = r [cos (2 nπ + θ) + i sin (2 nπ + θ)], where
z | z| n is an integer.
(xvii) Triangle Inequality l
Euler’s form of z = x + iy is z = re iθ , where r =| z|,θ = arg (z)
(a)| z1 + z2 | ≤ | z1 | + | z 2 | (b) | z1 + z2 | ≥ || z1 | − | z 2 ||
(c)| z1 − z 2 | ≤ | z1 | + | z 2 | (d) | z1 − z2 | ≥ || z1 | − | z 2 || and e iθ = cos θ + i sin θ.
12 40 DAYS ~ JEE MAIN MATHEMATICS DAY TWO
(i) The nth roots of unity are 1, α , α 2 ,... , α n − 1 , where

Concept of Rotation i2 π
α =e n
Let z1 , z2 , z3 be the vertices of ∆ABC as shown in figure, then
z −z  z − z |z − z | (ii) 1 + α + α 2 + α 3 + ...+ α n −1 = 0
α = arg  3 1  and 3 1 = 3 1 e iα
 z2 − z1  z2 − z1 | z2 − z1 | (iii) 1 ⋅ α ⋅ α 2 ... α n −1 = [−1]n −1
C(z3)
Applications of Complex
Numbers in Geometry
1. Distance between A(z1 ) and B (z2 ) is given by
a AB = | z2 − z1|.
A(z1) B(z2) 2. Let point P (z) divides the line segment joining A (z1 ) and
B (z2 ) in the ratio m : n . Then,
NOTE • Always mark the direction of arrow in anti-clockwise sense mz2 + nz1
and keep that complex number in the numerator on which (i) for internal division, z =
the arrow goes. m+n
mz2 − nz1
(ii) for external division, z =
Square Root of a Complex Number m−n
l
If z = a + ib , then 3. Let ABC be a triangle with vertices A (z1 ), B (z2 ) and C(z3 ),
z = a + ib = ±
1
[ | z| + a + i z − a] then centroid G (z) of the ∆ ABC is given by z
2 1
= (z1 + z2 + z3 )
1 3
l
If z = a − ib , then z = a − ib = ± [ | z| + a − i | z| − a]
2
z1 z1 1
1
Area of ∆ ABC is given by ∆ = z2 z2 1
De-Moivre’s Theorem 2
z3 z3 1
l
If n is any integer, then (cos θ + i sin θ)n = cos nθ + i sin nθ
l
If n is any rational number, then one of the values of 4. For an equilateral triangle ABC with vertices A(z1 ), B(z2 )
(cos θ + i sin θ)n is cos nθ + i sin nθ. and C(z3 ), z12 + z22 + z23 = z 2 z3 + z 3 z1 + z1 z 2
l
If n is any positive integer, then 5. The general equation of a straight line is az + az + b = 0,
 2 kπ + θ   2 kπ + θ  where a is a complex number and b is a real number.
(cos θ + i sin θ)1 / n = cos   + i sin  
 n   n  6. (i) An equation of the circle with centre at z0
where, k = 0, 1, 2,... n − 1 and radius r, is | z − z0| = r
(ii) | z − z0| < r represents the interior of circle and
Cube Root of Unity | z − z0| > r represents the exterior of circle.
Cube roots of unity are 1, ω, ω2 (iii) General equation of a circle is zz + az + az + b = 0,
−1 + 3 i −1 − 3 i where b is real number, with centre is − a and radius
where, ω = and ω2 = is aa − b .
2 2
7. If z1 and z2 are two fixed points and k > 0, k ≠ 1 is a real
Properties of Cube Roots of Unity | z − z1|
number, then = k represents a circle.
(i) 1 + ω + ω2 = 0 | z − z2|
(ii) ω3 = 1
For k = 1, it represents perpendicular bisector of the
0 if n ≠ 3 m, m ∈ N
(iii) 1 + ω + ω
n 2n
= segment joining A(z1 ) and B (z2 ).
3 if n = 3 m, m ∈ N 8. If end points of diameter of a circle are A(z1 ) and B(z 2) and
P(z) be any point on the circle, then equation of circle in
nth Roots of Unity diameter form is
By nth root of unity we mean any complex number z which (z − z1 ) (z − z2 ) + (z − z 2) (z − z1 ) = 0
satisfies the equation zn = 1.

1 4
1 Real part of is 11 If z − = 2, then the maximum value of | z | is
1 − cos θ + i sin θ z j AIEEE 2009
1 1 1
(a) − (b) (c) tanθ / 2 (d) 2 (a) 3 +1 (b) 5 +1 (c) 2 (d) 2 + 2
2 2 2
12 If z is a complex number such that z ≥ 2, then the
2 + 3i sin θ 1
2 A value of θ, for which is purely imaginary, is minimum value of z +
1 − 2i sin θ 2 j JEE Mains 2014
π π
(d) sin−1 
3 1 
(a) (b) (c) sin−1  (a) is equal to 5/2
3 6 4  3 (b) lies in the interval (1, 2)
13 (c) is strictly greater than 5/2
3 ∑ (i
n =1
n
+ i n + 1 ) is equal to (d) is strictly greater than 3/2 but less than 5/2
13 If | z1| = 2, | z 2 | = 3 then z1 + z 2 + 5 + 12i is less than or
(a) i (b) i − 1 (c) −i (d) 0
equal to
z −1
4 If is a purely imaginary number ( where, z ≠ −1), then (a) 8 (b) 18 (c) 10 (d) 5
z +1
14 If z < 3 − 1, then z + 2z cos α is
2
the value of | z | is
(a) less than 2 (b) 3 + 1
(a) −1 (b) 1 (c) 2 (d) −2
(c) 3 − 1 (d) None of these
z2
5 If z1 ≠ 0 and z 2 are two complex numbers such that is 15 The number of complex numbers z such that
z1
z − 1 = z + 1 = z − i , is
2z1 + 3z 2
a purely imaginary number, then is equal to (a) 0 (b) 1 (c) 2 (d) ∞
2z1 − 3z 2
2
j
JEE Mains 2013
16 Number of solutions of the equation z + 7z = 0 is/are
(a) 2 (b) 5 (c) 3 (d) 1 (a) 1 (b) 2 (c) 4 (d) 6
7−z 17 If z z + ( 3 − 4i )z + ( 3 + 4i )z = 0 represent a circle, the area
6 If f ( z ) = , where z = 1 + 2i , then | f ( z )| is equal to
1− z 2 of the circle in square units is
|z | (a) 5 π (b) 10π (c) 25 π 2 (d) 25 π
(a) (b) | z |
2
 π  π
(c) 2| z | (d) None of these 18 If z = 1 + cos   + i sin  , then {sin (arg( z ))} is equal to
 5  5
7 If 8 iz + 12z − 18z + 27i = 0, then the value of | z | is
3 2
10 − 2 5 5 −1
(a) 3 / 2 (b) 2 / 3 (c) 1 (d) 3 / 4 (a) (b)
4 4
8 If a complex number z satisfies the equation 5+1
(c) (d) None of these
z + 2 z + 1 + i = 0, then z is equal to j
JEE Mains 2013 4
(a) 2 (b) 3 (c) 5 (d) 1 19 If z is a complex number of unit modulus and argument
9 If α and β are two different complex numbers such that 1 + z 
θ, then arg   equals to
β −α 1 + z  JEE Mains 2013
| α | = 1, | β | = 1, then the expression
j
is equal to
1 − αβ π
(a) −θ (b) −θ (c) θ (d) π − θ
1 2
(a) (b) 1
2 20 Let z and ω are two non-zero complex numbers such that
(c) 2 (d) None of these z = ω and arg z + arg ω = π, then z equals
z −1 (a) ω (b) ω
10 If | z | = 1 and ω = (where z ≠ −1), then Re(ω ) is
z +1 (c) − ω (d) − ω
1 21 If z − 1 = 1, then arg ( z ) is equal to
(a) 0 (b) − 2
z+1 1 1
(a) arg (z) (b) arg (z + 1)
2 2 3
(c) 2
(d) None of these 1
z+1 (c) arg (z − 1) (d) None of these
2
15
 1
22 Let z = cos θ + i sin θ. Then the value of ∑ Im ( z 2 m −1 ) at, 33 If Re   = 3 , then z lies on
m =1
z
θ = 2°, is (a) circle with centre onY-axis
1 1 1 1 (b) circle with centre on X-axis not passing through origin
(a) (b) (c) (d)
sin 2 ° 3 sin 2 ° 2 sin 2 ° 4 sin 2 ° (c) circle with centre on X-axis passing through origin
(i )
23 If z = (i )(i ) , where i = −1, then | z | is equal to (d) None of the above
(a) 1 (b) e − π / 2 (c) 0 (d) e π / 2 34 If the imaginary part of ( 2z + 1) / (iz + 1) is −2, then the
8 locus of the point representing z in the complex plane is
 π π
1 + i sin + cos  (a) a circle (b) a straight line
24  8 8  equals to
π π (c) a parabola (d) None of these
 1 − i sin + cos 
 8 8 z
35 If | z | = 1 and z ≠ ± 1, then all the values of lie on
(a) 2 8
(b) 0 (c) −1 (d) 1
1− z 2
(a) a line not passing through the origin
25 If 1, α 1, α 2 , K , α n − 1 are the nth roots of unity, then (b) |z | = 2
(c) the X-axis
( 2 − α 1 )( 2 − α 2 ) K ( 2 − α n −1 ) is equal to
(d) theY-axis
(a) n (b) 2 n (c) 2 n + 1 (d) 2 n − 1
z
26 If ω( ≠ 1) is a cube root of unity and (1 + ω )7 = A + Bω. 36 If ω = and | ω | = 1, then z lies on
i
z−
Then, ( A, B ) is equal to 3
(a) (11
,) (b) (1, 0) (c) (−1, 1) (d) (0, 1) (a) a circle (b) an ellipse
27 If α , β ∈C are the distinct roots of the equation (c) a parabola (d) a straight line
x 2 − x + 1 = 0, then α 101 + β107 is equal to j
JEE Mains 2018 37 If z 1 and z 2 are two complex numbers such that
(a) −1 (b) 0 (c) 1 (d) 2 z1 z 2
2
+ = 1, then
 1 25
z 2 z1
28 If x 2 + x + 1 = 0, then ∑  x r + r  is equal to
r=1
 x  (a) z 1, z 2 are collinear
(b) z 1, z 2 and the origin form a right angled triangle
(a) 25 (b) 25 ω
(c) z 1, z 2 and the origin form an equilateral triangle
(c) 25 ω2 (d) None of these
(d) None of the above
29 Let ω be a complex number such that 2ω + 1 = z,
38 A complex number z is said to be unimodular, if z = 1.
1 1 1
Suppose z1 and z 2 are complex numbers such that
where z = −3. If 1 −ω 2 − 1 ω 2 = 3k, then k is equal to z1 − 2z 2
is unimodular and z 2 is not unimodular.
1 ω2 ω7 j
JEE Mains 2017 2 − z 1z 2
(a) −z (b) z (c) −1 (d) 1
Then, the point z1 lies on a j
JEE Mains 2015
1+ ω ω2 1 + ω2
(a) straight line parallel to X −axis
30 The value − ω − (1 + ω ) (1 + ω) , where ω is cube
2
(b) straight line parallel to Y −axis
− 1 − (1 + ω 2 ) 1 + ω (c) circle of radius 2
(d) circle of radius 2
root of unity, is equal to
(a) 2 ω (b) 3 ω2 (c) − 3 ω2 (d) 3ω 39 If | z 2 − 1 | = | z |2 +1, then z lies on
31 If a , b and c are integers not all equal and ω is a cube (a) a real axis (b) an ellipse
root of unity (where, ω ≠ 1), then minimum value of (c) a circle (d) imaginary axis
| a + bω + cω 2 | is equal to
3 1 40 Let z satisfy z = 1 and z = 1 − z j
JEE Mains 2013
(a) 0 (b) 1 (c) (d)
2 2 Statement I z is a real number.
32 Let ω = ei π / 3 , and a, b, c, x , y , z be non-zero complex Statement II Principal argument of z is π /3.
numbers such that: (a) Statement I is true, Statement II is true; Statement II is a
a + b + c = x ; a + b ω + cω 2 = y ; a + b ω 2 + c ω = z correct explanation for statement I
2 2 2
(b) Statement I is true, Statement II is true; Statement II is
x + y + z not a correct explanation for Statement I
Then the value of 2 2 2
is:
a + b + c (c) Statement I is true, Statement II is false
(d) Statement I is false, Statement II is true
(a) 1 (b) 2 (c) 3 (d) 4

1 For positive integers n1 and n 2 the value of the expression 8 If a complex number z lies in the interior or on the
(1 + i )n1 + (1 + i 3 )n1 + (1 + i 5 )n 2 + (1 + i 7 )n 2 boundary of a circle of radius 3 and centre at ( − 4 , 0),
where i = −1, is a real number iff then the greatest and least value of | z + 1| are
(a) n1 = n2 (b) n2 = n2 − 1 (c) n1 = n2 + 1 (d) ∀n1 and n2 (a) 5, 0 (b) 6, 1 (c) 6, 0 (d) None of these
z2 9 If z is any complex number satisfying z − 3 − 2i ≤ 2,
2 If z ≠ 1 and is real, then the point represented by the
z −1 then the minimum value of 2z − 6 + 5i is
complex number z lies (a) 2 (b) 3 (c) 5 (d) 6
(a) on the imaginary axis 10 A man walks a distance of 3 units from the origin towards
(b) either on the real axis or on a circle passing through the the North-East (N 45° E) direction. From there, he walks a
origin
distance of 4 units towards the North-West (N 45° W)
(c) on a circle with centre at the origin
direction to reach a point P. Then the position of P in the
(d) either on the real axis or on a circle not passing through
Argand plane is
the origin
(a) 3eiπ / 4 + 4i (b) (3 − 4i )eiπ / 4
2π 2π
3 Let ω be the complex number cos + i sin . Then the (c) (4 + 3i )eiπ / 4 (d) (3 + 4i )eiπ / 4
3 3
number of distinct complex numbers z satisfying 11 If 1, a1, a 2 ... a n −1 are n th roots of unity, then
1 1 1
z +1 ω ω2 + + ... + equals to
1 − a1 1 − a 2 1 − a n −1
ω z +ω 2
1 = 0 is equal to
ω2 1 z +ω 2n − 1 n −1 n
(a) (b) (c) (d) None of these
n 2 n −1
(a) 0 (b) 1 (c) 2 (d) 4 2 2
12 For z ,ω ∈ C, if z ω − ω z = z − ω, then z is equal to
4 The locus of z = x + iy which satisfying the inequality
log1/ 2 z − 1 > log1/ 2 z − i is given by (a) ω or ω (b) ω or ω /|ω | 2
(c) ω or ω /|ω | 2 (d) None of these
(a) x + y < 0 (b) x − y > 0 (c) x − y < 0 (d) x + y > 0
10
 2kπ 2kπ 
5 Let z1 = 10 + 6i , z 2 = 4 + 6i . If z is any complex number 13 The value of ∑  sin + i cos  is
 11 11 
such that arg ( z − z1 ) / ( z − z 2 ) = π / 4, then z − 7 − 9i is k =1
equal to (a) 1 (b) −1 (c) − i (d) i

(a) 18 (b) 3 2 (c) 3 / 2 (d) None of these 14 Let z1 and z 2 be roots of the equation z + pz + q = 0, 2
6 Let z = x + iy be a complex number where x and y are p, q ∈ C. Let A and B represents z1 and z 2 in the complex
integers. Then the area of the rectangle whose vertices plane. If ∠AOB = α ≠ 0 and OA = OB; O is the origin, then
are the roots of the equation zz 3 + zz 3 = 350 is p 2 / 4q is equal to
(a) 48 (b) 32 (c) 40 (d) 80 (a) sin2 (α / 2) (b) tan2 (α / 2) (c) cos2 (α / 2) (d) None of these
7 If α + i β = cot −1( z ), where z = x + iy and α is a constant, 15 If 1, ω and ω 2 are the three cube roots of unity α , β, γ are
then the locus of z is the cube roots of p, q < 0, then for any x , y , z the
(a) x2 + y2 − x cot 2 α − 1 = 0  x α + y β + z γ
expression   is equal to
(b) x2 + y2 − 2 x cot α − 1 = 0  x β + y γ + z α
(c) x2 + y2 − 2 x cot 2 α + 1 = 0
(d) x2 + y2 − 2 x cot 2 α − 1 = 0 (a) 1 (b) ω (c) ω 2 (d) None of these
ANSWERS
SESSION 1 1. (b) 2. (d) 3. (b) 4. (b) 5. (d) 6. (a) 7. (a) 8. (c) 9. (b) 10. (a)
11. (b) 12. (b) 13. (b) 14. (a) 15. (b) 16. (b) 17. (d) 18. (b) 19. (c) 20. (c)
21. (c) 22. (d) 23. (a) 24. (c) 25. (d) 26. (a) 27. (c) 28. (d) 29. (a) 30. (c)
31. (b) 32. (c) 33. (c) 34. (b) 35. (d) 36. (d) 37. (c) 38. (c) 39. (d) 40. (d)
SESSION 2 1. (d) 2. (b) 3. (b) 4. (b) 5. (b) 6. (a) 7. (d) 8. (c) 9. (c) 10. (d)
11. (b) 12. (b) 13. (c) 14. (c) 15. (c)

SESSION 1 ⇒ x2 + y 2 = 1 10 Given,|z | = 1
1 ⇒ |z |2 = 1 ⇒ |z |= 1
1 Let z = ⇒ zz = 1
1 − cos θ + i sin θ 5 Given, z2 is a purely imaginary z−1 z−1
1 Now, 2Re(ω ) = ω + ω = +
= z1 z+1 z+1
2sin2 (θ / 2) + 2i sin(θ / 2)cos(θ / 2) Let z = ni. Then, (z − 1)(z + 1) + (z − 1)(z + 1)
1 1 =
= z2 z+1
2
2+ 3⋅
2i sin(θ / 2) [cos(θ / 2) − i sin(θ / 2)] 2z1 + 3z2 z1 2 + 3ni
= = 2zz − 2
cos(θ / 2) + i sin(θ / 2) 1 1 2z1 − 3z2 z2 2 − 3ni = =0 [Q zz = 1]
= = + cot(θ / 2) 2 − 3⋅ z+1
2
2i sin(θ / 2) 2 2i z1
1 1
= − i ⋅ cot θ / 2 ∴ Re(ω ) = 0.
4 + 9n2
2 2 = =1
4 + 9n 2
  z − 4  + 4
11 |z | =  
2 Let z = 2 + 3i sin θ is purely imaginary 7− z
 z z
1 − 2i sin θ 6 Given, f (z ) = and z = 1 + 2i
1 − z2 4 4
then we have ⇒ |z | ≤  z −  +
Re (z ) = 0 7 − (1 + 2i )  z  |z |
∴ f (z ) =
2 + 3i sin θ 1 − (1 + 2i )2 4
Consider, z = ⇒ |z | ≤ 2 +
1 − 2i sin θ 6 − 2i 6 − 2i |z|
= =
(2 + 3i sin θ)(1 + 2i sin θ) 1 − (1 − 4 + 4i ) 4 − 4i |z |2 − 2 |z | − 4
= ⇒ ≤0
(1 − 2i sin θ)(1 + 2i sin θ) 6 − 2i 1+ i 6 + 4i + 2 |z |
= × =
(2 − 6sin2 θ) + (4sin θ + 3sin θ)i 4(1 − i ) (1 + i ) 4(12 − i 2 ) Since,|z | > 0
=
1 + 4sin2 θ 8 + 4i 1 ⇒ |z |2 − 2 |z | − 4 ≤ 0
= = (2 + i )
Q Re(z ) = 0 4(2) 2 ⇒ [|z | − ( 5 + 1)] [|z |− (1 − 5)] ≤ 0
2 − 6sin2 θ
∴ =0 4+ 1 5 |z | ⇒ 1− 5 ≤ |z | ≤ 5+ 1
1 + 4sin2 θ Now,| f (z )| = = =
2 2 2
⇒
1
sin2 θ = ⇒ sinθ = ±
1 12 z ≥ 2 is the region on or outside circle
[Qz = 1 + 2i , given ⇒|z |= 5]
3 3 whose centre is (0,0) and radius is 2.
1
−1  1  7 Given, 8 iz + 12z − 18z + 27i = 0 Minimum z + is distance of z, which
3 2
⇒ θ = ± sin   2
 3 ⇒ 4z 2 (2iz + 3) + 9 i (2iz + 3) = 0
lie on circle z = 2 from  − , 0 .
1
13 13 ⇒ (2iz + 3) (4z2 + 9 i ) = 0
 2 
∑ (i + i n +1 ) = (1 + i ) ∑i
n n
3 ⇒ 2iz + 3 = 0 or 4z2 + 9 i = 0
n =1 n =1 Y
3
i (1 − i 13 ) ∴ |z | =
= (1 + i ) 2
1− i
8 We have, ( x + iy ) + 2 x + iy + 1 + i = 0
= i − 1 [Q i 13 = i , i 2 = −1]
[put z = x + iy ]
4 Let z = x + iy A
z−1 x + iy − 1 ( x − 1) + iy
⇒ ( x + iy ) + 2 ( x + 1) + y 2 + i = 0
2 X′
(–2, 0) (– 1 ,0
( (0, 0) (2, 0)
X
= = ⇒ x + 2 ( x + 1) + y = 0 2 2 2
z + 1 x + iy + 1 ( x + 1) + iy
( x + 1) − iy and y+1= 0
×
( x + 1) − iy ⇒ x + 2 ( x + 1)2 + (−1)2 = 0
( x − 1)( x + 1) − iy ( x − 1) + iy and y = −1 Y′
( x + 1) − i 2 y 2 ⇒ x2 = 2[( x + 1)2 + 1]
= ∴ Minimum z +
1
( x + 1) − i 2 y 2
2 ⇒ x2 = 2 x2 + 4 x + 4
2
x2 − 1 + iy ( x + 1 − x + 1) + y 2 ⇒ x2 + 4 x + 4 = 0 ⇒ ( x + 2)2 = 0
= Distance of  − , 0 from (−2, 0)
= 1
⇒ x = −2
( x + 1)2 + y 2  2 
∴ z = −2 − i ⇒ z = 4 + 1 = 5
z − 1 ( x2 + y 2 − 1) i (2 y ) 2
⇒ = + β −α β −α =  −2 + 1  + 0 = 3
z + 1 ( x + 1)2 + y 2 ( x + 1)2 + y 2 9 =  
 2 2
z−1 1 − αβ β ⋅ β − αβ
Since, is purely imaginary. Alternate Method
z+1  Q |β | = 1 
We know,|z1 + z2 |≥||z1 |−|z2||
z − 1 and |β|2 = ββ = 1
∴ Re   =0  
 z + 1 ∴ z+
1
≥ |z| −
1
= |z|−
1
x + y −1
2 2 β −α 1 |β − α| |β − α| 2 2 2
⇒ =0 = = = =1
( x + 1)2 + y 2 β (β − α ) |β| | β − α| |β − α| 1 3
≥ z− =
⇒ x + y −1 = 0
2 2 [Q|z|=|z|] 2 2
∴ z+
1
≥
3 20 Let z = ω = r and let arg ω = θ ⇒ − ω2 = A + Bω ⇒ 1 + ω = Α + Βω
2 2 iθ [Qω14 = ω12 ⋅ ω2 = ω2 ]
Then, ω = r (cos θ + i sin θ) = re
1 3 On comparing both sides, we get
∴ Minimum value of z + is ⋅ and arg z = π − θ
2 2 A = 1, B = 1
Hence, z = r (cos( π − θ) + i sin( π − θ))
13 Fact: z1 + z2 + ... + z n = r (− cos θ + i sin θ) 27 α,β are the roots of x2 − x + 1 = 0
= − r (cos θ − i sin θ) Q Roots of x2 − x + 1 = 0 are − ω, − ω 2
≤ z1 + z2 + ... + z n z = −ω
∴ z1 + z2 + (5 + 12i ) ∴ Let α = −ω and β = − ω 2
21 Given,|z − 1| = 1 ⇒ z − 1 = e i θ ,
≤ z1 + z2 + 5 + 12i ⇒ α101 + β107 = (− ω )101 + (− ω2 )107
= 2 + 3 + 13 = 18 where arg(z − 1) = θ …(i)
= − (ω101 + ω214 ) = − (ω2 + ω )
2 ⇒ z = eiθ + 1
14 Consider z + 2z cos α ≤ z + 2 z
2
[Qω3 n + 2 = ω2 and ω3 n+1 = ω]
⇒ z = 1 + cos θ + i sin θ
2
cos α ≤ z + 2 z = −(−1) = 1 [1 + ω + ω2 = 0]
[Qe i θ = cos θ + i sin θ]
θ θ θ 28 x2 + x + 1 = 0
< ( 3 − 1)2 + 2( 3 − 1) = 2 cos 2 + 2i sin ⋅ cos
2 2 2 ⇒ x = ω , ω2
= 3+ 1−2 3 + 2 3 −2= 2 θ 1
⇒ arg (z ) = = arg(z − 1) [from Eq. (i)] 1 1
∴ z2 + 2z cos α < 2 So, x r + r = ω r + r = − 1
2 2 x ω
15 Let z = x + iy 22 Given that z = cos θ + i sin θ = e iθ or 2 according as r is not divisible by 3
15 15
|z − 1| = |z + 1|
∑ lm(z ∑ lm(e or divisible by 3.
2 m −1 iθ 2 m −1
∴ )= )
Re z = 0 ⇒ x = 0 m=1 m=1 ∴ Required sum
|z − 1| = |z − i| ⇒ x = y
15
= 17(−1) 2 + 8 ⋅ 2 2 = 49
∑ lme
i(2 m −1 )θ
=
|z + 1| = |z − i| ⇒ y = − x m=1
29 Given, z = 2ω + 1
Since, only (0, 0) will satisfy all = sin θ + sin 3θ + sin 5θ + ... + sin 29θ
−1 + z −1 + 3i
14 ⋅ 2θ   15⋅ 2θ  ⇒ω = ⇒ω =
sin  θ +
conditions.
∴ Number of complex number z = 1.  sin   2 2
 2   2  [Qz = −3]
=
2θ
sin  
2
16 Given z + 7z = 0 ⇒ ω is complex cube root of unity
2 1 1 1
⇒ z z + 7z = 0 ⇒ z (z + 7) = 0
sin(15θ)sin(15θ) 1 1 −ω2 − 1 ω2 = 3k
Case (i) : z = 0, ∴ z = 0 = 0 + i0 = = [Qθ = 2° ] Now,
sin θ 4sin 2° ω2 ω7
Case (ii) : z = −7 ∴ z = −7 + 0i 1
Hence, there is only two solutions. 23 Clearly, i = cos π + i sin π = e iπ /2 1 1 1
2 2
z = 0 and z = −7 i2 ⋅
π ⇒ 1 ω ω2 = 3k
iπ / 2 i − π /2
∴ (i ) = (e
i
) =e 2
=e
17 Given zz + (3 − 4i )z + (3 + 4i )z = 0 ( i )(i ) e − π /2 − π /2
1 ω2 ω
Let z = x + iy Now, (i ) = (i ) ⇒ z = (i )e
− π /2 Q1 + ω + ω2 = 0
Then, zz = x2 + y 2 ⇒ |z|=|i |e =1  
 ω7 = ω 
∴ x2 + y 2 + (3 − 4i )( x + iy ) 24 Let z = cos + i sin π
π
+ (3 + 4i )( x − iy ) = 0 8 8 Applying R1 → R1 + R2 + R3 , we get
1 π π 3 1 + ω + ω2 1 + ω + ω2
⇒ x2 + y 2 + 6 x + 8 y = 0 Then, = cos − i sin
z 8 8 1 ω ω2 = 3k
⇒ ( x2 + 6 x ) + ( y 2 + 8 y ) = 0 8
 1 + cos π + i sin π  1 ω
2
ω
⇒ ( x + 3)2 + ( y + 4)2 = 32 + 42   8
Now,  8 8  =  1 + z 
⇒ [ x − (−3)] + [ y − (−4)] = 5
2 2 2
 1 + cos π − i sin π  1 + z 
−1 3 0 0
So, area of circle be π R2 = 25π  8 8 ⇒ 1 ω ω2 = 3k
8 8
[QR = radius = 5]  (1 + z )z   π π 1 ω2 ω
=  = z =  cos + i sin 
8
 (1 + z )   8
18 If z = 1 + cos θ + i sin θ, then arg(z ) = θ
8 ⇒ 3(ω2 − ω 4 ) = 3k
π π
2 = cos 8 ⋅ + i sin 8 ⋅ ⇒ k = ω2 − ω ⇒ k = −1 − 2ω
π/5 π 8 8
⇒ k = −(1 + 2ω ) ⇒ k = − z
∴ arg(z ) = =
2 10 [using De-moivre’s theorem]
⇒ sin(arg z ) = cos π = −1(Q sin π = 0) 30 Using 1 + ω + ω2 = 0, we get
π 5−1 1+ ω ω2 −ω
= sin   = sin18° = 25 Clearly, ( x − 1)( x − α1 )( x − α2 ) …
 10  4 ( x − α n −1 ) = x – 1 n ∆ = 1+ ω 2
ω − ω2
Putting x = 2, we get ω2 + ω ω − ω2
19 Given, z = 1 and arg z = θ ( 2 − α1 )( 2 − α2 )K( 2 − α n − 1 ) = 2n − 1 Applying C1 → C1 + C2 ,
1
∴ z = e iθ and z = 26 We have, (1 + ω ) = A + Bω 7
0 ω2 −ω
z
  We know that 1 + ω + ω = 0 2
∆ = 0 ω − ω2
1+ z 1+ z
Now, arg   = arg  
∴ 1 + ω = −ω2 ω2 + 2ω ω − ω2
1 + z 1 + 1  ⇒ (− ω2 ) 7 = A + Bω
 z = (ω2 + 2ω )(− ω + ω2 ) = − 3ω2
⇒ − ω14 = A + Bω
= arg (z ) = θ
n π n π
31 |a + bω + c ω2|2 = (a + bω + c ω2 ) 38 Given, z2 is not unimodular i.e. z2 ≠ 1 + ( 2 )n1 cos 1 − i sin i 1 
(a + b ω + c ω ) 2 z1 − 2z2  4 4 
and is unimodular. n2 π π
2 − z1 z2 n2 
= (a + bω + c ω2 )(a + bω2 + c ω ) + ( 2 ) cos − i sin n2
[Q ω = ω2 and ω 2 = ω]  4 4 
z1 − 2z2
⇒ =1 n2  n2 π n2 π 
= a + b + c 2 − ab – bc − ca
2 2
2 − z1 z2 + ( 2 ) cos + i sin
 4 4 
1 ⇒ z1 − 2z2
2
= 2 − z1 z2
2
= [(a − b ) 2 + (b − c ) 2 + (c − a) 2 ] π n π
= ( 2 )n1 2cos 1  + ( 2 )n2 2cos 2 
n
2
⇒ (z1 − 2z2 )(z1 − 2z2 ) = (2 − z1 z2 )  4   4 
So, it has minimum value 1 for a = b = 1 2
(2 − z1 z2 ) [Qzz = z ] which is purely real ∀ n1 , n2 .
and c = 2. 2 2
2 2
32 Clearly, x + y + z = x x + y y + zz
2 ⇒ z1
2 2
+ 4 z2 − 2z1 z2 − 2z1 z2 2 Clearly, z = z
2 2
z−1 z −1
= (a + b + c )(a + b + c ) = 4 + z1 z2 − 2z1 z2 − 2z1 z2 ⇒ zzz − z2 = zzz − z2
2
2 2
⇒ ( z2 − 1)( z1 − 4) = 0
2 ⇒ z (z − z ) − (z − z )(z + z ) = 0
+ (a + bω + cω )(a + bω + c ω )
2
2
2 Q z2 ≠1 ⇒ (z − z ) ( z − (z + z )) = 0
+ (a + bω + cω )(a + bω + c ω )
2
2 2 2 ∴ z1 =2 Either z = z ⇒ real axis

= 3( a + b + c )
Let z1 = x + iy ⇒ x2 + y 2 = (2)2 or
2
z = z + z ⇒ zz − z − z = 0
2 2 2
x + y + z Point z1 lies on a circle of radius 2.
⇒ 2 2 2
=3 i.e. ( x2 + y 2 = 2 x )
a + b + c 39 Let z = re i θ represents a circle passing through origin.
  Then, |r 2e 2 iθ − 1| = r 2 + 1 3 ω = e 2 πi / 3 = imaginary cube root of unity
33 Given, Re  1  = 3 ⇒ Re  z 2  = 3 ⇒ (r 2 cos 2θ − 1) 2 + (r 2 sin 2θ) 2
 z  |z|  ∴ 1 + ω + ω2 = 0
= (r 2 + 1) 2
 1 z  ⇒ r 4 − 2r 2 cos 2θ + 1 = r 4 + 2 r 2 + 1 z+1 ω ω2
Q z = |z |2  π Now, ∆ = ω z + ω2
  ⇒ cos 2θ = − 1 ⇒ θ =
1
x 2 ω2 1 z+ω
⇒ 2 = 3 ⇒ 3 x2 + 3 y 2 − x = 0
x + y2 π π
⇒ z = r  cos + i sin  = ir z z z
So, it is a circle whose centre is on  2 2
= ω z + ω2 1
X-axis and passes through the origin.
40 Let z = x + iy ω2 1 z+ω
2z + 1 (2 x + 1) + 2iy
34 = Then, x + y =12 2
iz + 1 (1 − y ) + ix (applying R1 → R1 + R2 + R3 )
and x + iy = 1 − ( x − iy )
[(2 x + 1) + 2iy ] ⋅ [(1 − y ) − ix] 1 1 1 1
= ⇒ x + y = 1 and 2 x = 1 ⇒ x =
2 2
=zω z + ω2 1
(1 − y )2 − i 2 x2 2
(2 x − y + 1) − (2 x2 + 2 y 2 + x − 2 y )i 3 ω2
1 z+ω
= and y =±
1 + x2 + y 2 − 2 y 2 = z {[(z + ω2 )(z + ω ) − 1]
1 3
∴ Imaginary part ∴ z= ± i + [ω2 − ω( z + ω)] + [ω − ω2 (z + ω2 )]}
− (2 x2 + 2 y 2 + x − 2 y ) 2 2
= = −2 = z {z2 + z(ω + ω2 ) + ω3
1 3
1 + x2 + y 2 − 2 y Now, take, z = + i −1 − ωz − ω2 z} = z3
2 2
⇒ x + 2 y − 2 = 0, which is a straight line.  3 / 2 π ∴ ∆ = 0 ⇒ z = 0 ⇒ z = 0 is the only
3
∴ θ = tan −1   = solution.
z z 1  1/2  3
35 Clearly, = = , which
1 − z2 zz − z2 z − z 4 In the problem, base = 1 / 2∈(0,1)
is always imaginary. SESSION 2 ∴ z−1 < z− i ⇒
2
z−1 < z− i
2
36 |ω | = 1 ⇒|z | = z − i
n1
1 Clearly, (1 + i ) + (1 + i 3 )n1 ⇒ (z − 1)(z − 1) < (z − i )(z + i )
3
+ (1 + i 5 )n2 + (1 + i 7 )n2 [Q z
2
= z z]
It is the perpendicular bisector of the = (1 + i )n1 + (1 − i )n1 + (1 + i )n2 + (1 − i )n2
n1 ⇒ (1 + i )z + (1 − i )z > 0
line segment joining (0, 0) to  0,  i.e. π π 
1 
= 2  cos + i sin  ⇒ (z + z ) + i (z − z ) > 0
 3   4 4 
 z + z  z − z
1 n1 ⇒   + i >0
the line y = ⋅   π π 
6 +  2  cos  −  + i sin  −     2   2 
   4  4
 z + z −  z − z
⇒    >0
37 Given, z1 + z2 = 1 ⇒ z12 + z22 = z1 z2   π π 
n2
 2   2i 
z2 z1 +  2  cos  −  + i sin  −   
   4   4 ⇒ Re(z ) − Im(z ) > 0 ⇒ x − y > 0
⇒ z12 + z22 + z32 = z1 z2 + z1 z3 + z2 z3 ,
5 arg z − (10 + 6i ) = π
n2
  π π 
where z3 = 0 2 cos + i sin 
+
  4 4    z − (4 + 6i )  4
−1 y − 6 y−6 π
So, z1 , z2 and the origin form an
n π n π
equilateral triangle. = ( 2 )n1 cos 1 + i sin 1  ⇒ tan
x − 10
− tan −1
x−4
=
 4 4  4
[take z = x + iy ]
y−6 y−6 2k π
10
2k π 
− 2z − 6 + 5i = 2 z −  3 − i 
5
13 We have, ∑  sin + i cos 
⇒ x − 10 x − 4 = 1  2  k =1  11 11 
( y − 6)( y − 6) 2kπ 2kπ 
 = i ∑  cos
10
1+ 5 
( x − 10)( x − 4) = 2 Distance of z from  3, −  − i sin 
    k =1  11 11 
 2
⇒ x2 + y 2 − 14 x − 18 y + 112 = 0 10 − i 2 kπ 10
where z lies on circle (i).
⇒ ( x − 7)2 + ( y − 9)2 = 18 = (3 2 )2 = i ∑e 11
=i ∑α
k
∴ min 2z − 6 + 5i = 2PA = 2  − 2 = 5

9 k =1 k =1
⇒ z − (7 + 9i ) = 3 2 2 
where α = e − i 2 π /11
iπ / 4 = i [α + α2 + α3 + ... + α10 ]
6 We have, zz = (z + z ) = 350 10 Clearly, 0 − 3e iπ / 4 = 3 e iπ /2
2 2
⇒ 2( x2 + y 2 )( x2 − y 2 ) = 350 z − 3e 4 α(1 − α10 ) (α − α11 )

=i =i
⇒ ( x2 + y 2 )( x2 − y 2 ) = 175 −3e − iπ / 4 3 1−α 1−α
∴ = i
Since x, y ∈ I , the only possible case z − 3e iπ / 4 4 (α − 1)
=i [Qα = cos 2 π − sin 2 π = 1]
11
which gives integral solutions, is N (1 − α )

x2 + y 2 = 25 …(i) P(z)
= −i
x2 − y 2 = 7 …(ii)
From Eqs. (i) and (ii) x2 = 16; y 2 = 9 14 Given, z2 + pz + q = 0
⇒ x = ±4; y = ±3 ⇒ Area = 48 3eiπ/4 ⇒ z1 + z2 = − p and z1 z2 = q
−1 Q OA = OB
7 We have, α + iβ = cot (z )
⇒ z1 = z2
⇒ cot(α + iβ ) = x + iy E z2
and cot(α − iβ ) = x − iy O ∴ = e iα = cos α + i sin α
z1
Now, consider z − 3e iπ / 4 = 4ie iπ / 4
Y
cot 2α = cot [(α + iβ ) + (α − iβ )] z = (3 + 4i )e iπ / 4
cot(α + iβ ) ⋅ cot(α − iβ ) − 1
= 11 Given z n = 1, where B(z2)
cot(α + iβ ) + cot(α − iβ )
z = 1, a1 , a2 ,... an −1 …(i)
( x + y − 1)
2 2
1 1
= Let α = , then z = 1 − A(z1)
2x 1− z α
∴ x2 + y 2 − 2 x cot 2α − 1 = 0 n
∴  1 −  = 1
1 α
[by (i)]
8 Given,|z + 4 | ≤ 3  α
X
Now,|z + 1 | = |z + 4 − 3 | ⇒ (α − 1)n − α n = 0 O
≤ |z + 4 | + | 3 | ≤ 3 + 3 = 6 ⇒ − C1 α n −1 + C2α n −2 + ... + (−1)n = 0 z1 + z2
1 1 1 ⇒ = 1 + cos α + i sin α
Hence, greatest value of|z + 1 | = 6 where, α = , ..., z1
1 − a1 1 − a2 1 − an −1 α α α
Since, least value of the modulus of a = 2cos  cos + i sin 
complex number is 0. 1 1 1 2 2 2
⇒ + + ...+
Consider,|z + 1 | = 0 ⇒ z = − 1 1 − a1 1 − a2 1 − an −1 (z1 + z2 )2 α
⇒ = 4cos 2 e iα
Now, |z + 4 | = |− 1 + 4 | = 3 C n(n − 1) (n − 1) z12 2
= 2 = =
⇒| z + 4 | ≤ 3 is satisfied by z = − 1. C1 2/ n 2 z
= 4cos 2 α / 2 ⋅ 2
∴ Least value of|z + 1| = 0 z1
2 2
12 z ω − ω z = z − ω ... (i) α
9 z − 3 − 2i ≤ 2 ⇒ (z1 + z2 )2 = 4cos 2 z1 z2
2 2 2
⇒ ( z + 1)ω = ( ω + 1)z
⇒ p2 = 4 q cos 2 α / 2
z +1
2 p2 α
z ∴ = cos 2
⇒ = = real 4q 2
(3, 2) ω 2
ω +1
z zω 15 Q p < 0, take p = − q 3 (q > 0)
⇒ =z ⇒ = zω ... (ii)
ω ω ∴ p1 /3 = q(−1)1 /3 = − q , − qω, − qω2
A
Also, from Eq. (i), zz ω − ωω z = z − ω Now, take α = −q , β = − qω, γ = − qω2
P(3, – 5/2) ⇒ zz ω − ωz ω − z + ω = 0 Then, given expression
⇒ (z ω − 1)(z − ω ) = 0 ⇒ z = ω or zω = 1
x + yω + zω2
⇒ z lies on or inside the circle i.e. zω = 1 = = ω2
1 2
xω + yω2 + z
( x − 3)2 + ( y − 2)2 = 22 = 4 ... (i) ⇒ z = ω or z = = ω/ ω
ω
DAY THREE
Sequence
and Series
u Definition u Geometric Progression (GP) u Sum of Special Series
u Arithmetic Progression (AP) u Geometric Mean (GM) u Summation of Series by the
u Arithmetic Mean (AM) u Arithmetico-Geometric Difference Method
Progression (AGP)
Definition
l
By a sequence we mean a list of numbers, arranged according to some definite rule.
or
We define a sequence as a function whose domain is the set of natural numbers or some
subsets of type {1, 2, 3, ... k}.
l
If a1 , a2 , a3 ,..., an,.... is a sequence, then the expression a1 + a2 + a3 + ... + an+... is called the
series.
l
If the terms of a sequence follow a certain pattern, then it is called a progression.
PRED
Arithmetic Progression (AP) MIRROR
l
It is a sequence in which the difference between any two consecutive terms is always Your Personal Preparation Indicator
same.
l
An AP can be represented as a , a + d, a + 2 d, a + 3 d, … where, a is the first term, d is the
u No. of Questions in Exercises (x)—
common difference. u No. of Questions Attempted (y)—
u No. of Correct Questions (z)—
l
The nth term, t n = a + (n − 1)d (Without referring Explanations)
l
Common difference d = t n − t n−1
The nth term from end, t n = l − (n − 1)d, where l is the last term.
u
l

n n
l
Sum of first n terms, S n = [2 a + (n − 1)d ] = [a + l ], where l is the last term.
2 2 In order to expect good rank in JEE,
1 your Accuracy Level should be
l
If sum of n terms is S n, then nth term is t n = S n − S n−1 , t n = [t n− k + t n+ k ], where k < n above 85 & Prep Level should be
2 above 75.
DAY THREE SEQUENCE AND SERIES 21
NOTE • Any three numbers in AP can be taken as a − d , a, a + d. • Three non-zero numbers a, b, c are in GP iff b2 = ac.
• Any four numbers in AP can be taken as • If a, b and c are in AP as well as GP, then a = b = c.
a − 3d , a − d , a + d , a + 3d. • If a > 0 and r > 1 or a < 0 and 0 < r < 1, then the GP will be
an increasing GP.
• Any five numbers in AP can be taken as
a − 2d , a − d , a, a + d , a + 2d. • If a > 0 and 0 < r < 1 or a < 0 and r > 1, then the GP will be a
decreasing GP.
• Three numbers a, b, c are in AP iff 2b = a + c.
Important Results on GP
An Important Result of AP l
If a1 , a2 , a3 ,K , an is a GP of positive terms, then
l
In a finite AP, a1 , ..., an, the sum of the terms equidistant log a1 , log a2 ,K , log an is an AP and vice-versa.
from the beginning and end is always same and equal to l
In a finite GP, a1 , a2 , ..., an, the product of the terms
the sum of first and last term
i.e. a1 + an = ak + an –( k − 1 ), ∀ k = 1, 2, 3,..., n − 1. equidistant from the beginning and the end is always
same and is equal to the product of the first and the last
term.
Arithmetic Mean (AM) i.e. a1 an = ak ⋅ an − ( k − 1 ), ∀ k = 1, 2, 3, ..., n − 1.
a+b
l
If a, A and b are in AP, then A = is the arithmetic
2
mean of a and b.
Geometric Mean (GM)
l
If a, A1 , A2, …, An , b are in AP, then A1 , A2 ,..., An are
l
If a, G and b are in GP, then G = ab is the geometric mean
the n arithmetic means between a and b.
of a and b.
l
The n arithmetic means, A1 , A2 , ..., An, between a and b are
r (b − a) l
If a, G1 , G2 ,K , Gn, b are in GP, then G1 , G2 ,K , Gn are the n
given by the formula, Ar = a + ∀ r = 1, 2, ... n geometric means between a and b.
n+1
l
The n GM’s, G1 , G2 , ..., Gn, inserted between a and b, are
l
Sum of n AM’s inserted between a and b is n A i.e. r
 a + b b n + 1
A1 + A2 + A3 + K + An = n   given by the formula, Gr = a   .
 2   a
NOTE
l
Product of n GM’s, inserted between a and b, is the nth
• The AM of n numbers a1 , a2 , ... , an is given by
power of the single GM between a and b,
( a1 + a2 + a3 + K + an )
AM = i.e. G1 ⋅ G2 ⋅ ... ⋅ Gn = G n = (ab )n/2 .
n
NOTE • If a and b are of opposite signs, then their GM can not exist.
Geometric Progression (GP)
• If A and G are respectively the AM and GM between two
l
It is a sequence in which the ratio of any two consecutive
terms is always same. numbers a and b, then a, b are given by
l
A GP can be represented as a, ar , ar 2 , … [ A ± ( A + G)( A − G) ] .
where, a is the first term and r is the common ratio. • If a1 , a2 , a3 ,... , an are positive numbers, then their GM
l
The nth term, t n = ar n –1 = ( a1 a2 a3 ... an ) 1 / n .
l
l
The nth term from end, t n′ = n − 1 , where l is the last term.
r Arithmetico-Geometric
  1 – r n
a   , r ≠1 Progression (AGP)
l
Sum of first n terms, S n =   1 – r  l
A progression in which every term is a product of a term

 na, r =1 of AP and corresponding term of GP, is known as
a arithmetico-geometric progression.
l
If| r | < 1, then the sum of infinite GP is S ∞ =
1−r l
If the series of AGP be a + (a + d)r + (a + 2 d)r 2 + ...
a + {a + (n − 1)d}r n−1 + ..., then
NOTE • Any three numbers in GP can be taken as , a, ar.
r a dr (1 − r n−1 ) {a + (n − 1) d }r n
(i) S n = + − ,r ≠1
a a
• Any four numbers in GP can be taken as 3 , , ar, ar 3 . 1−r (1 − r )2 1−r
r r a dr
a a (ii) S ∞ = + ,| r | < 1
• Any five numbers in GP can be taken as 2 , , a, ar, ar 2 . 1 − r (1 − r )2
r r
22 40 DAYS ~ JEE MAIN MATHEMATICS DAY THREE
Method to find the Sum of n-terms of l

Sum of squares of first n natural numbers,
n (n + 1)(2 n + 1)
Arithmetic Geometric Progression 12 + 22 + K + n2 = Σ n 2 =
6
Usually, we do not use the above formula to find the sum of n l
Sum of cubes of first n natural numbers,
terms. 2
 n (n + 1) 
13 + 23 + 33 + ... + n3 = Σ n3 =
 
Infact we use the mechanism by which we derived the 2
formula, shown below:
(i) Sum of first n even natural numbers
Let, S n = a + (a + d) r + (a + 2d) r 2 2 + 4 + 6 + K+ 2 n = n (n + 1)
+ K + (a + (n − 1) d) r n − 1 …(i) (ii) Sum of first n odd natural numbers
Step I Multiply each term by r (Common ratio of GP) and 1 + 3 + 5 + K + (2 n − 1) = n2
obtain a new series
⇒ r S n = ar + (a + d) r 2 + K + Summation of Series by
(a + (n − 2) d) r n − 1 + (a + (n − 1) d) r n …(ii) the Difference Method
Step II Subtract the new series from the original series by If nth term of a series cannot be determined by the methods
shifting the terms of new series by one term discussed so far. Then, nth term can be determined by the
⇒ (1 − r ) S n= a + [dr + dr 2 +K + dr n−1 ] − (a + (n − 1) d) r n method of difference, if the difference between successive
terms of series are either in AP or in GP, as shown below:
1 − rn −1
⇒ S n(1 − r ) = a + dr   − (a + (n − 1) d) r n Let T1 + T2 + T3 + ... be a given infinite series.
 1−r  If T2 − T1 , T3 − T2 ,K are in AP or GP, then Tn can be found by
a  1 − r n − 1  (a + (n − 1) d) n following procedure.
⇒ Sn = + dr   − r
1−r  (1 − r )2  1−r Clearly, S n = T1 + T2 + T3 + K + Tn …(i)
Again, S n = T1 + T2 + K + Tn−1 + Tn …(ii)
Sum of Special Series ∴ S n − S n = T1 + (T2 − T1 ) + (T3 − T2 ) + ... + (Tn − Tn−1 ) − Tn

⇒ Tn = T1 + (T2 − T1 ) + (T3 − T2 ) + K + (Tn − Tn−1 )
l
Sum of first n natural numbers,
n (n + 1) ⇒ Tn = T1 + t 1 + t 2 + t 3 + t n−1
1 + 2 + ... + n = Σ n = n
2 where, t 1, t 2 , t 3 ,K are terms of the new series ⇒ S n = ∑ Tr
r =1

 7 n −1 1 n+1 n
1 If log3 2, log3 ( 2x − 5) and log3  2 x −  are in AP, then x (a) (b) (c) (d)
 2 a1 an + 1 a1 an + 1 a1 an + 1 a1 an +1
is equal to 5 A man arranges to pay off a debt of ` 3600 by 40 annual

(a) 2 (b) 3 (c) 4 (d) 2, 3 instalments which are in AP. When 30 of the instalments
2 The number of numbers lying between 100 and 500 that are paid, he dies leaving one-third of the debt unpaid.
are divisible by 7 but not by 21 is The value of the 8th instalment is
(a) 57 (b) 19 (c) 38 (d) None of these (a) ` 35 (b) ` 50
(c) ` 65 (d) None of these
3 If 100 times the 100th term of an AP with non-zero
common difference equals the 50 times its 50th term, 6 Let a1, a 2, a 3, ... be an AP, such that
then the 150th term of this AP is a1 + a 2 + ... + a p p3 a
= ; p ≠ q , then 6 is equal to
(a) − 150 (b) 150 times its 50th term a1 + a 2 + a 3 + ... + aq q 3
a 21
(c) 150 (d) zero j
JEE Mains 2013
4 If a1, a 2, ..., an + 1 are in AP, then 41 121
(a) (b)
1 1 1 11 1681
+ +K+ is 11 121
a1a 2 a 2a 3 anan + 1 (c) (d)
41 1861
7 A person is to count 4500 currency notes. 19 If | a | < 1 and | b | < 1, then the sum of the series
Let an denotes the number of notes he counts in the n th 1 + (1 + a ) b + (1 + a + a 2 ) b 2 + (1 + a + a 2 + a 3 ) b 3 + K is
minute. If a1 = a 2 = ... = a10 = 150 and a10, a11 ,... are in AP 1 1
(a) (b)
with common difference – 2, then the time taken by him (1 − a) (1 − b) (1 − a) (1 − ab)
to count all notes, is (c)
1
(d)
1
(a) 24 min (b) 34 min (c) 125 min (d) 135 min (1 − b) (1 − ab) (1 − a) (1 − b) (1 − ab)
8 If log 3
a + log(3)1/ 3 a + log31/ 4 a + K upto 8th term
2 2 2
20 A man saves ` 200 in each of the first three months of his
= 44, then the value of a is service. In each of the subsequent months his saving
1 increases by ` 40 more than the saving of immediately
(a) ± 3 (b) 2 2 (c) (d) None of these
2 previous month. His total saving from the start of service
9 n arithmetic means are inserted between 7 and 49 and will be ` 11040 after j AIEEE 2011
their sum is found to be 364, then n is (a) 19 months (b) 20 months

(c) 21 months (d) 18 months
(a) 11 (b) 12 (c) 13 (d) 14
21 If one GM, g and two AM’s, p and q are inserted between
10 If x = 111K1 (20 digits), y = 333K3 (10 digits) and
x −y 2 two numbers a and b, then ( 2p − q )( p − 2 q ) is equal to
z = 222K 2 (10 digits), then is equal to (a) g 2 (b) −g 2 (c) 2g (d) 3 g 2
z
(a) 1 (b) 2 (c) 1 / 2 (d) 3 2
22 If five GM’s are inserted between 486 and , then fourth
3
11 If the 2nd, 5th and 9th terms of a non-constant AP are in
GM will be
GP, then the common ratio of this GP is j JEE Mains 2016
8 4 7 (a) 4 (b) 6 (c) 12 (d) − 6
(a) (b) (c) 1 (d)
5 3 4 23 The sum to 50 terms of the series
12 Three positive numbers form an increasing GP. If the 2
 1  1
1 + 2 1 +  + 3 1 +  + K , is given by
middle term in this GP is doubled,then new numbers are  50  50
in AP. Then, the common ratio of the GP is j JEE Mains 2014
(a) 2500 (b) 2550
(a) 2+ 3 (b) 3 + 2 (c) 2 − 3 (d) 2 + 3 (c) 2450 (d) None of these
13 A GP consists of an even number of terms. If the sum of 24 If (10)9 + 2(11)1(10)8 + 3(11)2(10)7 + ... + 10 (11)9 = k (10)9,
all the terms is 5 times the sum of terms occupying odd then k is equal to j
JEE Mains 2014
places,then its common ratio is 121 441
(a) (b) (c) 100 (d) 110
10 100
(a) 2 (b) 3 (c) 4 (d) 5
14 The sum of first 20 terms of the sequence 0.7, 0.77, 25 The sum of the infinity of the series
2 6 10 14
0.777, …, is JEE Mains 2013
j
1 + + 2 + 3 + 4 + ... is
7 7 − 20
3 3 3 3
(a) [179 − 1020 ] (b) [99 − 10 ]
81 9 (a) 3 (b) 4 (c) 6 (d) 2
7 7
(c) [179 + 10 − 20 ] (d) [99 + 10 − 20 ] 26 The sum of the series1 + 3 + 5 + K upto 20 terms is
3 3 3
81 9
(a) 319600 (b) 321760
15 If x , y and z are distinct prime numbers, then
(c) 306000 (d) 347500
(a) x, y and z may be in AP but not in GP
12
(b) x, y and z may be in GP but not in AP
(c) x, y and z can neither be in AP nor in GP
27 Let a1, a 2, a 3, ..., a 49 be in AP such that ∑ a 4k + 1 = 416
k =0
and a 9 + a 43 = 66. If a12 + a 22 +K+ 2
a17 = 140 m, then m is
16 Let n ( > 1) be a positive integer, then the largest integer m
equal to j
JEE Mains 2018
such that (n m
+ 1) divides (1 + n + n + K + n
2 127
), is
(a) 66 (b) 68 (c) 34 (d) 33
(a) 32 (b) 8 (c) 64 (d) 16
28 Let a, b, c ∈ R . if f ( x ) = ax 2 + bx + c be such that
17 An infinite GP has first term x and sum 5, then x belongs
a + b + c = 3 and f ( x + y ) = f ( x ) + f ( y ) + xy , ∀ x , y ∈ R ,
(a) x < − 10 (b) −10 < x < 0 (c) 0 < x < 10 (d) x > 10 10
18 The length of a side of a square is a metre. A second then ∑ f (n ) is equal to
n =1 j
JEE Mains 2017
square is formed by joining the mid-points of these
squares. Then, a third square is formed by joining the (a) 330 (b) 165 (c) 190 (d) 255
mid-points of the second square and so on. Then, sum of 29 The sum of the series ( 2)2 + 2( 4)2 + 3 ( 6)2 + ... upto 10
the area of the squares which carried upto infinity is terms is j
JEE Mains 2013
(a) a 2m 2 (b) 2a 2m 2 (c) 3 a 2m 2 (d) 4 a 2m 2 (a) 11300 (b) 11200 (c) 12100 (d) 12300
30 Let A be the sum of the first 20 terms and B be the sum 3 5 7

32 The sum + 2 + 2 + ... upto 11 terms is
of the first 40 terms of the series 12
1 +2 2
1 + 22 + 32 j JEE Mains 2013
7 11 11 60
12 + 2 ⋅ 22 + 32 + 2 ⋅ 42 + 52 + 2 ⋅ 62 + K (a) (b) (c) (d)
2 4 2 11
If B − 2A = 100λ, then λ is equal to j JEE Mains 2018 1 1
(a) 232 (b) 248 (c) 464 (d) 496 33 The sum of the series1 + + + ...
1+ 2 1+ 2 + 3
31 The sum of first 9 terms of the series upto 10 terms is j JEE Mains 2013
13 13 + 23 13 + 23 + 33 18 22 20 16
+ + +... is (a) (b) (c) (d)
1 1+ 3 1+ 3 + 5 j JEE Mains 2015 11 13 11 9
(a) 71 (b) 96 (c) 142 (d) 192

1 The value of12 + 32 + 52 + ... + 252 is j JEE Mains 2013 8 If Sn is the sum of first n terms of a GP : {an } and Sn′ is the
(a) 2925 (b) 1469 (c) 1728 (d) 1456 sum of another GP : {1 / an }, then Sn equals
2 If the function f satisfies the relation f ( x + y ) = f ( x ) ⋅ f ( y ) Sn′ a1 ′ an ′
(a) (b) a1an Sn′ (c) Sn (d) Sn
for all natural numbers x , y , f (1) = 2 and a1an an a1
n
∑ f (a + r ) = 16 ( 2n −1), then the natural number a is 9 If the sum of the first ten terms of the series
r =1
2 2 2 2
(a) 2 (b) 3 (c) 4 (d) 5  3  2  1  4 16
1  +  2  +  3  + 4 +  4  + ..., is
2
m,
7  5  5  5  5 5
3 If the sum of an infinite GP is and sum of the squares
2 then m is equal to j
JEE Mains 2016
147
of its terms is , then the sum of the cubes of its terms (a) 102 (b) 101 (c) 100 (d) 99
16
is 10 If m is the AM of two distinct real numbers I and n (l, n > 1)
315 700 985 1029 and G1, G 2 and G 3 are three geometric means between I
(a) (b) (c) (d)
19 39 13 38 and n, then G14 + 2G 24 + G 34 equals j
JEE Mains 2015
5 55 555 (a) 4l 2mn (b) 4 lm 2n
4 The sum of the infinite series + + + K is
13 132 133 (c) 4 lmn 2 (d) 4l 2m 2n 2
31 65 65 75 11 The sum of the series ( 2 + 1) + 1 + ( 2 − 1) + K ∞ is
(a) (b) (c) (d)
18 32 36 36
4+ 3 2
(a) 2 (b) 2 + 3 2 (c) 2 − 3 2 (d)
5 Given sum of the first n terms of an AP is 2n + 3 n 2. 2
Another AP is formed with the same first term and double
12 The largest term common to the sequences 1, 11, 21, 31,
of the common difference, the sum of n terms of the new
... to 100 terms and 31, 36, 41, 46, ... to 100 terms is
AP is
(a) 531 (b) 471 (c) 281 (d) 521
(a) n + 4n 2 (b) 6n 2 − n (c) n 2 + 4n (d) 3 n + 2n 2
∞ ∞ 13 If a, b, c are in GP and x is the AM between a and b, y the
π
6 For 0 < θ < , if x = ∑ cos 2n θ , y = ∑ sin2n θ and AM between b and c, then
2 n =0 n =0 a c a c
∞ (a) + =1 (b) + =2
x y x y
z = ∑ cos 2n
θ sin 2n
θ, then xyz is equal to
(c)
a c
+ =3 (d) None of these
n =0
x y
(a) xz + y (b) x + y + z (c) yz + x (d) x + y − z
14 Suppose a, b and c are in AP and a 2, b 2 and c 2 are in
1 1 1 π 1 1 1 4
7 If 4 + 4 + 4 + K to ∞ = , then 4 + 4 + 4 + K to 3
1 2 3 90 1 3 5 GP. If a < b < c and a + b + c = , then the value of a is
2
∞ is equal to 1 1 1 1 1 1
π4 π4 89 π 4 π4 (a) (b) (c) − (d) −
(a) (b) (c) (d) 2 2 2 3 2 3 2 2
96 45 90 90
15 For any three positive real numbers a, b and c, if 17 Statement I The sum of the series
9 ( 25a + b ) + 25 (c − 3ac ) = 15b ( 3a + c ), then
2 2 2 1 + (1 + 2 + 4) + ( 4 + 6 + 9) + ( 9 + 12 + 16) + K
(a) b, c and a are in GP j JEE Mains 2017 + ( 361 + 380 + 400) is 8000.
(b) b, c and a are in AP n
(c) a, b and c are in AP Statement II ∑ [k 3 − (k − 1)3 ] = n 3, for any natural
(d) a, b and c are in GP k =1
16 If S1, S 2, S 3,K are the sum of infinite geometric series number n.

whose first terms are 1, 2 , 3,K and whose common ratios (a) Statement I is true, Statement II is true; Statement II is a
1 1 1 correct explanation for Statement I
, , ,... respectively, then
2 3 4 (b) Statement I is true, Statement II is ture; Statement II is
S12 + S 22 + S 32 + K + S10
2
is equal to not a correct explanation for Statement I
(c) Statement I is true; Statement II is false
(a) 485 (b) 495
(c) 500 (d) 505 (d) Statement I is false; Statement II is true
ANSWERS
SESSION 1 1 (b) 2 (c) 3 (d) 4 (d) 5 (c) 6 (b) 7 (b) 8 (a) 9 (c) 10 (a)
11 (b) 12 (d) 13 (c) 14 (c) 15 (a) 16 (c) 17 (c) 18 (b) 19 (c) 20 (c)
21 (b) 22 (b) 23 (a) 24 (c) 25 (a) 26 (a) 27 (c) 28 (a) 29 (c) 30 (b)
31 (b) 32 (c) 33 (c)
SESSION 2 1 (a) 2 (b) 3 (d) 4 (c) 5 (b) 6 (b) 7 (a) 8 (b) 9 (b) 10 (b)
11 (d) 12 (d) 13 (b) 14 (d) 15 (b) 16 (d) 17 (a)

SESSION 1 The numbers between 100 and 500 4 Let d be the common difference of
that are divisible by 21 are 105,
1 Q2 log 3 (2 − 5) = log 3 2 + log 3  2x − 7 
x given AP and let
 126, 147, …, 483. 1 1 1
2 S = + +K+ . Then,
Let such numbers be m. a1 a2 a2 a3 an an
⇒ 
(2 − 5) = 2  2 − 
x 2 x 7 +1
∴ 483 = 105 + (m − 1) × 21
 2 1  d d d 
⇒ 18 = m − 1 ⇒ m = 19 S =  + +K+ 
⇒ t 2 + 25 − 10 t = 2t − 7 d  a1 a2 a2 a3 an an + 1 
∴ Required number
[put 2x = t ] = n − m = 57 − 19 = 38  a2 − a1 a − a2 
+ 3
⇒ t − 12t + 32 = 0
2
 a1 a2 a a 
3 Let a be the first term and d (d ≠ 0) 1
= 
2 3

⇒ (t − 8) (t − 4) = 0 be the common difference of a given d  an + 1 − an 
⇒ 2x = 8 or 2x = 4 +K+
AP, then  an an + 1 

∴ x = 3 or x = 2 T100 = a + (100 − 1) d = a + 99 d  1 1  1 1 
At, x = 2, log 3 (2x − 5) is not defined.
T 50 = a + (50 − 1) d = a + 49 d   a − a  +  a − a  
=  
1 1 2 2 3
Hence, x = 3 is the only solution.
T150 = a + (150 − 1) d = a + 149 d d   1 1 
2 The numbers between 100 and 500 Now, according to the given condition,  +K+  − 
a an + 1  
that are divisible by 7 are 105, 112,   n 
100 × T100 = 50 × T 50
119, 126, …, 490, 497.
⇒ 100(a + 99 d ) = 50(a + 49 d ) 1 1 1  1  an + 1 − a1 
Let such numbers be n. =  − =  
d  a1 an + 1  d  a1 an + 1 
∴ t n = an + (n − 1) d ⇒ 2(a + 99 d ) = (a + 49 d )
⇒ 497 = 105 + (n − 1) × 7 ⇒ 2a + 198 d = a + 49 d 1  a + nd − a1  n
=  1 =
⇒ n − 1 = 56 ⇒ a + 149 d = 0 d  a1 an + 1  a a
1 n +1
⇒ n = 57
∴ T150 = 0
5 Given, 3600 = 40 [ 2a + (40 − 1) d ]  1 1

+ +
1  Given, sum of all terms = 5 × sum of
2 2  1 log 3
1 1  terms occupying odd places, i.e.
8 S n = log a  log 3 log 3 
⇒ 3600 = 20 (2a + 39d )

2 3 4
 a + ar + ar 2 + ... + a r 2 n −1
⇒ 180 = 2a + 39d …(i)  + K upto 8th term 
= 5 × (a + a r 2 + a r 4 + ... + a r 2 n −2 )
After 30 instalments one-third of the log a2
⇒ [2 + 3 + 4 + K + 9] = 44 a (r 2 n − 1) 5a[(r 2 )n − 1]
debt is unpaid. log 3 ⇒ =
3600 r −1 r2 − 1
Hence, = 1200 is unpaid and 2400 [given]
3 ⇒ 44 log a2 = 44 log 3  a(r n − 1)
is paid. QS n = r − 1 
30 ∴ a= ± 3  
Now, 2400 = {2a + (30 − 1) d }
2 9 We know that, r2n − 1 5(r 2 n − 1)
⇒ =
∴ 160 = 2a + 29d …(ii) A1 + A2 + K + A n = nA, where r −1 (r − 1)(r + 1)
On solving Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get a+ b
A= 5
a = 51, d = 2 ⇒ 1= ⇒ r + 1 = 5⇒ r = 4
2 r+1
Now, the value of 8th instalment 7 + 49 

= a + (8 − 1) d ∴ 364 =   n
 2  14 Let S = 0.7 + 0.77 + 0.777 + … upto 20
= 51 + 7 ⋅ 2 = ` 65
364 × 2 terms
a1 + a2 + K + a p ⇒ n= = 13
p3 56 7 77 777
6 Given that, = = + + + … upto 20 terms
a1 + a2 + K + a q q3 10 102 103
10 Given, x = 1 (999K 9) = 1 (1020 − 1)
p
[ 2a1 + ( p − 1 )d ] 9 9  1 + 11 + 111 
2 p3 1 1 10 = 7  10 102 103 
⇒ = 3 y = (999K 9) = (10 − 1)
q q 3 3  + … upto 20 terms 
[ 2a2 + (q − 1 )d ]  
2 2 2
and z = (999K 9) = (1010 − 1)  9 + 99 + 999 
where, d is a common difference of an 7
9 9 =  10 100 1000 
AP.
x − y 2 1020 − 1 − (1010 − 1)2 9 
 + … upto 20 terms 
2a 1 + ( p − 1)d p2 ∴ =
⇒ = 2 z 2(1010 − 1)  1  1   1 
2a 2 + (q − 1)d q 7 1 −  + 1 − 2  + 1 − 3  
1010 + 1 − (1010 − 1) =  10   10   10 
d = =1 9 
a1 + ( p − 1) 2 + … upto 20 terms
2 = p
2
 
⇒
d q 2
11 Let a be the first term and d be the 7
a2 + (q − 1) = (1 + 1 + … upto 20 terms)
2 common difference. 9 
On putting p = 11 and q = 41 , we get Then, we have a + d , a + 4d , a + 8 d in  1 + 1 + 1 
a1 + (11 − 1)
d GP, −  10 102 103 
2 = (11)
2
i.e. (a + 4d )2 = (a + d ) (a + 8d )  
 + … upto 20 terms  
a2 + (41 − 1)
d (41)2 ⇒ a2 + 16d 2 + 8ad = a2 + 8ad
2  1   1  
20
a1 + 5d 121 + ad + 8d 2  1 −    
⇒ = 7 10   
10  
a2 + 20d 1681 ⇒ 8d 2 = ad = 20 −
9 1−
1 
a6 121 ⇒ 8d = a [Qd ≠ 0]  
⇒ =  10 
a21 1681
Now, common ratio,  
a + 4d 8d + 4d 12d 4
r = = = =  Qsum of n terms of GP, 
7 Number of notes that the person counts a+ d 8d + d 9d 3  a(1 − r n ) 
in 10 min  Sn = , where r < 1
12 Let a, ar , ar 2 be in GP ( where, r > 1).  1− r 
= 10 × 150 = 1500
7 1  1  
20
On multiplying middle term by 2, we
= 20 − 1 −    
Since, a10, a11 , a12 ,... are in AP with get that a, 2ar , ar 2 are in AP. 9 9  10  
common difference − 2.  
⇒ 4 ar = a + ar 2 ⇒ r 2 − 4r + 1 = 0
7  179 1  1  
20
7
Let n be the time taken to count
4 ± 16 − 4 =  +   = [179 + 10−20]
remaining 3000 notes. ⇒ r = = 2± 3 9 9  
9 10  81
n 2
Then, [2 × 148 + (n − 1) × −2] = 3000
2 ∴ r = 2 + 3 [QAP is increasing] 15 x, y , z are in GP
⇒ n2 − 149 n + 3000 = 0 ⇔ y 2 = xz
13 Let the GP be a, a r , a r 2 , a r 3 , ⇔ x is factor of y. Which is not
⇒ (n − 24)(n − 125) = 0 ar 2 n −2 , ar 2 n −1 . possible, as y is a prime number.
∴ n = 24 and 125 If x = 3, y = 5and z = 7, then they are in
where, a, ar 2 , ar 4 , ar 6, ... occupy odd
Then, the total time taken by the person AP.
places and ar , ar 3 , ar 5, ar 7 ,... occupy Thus, x, y and z may be in AP but not
to count all notes
= 10 + 24 even places. in GP.
= 34 min
16 Clearly, ⇒ 600 +
n
{40(12 + n − 1)} = 11040  − 1  = − 50 + 50 50 − 50 50
⇒ S 50   x x
n −1
128 2  50 
1 + n + n2 + K + n127 =
n−1 ⇒ 600 + 20 n (n + 11) = 11040 ⇒ S 50 = 2500.
 a (r − 1)
n
⇒ 30 + n + 11 n = 552
2
24 Given, k ⋅ 109 = 109 + 2(11)1 (10)8
QS n = r − 1 
  ⇒ n2 + 11 n − 522 = 0 + 3(11)2 (10)7 + ... + 10(11)9
(n 64
− 1) (n64
+ 1) 2
k = 1 + 2  + 3  
= 11 11
⇒ n2 + 29 n − 18 n − 522 = 0
n−1  10   10 
= (1 + n + n2 + K + n 63 ) (n 64 + 1) ⇒ n (n + 29) − 18(n + 29) = 0 9
+ ... + 10 
11
⇒ (n − 18)(n + 29) = 0 ...(i)
Thus, the largest value of m for which  10 
n m + 1 divides ∴ n = 18 2
[neglecting n = − 29 ]  11  k = 1  11  + 2  11 
1 + n + n2 + K + n127 is 64.      
∴ Total time = (n + 3) = 21 months  10   10   10 
5− x
17 Since, S ∞ = x = 5 ⇒ r = 9 10
1− r 5 21 Since, g = ab . Also, a, p , q and b are + ... + 9   + 10  
11 11
...(ii)
For infinite GP,|r | < 1 in AP.  10   10 
5− x b −a
⇒ −1 < < 1 ⇒ −10 < − x < 0 So, common difference d is . On subtracting Eq.(ii) from Eq.(i),
5 3 we get
∴ 0 < x < 10 b − a 2a + b 2
∴ p = a+ d = a+ =
k  1 −  = 1 +
11 11  11 
3 3 + 
18 Sum of the area of the squares which  10  10  10 
b − a a + 2b
carried upto infinity q =b −d =b − = 9 10
+ ... + 9   − 10  
3 3 11 11
a2 a2
= a2 + + + ... Now, (2 p − q )( p − 2q )  10   10 
2 4
2
(4a + 2b − a − 2b ) (2a + b − 2a − 4b )  11 10 
1    − 1
a = ⋅
= = 2a2 m2
1 3 3 10 − 11   10  10
1−
2 ⇒ k  =
  −10  11 
 
= − ab = − g 2  10    
− 1
11 10

19 Clearly, 1 + (1 + a)b + (1 + a + a )b 2 2  10 
+ (1 + a + a2 + a3 ) b 3 + K ∞ 22 Here, a = 486 and b = 2  a( r n − 1) 
3
∞ Q in GP,sum of n terms = r − 1 ,
∑ (1 + a + a2 + K + an − 1 ) b n − 1
r
=  
We know that, G r = a  
b n
 when r > 1
+1
n =1 
 a
∞  1 − an  n − 1  10
11 
10
= ∑ 
 1− a
b
∴ G 4 = 486  ⋅
2 1 
4/6
[Q here, n = 5]
⇒ − k = 10 10   − 10 − 10   
11
 10   10 
n =1 
 3 486   
1  ∞ ∞  ∴ k = 100
∑ b − ∑ an b n − 1 
n −1 4/6
=
= 486 
1 
1 − a n = 1 
n =1   3 ⋅ 243  25 Let S = 1 + 2 + 62 + 10 14
+ 4 +K
1  ∞ ∞  4/6 3 3 33 3
= 486 
1 
∑ b − a ∑ (ab )
n −1 n −1 1
=   = 486 ⋅ =6
= 1 + 1 + + 2 + 3 + K
2 3 5 7
1 − a n = 1 n =1   729  34
3  3 3 3 
1 a
= [1 + b + b 2 + K ∞] − 23 Let x = 1 + 1 and S 50 be the sum of 2 1 2⋅1 / 3 
1− a 1− a =1+
50 1 − 1 / 3 + 
3 (1 − 1 / 3)2 
[1 + ab + (ab ) + K ] 2
first 50 terms of the given series.
1 1 a 1 Then, S 50 = 1 + 2 x + 3 x2 Qsum of infinite AGP, is 
= ⋅ − ⋅ 
1 − a 1 − b 1 − a 1 − ab + ... + 50 x 49 …(i) a dr 
 S∞ = + 
[Q|b | < 1 and |ab | = |a||b | < 1]  1 − r (1 − r )2 
⇒ x S 50 = x + 2 x2
1 − ab − a (1 − b ) 2 3 2 9  2 3
= + K + 49 x 49 + 50 x 50 …(ii) =1+ + ⋅ = 1 + ⋅2⋅ = 3
(1 − a) (1 − b ) (1 − ab ) 3  2 3 4  3 2
1 − ab − a + ab ⇒ (1 − x )S 50 = 1 + x + x + x 2 3
= 26 13 + 33 + K + 393 = 13 + 23 + 33
(1 − a) (1 − b ) (1 − ab ) + K + x 49 − 50 x 50
1 [subtracting Eq. (ii) from Eq. (i)] + K + 403 – (23 + 43 + 63 + ... + 403 )
= 2
(1 − b ) (1 − ab ) 1 − x 50 40 × 41 
⇒ S 50 (1 − x ) = − 50 x 50 =   − 8(1 + 2
3 3
1− x  2 
20 Let the time taken to save
` 11040 be (n+3) months.  − 1 1 − x
50
+ 33 + K + 203 )
⇒ S 50   = − 50 x 50
For first 3 months he saves ` 200 each  50   − 1 20 × 21 
2
 
 50  = (20 × 41)2 − 8  
month.  2 
n Q x = 1 + 1  = 202 [412 − 2(21)2 ]
In (n+3) months, 3 × 200 + {2(240)
2  50 
= 319600
+ (n − 1) × 40} = 11040
27 Let a1 = a and d = common difference 30 We have, 2n + 1

32 T n =
Q a1 + a5 + a9 + L + a49 = 416 1 + 2⋅2 + 3 + 2⋅ 4 + 5 + 2⋅ 6 + …
2 2 2 2 2 2 (12 + 22 + ... + n2 )
∴ a + (a + 4d ) + (a + 8d ) A = sum of first 20 terms 2n + 1 6
= =
+ … (a + 48d ) = 416 B = sum of first 40 terms n (n + 1 ) (2n + 1 ) n (n + 1 )
⇒
13
(2a + 48d ) = 416 ∴ A = 12 + 2 ⋅ 22 + 32 + 2 ⋅ 42 + 52 6
2 1 1 
+ 2 ⋅ 62 + … + 2 ⋅ 202 = 6 − 
⇒ a + 24d = 32 …(i)  n ( n + 1 )
A = (1 + 2 + 3 + … + 202 ) + (22 + 42
2 2 2
Also, we have a9 + a43 = 66  1 1
T1 = 6  −  , T2 = 6  −  , …
1 1
∴ a + 8d + a + 42d = 66 + 62 + … + 202 )
 1 2  2 3 
⇒ 2a + 50d = 66 A = (1 + 2 + 3 + … + 20 )
2 2 2 2
T11 = 6 
1 1
⇒ a + 25d = 33 …(ii) + 4(12 + 22 + 32 + …+102 ) −
 11 12 
Solving Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get
20 × 21 × 41 4 × 10 × 11 × 21 1
a = 8 and d = 1 A= + 1  6 × 11 11
6 6 ∴S = 6  −  = 12 = 2
Now, a12 + a22 + a32 + L + a17
2
= 140m 20 × 21 20 × 21 × 63  1 12 
A= (41 + 22) =
82 + 92 + 102 + … + 242 = 140m 6 6 33 n th term of the series is
⇒ (1 + 2 + 3 + … + 24 ) − (1 + 2
2 2 2 2 2 2 Similarly, 1 2
Tn = =
B = (12 + 22 + 32 + … + 402 ) + 4(12 n (n + 1 ) n (n + 1 )
+ 3 + … + 7 ) = 140m
2 2
+ 22 +… + 202 ) 2
24 × 25 × 49 7 × 8 × 15
⇒ − = 140m 1 1 
6 6 40 × 41 × 81 4 × 20 × 21 × 41 ⇒ Tn = 2 − 
B = +  n n + 1
3×7× 8× 5 6 6
⇒ (7 × 5 − 1) = 140m  1 1
40 × 41 40 × 41 × 123 ⇒ T1 = 2  −  , T2 = 2  −  ,
6 1 1
B = (81 + 42) =
⇒ 7 × 4 × 5 × 34 = 140m 6 6  1 2  2 3
⇒ 140 × 34 = 140m Now, B − 2 A = 100λ
T3 = 2  −  , ..., T10 = 2 
1 1 1 1
− 
⇒ m = 34 40 × 41 × 123  3 4  10 11 
∴
28 We have, f ( x ) = ax2 + bx + c 6 ∴ S 10 = T1 + T2 + K + T20
2 × 20 × 21 × 63
Now, f ( x + y ) = f ( x ) + f ( y ) + xy − = 100λ 1 − 1 + 1 − 1 + 1 − 1 
6 
Put y = 0 ⇒ f ( x ) = f ( x ) + f (0) + 0 40 = 2 2 2 3 3 4 
⇒ f (0) = 0
⇒ (5043 − 1323) = 100λ 1 1
6  +K+ − 
⇒ c =0 40  10 11 
⇒ × 3720 = 100λ
= 2  1 −
Again, put y = − x 6 1

∴ f (0) = f ( x ) + f (− x ) − x2 ⇒ 40 × 620 = 100λ  11 
40 × 620 10 20
⇒ 0 = ax2 + bx + ax2 − bx − x2 ⇒ λ= = 248 = 2⋅ =
100 11 11
1
⇒ 2ax2 − x2 = 0 ⇒ a =
2 31 Write the nth term of the given series
Also, a + b + c = 3
SESSION 2
and simplify it to get its lowest
⇒
1
+ b + 0 = 3⇒ b =
5 form.Then, apply, S n = ΣT n . 1 Let S = 12 + 32 + 52 + K + 252
2 2 Given series is = (12 + 22 + 32 + 42 + K + 252 )
x2 + 5x 13 13 + 23 13 + 23 + 33 − (22 + 42 + 62 + K + 242 )
∴ f ( x) = + + + K∞
2 1 1+ 3 1+ 3+ 5 = (1 + 2 + 3 + 42 + K + 252 )
2 2 2
n2 + 5n 1 2 5
Now, f (n ) = = n + n Let T n be the nth term of the given − 22 (1 + 22 + 32 + K + 122 )
2 2 2 series.
10
1 10 2 5 10 25(25 + 1) (2 × 25 + 1)
=
∴ ∑ f (n ) = 2 ∑ n + 2 ∑ n ∴ Tn =
13 + 23 + 33 + ... + n3 6
n =1 n =1 n =1 12 (12 + 1) (2 × 12 + 1)
1 + 3 + 5 + K upto n terms − 4×
1 10 × 11 × 21 5 10 × 11
=
⋅ + × 2 6
2 6 2 2  n(n + 1) 25 × 26 × 51 4 × 12 × 13 × 25
  = −
 = (n + 1)
2
=
385 275 660 2
= + = = 330 6 6
2
2 2 2 n 4 = 25 × 13 × 17 − 4 × 2 × 13 × 25
29 Series (2)2 + 2(4)2 + 3(6)2 + K 9
(n + 1)2 1 = 5525 − 2600 = 2925
Now, S 9 = ∑ =
= 4 {1 ⋅ 1 + 2 ⋅ 2 + 3 ⋅ 3 + K }
2 2 2
n =1 4 4 2 Now, f (2) = f (1 + 1)
∴ T n = 4 n ⋅ n2 [(22 + 32 + ... + 102 ) + 12 − 12 ] = f (1) ⋅ f (1) = 22 and f (3) = 23
n(n + 1)
2
1  10(10 + 1)(20 + 1)  Similarly, f (n ) = 2n
and S n = ΣT n = 4Σ n3 = 4  = −1
 2  4  6  n n
∑ f (a + ∑2
a+r
∴ 16(2n − 1) = r )=
Now, S 10 = [10 ⋅ (10 + 1)] 2 384 r =1 r =1
= = 96
4 = 2 (2 + 22 + K + 2n )
a
= (110)2 = 12100
 2n − 1  1 2 2 2 2
= 1 − cos 2 θ sin2 θ =   +   +   + 42 +  
and 8 12 16 24
= 2a ⋅ 2   [GP series]
 2−1 z  5  5  5  5
1 xy − 1
= 2a + 1 (2n − 1) =1− = + ... to 10 terms
xy xy 1
⇒ 2 a +1
= 16 = 2 4 = (82 + 122 + 162 + 202 + 242
⇒ x y = x yz − z 52
∴ a= 3 ∴ x yz = x y + z = x + y + z + ... to 10 terms)
42
7 Let S = 14 + 14 + 14 + K + to ∞ = (2 + 3 + 4 + 5
2 2 2 2
3 Let GP be a, ar , ar ,K,|r | < 1.
2
1 3 5 52
According to the question, + ... to 10 terms)
1 1 1 π4
a 7 a2 147 Since, 4 + 4 + 4 + K to ∞ = 42
= , = 1 2 3 90 = (2 + 3 + 4 + 5 + ... + 112 )
2 2 2 2
1 − r 2 1 − r2 16 52
 1 1 1
∴  4 + 4 + 4 + K to ∞   16 2
On eliminating a, we get 1 3 5  = ((1 + 22 + ... + 112 ) − 12 )
2 25
(1 − r 2 ) =   (1 − r ) 2 π4
147 7
+  4 + 4 + 4 + K to ∞  = 16  11 ⋅ (11 + 1) (2 ⋅ 11 + 1)
1 1 1 
16  2 2  =  − 1
4 6 90 25  6 
1  1 1 1 
⇒ 3(1 + r ) = 4 (1 − r ) ⇒ r = ,a = 3 ⇒  4 + 4 + 4 + K to ∞  =
16
(506 − 1) =
16
× 505
7 1 3 5  25 25
∴ Sum of cubes π4 16 16
+ 4  4 + 4 + 4 + K + to ∞  =
1 1 1 1 ⇒ m= × 505
a3 (3)3 1029   5 25
= = = 2 1 2 3 90
1 − r3 3
38 ⇒ m = 101
1 −  
1 1 π4 π4
 7 ⇒S + ⋅ =
16 90 90 10 Given, m is the AM of l and n.
 1 π4 
4 Let S = 5 + 552 + 555
3
+… …(i) 1 1
Q 4 + 4 + 4 + K to ∞ =  ∴ l + n = 2m
13 1313  1 2 3 90  and G1 , G2 , G3 are geometric means
S 5 55
and = + 3 + … ...(ii) π4  1 15 π 4 π4 between l and n.
13 132 13 ⇒ S = 1 −  = =
90  16  16 × 90 96 So, l ,G1 ,G2 ,G3 , n are in GP.
On subtracting Eq. (ii) from Eq. (i), we
get n −1 Let r be the common ratio of this GP.
8 Let an = a r .
12 5 50 500
S = + + +… a (1 − r n ) ∴ G1 = lr , G2 = lr 2 , G3 = lr 3 ;
13 13 132 133 Then, S n = 1/4
1− r
n = lr 4 ⇒ r =  
10 n
which is a GP with common ratio . l
 1  1 −  1  
n
13
      Now, G14 + 2G24 + G34 = (lr )4
13  5  10   65  a r
∴ S = × ÷ 1 −  = and S n′ =  
12  13  13   36 1 + 2(lr 2 )4 + (lr 3 )4
1−
 a  r = l × r (1 + 2r + r ) = l 4 × r 4 (r 4 + 1)2
4 4 4 8
QS ∞ = 1 − r   1 
  1 nn+ l
2
Q first term of  a  is a  = l4 ×  = ln × 4 m = 4 l m n
2 2

5 Here, T1 = S1 = 2(1 ) + 3(1 )2 = 5   n   l  l 
 1 [Q n + l = 2m]
T2 = S 2 − S 1 = 16 − 5 = 11 
and common ratio is
r 
[QS 2 = 2(2) + 3(2) = 16] 2 11 Given series is a geometric series with
  (r n − 1)
1
T3 = S 3 − S 2 = 33 − 16 = 17   a = 2 + 1 and r = 2 − 1.
 a
= ⋅r ∴ Required sum
[Q S 3 = 2(3) + 3 (3)2 = 33 ] r n (r − 1)
a 2+1 2+1
Hence, sequence is 5, 11, 17. 1 − rn 1 = = =
∴ a = 5and d = 6 = ⋅ 1 − r 1 − ( 2 − 1) 2 − 2
1 − r a⋅ r n − 1
For new AP, A = 5, D = 2 × 6 = 12 ( 2 + 1) (2 + 2)
1 − rn 1 a (1 − r n ) 1 =
n = ⋅ = ⋅ (2 − 2 ) (2 + 2)
∴ S ′ n = [2 × 5 + (n − 1 )12] 1 − r an 1− r a an
2 2 2+ 2+ 2+ 2 4+ 3 2
1 = =
= 6 n2 − n = Sn ⋅ 4−2 2
a1 an
6 Sum of three infinite GP’s are
1 1 ⇒ S n = a1 an S n′ 12 Clearly, the common terms of the given
x= = , sequences are
1 − cos 2 θ sin2 θ 9 Let S10 be the sum of first ten terms of 31, 41, 51, ...
Similarly, the series. Now, 100th term of 1, 11, 21, 31, ... is
1 1 Then, we have 1 + 99 × 10 = 991
y = and z = 2 2 2 and 100th term of 31, 36, 41, 46, ... is
cos 2 θ 1 − cos 2 θ sin2 θ S 10 =  1  +  2  +  3 
3 2 1
31 + 99 × 5 = 526 .
1 1  5  5  5
Now, + =1 [Q sin2 θ + cos 2 θ = 1] 2
Let the largest common term be 526.
x y
+ 42 +  4
4 Then, 526 = 31 + (n − 1) 10
 + ... to 10 terms
⇒ x + y = xy  5 ⇒ (n − 1) 10 = 495
⇒ n − 1 = 49.5 In this case, 17 Statement I

⇒ n = 50.5 (a − c )2 = (a + c )2 − 4ac = 0 Let S=(1)+(1+2+4)+(4+6+9)
But n is an integer, n = 50. ⇒ a=c +(9+12+16)+... +(361+380+400)
Hence, the largest common term is But a ≠ c , as a < c . = (0+0+1)+(1+2+4)+(4+6+9)
31 + (50 − 1) 10 = 521 . 1
Case II When a + c = 1 and ac = − +(9+12+16) +... +(361+380+400)
13 Since, a, b, c are in GP. 4
Now, we can clearly observe the
∴ b 2 = ac …(i) In this case, (a − c ) = 1 + 1 = 2
2
elements in each bracket.
Also, as x is A between a and b ⇒ a−c = ± 2 The general term of the series is
a+ b But a < c , a − c = − 2 T r = (r − 1)2 + (r − 1) r + (r 2 )
∴ x= …(ii)
2 On solving a + c = 1 Now, the sum to n terms of the series is
b +c and a − c = − 2, we get
Similarly, y = …(iii) n
Sn = ∑ [(r − 1) + (r − 1)r + (r )2 ]
2
2 1 1
a c 2a 2c a= − . r =1
Now, consider + = + 2 2
x y a+ b b + c n  r 3 − (r − 1)3 
15 We have, 225a2 + 9b2 + 25c 2 = ∑ 
[using Eqs. (ii) and (iii)] r =1  r − ( r − 1) 
− 75ac − 45ab − 15bc = 0
 ab + ac + ac + bc  [Q(a3 − b 3 ) = (a − b )(a2 + ab + b 2 )]
=2 ⇒ (15a)2 + (3b )2 + (5c )2

 ab + ac + b + bc 
2
− (15a)(5c ) − (15a)(3b ) − (3b )(5c ) = 0 n
= ∑ [r − (r − 1)3 ]
3
 ab + bc + 2ac  1
=2 ⇒ [(15a − 3b )2 + (3b − 5 c )2 r =1

 ab + bc + 2ac  2 + (5c − 15a)2 ] = 0 = (13 − 03 ) + (23 − 13 ) + (33 − 23 )
[using Eq. (i)] ⇒ 15a = 3b , 3b = 5 c and 5 c = 15a
=2 + ... + [n3 − (n − 1)3 ]
∴ 15a = 3b = 5c
14 Since, a, b, c are in AP a b c Rearranging the terms, we get
⇒ = = = λ (say)
∴ 2b = a + c …(i) 1 5 3 S n = − 03 + (13 − 13 ) + (23 − 23 )
Also, as a2 , b 2 and c 2 are in GP ⇒ a = λ, b = 5λ, c = 3λ + (33 − 33 ) + ... + [(n − 1)3 − (n − 1)3 ] + n3
∴ b 4 = a2c 2 …(ii)
Hence, b, c and a are in AP. = n3
3 16 Here, S r is sum of an infinite GP, r is ⇒ S 20 = 8000
Q a+ b + c =
2 1 Hence, Statement I is correct.
first term and is common ratio
3 r +1
∴ 3b = [using Eq. (i)] Statement II We have, already proved
2 r
Sr = =r +1 in the Statement I that
1 1
⇒ b = 1− n
Sn = ∑ (r − (r − 1)3 ) = n3
3
2 r +1
r =1
⇒ a+ c =1 [using Eq. (i)] 10
⇒ ∑ Sr = 22 + 32 + K + 112
2
1 1 Hence, Statement II is also correct and
and ac = or − [using Eq. (ii)] r =1
4 4 = 12 + 22 + 32 + K + 112 − 1 it is a correct explanation for
1 11 × 12 × 23 Statement I.
Case I When a + c = 1 and ac = = − 1 = 505
4 6
DAY FOUR
Quadratic
Equation and
Inequalities
u Quadratic Equation u Maximum and Minimum u Arithmetic-Geometric-
u Relation between Roots and Value of ax 2 + bx + c Harmonic Mean
Coefficients u Sign of Quadratic Expression Inequality
u Formation of an Equation u Position of Roots u Logarithm Inequality
u Transformation of Equations u Inequalities
Quadratic Equation
l
An equation of the form ax2 + bx + c = 0, where a ≠ 0, a, b and c, x ∈ R, is called a real
quadratic equation. Here a, b and c are called the coefficients of the equation. PRED
l
The quantity D = b – 4ac is known as the discriminant of the equation ax + bx + c = 0
2
−b ± D
2
MIRROR
and its roots are given by x =
2a
l
An equation of the form az2 + bz + c = 0, where a ≠ 0, a, b and c, z ∈C (complex) is called a
No. of Questions Attempted (y)—
−b ± D
u
complex quadratic equation and its roots are given by z = . u No. of Correct Questions (z)—
2a (Without referring Explanations)
Nature of Roots of Quadratic Equation u Accuracy Level (z / y × 100)—

Let a, b , c ∈ R and a ≠ 0, then the equation ax2 + bx + c = 0
(i) has real and distinct roots if and only if D > 0. In order to expect good rank in JEE,
(ii) has real and equal roots if and only if D = 0. above 85 & Prep Level should be
above 75.
(iii) has complex roots with non-zero imaginary parts if and only if D < 0.
32 40 DAY ~ JEE MAIN MATHEMATICS DAY FOUR
Some Important Results Formation of an Equation

(i) If p + iq (where, p, q ∈ R, q ≠ 0) is one root of
ax2 + bx + c = 0, then second root will be p − iq Quadratic Equation
(ii) If a, b , c ∈ Q and p + q is an irrational root of If the roots of a quadratic equation are α and β, then the
equation will be of the form x2 − (α + β) x + αβ = 0.
ax2 + bx + c = 0, then other root will be p − q .
(iii) If a, b , c ∈Q and D is a perfect square, Cubic Equation
then ax2 + bx + c = 0 has rational roots. If α , β and γ are the roots of the cubic equation, then the
equation will be form of
(iv) If a = 1, b , c ∈ I and roots of ax2 + bx + c = 0 are
x3 − (α + β + γ) x2 + (αβ + βγ + γα ) x − αβγ = 0.
rational numbers, then these roots must be integers.
(v) If the roots of ax2 + bx + c = 0 are both positive, then
the signs of a and c should be like and opposite to the Transformation of Equations
sign of b. Let the given equation be
(vi) If the roots of ax2 + bx + c = 0 are both negative, then a0 x n + a1 x n −1 + ... + an −1 x + an = 0 …(A)
signs of a, b and c should be like. Then, the equation
(vii) If the roots of ax2 + bx + c = 0 are reciprocal to each (i) whose roots are k (≠ 0) times roots of the Eq. (A),
other, then c = a. x
is obtained by replacing x by in Eq. (A).
(viii) In the equation ax2 + bx + c = 0 (a, b , c ∈ R), k
(ii) whose roots are the negatives of the roots of Eq. (A),
if a + b + c = 0, then the roots are 1, c and if is obtained by replacing x by − x in Eq. (A).
a
c (iii) whose roots are k more than the roots of Eq. (A),
a − b + c = 0, then the roots are −1 and − . is obtained by replacing x by ( x − k ) in Eq. (A).
a
(iv) whose roots are reciprocals of the roots of Eq. (A),
is obtained by replacing x by 1/x in Eq. (A) and then
Relation between Roots multiply both the sides by x n .
and Coefficients
Maximum and Minimum
Quadratic Roots
If α and β are the roots of quadratic equation ax2 + bx + c = 0;
Value of ax2 + bx + c
b (i) When a > 0, then minimum value of ax2 + bx + c is
a ≠ 0, then sum of roots = α + β = −
a −D 4ac − b 2 −b
c or at x =
and product of roots = αβ = . 4a 4a 2a
a
And, also ax2 + bx + c = a( x − α )( x − β) (ii) When a < 0, then maximum value of ax2 + bx + c is
−D 4ac − b 2 −b
Cubic Roots or at x =
4a 4a 2a
If α , β and γ are the roots of cubic equation
b
ax3 + bx2 + cx + d = 0; a ≠ 0, then α + β + γ = −
c
a Sign of Quadratic Expression
βγ + γα + αβ = Let f ( x) = ax2 + bx + c, where a, b and c ∈ R and a ≠ 0.
a
d (i) If a > 0 and D < 0, then f ( x) > 0, ∀x ∈ R.
and αβγ = −
a (ii) If a < 0 and D < 0, then f ( x) < 0, ∀x ∈ R.
Common Roots (Conditions) (iii) If a > 0 and D = 0, then f ( x) ≥ 0, ∀x ∈ R.

(iv) If a < 0 and D = 0, then f ( x) ≤ 0, ∀x ∈ R.
Suppose that the quadratic equations are ax2 + bx + c = 0 and
a′ x2 + b ′ x + c′ = 0. (v) If a > 0, D > 0 and f ( x) = 0 have two real roots α and
β, where (α < β), then f ( x) > 0, ∀ x ∈(− ∞, α ) ∪ (β, ∞) and
(i) When one root is common, then the condition is
f ( x) < 0, ∀ x ∈(α , β).
(a′ c − ac′ )2 = (bc′ − b ′ c)(ab ′ − a′ b ).
(vi) If a < 0, D > 0 and f ( x) = 0 have two real roots α and β,
(ii) When both roots are common, then the condition is
a b c where (α < β), then f ( x) < 0, ∀ x ∈ (−∞, α ) ∪ (β, ∞) and
= = . f ( x) > 0, ∀ x ∈(α , β).
a′ b ′ c′
DAY FOUR QUARDRATIC EQUATION AND INEQUALITIES 33
Position of Roots Arithmetic-Geometric-

Let ax + bx + c = 0 has roots α and β. Then, we have the
2
Harmonic Mean Inequality
following conditions:
The Arithmetic-Geometric-Harmonic Mean of positive real
(i) with respect to one real number (k ). numbers is defined as follows
Situation Required conditions Arithmetic Mean ≥ Geometric Mean ≥ Harmonic Mean
α<β< k D ≥ 0, af (k ) > 0, k > − b / 2a a+b 2
(i) If a, b > 0 then ≥ ab ≥
k<α<β D ≥ 0, af (k ) > 0, k < − b /2a 2 1 1
+
a b
α< k<β D > 0, af (k ) < 0
(ii) If ai > 0 , where i = 1, 2, 3, K , n, then
(ii) with respect to two real numbers k1 and k2 .
a 1 + a 2 + ... + an n
Situation Required conditions ≥ (a1 ⋅ a2 ... an )1 / n ≥
n 1 1 1
+ + ... +
k1 < α < β < k2 D ≥ 0, af (k1 ) > 0, a1 a2 an
af (k2 ) > 0, k1 < − b /2a < k2
α < k1 < k2 < β D > 0, af (k1 ) < 0, af (k2 ) < 0
k1 < α < k2 < β D > 0, f (k1 ) f (k2 ) < 0
Logarithm Inequality
If a is a positive real number other than 1 and ax = m, then x
is called the logarithm of m to the base a, written as log a m. In
Inequalities log a m, m should always be positive.
Let a and b be two real numbers. If a − b is negative, we say (i) If m ≤ 0, then log a m will be meaningless.
that a is less than b ( a 0 and a ≠ 1.
greater than b (a > b ). This shows the inequalities concept.
Important Results on Inequalities Important Results on Logarithm

(i) If a > b , then a ± c > b ± c, ∀ c ∈ R. (i) alog a x = x ; a > 0, ≠ 1, x > 0
=x ; a , b > 0, ≠ 1, x > 0
log b x log b a
(ii) If a > b , then (ii) a
a b (iii) log a a = 1, a > 0, ≠ 1
(a) for m > 0, am > bm, >
m m 1
a b (iv) log a x = ; x , a > 0, ≠ 1
(b) for m < 0, am < bm, < log x a
m m
(iii) (a) If a > b > 0 , then (v) log a x = log a b logb x =
logb x
; a, b > 0, ≠ 1, x > 0
1 1 logb a
•a >b
2 2
•| a| > |b | • <
a b
(b) If a 0; a > 0, ≠ 1
1 1 1
• a2 > b 2 • | a| > |b | • > (a) log an ( x) = log a x
a b n
(iv) If a < 0 b 2 , if| a| > |b | (b) a2 y > 0
a2 < x2 log a y, if a > 1
number, then (b) log a x < log a y, if 0 < a < 1
(a) 0 ≤ x2 | a | (b) 0 ≤ x2 < a2 , if | a | >|b |
(viii) If a > 1 and x > 0, then
(vii) If ai > b i > 0 , where i = 1, 2, 3, ..., n, then
(a) log a x > p ⇒ x > a p
a1 a2 a3 ... an > b1b2b3 ... b n .
(b) 0 < log a x b i , where i = 1, 2, 3, ..., n, then
a1 + a2 + a3 + ... + an > b1 + b2 + ... + b n . (ix) If 0 < a < 1 , then
(ix) If| x | < a, then (a) log a x > p ⇒ 0 < x < a p
(a) for a > 0, − a < x < a. (b) 0 < log a x < p ⇒ a p < x < 1
(b) for a < 0, x ∈ φ .

1 If 3x 2 − 7x − 30 + 2x 2 − 7x − 5 = x + 5, then x is equal to 14 If P ( x ) = ax 2 + bx + c and Q ( x ) = − ax 2 + dx + c = 0 ;
(a) 2 (b) 3 (c) 6 (d) 5 ac ≠ 0, then the equation P ( x ) ⋅ Q ( x ) = 0 has
(a) four real roots (b) exactly two real roots
2 The number of solutions for equation x 2 − 5 x + 6 = 0 is
(c) either two or four real roots (d) atmost two real roots
(a) 4 (b) 3 (c) 2 (d) 1 1
15 The rational values of a in ax 2 + bx + 1 = 0 if is a
4+ 3
2
3 The roots of the equation 2x − 1 − 3 2x − 1 + 2 = 0 are root, are
(a) − , 0,  (b) − , 0,  (c) − , , 0,1 (d) − , 0,1, 
1 1 1 3 3 1 1 3 (a) a = 13, b = − 8 (b) a = − 13, b = 8
 2 2  2 2  2 2   2 2 (c) a = 13, b = 8 (d) a = − 13, b = − 8
4 The product of all the values of x satisfying the equation 16 If 1 − i , is a root of the equation x 2 + ax + b = 0, where
(5 + 2 6) x2 − 3
+ (5 − 2 6) x2 − 3
= 10 is a, b ∈ R , then the values of a and b are
(a) 1,−1 (b) 2,− 2
(a) 4 (b) 6 (c) 8 (d) 19
(c) 3 ,−3 (d) None of these
5 The root of the equation 2(1 + i )x − 4( 2 − i )x − 5 − 3i = 0,
2
where i = −1, which has greater modulus, is 17 The values of p for which one root of the equation
3 − 5i 5 − 3i 3+i 3i + 1 x 2 − 30x + p = 0 is the square of the other, is/are
(a) (b) (c) (d)
2 2 2 2 (a) Only 125 (b) 125 and − 216
(c) 125 and 215 (d) Only 216
6 x + x + 1 + 2k ( x − x − 1) = 0 is perfect square for how
2 2
x −m x +n
many value of k 18 If the roots of the quadratic equation = are
mx + 1 nx + 1
(a) 2 (b) 0 (c) 1 (d) 3
reciprocal to each other, then
7 If the roots of (a 2 + b 2 )x 2 − 2(bc + ad )x + c 2 + d 2 = 0 are
(a) n = 0 (b) m = n (c) m + n = 1 (d) m 2 + n 2 = 1
equal, then
a c a b a b 19 Let α and α 2 be the roots of x 2 + x + 1 = 0, then the
(a) = (b) + = 0 (c) = (d) a + b = c + d
b d c d d c equation whose roots are α 31 and α 62 , is
8 The least value of α for which tan θ and cot θ are roots of (a) x 2 − x + 1 = 0 (b) x 2 + x − 1 = 0
(c) x 2 + x + 1 = 0 (d) x 60 + x 30 + 1 = 0
the equation x 2 + ax + 1 = 0, is
(a) 2 (b) 1 (c) 1/2 (d) 0 20 If α and β are the roots of x 2 − a( x − 1) + b = 0, then the
1 1 2
9 If one root of the equation x 2 − λx + 12 = 0 is even prime value of + + is
α 2 − aα β 2 − aβ a + b
while x 2 + λx + µ = 0 has equal roots, then µ is equal to
4 1
(a) 8 (b) 16 (c) 24 (d) 32 (a) (b) (c) 0 (d) −1
a+b a+b
10 If a + b + c = 0, then the roots of the equation
4ax 2 + 3bx + 2c = 0, where a , b, c ∈ R are 21 The value of a for which the sum of the squares of the
(a) real and distinct (b) imaginary roots of the equation x 2 − (a − 2)x − a − 1 = 0 assume the
(c) real and equal (d) infinite least value is j
AIEEE 2005
11 The equation (cos β − 1) x 2 + (cos β)x + sin β = 0 in the (a) 2 (b) 3 (c) 0 (d) 1
variable x has real roots, then β lies in the interval 22 If α and β be the roots of the equation
(a) (0, 2 π) (b) (− π, 0)
π π
(c)  − ,  (d) (0, π)
2x 2 + 2(a + b )x + a 2 + b 2 = 0, then the equation whose
 2 2 roots are (α + β )2 and (α − β )2 , is
3c (a) x 2 − 2abx − (a 2 − b 2 )2 = 0 (b) x 2 − 4abx − (a 2 − b 2 )2 = 0
12 If ax 2 + 2bx − 3 c = 0 has no real root and < a + b,
4 (c) x 2 − 4abx + (a 2 − b 2 )2 = 0(d) None of these
then the range of c is
(a) (−1, 1 ) (b) (0, 1) 23 Let α , β be the roots of x 2 − 2x cos φ + 1 = 0, then the
(c) (0, ∞) (d) (− ∞, 0) equation whose roots are α n and β n , is
13 If a , b and c are real numbers in AP, then the roots of (a) x 2 − 2 x cosnφ − 1 = 0 (b) x 2 − 2 x cosnφ + 1 = 0
ax + bx + c = 0 are real for
2 (c) x 2 − 2 x sinnφ + 1 = 0 (d) x 2 + 2 x sinnφ − 1 = 0
(a) all a and c (b) no a and c 24 The harmonic mean of the roots of the equation
c a ( 5 + 2 )x 2 − ( 4 + 5 )x + 8 + 2 5 = 0 is
(c) −7 ≥ 4 3 (d) +7 ≥2 3
a c (a) 2 (b) 4 (c) 6 (d) 8
25 If the ratio of the roots of λx 2 + µx + ν = 0 is equal to the 35 If the equations x 2 + 2x + 3 = 0 and ax 2 + bx + c = 0,

ratio of the roots of x + x + 1 = 0, then λ , µ and ν are in
2
a, b, c ∈ R , have a common root, then a : b : c is
(a) AP (b) GP j AIEEE 2012
(c) HP (d) None of these (a) 1 : 2 : 3 (b) 3 : 2 : 1 (c) 1 : 3 : 2 (d) 3 : 1 : 2
1 1 1
26 If the roots of the equation + = are equal in 36 The equation formed by decreasing each root of
x +p x +q r ax 2 + bx + c = 0 by 1 is 2x 2 + 8x + 2 = 0, then
magnitude but opposite in sign, then the product of the (a) a = − b (b) b = − c (c) c = − a (d) b = a + c
roots is
37 If f ( x ) = x + 2bx + 2c and g ( x ) = − x − 2cx + b 2 such
2 2 2
(a) −2 (p 2 + q 2 ) (b) − (p 2 + q 2 ) that min f ( x ) > max g ( x ), then the relation between b and
− (p 2 + q 2 )
(c) (d) −pq c is
2
(a) | c| < | b| 2 (b) 0 < c | b | 2
k +1 k+2
and , then (a + b + c )2 is equal to 38 If a ∈ R and a1, a 2 , a 3 … , a n ∈ R , then
k k +1
( x − a1 )2 + ( x − a 2 )2 +… + ( x − a n )2 assumes its least
(a) 2b 2 − ac (b) ∑a 2 (c) b 2 − 4ac (d) b 2 − 2ac value at x =
28 If α and β are the roots of the equation ax 2 + bx + c = 0 (a) a1 + a2 + … + an (b) 2 (a1 + a2 + a3 + ... + an )
such that β < α < 0, then the quadratic equation whose (c) n (a1 + a2 + … + an ) (d) None of these
roots are α , β , is given by 39 If the roots of the equation bx 2 + cx + a = 0 is imaginary,
(a) a x 2 + b x + c = 0 (b) ax 2 − b x + c = 0 then for all real values of x, the expression
(c) a x − b x + c = 0
2
(d) a x
2
+ b| x + c = 0 3b 2 x 2 + 6bcx + 2c 2 is j
AIEEE 2009
(a) greater than 4ab (b) less than 4ab
29 If α and β be the roots of x 2 + px + q = 0, then (c) greater than −4ab (d) less than −4ab
(ωα + ω 2β )(ω 2α + ωβ )
is equal to 40 If x 2 + 2ax + 10 − 3a > 0 for all x ∈ R , then
α 2 β2
+ (a) − 5 < a < 2 (b) a < − 5
β α
(c) a > 5 (d) 2 < a < 5
q p
(a) − (b) αβ (c) − (d) ω  1
p q 41 If the expression ax − 1 +  is non-negative for all
 x
p
30 If α and β are roots of the equation x 2 + px + 3. = 0, positive real x, then the minimum value of a must be
4 1
such that | α − β | = 10, then p belongs j
JEE Mains 2013 (a) 0
2
(a) {2, − 5 } (b) {− 3, 2 } (c) {− 2, 5 } (d) {3, − 5 } 1
4
31 Sachin and Rahul attemped to solve a quadratic
equation. Sachin made a mistake in writing down the 42 The number of real solutions of the equation
x
constant term and ended up in roots ( 4, 3). Rahul made a  9
  = − 3 + x − x is
2
mistake in writing down coefficient of x to get roots ( 3, 2). 10

The correct roots of equation are j
AIEEE 2011 (a) 0 (b) 1
(a) −4, − 3 (b) 6, 1 (c) 4, 3 (d) −6, − 1 (c)2 (d) None of these
32 If α and β are the roots of x 2 + x + 2 = 0 and γ,δ are the 43 If α and β be the roots of the quadratic equation
roots of x 2 + 3x + 4 = 0, then (α + γ )(α + δ )(β + γ ) ax 2 + bx + c = 0 and k be a real number, then the
(β + δ ) is equal to condition, so that α < k < β is given by
(a) −18 (b) 18 (c) 24 (d) 44 (a) ac > 0 (b) ak 2 + bk + c = 0
π P Q (c) ac < 0 (d) a 2 k 2 + abk + ac < 0
33 In ∆PQR , R = . If tan and tan are the roots of the
2 2 2 44 2x − 3 < x + 5 , then x belongs to
equation ax 2 + bx + c = 0, then
(c)  − , 8  (d)  −8, 
2 2
(a) (−3,5) (b) (5, 9)
(a) a = b + c (b) b = c + a  3   3
(c) c = a + b (d) b = c x −5
45 The least integral value α of x such that > 0,
34 If the equation k ( 6x 2 + 3) + rx + 2x 2 − 1 = 0 and x 2 + 5x − 14
6 k ( 2x 2 + 1) + px + 4x 2 − 2 = 0 have both roots common, satisfies j
JEE Mains 2013
then 2r − p is equal to (a) α + 3 α − 4 = 0
2
(b) α − 5 α + 4 = 0
2
(a) 2 (b) 1 (c) 0 (d) k (c) α 2 − 7α + 6 = 0 (d) α 2 + 5 α − 6 = 0

| x − 2 | −1 51 If a, b, c are positive real numbers such that a + b + c = 1,

46 The solution set of ≤ 0 is
|x −2| −2 then the greatest value of (1 − a ) (1 − b ) (1 − c ), is
(a) [0, 1] ∪ (3, 4) (b) [0, 1] ∪ [3, 4] 1 8 4
(a) (b) (c) (d) 9
27 27 27
(c) [−1, 1) ∪ (3, 4] (d) None of these
x +2 1 52 If a, b, c, d are positive real numbers such that
47 Number of integral solutions of > is a + b + c + d = 2, then M = (a + b ) (c + d ) satisfies the
x2 +1 2
relation
(a) 0 (b) 1 (c) 2 (d) 3
(a) 0 ≤ M ≤ 1 (b) 1 ≤ M ≤ 2 (c) 2 ≤ M ≤ 3 (d) 3 ≤ M ≤ 4
48 If the product of n positive numbers is 1, then their sum is
53 log2 ( x − 3x + 18) < 4, then x belongs to
2
(a) a positive integer (b) divisible by n

1 (a) (1, 2) (b) (2, 16)
(c) equation to n + (d) greater than or equal to n
n (c) (1, 16) (d) None of these
49 The minimum value of P = bcx + cay + abz , when 54 If log0. 3 ( x − 1) > log0. 09 ( x − 1), then x lies in
xyz = abc, is (a) (1, 2) (b) (− ∞, 1)
(a) 3abc (b) 6abc (c) (2, ∞) (d) None of these
(c) abc (d) 4abc 55 What is the solution set of the following inequality?
50 If a, b and c are distinct three positive real numbers, then  x + 5
logx   >0
 1 1 1 1 − 3x 
(a + b + c )  + +  is
a b c 1
(a) 0 < x < (b) x ≥ 3
(a) > 1 (b) > 9 3
1
(c) < 9 (d) None of these (c) < x<1 (d) None of these
3

1 Let S = {x ∈ R : x ≥ 0 and 2 x − 3 + x ( x − 6) + 6 =.0 5 If a < b < c < d , then the roots of the equation
( x − a )( x − c ) + 2 ( x − b )( x − d ) = 0 are
Then, S j
JEE Mains 2018
(a) real and distinct (b) real and equal
(a) is an empty set
(c) imaginary (d) None of these
(b) contains exactly one element
(c) contains exactly two elements 6 Let α and β be the roots of equation px 2 + qx + r = 0,
(d) contains exactly four elements 1 1
p ≠ 0. If p, q and r are in AP and + = 4, then the value
2 The roots of the equation 2 x + 2
⋅3 3 x / ( x − 1)
= 9 are given by α β
of α − β is
(b) log2   , 1
2 j
JEE Mains 2014
(a) 1 − log2 3, 2
 3 61 2 17 34 2 13
(log 3) (a) (b) (c) (d)
(c) 2 , − 2 (d) − 2 , 1 − 9 9 9 9
(log 2)
7 If α and β are the roots of the equation ax 2 + bx + c = 0
3 Let α and β be the roots equation x 2 − 6x − 2 = 0. If (a ≠ 0, a, b, c being different), then (1 + α + α 2 ) (1 + β + β 2 ) is
a − 2a 8
a n = α n − β n for n ≥ 1, then the value of 10 is equal (a) zero (b) positive
2a 9 (c) negative (d) None of these
to j
JEE Mains 2015 8 The minimum value of the sum of real numbers
(a) 6 (b) − 6 (c) 3 (d) − 3 a −5 , a −4 , 3a −3 , 1, a 8 and a10 a > 0 is
x 10 + 1 (a) 9 (b) 8 (c) 2 (d) 1
4 If x 2 − 5x + 1 = 0, then is equal to
x5 9 For a > 0, the roots of the equation
(a) 2424 (b) 3232 logax a + logx a 2 + loga 2 x a 3 = 0 is given by
(c) 2525 (d) None of these (a) a −4 / 3 (b) a −3 / 4 (c) a1 / 2 (d) a −1
10 If a , b and c are in AP and if the equations 19 If α and β are the roots of the equation ax 2 + bx + c = 0,
(b − c ) x + (c − a )x + (a − b ) = 0 and 2 (c + a ) x
2 2 α
then the quadratic equation whose roots are and
+ (b + c ) x = 0 have a common root, then 1+ α
β
(a) a 2 , b 2 and c 2 are in AP (b) a 2 , c 2 and b 2 are in AP is
(c) c 2 , a 2 and b 2 are in AP (d) None of these 1+ β
(a) ax 2 − b (1 − x) + c (1 − x)2 = 0
11 If the equations x 2 + ax + 12 = 0, x 2 + bx + 15 = 0 and (b) ax 2 − b (x − 1) + c (x − 1)2 = 0
x 2 + (a + b )x + 36 = 0 have a common positive root, then (c) ax 2 + b (1 − x) + c (1 − x)2 = 0
the ordered pair (a , b ) is (d) ax 2 + b (x + 1) + c (1 + x)2 = 0
(a) (− 6, − 7) (b) (− 7, − 8) 20 If both the roots of the quadratic equation
(c) (− 6, − 8) (d) (− 8, − 7)
x 2 − 2kx + k 2 + k − 5 = 0 are less than 5, then k lies in the
12 If x is real, then the maximum and minimum value of the interval j AIEEE 2005
x 2 − 3x + 4 (a) [4,5] (b) (−∞, 4) (c) (6, ∞) (d) (5, 6)

expression will be
x 2 + 3x + 4
21 All the values of m for which both roots of the equation
1
(a) 2, 1 (b) 5, x 2 − 2mx + m 2 − 1 = 0 are greater than −2 but less than 4
5
1 lie in the interval
(c) 7, (d) None of these
7 (a) m > 3 (b) −1 < m < 3
(c) 1 < m < 4 (d) −2 < m < 0
13 If a ∈ R and the equation
−3( x − [ x ])2 + 2( x − [ x ]) + a 2 = 0 (where, [ x ] denotes the 22 Let α and β be real and z be a complex number. If
greatest integer ≤ x) has no integral solution, then all z 2 + αz + β = 0 has two distinct roots on the line
Re ( z ) = 1, then it is necessary that j
AIEEE 2011
possible values of a lie in the interval j
JEE Mains 2014
(a) β ∈ (− 1, 0) (b) | β | = 1 (c) β ∈ [1, ∞) (d) β ∈ (0, 1)
(a) (−1, 0) ∪ (0,1) (b) (1, 2)
(c) (−2, − 1) (d) (−∞, − 2) ∪ (2, ∞) 23 The equation e sin x − e − sin x − 4 = 0 has j
AIEEE 2012
2π 2π (a) infinite number of real roots
14 If a = cos + i sin , then the quadratic equation
7 7 (b) no real root
whose roots are α = a + a 2 + a 4 and β = a 3 + a 5 + a 6 , is (c) exactly one real root
(a) x 2 − x + 2 = 0 (b) x 2 + 2 x + 2 = 0 (d) exactly four real roots
(c) x 2 + x + 2 = 0 (d) x 2 + x − 2 = 0 24 Ifa, b, c, d are positive real numbers such that
15 If α and β are roots of 375 x − 25x − 2 = 0 and2 1 1 1 1
a+ = 4, b + = 1, c + = 4 and d + = 1, then
n b c d a
S n = α n + β n , then lim
n→ ∞ ∑S
r =1
r is equal to
(a) a = c and b = d (b) b = d but a ≠ c
(c) ab = 1and cd ≠ 1 (d) cd = 1and ab ≠ 1
7 1
(a) (b)
116 12 (ω and ω2 are complex cube roots of unity)
29
358 25 Let f : R → R be a continuous function defined by
1
16 If S = {a ∈ N, 1 ≤ a ≤ 100} and [tan2 x ] − tan x − a = 0 has f (x ) =
e x + 2e − x
real roots, where [. ] denotes the greatest integer
function, then number of elements in set S equals 1
Statement I f (c ) = , for some c ∈ R .
(a) 2 (b) 5 (c) 6 (d) 9 3
17 The sum of all real values of x satisfying the equation 1
2
+ 4 x − 60 Statement II 0 < f ( x ) ≤ , ∀ x ∈R .
( x 2 − 5 x + 5 )x = 1 is j
JEE Mains 2016 2 2 j
AIEEE 2010
(a) 3 (b) −4 (c) 6 (d) 5 (a) Statement I is false, Statement II is true
18 If λ is an integer and α , β are the roots of (b) Statement I is true, Statement II is true.
λ Statement II is a correct explanation of Statement I
4x 2 − 16x + = 0 such that 1 < α < 2 and 2 < β < 3, then
4 (c) Statement I is true, Statement II is true;
the possible values of λ are Statement II is not a correct explanation for Statement I
(a) {60, 64, 68} (b) {61, 62, 63} (d) Statement I is true, Statement II is false
(c) {49, 50,…, 62, 63} (d) {62, 65, 68, 71, 75}
ANSWERS
1. (c) 2. (a) 3. (d) 4. (c) 5. (a) 6. (a) 7. (c) 8. (a) 9. (b) 10. (a)
SESSION 1
11. (d) 12. (d) 13. (c) 14. (c) 15. (a) 16. (d) 17. (b) 18. (a) 19. (c) 20. (c)
21. (d) 22. (b) 23. (b) 24. (b) 25. (b) 26. (c) 27. (c) 28. (c) 29. (a) 30. (c)
31. (b) 32. (d) 33. (c) 34. (c) 35. (a) 36. (b) 37. (d) 38. (d) 39. (c) 40. (a)
41. (c) 42. (a) 43. (d) 44. (c) 45. (d) 46. (b) 47. (d) 48. (d) 49. (a) 50. (b)
51. (b) 52. (a) 53. (a) 54. (a) 55. (d)
SESSION 2 1. (c) 2. (d) 3. (c) 4. (c) 5. (a) 6. (d) 7. (b) 8. (b) 9. (a) 10. (b)
11. (b) 12. (c) 13. (a) 14. (c) 15. (b) 16. (d) 17. (a) 18. (c) 19. (c) 20. (b)
21. (b) 22. (c) 23. (b) 24. (a) 25. (b)

SESSION 1 4 Q 5− 2 6 = 1 If equation is a perfect square then root
5+ 2 6 are equal
1 We have,
1 i.e. (1 − 2k )2 − 4(1 + 2k ) (1 − 2k ) = 0
3 x2 − 7 x − 30 + 2 x2 − 7 x − 5 = x + 5 ∴ t + = 10, 1 −3
t i.e. k = , .
⇒ 3 x2 − 7 x − 30 = ( x + 5) − 2 x2 − 7 x − 5 2 10
2
−3
where t = (5 + 2 6 )x …(i) Hence, total number of values = 2.
On squaring both sides, we get
⇒ t − 10t + 1 = 0
2
7 Since, roots are real.
3 x2 − 7 x − 30
⇒ t = 5± 2 6 ∴ {2(bc + ad )}2 = 4(a2 + b 2 )(c 2 + d 2 )
= x2 + 25 + 10 x + (2 x2 − 7 x − 5)
t = (5 + 2 6 )± 1 ⇒ 4b 2c 2 + 4a2d 2 + 8abcd = 4a2c 2 + 4a2d 2
−2( x + 5) 2 x2 − 7 x − 5 or …(ii)
+4b 2c 2 + 4b 2d 2
⇒ −10 x − 50 = −2( x + 5) 2 x2 − 7 x − 5 From Eqs. (i) and (ii), ⇒ 4a c + 4b d − 8abcd = 0
2 2 2 2
x + 5 ≠ 0, 2 x2 − 7 x − 5 = 5 x2 − 3 = ± 1 ⇒ 4(ac − bd )2 = 0
[Q x = −5does not satisfy the given ⇒ x2 = 2, 4 ⇒ ac = bd
equation] a b
⇒ x = − 2 , 2 , − 2, 2 ⇒ =
⇒ 2 x2 − 7 x − 30 = 0 d c
∴ x=6 ∴ Required product = 8
8 Given equation is x2 + ax + 1 = 0
2 Given equation is x2 − 5 x + 6 = 0 5 The given equation is Since, roots are real
When x ≥ 0, x2 − 5x + 6 = 0 2(1 + i )x2 − 4(2 − i )x − 5 − 3i = 0 ∴ a2 − 4 ≥ 0 ⇒ a ≥ 2
and when x < 0, x2 + 5x + 6 = 0 16(2 − i )2 Thus, the least value of a is 2.
4(2 − i ) ±
⇒ x2 − 3 x − 2 x + 6 = 0; x ≥ 0 + 8(1 + i )(5 + 3i ) 9 We know that only even prime is 2,
⇒x=
and x2 + 3 x + 2 x + 6 = 0; x < 0 4(1 + i ) ∴ (2)2 − λ(2) + 12 = 0.
⇒ ( x − 3)( x − 2) = 0, x ≥ 0 i 4− i −1 − i 3 − 5i ⇒ λ=8 ...(i)
=− or = or
and ( x + 3)⋅ ( x + 2) = 0, x < 0 1+ i 1+ i 2 2 Qx + λx + µ = 0 has equal roots.
2
∴ x = 3, x = 2 and x = −3, x = −2 −1 − i 1 1 1 ∴ λ2 − 4µ = 0 [QD = 0]

Now, = + =
There are four solutions of this equation. 2 4 4 2 ⇒ (8)2 − 4µ = 0 ⇒ µ = 16
3 Given equation is 3 − 5i 9 25 17 10 Here, D = (3b )2 − 4 (4 a)(2c )
and = + =
2
2 x − 1 − 32 x − 1 + 2 = 0 2 4 4 2 = 9b 2 − 32ac = 9 (− a − c )2 − 32ac
Let 2 x − 1 = t , then Also,
17
>
1 = 9 a2 − 14 ac + 9c 2
2 2  a 2 14 a 
t 2 − 3t + 2 = 0
3 − 5i = 9c 2    − ⋅ + 1
⇒ (t − 1)(t − 2) = 0 ⇒ t = 1,2 Hence, required root is .  c  9 c 
⇒ 2 x − 1 = 1 and 2 x − 1 = 2 2
 2

= 9c 2   −  −
a 7 49
⇒ 2 x − 1 = ±1 and 2 x − 1 = ±2 6 Given equation + 1 > 0
 c 9  81 
3 1 (1 + 2k ) x2 + (1 − 2k )x + (1 − 2k ) = 0
⇒ x = 1, 0 and x = , −
2 2 Hence, the roots are real and distinct.
11 For real roots, discriminant, [since, non-real complex roots occur in a−1 = 0
conjugate pairs] ⇒ a=1
D = b 2 − 4 ac ≥ 0
= cos 2 β − 4(cos β − 1)sin β ≥ 0 Product of roots, 22 Since, α and β are the roots of the
b
= cos 2 β + 4(1 − cos β )sin β ≥ 0 = (1 − i )(1 + i ) ⇒ b = 2 equation
So, sin β should be > 0. 1 2 x2 + 2(a + b )x + a2 + b 2 = 0
[Q cos 2 β ≥ 0,1 − cos β ≥ 0] 17 Let roots be α and α2 . a2 + b 2
∴ (α + β )2 = (a + b )2 and αβ =
⇒ β ∈ (0, π ) Then, α + α = 30 and α = p
2 3 2
⇒ α2 + α − 30 = 0 Now, (α − β )2 = (α + β )2 − 4αβ
12 Here, D = 4b2 + 12ca < 0  a2 + b 2 
⇒ b 2 + 3ca < 0 …(i) ⇒ (α + 6)(α − 5) = 0 = (a + b )2 − 4 
 2 
⇒ ca < 0 ∴ α= −6, 5
= − (a − b )2
If c > 0, then a < 0 ⇒ p= α3 = (−6)3 = −216
Now, the required equation whose
3c and p= (5)3 = 125
Also, < a+ b roots are (α + β )2 and (α − β )2 is
4 ∴ p= 125and −216
x2 − {(α + β )2 + (α − β )2 } x
⇒ 3ca > 4 a2 + 4 ab x−m x+ n + (α + β )2 (α − β )2 = 0
18 Given, =
mx + 1 nx + 1 ⇒ x − {(a + b ) − (a − b )2 } x
2 2
⇒ b + 3ca > 4 a2 + 4 ab + b 2
2
= (2a + b )2 ≥ 0 …(ii) ⇒ x2 (m − n ) + 2mnx + (m + n ) = 0 − (a + b )2 (a − b )2 = 0

From (i) and (ii), c > 0, is not true.
1
Roots are α, respectively, then ⇒ x2 − 4abx − (a2 − b 2 )2 = 0
α
∴ c<0 23 The given equation is
1 m+ n
α⋅ = x2 − 2 x cos φ + 1 = 0
13 Since, D ≥ 0 α m−n
2cos φ ± 4cos 2 φ − 4
∴ b 2 − 4 ac ≥ 0 ⇒ m − n = m + n ⇒ n = 0. ∴ x=
2 2
 c + a  − 4 ac 19 Since, α,α2 be the roots of the equation = cos φ ± i sin φ
⇒   ≥ 0 [Q 2b = a + c ]
 2 
x2 + x + 1 = 0 Let α = cos φ + i sin φ, then
⇒ c 2 − 14ca + a2 ≥ 0 ∴ α + α 2 = −1 ... (i) β = cos φ − i sin φ
2
and α3 = 1 ∴ α n + β n = (cos φ + i sin φ)n
⇒   − 14   + 1≥ 0
c c ... (ii)
 a  a Now, α 31 + α 62 = α31 (1 + α31 ) + (cos φ − i sin φ)n
⇒ α + α 62 = α30 ⋅ α(1 + α 30 ⋅ α)
31 = 2cos nφ
2
⇒  c − 7 ≥ 48 and α nβ n = (cos nφ + i sin nφ)

  ⇒ α31 + α 62 = (α3 )10 ⋅ α{1 + (α3 )10 ⋅ α}
a  ⋅ (cos nφ − i sin nφ)
⇒ α31 + α 62 = α(1 + α) [from Eq. (ii)]
c = cos 2 nφ + sin2 nφ = 1
⇒ −7 ≥ 4 3 ⇒ α31 + α 62 = −1 [from Eq. (i)] ∴ Required equation is
a
Again, α31 ⋅ α 62 = α 93 x2 − 2 x cos nφ + 1 = 0
14 Let D1 and D2 be the discriminants of ⇒ α31 ⋅ α 62 = [α3 ]31 = 1
24 Given equation is
given equation, respectively. Then ∴ Required equation is
(5 + 2 )x2 − (4 + 5)x + 8 + 2 5 = 0
D1 + D2 = b 2 − 4 ac + d 2 + 4 ac x2 − (α31 + α 62 )x + α31 ⋅ α 62 = 0
Let x1 and x2 are the roots of the
⇒ x2 + x + 1 = 0
= b2 + d 2 > 0 equation, then
So, either D1 and D2 are positive or 20 Since, α and β are the roots of
4+ 5
x2 − ax + a + b = 0, then x1 + x2 = ... (i)
atleast one D’s is positive. 5+ 2
a+ β = a
Therefore, P ( x )⋅ Q ( x ) = 0 has either two αβ = a + b 8 + 2 5 2(4 + 5)
and and x1 x2 = =
or four real roots. 5+ 2 5+ 2
⇒ a2 + αβ = aα
1 4− 3 4− 3 ⇒ α2 − aα = − (a + b ) = 2( x1 + x2 ) ... (ii)
15 One root = × =
4+ 3 4− 3 13 and αβ + β2 = aβ Clearly, harmonic mean
⇒ β2 − aβ = − (a + b ) 2 x1 x2 4( x1 + x2 )
4+ 3 = = =4
∴ Other root = 1 1 2 x1 + x2 ( x1 + x2 )
13 ∴ + +
∴The quadratic equation is α2 − aα β2 − aβ a+ b [from Eq. (ii)]
4+ 3 4 − 3 1 1 2
x2 −  + = + + =0 25 Let α, β and α ′, β ′ be the roots of the
 x − (a + b ) − (a + b ) (a + b )
 13 13  given equations, respectively.
4+ 3 4− 3 21 Let α and β be the roots of equation µ ν
+ ⋅ =0 ∴ α +β=− , αβ = …(i)
13 13 x2 − (a − 2)x − a − 1 = 0 λ λ
or 13 x − 8 x + 1 = 0
2
Then, α + β = a − 2 and αβ = − a − 1 and α ′ = ω and β ′ = ω2
α α′
This equation must be identical with Now, α2 + β2 = (α + β )2 − 2αβ Q = [given]
ax2 + bx + 1 = 0; β β′
⇒ α2 + β2 = (a − 2)2 + 2(a + 1)
∴ a = 13 and b = − 8. α ω
⇒ α2 + β2 = a2 − 2a + 6 ⇒ = ⇒ β = αω
16 Sum of roots β ω2
−a ⇒ α2 + β2 = (a − 1)2 + 5
From Eq. (i),
= (1 − i ) + (1 + i ) ⇒ a = − 2. The value of α2 + β2 will be least, if
1
µ 2 ν = α2 + β2 − αβ (Qω + ω2 = −1) 34 Given, (6 k + 2)x2 + rx + 3 k − 1 = 0

α + αω = − ,α ω =
λ λ = (α + β )2 − 3αβ = p2 − 3q and (12k + 4)x2 + px + 6 k − 2 = 0
µ ν α 2 β2 α 3 + β3
⇒ − αω2 = − , α2ω = Also, + = For both common roots,
λ λ β α αβ 6k + 2 3k − 1
r
[Q− ω2 = 1 + ω] = =
(α + β )3 − 3αβ(α + β) p(3q − p2 ) 12 k + 4 p 6 k − 2
µ2 ν = =
⇒ = ⇒ µ = λν
2
αβ q r 1
λ2 λ ⇒ = ⇒ 2r − p = 0
∴ The given expression p 2
26 Simplified form of given equation is ( p2 − 3q ) q
(2x + p + q ) r = ( x + p )( x + q ) = =− 35 Given equations are
p(3q − p2 ) p
⇒ x2 + ( p + q − 2r )x x2 + 2 x + 3 = 0 ... (i)
q
− ( p + q ) r + pq = 0 and ax2 + bx + c = 0 ... (ii)
3p Since, Eq. (i) has imaginary roots.
Since, sum of roots = 0 30 Clearly, α + β = − p and αβ =
⇒ − ( p + q − 2r ) = 0 4 So, Eq. (ii) will also have both roots
p+q Also, (α − β )2 = 10 same as Eq. (i)
⇒ r = a b c
2 ⇒ (α + β )2 − 4αβ = 10 Thus, = =
and product of roots ⇒ p2 − 3 p = 10 1 2 3
= − ( p + q ) r + pq ⇒ ( p + 2)( p − 5) = 0 Hence, a:b :c is 1:2:3.
( p + q )2 ∴ p = −2, 5 36 α, β be the roots of ax2 + bx + c = 0
=− + pq
2 31 Let the quadratic equation be ∴ α + β = − b / a, αβ = c / a
1
= − ( p2 + q 2 ) ax2 + bx + c = 0 and its roots are α and Now roots are α − 1, β − 1
2 β. Their sum, α + β − 2 = (− b / a) − 2
Sachin made a mistake in writing down = − 8/2 = − 4
27 Clearly, sum of roots,
constant term. Their product,
k+1 k+2 b
+ =− ... (i) ∴ Sum of roots is correct i.e. α + β = 7 (α − 1) (β − 1) = αβ − (α + β ) + 1
k k+1 a Rahul made mistake in writing down
and product of roots, = c /a + b/a + 1 = 1
coefficient of x.
k+1 k+2 c ∴ b / a = 2 i.e. b = 2a
× = ∴ Product of roots is correct.
k k+1 a also c + b = 0 ⇒ b = − c .
i.e. α ⋅ β = 6
k+2 c 4b 2 − 8c 2
⇒ = ⇒ Correct quadratic equation is 37 min f ( x ) = − D = −
k a 4a 4
x2 − (α + β )x + αβ = 0.
2 c c−a 2a = − (b 2 − 2c 2 )
⇒ = −1 = ⇒k = ⇒ x2 − 7 x + 6 = 0 having roots 1
k a a c−a (upward parabola)
and 6.
On putting the value of k in Eq. (i), we D 4c 2 + 4b 2
get 32 Since, α + β = − 1,αβ = 2, max g ( x ) = − =
c+a 2c b 4a 4
+ =− γ + δ = − 3, and γδ = 4 = b + c2
2
2a c+a a
⇒ (c + a)2 + 4ac = −2b(a + c ) ∴ (α + γ )(α + δ )(β + γ )(β + δ ) (downward parabola)
= (α2 − 3α + 4)(β2 − 3β + 4) Now, 2c 2 − b 2 > b 2 + c 2
⇒ (a + c )2 + 2b(a + c ) = −4ac
⇒ c 2 > 2b 2 ⇒ |c| > 2 |b|
⇒ (a + c )2 + 2b(a + c ) + b 2 = b 2 − 4ac = 4 − 3αβ2 + 4β2 − 3α2β + 9αβ
⇒ (a + b + c )2 = b 2 − 4ac − 12β + 4α2 − 12α + 16 38 We have,
28 Since, α and β are the roots of the = 4 − 3(2)β + 4β2 + 4α2 ( x − a1 )2 + ( x − a2 )2 + … + ( x − an )2
equation ax2 + bx + c = 0 −3( 2)α + 9( 2) − 12 ( β + α ) + 16 = n x2 − 2 x(a1 + a2 + … + an )
b c + (a12 + a22 + …+ a2n )
∴ α + β = − and αβ = = 4 − 6β + 4(α2 + β2 )
a a So, it attains its minimum value at
− 6α + 18 + 12 + 16 2(a1 + a2 + … + an )
Now, sum of roots = α + β x=
= 50 + 6 + 4[(α + β )2 − 2αβ] 2n
= − α −β (Qβ < α < 0)
 b b = 56 − 12 = 44 a1 + a2 + … + an  using : x = −b 
= − −  = (Qα + β > 0) =
 a n  2a 
a
33 Given, R = π ⇒ P + Q = π
c 2 2 39 Given bx2 + cx + a = 0 has imaginary
and product of roots = α β =
a P Q π roots.
⇒ + =
Hence, required eqution is 2 2 4 ⇒ c 2 − 4ab < 0 ⇒ c 2 < 4ab …(i)
b c Q Let f ( x ) = 3b 2 x2 + 6bcx + 2c 2
x2 − x + =0 P
tan + tan
a a π 2 2 Here, 3b 2 > 0
⇒ 1 = tan =
⇒ a x2 − b x + c = 0 4 1 − tan P tan Q So, the given expression has a
2 minimum value.
29 Since, α and β are the roots of the 2
b −D
− ∴ Minimum value =
equation x2 + px + q = 0 therefore a 4a
b
α + β = − p and αβ = q ⇒ 1= = ⇒a+ b =c 4ac − b 2 4(3b 2 )(2c 2 ) − 36b 2c 2
1−
c c −a = =
Now, (ωα + ω2β )(ω2α + ωβ ) 4a 4(3b 2 )
a
= α2 + β2 + (ω 4 + ω2 )αβ (Qω3 = 1)
12b 2c 2 | x − 2| − 1 51 Using GM ≤ AM, we have

=− = − c 2 > −4ab 46 Given, ≤0
12b 2 | x − 2| − 2 {(1 − a) (1 − b ) (1 − c )1 /3 }
[from Eq. (i)] Let | x − 2 |= k 1− a+ 1−b + 1−c
≤
40 According to given condition, Then, given equation, 3
k −1 (k − 1) (k − 2) 8
4a2 − 4(10 − 3a) < 0 ≤0 ⇒ ≤0 ⇒ (1 − a) (1 − b ) (1 − c ) ≤
⇒ a2 + 3a − 10 < 0 k −2 (k − 2)2 27
8
⇒ (a + 5) (a − 2) < 0 ⇒ (k − 1) (k − 2) ≤ 0 ⇒ 1 ≤ k ≤ 2 Hence, the greatest value is .
27
⇒ − 5 < a < 2. ⇒ 1 ≤ | x − 2|≤ 2
Case I When 1 ≤ | x − 2| 52 Using AM ≥ GM, we have
41 We have, ax − 1 + 1 ≥ 0
x (a + b ) + (c + d )
⇒ | x − 2|≥ 1 ≥ {(a + b ) (c + d )}1 /2
ax2 − x + 1 2
⇒ ≥0 ⇒ x − 2 ≥ 1 or x − 2 ≤ −1
x 2
⇒ x ≥ 3 and x ≤ 1 …(i) ⇒ ≥ M 1 /2 ⇒ M ≤ 1
⇒ ax2 − x + 1 ≤ 0 as x > 0 2
Case II When | x − 2|≤ 2 As a, b, c , d > 0.
It will hold if a > 0 and D ≤ 0
1 ⇒ −2 ≤ x − 2 ≤ 2 Therefore, M = (a + b ) (c + d ) > 0.
a > 0 and 1 − 4a ≤ 0 ⇒ a ≥
4 ⇒ −2 + 2 ≤ x ≤ 2 + 2 Hence, 0 ≤ M ≤ 1.
1 ⇒ 0≤ x ≤ 4 ...(ii)
Therefore, the minimum value of a is . 53 log 2 ( x2 − 3 x + 18) < 4
4 From (i) and (ii), x ∈ [0, 1] ∪ [3, 4]
⇒ x2 − 3 x + 18 < 16
42 Let f ( x ) = − 3 + x − x2 . x+2 1 (Qlog a b < c ⇔ b < ac , if a > 1)
47 − >0
Then, f ( x ) < 0 for all x, because coeff. of x2 + 1 2 ⇒ x2 − 3 x + 2 < 0
x2 < 0 and disc. < 0. − x2 − 1 + 2 x + 4 ⇒ ( x − 1)( x − 2) < 0 ⇒ x ∈ (1,2)
⇒ >0
Thus, LHS of the given equation is 2( x2 + 1)
always positive whereas the RHS is 54. Clearly, x − 1 > 0 ⇒ x > 1
3 + 2 x − x2
always less than zero. Hence, the given ⇒ >0 and log 0 . 3 ( x − 1) > log ( 0 . 3 )2 ( x − 1)
equation has no solution. 2( x2 + 1)
1
Since, denominator is positive ⇒ log 0 . 3 ( x − 1) > log 0 . 3 ( x − 1)
43 Let f ( x ) = ax + bx + c .
2 2
∴3 + 2 x − x2 > 0 ⇒ log 0 . 3 ( x − 1) > 0 ⇒ x < 2
Then, k lies betweenα andβ, if a f (k ) < 0 ⇒ − 1< x < 3
⇒ a (ak 2 + bk + c ) < 0 Hence, x ∈ (1, 2)
⇒ x = 0, 1, 2
⇒ a2 k 2 + abk + ac < 0. 55 By definition of log x, x > 0 and
48 Let a1 , a2 , … , an be n positive integers
44 We have, 2 x − 3 < x + 5  x + 5
such that a1 a2 … an = 1.  >0
⇒ 2x − 3 − x + 5 < 0 Using AM ≥ GM, we have  1 − 3x 
 a + a2 + … + an ( x + 5)(1 − 3 x )
⇒ 1 ≥ (a1 a2 … an )1 / n ⇒ >0
 3 − 2 x + x + 5 < 0, x ≤ − 5 n (1 − 3 x )2
 3
⇒ 3 − 2 x − x − 5 < 0, − 5 < x ≤ ⇒ a1 + a2 + … an ≥ n.
 2 ⇒ ( x + 5)(1 − 3 x ) > 0
 2 x − 3 − x − 5 < 0, x >
3 49 Since, AM ≥ GM
 2 bcx + cay + abz ⇒ ( x + 5)(3 x − 1) < 0
∴ ≥ (a2b 2c 2 ⋅ xyz )1 /3
 3 ⇒ − 5 < x < 1/3
 x > 8, x ≤ −5 ⇒ bcx + cay + abz ≥ 3abc
 2 3 As x > 0, 0 < x < 1 / 3
⇒  x > − ,− 5< x ≤ [Qxyz = abc ]
 3 2 x+ 5
3 50 We know that, AM > GM ∴ < 1⇒ x < − 1
 x < 8, x > 1 − 3x
 2 a+ b + c
∴ > (abc )1 /3 ... (i) This does not satisfy 0 < x < 1 / 3.
⇒  2 3  3 
x ∈  − , ∪  , 8
3
Hence, there is no solution.
 3 2   2  1 1 1
+ + 1 /3
a b c >  1 
x ∈  − , 8
2 and
⇒ 3  abc  SESSION 2
 3 
 1 + 1 + 1 > 3 1 We have
x−5 ⇒   ... (ii)
45 >0  a b c  (abc )1 /3 2 x −3 + x ( x − 6) + 6 = 0
x2 + 5x − 14
From (i) and (ii), we get
( x + 7 )( x − 2) ( x − 5) Let x −3 = y
⇒ >0
( x − 2)2 ( x + 7 )2  a + b + c   1 + 1 + 1 ⇒ x = y+3
  
 3  a b c 
3 ∴ 2 y + ( y + 3)( y − 3) + 6 = 0
> ⋅ (abc )1 /3 ⇒ 2 y + y2 − 3 = 0
⇒ x ∈ (−7, 2) ∪ (5, ∞ ) (abc )1 /3 2
⇒ y + 2 y −3 = 0
⇒ (a + b + c ) + +  > 9
So, the least integral value α of x is − 6, 1 1 1
which satisfy the equation a b c ⇒ ( y + 3)( y − 1) = 0
α2 + 5α − 6 = 0 ⇒ y ≠ −3 ⇒ y = 1
⇒ y = ±1 5 Given equation can be rewritten as 9 We have,

⇒ x − 3 = ±1 3 x2 − (a + c + 2b + 2d )x + ac + 2bd = 0 log a a 2 log a a
+
⇒ x = 4,2 Now, discriminant, D log a a + log a x log a x
= (a + c + 2b + 2d )2 − 4⋅ 3(ac + 2bd )
⇒ x = 16, 4 +
3 log a a
=0
= {(a + 2d ) + (c + 2b )}2 − 12(ac + 2bd )
x +2 2 log a a + log a x
2 We have, 2 ⋅ 33 x / ( x − 1 ) = 9 = {(a + 2d ) − (c + 2b )}2 + 4(a + 2d )
(c + 2b ) − 12(ac + 2bd ) 1 2 3
Taking log on both sides, we get ⇒ + + =0
3x = {(a + 2d ) − (c + 2b )}2 1+ t t 2+ t
( x + 2)log 2 + log 3 = 2 log 3
( x − 1) −8ac + 8ab + 8dc − 8bd ( let log a x = t )
= {(a + 2d ) − (c + 2b )}2 + 8(c − b )(d − a) 2t + t 2 + 2t 2 + 6t + 4 + 3t 2 + 3t
⇒ ( x + x − 2)log 2 + 3 x log 3
2
⇒ =0
Which is + ve, since a < b < c < d . t (1 + t ) (2 + t )
= 2( x − 1)log 3 Hence, roots are real and distinct.
⇒ 6t 2 + 11t + 4 = 0
⇒ x2 log 2 + (log 2 + log 3)x 6 Since, α and β are roots of ⇒ 6t 2 + 8t + 3t + 4 = 0
− 2 log 2 + 2 log 3 = 0 px2 + qx + r = 0, p ≠ 0
⇒ (2t + 1) (3t + 4) = 0
− (log 2 + log 3) ± −q r
∴ α+β = , αβ = ⇒
1
t = − ,−
4
{(log 2 + log 3)2 − 4 log 2 p p 2 3
(− 2 log 2 + 2 log 3)} Since, p,q and r are in AP. 1 4
∴ x= ⇒ log a x = − , −
∴ 2q = p + r 2 3
2 log 2
1 1 α+β ∴ x = a−1 /2 , a−4 /3
Also, + =4 ⇒ =4
− (log 2 + log 3) α β αβ
−q
10 Since, x = 1 is a root of first equation. If
{(3 log 2)2 − 6 log 2 log 3 ⇒ α + β = 4αβ ⇒ =
4r
± α is another root of first equation, then
+ (log 3)2 } p p a−b
= α × 1= α =
2 log 2 Q 2q = p + r b −c
⇒ 2(−4r ) = p + r ⇒ p = −9r
− (log 2 + log 3) ± (3 log 2 − log 3) −q
(Product of roots)
= Q α+β = =
4r
=
4r
=−
4
2 log 2 −9r 2a − 2b 2a − (a + c )
p p 9 = = =1
log 3 r r 1 2b − 2c a + c − 2c
∴ x = − 2, 1 − and αβ = = =
log 2 p −9r −9 So, the roots of first equation are 1 and
1.
3 Given, α and β are the roots of the Now, consider
(α − β )2 = (α + β )2 − 4αβ Since, the equations have a common root,
equation x − 6 x − 2 = 0
2
1 is also a root of second equation.
16 4 16 + 36
Qan = α n − β n , n ≥ 1 ⇒ a10 = α10 − β10 = + = ⇒ 2(c + a) + b + c = 0
81 9 81
a8 = α 8 − β 8 and a9 = α 9 − β 9 52 ⇒ 2(2b ) + b + c = 0
⇒ (α − β )2 =
Now, consider 81 [since, a, b and c are in AP]
2 ⇒ c = − 5b
a10 − 2a8 [Qα and β are the ⇒ α −β = 13
9 Also, a + c = 2b ⇒ a = 2b − c
2a9 roots of = 2b + 5 b = 7b
7 α + β = −b / a and αβ = c / a ∴ a2 = 49b 2 , c 2 = 25 b 2
α10 − β10 − 2(α 8 − β 8 ) x2 − 6 x − 2 = 0
= Now, (1 + α + α2 )(1 + β + β2 ) Hence, a2 , c 2 and b 2 are in AP.
2(α 9 − β 9 ) or x2 = 6 x + 2 = 1 + (α + β ) + (α2 + β2 )
α 8(α2 − 2) − β 8(β2 − 2) ⇒ α2 = 6α + 2 + αβ + αβ(α + β) + (αβ) 2 11 On adding first and second equations,
= we get
2(α 9 − β 9 ) ⇒ α2 − 2 = 6α = 1 + (α + β ) + (α + β )2
2 x2 + (a + b )x + 27 = 0
and β2 = 6β + 2 − αβ + αβ(α + β) + (αβ) 2
α ⋅ 6α − β ⋅ 6β
8 8
On subtracting above equation from
= b b2 c  c   b  c 2
2(α 9 − β 9 ) ⇒ β2 − 2 = 6β] = 1− + 2 − +  −  + 2 given third equation, we get
a a a  a  a a
x2 − 9 = 0 ⇒ x = 3, − 3
6α 9 − 6β 9 6 (a2 + b 2 + c 2 − ab − bc − ca)
= = =3 = Thus, common positive root is 3.
2(α 9 − β 9 ) 2 a2
Now, (3)2 + 3 a + 12 = 0 ⇒ a = − 7
= [(a − b )2 + (b − c )2 + (c − a)2 ] / 2a2
and 9 + 3b + 15 = 0 ⇒ b = − 8
4 We have, x2 − 5x + 1 = 0 which is positive.
Hence, the order pair (a, b ) is (− 7, − 8).
1 1 8 Using AM ≥ GM
x+ = 5 ⇒ x2 + 2 = 52 − 2 = 23
12 Let y = x2 − 3 x + 4
2
x x
1 a−5 + a−4 + a−3 + a−3 + a−3 x + 3x + 4
and x3 + 3 = 53 − 3 × 5 = 110 ⇒ ( y − 1)x2 + 3( y + 1)x + 4( y − 1) = 0
x + 1 + a8 + a10
∴ Q x is real.
Now,  x2 + 2   x3 + 3 
1 1 8
 x   x  ≥ (a−5 ⋅ a−4 ⋅ a−3 ⋅ a−3 ⋅ a−3 ⋅ 1 ⋅ a8 ⋅ a10 )1 / 8 ∴ D≥0
⇒ a−5 + a−4 + 3a−3 + 1 + a8 + a10 ⇒ 9( y + 1)2 − 16( y − 1)2 ≥ 0
= 23 × 110 = 2530 ⇒ −7 y 2 + 50 y − 7 ≥ 0
≥ 8⋅1
⇒ x + 5 = 2530 −  x +  = 2525 ⇒ 7 y 2 − 50 y + 7 ≤ 0
1
5 1 Hence, minimum value is 8.
x  x ⇒ ( y − 7)(7 y − 1) ≤ 0
⇒ y ≤ 7 and y ≥
1 Now, consider When x = 3,
7 n n x2 + 4 x − 60 = 9 + 12 − 60 = −39, which
1 lim ΣS r = lim Σ (α r
+β ) r
is not an even integer.
⇒ ≤ y≤7 n→ ∞ r = 1 n→ ∞ r = 1
7 Thus, in this case, we get x = 2
= (α + α + α + K ∞ )
2 3
Hence, maximum value is 7 and Hence, the sum of all real values of
+ (β + β2 + β3 + K ∞ )
1
minimum value is . α β α − αβ + β − αβ x = −10 + 6 + 4 + 1 + 2 = 3
7 = + =
1−α 1−β (1 − α )(1 − β ) 18 Given, 4 x2 − 16 x + λ = 0
13 Here, a ∈ R and equation is α + β − 2αβ 4
−3{ x − [ x]}2 + 2{ x − [ x]} + a2 = 0 = 16 ± (256 − 4λ )
1 − (α + β ) + αβ ∴ x=
Let t = x − [ x], then 8
1 4
−3t 2 + 2t + a2 = 0 + 8 ± (64 − λ )
= 15 375 =
1 ± 1 + 3a2 4
⇒ t = 1−
1
−
2
3 15 375 (64 − λ )
Q t = x − [ x] = { x} [fractional part] ⇒ α, β = 2 ±
25 + 4 4
∴ 0≤ t ≤ 1 =
375 − 25 − 2 Here, 64 − λ > 0
1 ± 1 + 3a2
⇒ 0≤ <1 29 1 ∴ λ < 64
3 = =
348 12 Also, 1 < α < 2 and 2 < β < 3
[Q 0 ≤ { x} < 1]
But 1 − 1 + 3a2 < 0 therefore 16 Here, [tan x] = integer
2
64 − λ
∴ 1< 2 − <2
and a = integer 4
1 + 1 + 3a 2
0≤ <1 So, tan x is also an integer.
3 64 − λ
Then, tan2 x − tan x − a = 0 and 2< 2 + <3
⇒ 1 + 3a2 < 2 ⇒ a = tan x (tan x − 1) = I (I − 1) 4
⇒ 1 + 3a2 < 4 ⇒ a2 − 1 < 0 = Product of two 64 − λ
⇒ (a + 1)(a − 1) < 0 ⇒ − 1< − <0
consecutive integers 4
∴ a = 2, 6, 12, 20, 30, 42, 56, 72, 90 (64 − λ )
Hence, set S has 9 elements. and 0< <1
4
2
+ 4 x − 60
⇒ a ∈ (−1,1) 17 Given, ( x2 − 5x + 5)x =1 (64 − λ )
⇒ 1> >0
For no integral solution we consider the Clearly, this is possible when 4
interval (−1, 0) ∪ (0,1).
I. x + 4 x − 60 = 0 and
2
(64 − λ )
0< <1
14 Given, a = cos 2 π + i sin 2 π
and
x2 − 5 x + 5 ≠ 0 4
7 7
or (64 − λ )
∴ a7 = cos 2 π + i sin 2 π = 1 i.e. 0< <1
[Qe iθ = cos θ + i sin θ] II. x2 − 5 x + 5 = 1 4
Also, α = a + a + a4 ,
2
or ⇒ 0 < (64 − λ ) < 4
β = a3 + a5 + a6 III. x2 − 5 x + 5 = −1 and ⇒ 0 < 64 − λ < 16 ⇒ λ > 48
Then, the sum of roots, x2 + 4 x − 60 = Even integer or 48 < λ < 64
S = α + β = a + a2 + a3 + a4 ∴ λ = {49, 50, 51, 52, ... , 63}
Case I When x2 + 4 x − 60 = 0
+ a5 + a6 19 Since, roots of ax2 + bx + c = 0 are α and
⇒ x2 + 10 x − 6 x − 60 = 0
a(1 − a6 ) a − a7 β. Hence, roots of cx2 + bx + a = 0, will
⇒ S = = ⇒ x( x + 10) − 6( x + 10) = 0
1− a 1− a 1 1
⇒ ( x + 10)( x − 6) = 0 be and . Now, if we replace x by
a−1 α β
= = −1 [Q a7 = 1] ⇒ x = −10 or x = 6
1− a Note that, for these two values of x − 1, then roots of
1
and product of the roots, x, x2 − 5x + 5 ≠ 0 c ( x − 1)2 + b( x − 1) + a = 0 will be 1 +
α
P = αβ = (a + a2 + a4 ) (a3 + a5 + a6 ) Case II When x2 − 5x + 5 = 1 1 1
= a4 + a5 + 1 + a6 + 1 + a2 + 1 and 1 + . Now, again replace x by ,
⇒ x2 − 5x + 4 = 0 β x
+ a + a3 [Q a7 = 1] ⇒ x2 − 4 x − x + 4 = 0 we will get c (1 − x )2 + b(1 − x ) + ax2 = 0,
= 3 + (a + a + a + a + a + a6 )
2 3 4 5
⇒ ( x − 4) ( x − 1) = 0 α β
=3−1=2 whose roots are and .
⇒ x = 4 or x = 1 1+ α 1+ β
Hence, the required quadratic equation
Case III When x2 − 5x + 5 = −1
is x2 + x + 2 = 0 20 Let f ( x ) = x2 − 2kx + k 2 + k − 5
⇒ x2 − 5x + 6 = 0
15 Since, α and β are the roots of ⇒ x − 2x − 3x + 6 = 0
2 Since, both roots are less than 5.
b
375 x2 − 25x − 2 = 0. ⇒ x( x − 2) − 3( x − 2) = 0 ∴ D ≥ 0, − < 5and f (5) > 0
2a
25 1 ⇒ ( x − 2)( x − 3) = 0
∴ α +β= = Here, D = 4k 2 − 4(k 2 + k − 5)
375 15 ⇒ x = 2 or x = 3
= −4k + 20 ≥ 0
2 Now, when x = 2,
and αβ = − x2 + 4 x − 60 = 4 + 8 − 60 = −48, which ⇒ k≤5 ... (i)
375
is an even integer.
−
b
<5⇒ k<5 ... (ii) (m + 3) (m + 1) > 0 But,  a +   b +   c + 
1 1 1
2a ⇒ −∞ < m < −3 and  b  c  d
and f (5) > 0 −1 < m < ∞ ... (iv)  d + 1  = 4 × 1 × 4 × 1 = 16
⇒ 25 − 10k + k 2 + k − 5 > 0  
From (i), (ii), (iii) and (iv), we get  a
⇒ k 2 − 9k + 20 > 0 m lie between −1 and 3. 1 1 1 1
∴ a = ,b = ,c and d =
⇒ (k − 5)(k − 4) > 0 b c d a
22 Let z = x + iy , given Re(z ) = 1
⇒ k < 4 and k > 5 …(iii) 1 1 1 1
∴ x = 1 ⇒ z = 1 + iy ⇒ a = = 2, b = = , c = = 2
From (i), (ii) and (iii), we get b c 2 d
k<4 Since, the complex roots are conjugate
1 1
to each other. and d = =
21 Since, both roots of equation a 2
So, z = 1 + iy and 1 − iy are two roots of
1 1
x2 − 2mx + m2 − 1 = 0 are greater than −2 z2 + α z + β = 0. ⇒ a = 2, b = ,c = 2 and d =
but less than 4. 2 2
b Q Product of roots = β ⇒ a = c and b = d
∴ D ≥ 0, −2 < − < 4, ⇒ (1 + iy )(1 − iy ) = β
2a 1
∴ β = 1 + y 2 ≥ 1 ⇒ β ∈ [1, ∞ ) 25 We have, f ( x ) =
f (4) > 0 and f (−2) > 0 ex + x
2
Now, D≥0 23 Given equation is e
⇒ 4m2 − 4m2 + 4 ≥ 0 e sin x − e − sin x = 4 ⇒ e sin x −
1
=4 Using AM ≥ GM , we get
⇒ 4> 0⇒m ∈R ... (i) e sin x 2
Let e sin x 1
= t , then t − = 4 ex + x 1 /2
t e ≥  e x ⋅ 2  , as e x > 0
2  ex 
⇒ t 2 − 1 − 4t = 0 ⇒ t 2 − 4t − 1 = 0
2
4 ± 16 + 4 ⇒ e + x ≥2 2
x
⇒ t = e
2
1 1
t = 2 ± 5 ⇒ e sin x = 2 ± 5 ⇒ 0< ≤
b 2 2 2
−2 < − <4 But −1 ≤ sin x ≤ 1 ⇒ e −1 ≤ e sin x ≤ e 1 e + x
x
2a e
⇒ e sin x ∈  ,e 
1 1
 2m  ∴ 0 < f ( x) ≤ ,∀x∈R
⇒ −2 <  <4  e 
 2⋅ 1  2 2
Also, 0 < e < 2 + 5 Statement II is true and Statement I is
⇒ −2 < m < 4 ... (ii)
Hence, given equation has no solution. also true as for some ‘c’.
f (4) > 0 1
⇒ 16 − 8m + m2 − 1 > 0 24 Using AM > GM, we have ⇒ f (c ) = [for c = 0]
3
⇒ m2 − 8m + 15 > 0 a+
1
>2
a
, b + >2
1 b 1
⇒ (m − 3)(m − 5) > 0 b b c c which lies betwen 0 and .
2 2
⇒ −∞ < m < 3 and 5 < m < ∞ ... (iii) 1 c 1 d
c + >2 and d + > 2 So, Statement II is correct explanation
and f (−2) > 0 d d a a of Statement I.
⇒ 4 + 4m + m2 − 1 > 0  a + 1   b + 1   c + 1   d + 1  > 16
⇒ m2 + 4m + 3 > 0       
 b  c  d  a
DAY FIVE
Matrices
u Matrix u Algebra of Matrices u Trace of a Matrix

u Types of Matrices u Transpose of a Matrix u Equivalent Matrices
u Equality of Matrices u Some Special Matrices u Invertible Matrices
Matrix
l
A matrix is an arrangement of numbers in rows and columns.
l
A matrix having m rows and n columns is called a matrix of order m × n and the
number of elements in this matrix will be mn.
 a11 a12 a13 ... a1 n 
a a22 a23 ... a2 n 
l
A matrix of order m × n is of the form A =  21 
 ... ... ... ... ... 
a 
 m1 am2 am3 ... amn 
Some important terms related to matrices

l
The element in the ith row and jth column is denoted by aij.
l
The elements a11 , a22 , a33 , ...... are called diagonal elements.
l
The line along which the diagonal elements lie is called the principal diagonal or PRED
simply the diagonal of the matrix.
MIRROR
Types of Matrices u No. of Questions in Exercises (x)—

l
If all elements of a matrix are zero, then it is called a null or zero matrix and it is u No. of Questions Attempted (y)—
denoted by O. u No. of Correct Questions (z)—
l
A matrix which has only one row and any number of columns is called a row matrix (Without referring Explanations)
and if it has only one column and any number of rows, then it is called a column
matrix. u Accuracy Level (z / y × 100)—
l
If in a matrix, the number of rows and columns are equal, then it is called a square
matrix. If A = [aij]n × n , then it is known as square matrix of order n.
In order to expect good rank in JEE,
l
If in a matrix, the number of rows is less/greater than the number of columns, then it your Accuracy Level should be
above 85 & Prep Level should be
is called rectangular matrix. above 75.
l
If in a square matrix, all the non-diagonal elements are zero, it is called a diagonal
matrix.
46 40 DAYS ~ JEE MAIN MATHEMATICS DAY FIVE
If in a square matrix, all non-diagonal elements are zero

Transpose of a Matrix
l
and diagonal elements are equal, then it is called a

scalar matrix. Let A be m × n matrix, then the matrix obtained by interchanging
l
If in a square matrix, all non-diagonal elements are zero the rows and columns of A is called the transpose of A and is
and diagonal elements are unity, then it is called an unit denoted by A′ or AC or A T .
(identity) matrix. We denote the identity matrix of order If A be m × n matrix, A′ will be n × m matrix.
n by I n and when order is clear from context then we
simply write it as I.
Important Results
l
In a square matrix, if aij = 0, ∀ i > j, then it is called an
(i) If A and B are two matrices of order m × n, then
upper triangular matrix and if aij = 0, ∀i < j , then it is ( A ± B)′ = A′ ± B ′
called a lower triangular matrix.
(ii) If k is a scalar, then (k A)′ = k A′
NOTE • The diagonal elements of diagonal matrix may or may (iii) ( A′ )′ = A
not be zero. (iv) ( AB)′ = B′ A′
(v) ( A n )′ = ( A′ )n
Equality of Matrices
Two matrices A and B are said to be equal, if they are of Some Special Matrices
same order and all the corresponding elements are equal.
l
A square matrix A is called an idempotent matrix,
if it satisfies the relation A2 = A.
Algebra of Matrices l
A square matrix A is called nilpotent matrix of order k,
l
If A = [aij]m × n and B = [b ij] m × n be two matrices of same if it satisfies the relation A k = O, for some k ∈ N .
order, then A + B = [aij + b ij]m × n and A − B = [aij − b ij]m × n , l
The least value of k is called the index of the nilpotent
where i = 1, 2, ..., m, j = 1, 2, ..., n. matrix A.
l
A square matrix A is called an involutary matrix,
l
If A = [aij] be an m × n matrix and k be any scalar, then, if it satisfies the relation A2 = I .
kA = [kaij]m × n . l
A square matrix A is called an orthogonal matrix,
l
If A = [aij]m × n and B = [b ij]n × p be any two matrices such if it satisfies the relation AA′ = I or A′ A = I .
that number of columns of A is equal to the number of l
A square matrix A is called symmetric matrix,
rows of B, then the product matrix AB = [c ij], of order if it satisfies the relation A′ = A.
n
m × p, where c ij = ∑a b kj . A square matrix A is called skew-symmetric matrix,
l
ik
k =1 if it satisfies the relation A′ = − A.
NOTE • If A and B are idempotent matrices, then A + B is idempotent

Some Important Properties iff AB = − BA.
l
A + B = B + A (Commutativity of addition)  a1 a2 a3 
• If A =  b1 b2 b3  is orthogonal, then
l
( A + B) + C = A + (B + C) (Associativity of addition)  
 c1 c 2 c 3 
l
α ( A + B) = αA + αB, where α is any scalar.
Σ ai2 = Σ bi2 = Σ c i2 = 1 and Σ ai bi = Σ bi c i = Σ ai c i = 0
l
(α + β) A = αA + βA, where α and β are any scalars.
• If A B are symmetric matrices of the same order, then
l
α (βA) = (αβ) A, where α and β are any scalars.
(i) AB is symmetric if and only if AB = BA .
l
( AB) C = A (BC) (Associativity of multiplication)
(ii) A ± B , AB + BA are also symmetric matrices.
l
AI = A = IA • If A and B are two skew-symmetric matrices, then
l
A (B + C) = AB + AC (Distributive property) (i) A ± B, AB − BA are skew-symmetric matrices.
NOTE • A2 = A ⋅ A, A3 = A ⋅ A ⋅ A = A2 ⋅ A1 , K (ii) AB + BA is a symmetric matrix.
• Every square matrix can be uniquely expressed as the sum of
• If the product AB is possible, then it is not necessary that symmetric and skew-symmetric matrices.
the product BA is also possible. Also, it is not necessary
1 1 1 1
that AB = BA. i.e. A = ( A + A′ ) + ( A − A′ ), where ( A + A′ ) and ( A − A′ )
2 2 2 2
• The product of two non-zero matrices can be a zero
are symmetric and skew-symmetric respectively.
matrix.
DAY FIVE MATRICES 47
(iii) Addition of constant multiple of the elements of any row

Trace of a Matrix (column) to the corresponding elements of any other row
The sum of the diagonal elements of a square matrix A is (column), indicated as
called the trace of A and is denoted by tr( A). Ri → Ri + kR j (Ci → Ci + kC j).
(i) tr( λA) = λ tr( A) (ii) tr( A ) = tr( A ′ )
(iii) tr( AB) = tr( BA) Invertible Matrices
l
A square matrix A of order n is said to be invertible if there
exists another square matrix B of order n such that
Equivalent Matrices AB = BA = I .
Two matrices A and B are said to be equivalent, if one is l
The matrix B is called the inverse of matrix A and it is
obtained from the other by one or more elementary operations denoted by A −1 .
and we write A ~ B.
Following types of operations are called elementary
operations. Some Important Results
l
Inverse of a square matrix, if it exists, is unique.
(i) Interchanging any two rows (columns).
This transformation is indicated by
l
AA −1 = I = A −1 A
Ri ↔ R j (Ci ↔ C j)
l
If A and B are invertible, then ( AB)−1 = B −1 A −1
(ii) Multiplication of the elements of any row (column) by a l
( A − 1 )T = ( A T )− 1
non-zero scalar quantity, indicated as l
If A is symmetric, then A −1 will also be symmetric matrix.
Ri → kRi (Ci → kCi ) l
Every orthogonal matrix is invertible.

0 1 0 −1 2 3
1 If A =   and B =  , then which of the following is 1 −2 3 
1 1 1 0  5 If A =  and B = 4 5, then
 −4 2 5  
correct? j
NCERT Exemplar 2 1 
(a) (A + B) ⋅ (A − B) = A + B
2 2
(b) (A + B) ⋅ (A − B) = A 2 − B 2 (a) AB, BA exist and are equal
(c) (A + B) ⋅ (A − B) = I (d) None of these (b) AB, BA exist and are not equal
(c) AB exists and BA does not exist
2 If p, q , r are 3 real numbers satisfying the matrix (d) AB does not exist and BA exists
3 4 1 
6 If ω ≠ 1 is the complex cube root of unity and matrix
equation, [ p q r ] 3 2 3 = [ 3 0 1 ], then 2p + q − r is
  ω 0 
2 0 2 H= 70
, then H is equal to
0 ω
equal to j
JEE Mains 2013
(a) H (b) 0 (c) −H (d) H 2
(a) − 3 (b) − 1 (c) 4 (d) 2
7 If A and B are 3 × 3 matrices such that AB = A and
3 In a upper triangular matrix n × n, minimum number of
BA = B, then
zeroes is
n (n − 1) n (n + 1) (a) A 2 = A and B 2 ≠ B (b) A 2 ≠ A and B 2 = B
(a) (b) (c) A 2 = A and B 2 = B (d) A 2 ≠ A and B 2 ≠ B
2 2
2n (n − 1) 8 For each real number x such that − 1 < x < 1, let
2
 1 −x 
1 2 a 0 1 − x 1− x x +y
4 Let A =   and B = 0 b ; a , b ∈ N. Then, A( x ) =  and z =
1 
. Then,
 3 4    −x 1 + xy
 
(a) there exists more than one but finite number of B’s such  − x
1 1 − x 
that AB = BA (a) A (z) = A(x) + A(y)
(b) there exists exactly one B such that AB = BA (b) A(z) = A(x) [A(y)]−1
(c) there exist infinitely many B’s such that AB = BA (c) A (z) = A(x) ⋅ A(y)
(d) there cannot exist any B such that AB = BA (d) A(z) = A(x) − A(y)
cos α − sin α 0 1 2 2
9 If A(α ) =  sin α cos α 0, then A(α ) A(β ) is equal to 18 If A =  2 1 − 2 and AT A = AAT = I , then xy is
   
 0 0 1  x 2 y 
(a) A(αβ) (b) A(α + β) (c) A(α − β) (d) None equal to
10 If A is 3 × 4 matrix and B is a matrix such that A′ B and (a) −1 (b) 1 (c) 2 (d) − 2
BA′ are both defined, then B is of the type 19 If A and B are symmetric matrices of the same order and
(a) 4 × 3 (b) 3 × 4 (c) 3 × 3 (d) 4 × 4 X = AB + BA and Y = AB − BA, then ( XY )T is equal to
1 2 2 (a) XY (b)YX
(c) − YX
11 If A = 2 1 −2 is a matrix satisfying the equation (d) None of these
  1 0 0 1 0 0
a 2 b 
20 Let A = 0 11 , I = 0 1 0 and
AA = 9I , where I is 3 × 3 identity matrix, then the ordered
T
   
pair (a,b) is equal to j JEE Mains 2015 0 −2 4 0 0 1 
(a) (2, − 1) (b) (−2, 1) (d) (−2, − 1) 1 2 
(c) (2, 1) A −1 = ( A + cA + dI ) . The values of c and d are
0 0 1  1 0 0  6 
12 If E = 0 0 1 and F = 0 1 0, then E 2 F + F 2E
  (a) (− 6, − 11) (b) (6, 11)
    (c) (− 6, 11) (d) (6, − 11)
0 0 0 0 0 1 
21 Elements of a matrix A of order 9 × 9 are defined as
(a) F (b) E (c) 0 (d) None
aij = ωi + j (where ω is cube root of unity), then trace ( A ) of
13 If A and B are two invertible matrices and both are the matrix is
symmetric and commute each other, then (a) 0 (b) 1 (c) ω (d) ω2
(a) both A −1B and A −1B −1 are symmetric
 1 −1 1   4 2 2
(b) neither A −1B nor A −1B −1 are symmetric   1 
(c) A −1B is symmetric but A −1B −1 is not symmetric
−1
22 If A = 2 1 − 3 and A = −5 0 α , then
  10  
(d) A −1B −1 is symmetric but A −1B is not symmetric  1 1 1   1 − 2 3 
14 If neither α nor β are multiples of π /2 and the product AB α is equal to
of matrices (a) − 2 (b) 5 (c) 2 (d) − 1
 cos 2 α sin α cos α  −1
A= 23 If A is skew-symmetric and B = (I − A ) (I + A ) , then B is
cos α sin α sin2 α  (a) symmetric
 cos β2
cos β sin β  (b) skew-symmetric
and B=
cos β sin β sin2 β  (c) orthogonal
is null matrix, then α − β is
24 Let A be a square matrix satisfying A 2 + 5A + 5I = O .
(a) 0 (b) multiple of π
(c) an odd multiple of π/ 2 (d) None of these The inverse of A + 2I is equal to
(a) A − 2I (b) A + 3I
 1 2 3
(c) A − 3I (d) does not exist
15 The matrix 1 2 3 is

   1 0
−1 −2 −3 25 Let A =  48
. Then A is
1 / 3 1 
(a) idempotent (b) nilpotent
 1 0  1 0
(c) involutary (d) orthogonal (a)  (b)  3 1 − 1  1
48
1 
cos θ − sin θ   (1 / 3)  2 3 48  
16 If A =  , then
 sin θ cos θ   1 0
(c)  (d) None of these

16 1
(a) A is skew-symmetric (b) symmetric
(c) idempotent (d) orthogonal 26 If X is any matrix of order n × p and I is an identity matrix
 a a −1 −2  2 of order n × n, then the matrix M = I − X ( X ′ X )−1 X ′ is
17 If A = a + 1 1 a 2 + 4 is symmetric, then a is I. Idempotent matrix
  II. MX = O
 −2 4a 5 
(a) Only I is correct (b) Only II is correct
(a) −2 (b) 2 (c) −1 (d) None (c) Both I and II are correct (d) None of them is correct
27 Let A and B be two symmetric matrices of order 3. 28 Consider the following relation R on the set of real square
Statement I A (BA) and ( AB ) A are symmetric matrices of order 3.
matrices. R = {( A, B ) : A = P −1BP for some invertible matrix P}
Statement I R is an equivalence relation.
Statement II AB is symmetric matrix, if matrix
Statement II For any two invertible 3 × 3 matrices M
multiplication of A with B is commutative.
and N,(MN )−1 = N −1M −1.
(a) Statement I is true, Statement II is true; Statement II is a
correct explanation for Statement I (a) Statement I is false, Statement II is true
correct explanation of Statement I
not a correct explanation for Statement I
(c) Statement I is true, Statement II is true; Statement II is
not a correct explanation of Statement I
(d) Statement I is false; Statement II is true (d) Statement I is true, Statement II is false

2 1 
6 If both A −
1 1
I and A + I are orthogonal matrices, then
1 If A =   , then I + 2A + 3A + ... ∞ is equal to
2
− 4 − 2  2 2
(a) A is orthogonal
 4 1  3 1  5 2  5 2 (b) A is skew-symmetric matrix
(a)   (b)   (c)  − 8 − 3  (d)  − 3 – 8 
 − 4 0  − 4 − 1     (c) A is symmetric matrix
 1 2
2 The matrix A that commute with the matrix   is  −1 + i 3 −1 − i 3 
 3 4
 2i 2i 
1  2a 2b  1  2b 2a  7 If A =  , i = −1 and f ( x ) = x 2 + 2,
(a) A =   (b) A =    1+ i 3 1−i 3 
2  3b 2a + 3b  2  3a 2a + 3b 
 
1  2a + 3b 2a   2i 2i 
(c) A =   (d) None of these
3  3a 2a + 3b  then f ( A ) is equal to
3 The total number of matrices that can be formed using 5 5 − i 3   1 0  3 − i 3   1 0

(a)   (b)   
different letters such that no letter is repeated in any  2   0 1  2   0 1
matrix, is 1 0  1 0
(c)  (d) (2 + i 3 ) 
(a) 5! (b) 2 × 5 5 0 1 
 0 1
(c) 2 × (5!) (d) None of these
1 0
4 If A is symmetric and B is a skew-symmetric matrix, then 8 If A =  n
 , then A is equal to
for n ∈ N, which of the following is not correct? 1 1 
(a) A n is symmetric (a) 2 n − 1 A − (n − 1) I (b) nA − (n − 1) I
(b) B n is symmetric if n is even (c) 2 n − 1 A + (n − 1) I (d) nA + (n − 1) I
(c) A n is symmetric if n is odd only  cos θ sin θ 
(d) B n is skew-symmetric if n is odd 9 Let A =  . Let A = [bij ]2 × 2 . Define
n
− sin θ cos θ 
2 1 5 4  An 
5 Consider three matrices X =  , Y = 6 5 and lim A n = lim [bij ]2 × 2 . Then lim   is
4 1   n→ ∞ n→ ∞ n→ ∞  n 
 5 − 4
Z = . Then, the value of the sum
(a) zero matrix (b) unit matrix
− 6 5   0 1
(c)  (d) limit does not exist

 X (YZ )2   X (YZ )3   −1 0
 XYZ 
tr ( X ) + tr   + tr   + tr   + K to ∞ is
 2   4   8  10 If B is skew-symmetric matrix of order n and A is n × 1
column matrix and AT BA = [ p ], then
(a) 6 (b) 9
(c) 12 (d) None of these (a) p < 0 (b) p = 0
(c) p > 0 (d) Nothing can be said
11 If A, B and A + B are idempotent matrices, then AB is 14 If A1, A3 , ..., A2 n − 1 are n skew-symmetric matrices of
n
equal to
(a) BA (b) − BA (c) I (d) O
same order, then B = ∑ ( 2r − 1) ( A
r =1
2r − 1 )2 r −1
will be
 3 1  (a) symmetric
 2  , A = 1 1 and Q = PAP T , then P T Q 2019P (b) skew-symmetric
12 If P =  2  0 1
  (c) neither symmetric nor skew-symmetric
− 1 3
 2 (d) data not adequate
2 
is equal to a b c 
 1 2019 15 Let matrix A = b c a , where a, b, c are real positive
(a)   
0 1  c a b 
 4 + 2019 3 6057  numbers with abc = 1. If AT A = I , then a 3 + b 3 + c 3 is
(b)  
 2019 4 − 2019 3  (a) 3 (b) 4
(c) 2 (d) None of these
1 2 + 3 1 
(c)   16 If A is an 3 × 3 non-singular matrix such that AA′ = A′ A
4 −1 2 − 3
and B = A −1A′, then BB ′ equals j JEE Mains 2014
1  2019 2 − 3  −1
(d)   (a) (B )′ (b) I + B
4 2 + 3 2019  (c) I (d) B −1
13 Which of the following is an orthogonal matrix? 17 A is a 3 × 3 matrix with entries from the set {−1, 0, 1} . The
6 2 −3  6 2 3  probability that A is neither symmetric nor
(a)
1 2 3 6 (b)
1 2 −3 6  skew-symmetric is
7   7  
 3 −6 2   3 6 − 2  39 − 36 − 33 + 1 39 − 36 − 33
(a) (b)
 −6 −2 −3  6 −2 3 39 39
(c)
1 2 3 6 (d)
1 2 2 −3  39 − 36 + 1 39 − 33 + 1
7   7   (c) (d)
 −3 6 2   −6 2 3  39 39
ANSWERS
SESSION 1 1. (d) 2. (a) 3. (a) 4. (c) 5. (b) 6. (a) 7. (c) 8. (c) 9. (b) 10. (b)
11. (d) 12. (b) 13. (a) 14. (c) 15. (b) 16. (d) 17. (b) 18. (c) 19. (c) 20. (c)
21. (a) 22. (b) 23. (c) 24. (b) 25. (c) 26. (c) 27. (b) 28. (c)
SESSION 2 1. (c) 2. (a) 3. (c) 4. (c) 5. (a) 6. (b) 7. (d) 8. (b) 9. (a) 10. (b)
11. (b) 12. (a) 13. (a) 14. (b) 15. (d) 16. (c) 17. (a)

SESSION 1 5 Here, A is 2 × 3 matrix and B is 3 × 2 A( x ) ⋅ A( y ) =
1
⋅
matrix. (1 − x ) (1 − y )
1 Here,
0 1   0 −1  0 0 ∴Both AB and BA exist, and AB is a 2 × 2  1 − x  1 −y
A+ B = + = matrix, while BA is 3 × 3 matrix. − x 1  − y 1 
1 1 1 0  2 1  
 ∴ AB ≠ BA.
1   0 −1  0 1
0 2 = ⋅
A−B = − = 6 Clearly, (1 − x ) (1 − y )
1 1 1 0   0 1

ω 0  ω 0  ω2 0   1 + xy − ( x + y )
0 1 0 1  H2 = = …(iv)
A2 = A ⋅ A =  0 ω   0 ω   0 ω2   − ( x + y ) 1 + xy 
1 1 1 1       
  
ω2 0  ω 0  ω3 0  From Eqs. (iii) and (iv), we get
 0 + 1 0 + 1 1 1 H =
3
=
= = 2    3 A(z ) = A( x ) ⋅ A( y ).
 0 + 1 1 + 1  1 2
     0 ω   0 ω  0 ω 
ω70 0  ω 69 ⋅ ω 0  cos α − sin α
0
 0 − 1  0 −1 ∴ H 70 =  =
and B 2 = B ⋅ B = ⋅ 70  9 A(α ) A(β ) =  sin α 0
cos α
1 0  1 0 
     0 ω   0 ω 69
⋅ ω   
(ω3 )23 ⋅ ω   0 0 1
 −1 0  0
= =  cos β − sin β 0 
 0 −1 ω3 23
⋅ ω
   0 ( ) 
×  sin β cos β 0 
1 1  −1 0   0 1 ω 0   
∴ A2 + B 2 = + = =
 0 ω
=H [Qω3 = 1]  0 0 1
1 2  0 −1 1 1  
      cos(α + β ) − sin (α + β ) 0
1 1  −1 0  2 1 7 Since, AB = A =  sin(α + β ) cos(α + β ) 0
A2 − B 2 = − =  
1 2  0 −1 1 3
      ∴ B =I ⇒ B2 = B  0 0 1
 0 0  0 2 = A(α + β )
and ( A + B )( A − B ) = Similarly, BA = B
2 1   0 1
   10 Clearly, order of A′ is 4 × 3.
⇒ A=I
 0 + 0 0 + 0  0 0 Now, for A ′ B to be defined, order of B
= = ⇒ A2 = A
 0 + 0 4 + 1   0 5 should be 3 × m and for BA′ to be
   
defined, order of B should be n × 4.
Clearly, ( A + B )( A − B ) ≠ A2 − B 2 Hence, A2 = A and B 2 = B
Thus, for both A ′ B and BA′ to be
≠ A + B ≠ I.
2 2
defined, order of B should be 3 × 4.
8 We have,
2 [3 p + 3q + 2r , 4 p + 2q + 0, 1  1 − x 1 2 2
A ( x) = …(i)
p + 3q + 2r ] = [3 0 1] 1 − x  − x 1  11 Given, A =  2 1 −2
 
⇒ 3 p + 3q + 2r = 3, 4 p + 2q = 0, 1  1 −y a 2 b
∴ A( y ) = …(ii)
p + 3q + 2r = 1 1 − y  − y 1  1 2
a
⇒ p = 1,q = −2, r = 3
1 ⇒ A T = 2 1
2
∴ 2 p + q − r = 2 − 2 − 3 = −3 and A (z ) =  
1−
(x + y) 2 −2
b
3 We know that, a square matrix A = [aij] 1 + xy  1 2 2 1 2 a
is said to be an upper triangular matrix  ( x + y ) Now, AA T =  2 1 −2 2 1 2
if aij = 0, ∀ i > j. 1 −    
 1 + xy 
Consider, an upper triangular matrix  (x + y)  a 2 b  2 −2 b 
− 1   9 0 a + 4 + 2b 
1 2 3 
 1 + xy  = 2a + 2 − 2b 
A =  0 5 6  ( x + y ) 
0 9

  −  a + 4 + 2b 2a + 2 − 2b a + 4 + b 
1 2 2
 0 0 7 3 × 3 1 + xy  1 + xy 
=  (x + y) 
1 + xy − x − y − It is given that, AA T = 9I
3(3 − 1) 1 
Here, number of zeroes = 3 =  9 0 a + 4 + 2b 
2  1 + xy 
( x + y ) ⇒  0 9 2a + 2 − 2b 
∴ Minimum number of zeroes  1 −  
n (n − 1) 1 + xy  1 + xy   a + 4 + 2b 2a + 2 − 2b a + 4 + b 
2 2
= =  
2 (1 − x ) (1 − y ) − ( x + y ) 1 
 9 0 0
4 Clearly, AB = 
1 2   a 0  a 2b 
=  1 + xy 
    1 =  0 9 0
3 4  0 b  3a 4 b  =  
 a 0 1 2   a 2 a (1 − x ) (1 − y )  0 0 9
and BA = =  1 + xy − ( x + y )
 0 b  3 4 3b 4 b  On comparing, we get
     − ( x + y ) 1 + xy 
…(iii)
If AB = BA, then a = b .   a + 4 + 2b = 0
Hence, AB = BA is possible for Now, consider ⇒ a + 2b = −4 …(i)
infinitely many values of B’s. 2a + 2 − 2b = 0
⇒ a − b = −1 …(ii)  cos θ sin θ  1 0 1 + c + d − 6 0

= =I
a2 + 4 + b 2 = 9  − sin θ cos θ  0 1  ⇒ 0 − 11 − c + d − 6
and …(iii)     
On solving Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get ∴ A is orthogonal.  0 − 38 − 10c − 2d
a = −2,b = −1 0 
17 A is symmetric
This satisfies Eq. (iii) also. 19 + 5c + d 
Hence, (a,b ) ≡ (−2,−1) ⇒ a2 − 1 = a + 1, a2 + 4 = 4a 
46 + 14c + 4 d − 6
⇒ a2 − a − 2 = 0, a2 − 4a + 4 = 0
12 F is unit matrix ⇒ F 2 = F  0 0 0
⇒ a = 2.
and E2 F + F 2 E = E2 + E =  0 0 0
 0 0 1  0 0 1 18 Since, A is orthogonal, each row is  
orthogonal to the other rows.  0 0 0
Also, E 2 =  0 0 1  ×  0 0 1
    ⇒ R1 ⋅ R3 = 0 ⇒ 1 + c + d − 6 = 0;
 0 0 0  0 0 0
⇒ x + 4 + 2y = 0 − 11 − c + d − 6 = 0
 0 0 0 Also, R2 ⋅ R3 = 0 ⇒ c + d = 5; − c + d = 17
=  0 0 0 On solving, we get c = − 6, d = 11.
⇒ 2x + 2 − 2y = 0
  These value also satisfy other equations.
 0 0 0 On solving, we get x = − 2, y = − 1
∴ E 2 + E = E. ∴ xy = 2 21 Clearly, tr ( A ) = a11 + a22 + a33 + a44
19 Since, A and B are symmetric matrices + a55 + a66 + a77 + a88 + a99
13 Consider, ( A −1 B )T = B T ( A −1 )T = ω2 + ω 4 + ω 6 + ω 8 + ω10 + ω12
∴ X = AB + BA
= B T ( A T )−1 = B A −1 will be a symmetric matrix and + ω14 + ω16 + ω18
[Q A = A and B = B ]
T T
Y = AB − BA will be a skew-symmetric = (ω + ω + 1) + (ω + ω + 1)
2 2
= A −1 B matrix.
+ (ω2 + ω + 1) [Qω3 n = 1, n ∈ N ]
Thus, we get X T = X and Y T = − Y
[Q AB = BA ⇒ A −1 ( AB )A −1 = 0+ 0+ 0 [Q1 + ω + ω2 = 0]
−1 −1 −1 −1 Now, consider ( XY )T = Y T X T
= A (BA ) A ⇒ BA = A B] =0
= (− Y )( X ) = − YX
⇒ A −1 B is symmetric.
22 Clearly, AA −1 = I
Now, consider 20 Clearly, 6 A −1 = A2 + cA + dI
Now, if R1 of A is multiplied by C3 of
( A −1 B −1 )T = ((BA )−1 )T ⇒ (6 A −1 )A = ( A2 + cA + dI ) A
T A −1 , we get 2 − α + 3 = 0 ⇒ α = 5
= (( AB )−1 ) [Q AB = BA] [Q Post multiply both sides by A]
= (B −1 A −1 )T = ( A −1 )T (B −1 )T ⇒ 6( A −1 A ) = A3 + cA2 + dIA 23 Consider,
T −1 T −1 −1 −1 ⇒ 6I = A3 + cA2 + dA BB T = (I − A )−1 (I + A ) (I + A )T [(I − A )−1 ] T
= (A ) (B ) = A B
−1
A = I and IA = A ] = (I − A )−1 (I + A ) (I − A ) (I + A )−1
⇒ A −1 B −1 is also symmetric. [Q A
⇒ A3 + cA2 + dA − 6I = O …(i) = (I − A )−1 (I − A ) (I + A ) (I + A )−1
 
14 AB =  cos α cos α2sin α 
2
1 0 0 = I⋅I = I
cos α sin α sin α 
Here, A = A ⋅ A =  0 1 1  ×
2 Hence, B is an orthogonal matrix.
 cos 2 β cos β sin β   
×  0 −2 4 24 We have, A2 + 5A + 5I = O
cos β sin β sin2 β 
1 0 0 1 0 0 ⇒ A2 + 5A + 6I = I
cos α cos β cos(α − β)  0 1 1 =  0 − 1 5 
= ⇒ ( A + 2I ) ( A + 3I ) = I
 sin α cos β cos(α − β )    

cos α sin β cos(α − β )  0 −2 4  0 −10 14 ⇒ A + 2I and A + 3I are inverse of
1 0 0 each other.
sin α sin β cos(α − β )
 0 0 and A3 = A2 ⋅ A =  0 −1 5  ×
25 If A =    
1 0 1 0
=   , then A2 =
 0 0  2a 1 
   0 −10 14  a 1  
⇒ cos(α − β ) = 0 1 0 0 1 0 0  1 0  1 0
⇒ α − β = (2n + 1) π / 2 A3 = , …, A n =
 0 1 1  =  0 −11 19  3a 1   na 1 
       
 1 2 3
15 Let A =  1 2 3   0 −2 4  0 −38 46 Here, a = 1 / 3,
  Now, from Eq. (i), we get  1 0
 − 1 −2 − 3 ∴ A 48 =
16 1 
1 0 0 1 0 0  
 0 0 0  0 −11 19  + c  0 −1 5 
    26 We have, M = I − X ( X ′ X )−1 X ′
Then, A2 =  0 0 0
   0 −38 46  0 −10 14 = I − X ( X −1 ( X ′ )−1 )X ′
 0 0 0 1 0 0 [Q( AB )−1 = B −1 A −1 ]
Hence, A is nilpotent matrix of index 2. + d 0 1 1 = I − ( XX −1 ) (( X ′ )−1 X ′ )
 
cos θ sin θ 
16 A ′ =  
≠ A or − A.  0 −24 [by associative property]
−
 sin θ cos θ 1 0 0  0 0 0 =I −I ×I [Q AA −1 = I = A −1 A]
cos θ − sin θ − 6  0 1 0 =  0 0 0 =I −I [Q I 2 = I ]
A A′ =    
 sin θ cos θ 
   0 0 1   0 0 0 =O
2 Let A = 
a b
Clearly, M 2 = O = M ⇒  A ′ − I   A − I  = I
1 1
 be a matrix that …(i)
So, M is an idempotent matrix. Also, c d   2   2 
MX = O .  1 2 1 ′
and  A + I   A + I  = I
1
commute with   . Then,
27 Given, A = A and B = B
T T  3 4  2   2 
Statement I [ A (BA )] T = (BA )T ⋅ A T  a b   1 2  1 2  a b   A′ + 1 I   A + 1 I  = I
    =    ⇒     …(ii)
T T T  c d   3 4  3 4  c d   2   2 
= (A B )A
 a + 3b 2a + 4 b  From Eq. (i), we get
= (AB) A = A (BA) ⇒  
 c + 3d 2c + 4 d  1 1 1
So, A(BA ) is symmetric matrix. A ′ A − IA ′ − IA + I = I
Similarly, ( AB ) A is symmetric matrix.  a + 2c b + 2d  2 2 4
= 
Hence, Statement I is true. Also,  3a + 4c 3b + 4d  1 1 1
⇒ A ′ A − A ′− A + I = I …(iii)
Statement II is true but not a correct On equating the corresponding 2 2 4
explanation of Statement I. elements, we get Similarly, from Eq. (ii), we get
28 Given, R = {( A, B ) : A = P −1 BP for a + 3b = a + 2c ⇒ 3b = 2c …(i) 1 1 1
2a + 4b = b + 2d ⇒ 2a + 3b = 2d …(ii) A ′ A + A ′ + A + I = I …(iv)
some invertible matrix P} 2 2 4
For Statement I c + 3d = 3a + 4c ⇒ a + c = d …(iii)
On subtracting Eq. (iii) from Eq. (iv), we
(i) Reflexive ARA 2c + 4d = 3b + 4d ⇒ 3b = 2c …(iv)
get
Thus, A can be taken as
⇒ A = P −1 AP A + A′ = O
 a b  1  2a 2b 
which is true only, if P = I .  3b 3  = A′ = − A
 a + b  2  3b 2a + 3b  or
Thus, A = P −1 AP for some  2 2  Hence, A is a skew-symmetric matrix.
invertible matrix P.
3 Clearly, matrix having five elements is  ω ω2 
So, R is Reflexive. of order 5 × 1 or 1 × 5.  i  =ω 1 ω
(ii) Symmetric ∴Total number of such matrices = 2 × 5!.
7 We have, A =  i 2   − ω − 1
−ω
ARB ⇒ A = P −1 BP − ω  i  
4 ( A n )′ = ( A AL A )′ = ( A ′ A ′L A ′ )  i i 
⇒ PAP −1 = P (P −1 BP ) P −1 1 − ω2 0 
= ( A ′ )n = A n for all n ∴ A2 = − ω2 
⇒ PAP −1 = (PP −1 ) B (PP −1 )
∴ A n is symmetric for all n ∈ N .  0 1 − ω2 
∴ B = PAP −1 Also, B is skew-symmetric  − ω2 + ω 4 0 
= 4
Now, let Q = P −1 ⇒ B ′ = − B.  0 −ω + ω 
2
Then, B = Q −1 AQ ⇒ BRA ∴ (B n )′ = (B B L B )′ = (B ′ B ′ L B ′ )  − ω2 + ω 
0
= 
⇒ R is symmetric. = (B ′ )n 0 − ω2
+ ω
 
(iii) Transitive ARB and BRC = (− B )n = (−1)n B n . Q f ( x ) = x2 + 2 [given]
⇒ A = P −1 BP ⇒ B is symmetric if n is even and is
n
∴ f ( A ) = A2 + 2I
and B = Q −1CQ skew-symmetric if n is odd.
 − ω2 + ω 0  2 0
5 4  5 − 4 1 0 = +
⇒ A = P −1 (Q −1CQ ) P 5 Here, YZ =  
=
    0 − ω + ω   0 2 
2
= (P −1Q −1 )C (QP )  6 5  − 6 5   0 1 
 X (YZ )2  1 0
= (− ω2 + ω + 2)
∴ tr ( X ) + tr 
= (QP )−1 C (QP ) XYZ   0 1
 + tr    
 2   4 
So, ARC. 1 0
 X (YZ )3  = (3 + 2ω )
⇒ R is transitive + tr   0 1
 +K  
So, R is an equivalence relation.  8 
1 0
= (2 + i 3 )
= tr ( X ) + tr   + tr   + K
For Statement II It is always true X X  0 1
that (MN )−1 = N −1 M −1  
2  4
8 A2 =     
Hence, both statements are true but 1 1 1 0 1 0 1 0
= tr ( X ) + tr ( X ) + tr ( X ) + K =
1 1  1 1  2 1 
second is not the correct 2 4     
explanation of first.
= tr ( X ) 1 + + 2 + K
1 1
1 0 1 0 1 0
 2 2  A3 = =
SESSION 2 2 1  1 1  3 1 
1     
= tr ( X )
1 Clearly, A2 =   
2 1 2 1 1 ....................
1−
− 4 − 2  − 4 − 2 ....................
   2
 0 0 = 2 tr ( X ) = 2 (2 + 1) = 6  1 0
= =O A =
n
 0 0  n 1
  6 Since, both A − 1 I and A + 1 I are  
2 2
∴ I + 2 A + 3 A2 + ... = I + 2 A  n 0  n − 1 0 
orthogonal, therefore, we have = −
 A − 1 I ′  A − 1 I = I  n n  0 n − 1
1 0  4 2  5 2   
= + =    
 0 1   − 8 − 4  − 8 − 3  2   2  = nA − (n − 1) I
     
cos θ sin θ cos θ sin θ

9 A2 =  



13 We know that a matrix  a2 + b 2 + c 2 ab + bc +

ca
 − sin θ cos θ  − sin θ cos θ  a1 a2 a3  = ab + bc + ca b 2 + c 2 +

a2
 cos 2θ sin 2θ  A = b1 b2 b3  will be orthogonal if  ab + bc + ca ab + bc + ca
=   
 − sin 2θ cos 2θ + ab + bc 
  c 1 c 2 c 3  ac
 cos 3θ sin 3θ  AA ′ = I , which implies ab + bc + ca 
Similarly, A =3
etc 
 − sin 3θ cos 3θ Σ a2i = Σb 2i = Σc 2i = 1 a2 + b 2 + c 2 
 
 cos nθ sin nθ  and Σ aib i = Σb ic i = Σc i ai = 0 A T A = I ⇒ a2 + b 2 + c 2 = 1
∴ An =
 − sin nθ cos nθ Now, from the given options, only
  and ab + bc + ca = 0
 6 2 −3
b11 b12  1 Since a, b, c > 0,
=
b  2 3 6  satisfies these conditions. ∴ ab + bc + ca ≠ 0 and hence no real
 21 b22  7 
A n
 0 0  b ij  3 −6 2  value of a3 + b 3 + c 3 exists.
Now, lim = as lim =0
n→ ∞ n  0 0 n→∞ n  6 2 −3 16 AA ′ = A ′ A, B = A −1 A ′.
  1
Hence, 2 3 6  is an orthogonal
7  BB ′ = ( A −1 A ′ ) ( A −1 ⋅ A ′ )′
10 A B A = [ p] ⇒ ( A BA ) = [ p] = [ p]
T T T T  3 −6 2 
matrix. = ( A −1 A ′ ) [( A ′ )′ ( A −1 )′ ]
⇒ A B A = A (− B ) A = [ p]
T T T
= ( A −1 A ′ ) [ A( A ′ )−1 ]
14 We have,
⇒ [− p] = [ p] ⇒ p = 0. [Q ( A −1 )′ = ( A ′ )−1 ]
B = A1 + 3 A33 + K + (2n − 1) A 22 nn −− 11
11 Since, A, B and A + B are idempotent = A −1
(A′ A) (A′ ) −1
matrix Now, B T = ( A1 + 3 A33
= A ( AA ′ ) ( A ′ )−1
−1
[Q A ′ A = AA ′ ]
∴ A2 = A; B 2 = B and ( A + B )2 = A + B + K + (2n − 1) A22nn −− 11 )T
= ( A −1 A ) [ A ′ ( A ′ )−1 ]
Now, consider ( A + B ) = A + B 2
= A1T + (3 A33 )T + K + ((2n − 1) A22nn −− 11 )T =I⋅I =I
⇒ A2 + B 2 + AB + BA = A + B
⇒ A + B + AB + BA = A + B = A1T + 3( A3T )3 17 Total number of matrices = 39. A is
⇒ AB = − BA + K + (2n − 1) ( A 2T n − 1 )2 n − 1 symmetric, then aij = a ji .
Now, 6 places (3 diagonal, 3
12 P is orthogonal matrix as P P = I T =− A− 3 A33 − K − (2n − 1) A22nn −− 11
non-diagonal), can be filled from any of
Q 2019
= (PAP ) (PAP )
T T
[Q A1 , A3 , K , A 2 n − 1 are skew- −1, 0, 1 in 36 ways. A is skew-symmetric,
...(PAP T ) = PA2019P T symmetric matrices then diagonal entries are ‘o’ and
∴ ( A i )T = − A i ∀ i = 1, 3, 5, .... 2n − 1 ] a12 , a13 , a23 can be filled from any of
∴ P Q T 2019
P = P ⋅ PA
T 2019
P ⋅P = A
T 2019
−1, 0, 1 in 33 ways. Zero matrix is
= − [ A + 3 A33 + K + (2n − 1) A22nn −− 11 ]
1 1 1 1 1 2 common.
Now, A2 = = =−B
 0 1  0 1  0 1 ∴Favourable matrices are
    
Hence, B is a skew-symmetric matrix. 39 − 36 − 33 + 1.
1 2 1 1 1 3 a b c  a b c 
A3 = = Hence, required probability
 0 1  0 1  0 1
     15 A T A = b c a × b c a 39 − 36 − 33 + 1
    =
1 2019 c a b c a b 39
⇒ A2019 =
0 1 

DAY SIX
Determinants
u Determinants u Area of Triangle by using u Inverse of a Matrix

u Properties of Determinants Determinants u Solution of System of Linear
u Cyclic Determinants u Minors and Cofactors Equations in Two and Three
u Adjoint of a Matrix Variables
Determinants
Every square matrix A can be associated with a number or an expression which is called its
determinant and it is denoted by det (A) or |A| or ∆ .
 a11 a12 ... a1 n  a11 a12 ... a1 n
a a ... a  a a22 ... a2 n
If A =  21 22 2n
 , then det ( A) = 21
 M M M M  M M M M
a 
 n1 an2 ... ann  an1 an2 ... ann
a b  a b
l
If A =   , then | A| = c d = ad − bc
c d 
a b c  a b c
PRED
l
If A =  p q r  , then | A| = p q r
 
MIRROR
u v w  u v w
q r p r p q u No. of Questions in Exercises (x)—
=a −b +c [expanding along R1 ] u No. of Questions Attempted (y)—
v w u w u v
= a (qw − vr ) − b ( pw − ur ) + c ( pv − uq ) (Without referring Explanations)
There are six ways of expanding a determinant of order 3 corresponding to each of three rows
(R1 , R2 , R3 ) and three columns (C1 , C2 , C3 ). u Accuracy Level (z / y × 100)—
NOTE • Rule to put + or − sign in the expansion of determinant + − +
of order 3. − + − your Accuracy Level should be
• A square matrix A is said to be singular, if | A| = 0 + − + above 75.
and non-singular, if | A| ≠ 0.
56 40 DAYS ~ JEE MAIN MATHEMATICS DAY SIX
1 x x3
Properties of Determinants
(ii) 1 y y3 = ( x − y) ( y − z) (z − x)( x + y + z)
(i) If each element of a row (column) is zero, then ∆ = 0.
1 z z3
(ii) If two rows (columns) are proportional, then ∆ = 0.
(iii) | A T| = | A|, where A T is a transpose of a matrix. 1 x2 x3
(iv) If any two rows (columns) are interchanged, then ∆ (iii) 1 y2 y3 = ( x − y) ( y − z) (z − x)( xy + yz + zx)
becomes −∆. 1 z2 z3
(v) If each element of a row (column) of a determinant is a b c
multiplied by a constant k, then the value of the new
determinant is k times the value of the original (iv) b c a = − (a + b + c)(a 2 + b 2 + c2 – ab – bc – ca)
determinant c a b
= − (a3 + b 3 + c3 − 3 abc)
(vi) det (kA) = k n det( A), if A is of order n × n.
a bc abc a a2 a3
(vii) If each element of a row (column) of a determinant is
written as the sum of two or more terms, then the (v) b ca abc = b b 2 b 3 = abc (a − b )(b − c)(c − a)
determinant can be written as the sum of two or more c ab abc c c2 c3
determinants i.e.
a1 + a2 b c a1 b c a2 b c
p1 + p2 q r = p1 q r + p2 q r Area of Triangle by
u1 + u2 v w u1 v w u2 v w using Determinants
(viii) If a scalar multiple of any row (column) is added to If A( x1 , y1 ), B( x2 , y2 ) and C( x3 , y3 ) are vertices of ∆ABC, then
another row (column), then ∆ is unchanged
x1 y1 1
a b c a b c 1
Area of ∆ABC = x2 y2 1
i.e. p q r = p + ka q + kb r + kc , which is 2
x3 y3 1
u v w u v w
obtained by the operation R2 → R2 + kR1 1
=
[ x1 ( y2 − y3 ) + x2 ( y3 − y1 ) + x3 ( y1 − y2 )]
2
x1 y1 1
Product of Determinants If these three points are collinear, then x2 y2 1 = 0
a1 b1 c1 α1 β1 γ1 and vice-versa. x3 y3 1
If| A| = a2 b2 c2 and| B| = α 2 β2 γ2 , then
a3 b3 c3 α3 β3 γ3 Minors and Cofactors
a1α 1 + b1β1 + c1 γ1 a1α 2 + b1β2 + c1 γ2 The minor M ij of the element aij is the determinant
| A| × | B| = a2α 1 + b2β1 + c2 γ1 a2α 2 + b2β2 + c2 γ2
obtained by deleting the ith row and jth column of ∆.
a3α 1 + b3β1 + c3 γ1 a3α 2 + b3β2 + c3 γ2 a11 a12 a13
a1α 3 + b1β3 + c1 γ3
If ∆ = a21 a22 a23 ,
a2α 3 + b2β3 + c2 γ3 =| AB|
a31 a32 a33
a3α 3 + b3β3 + c3 γ3 a22 a23 a21 a23
then M11 = , M12 = etc.
[multiplying row by row] a32 a33 a31 a33
We can multiply rows by columns or columns by rows or The cofactor Cij of the element aij is (−1)i + j M ij.
columns by columns
a11 a12 a13
a a23 a a23
NOTE • | AB | = | A| |B | = |BA| = | AT B | =| ABT | = | AT BT | If ∆ = a21 a22 a23 , then C11 = 22 , C12 = − 21 etc.
a32 a33 a31 a33
• | An | = | A| n , n ∈ Z + a31 a32 a33
The sum of product of the elements of any row (or column)
Cyclic Determinants with their corresponding cofactors is equal to the value of
determinant.
In a cyclic determinant, the elements of row (or column) are
arranged in a systematic order and the value of a determinant i.e. ∆ = a 11 C 11 + a 12 C 12 + a 13 C 13
is also in systematic order. = a 21 C21 + a 22 C 22 + a 23 C 23
1 x x2 = a 31 C 31 + a 32 C 32 + a 33 C 33
(i) 1 y y 2
= ( x − y) ( y − z) (z − x) But if elements of a row (or column) are multiplied with
1 z z2 cofactors of any other row (or column), then their sum is zero.
DAY SIX DETERMINANTS 57
Adjoint of a Matrix 1. Matrix Method

[ ]
If A = aij
nxn
, then adjoint of A, denoted by adj ( A), is defined
In this method we first write the above system of equations in
matrix form as shown below.
T
as [Cij]nxn , where Cij is the cofactor of aij.  a1 b1 c1   x  d1 
T  a b c   y  = d  or AX = B
a11 a12 a13  C11 c12 C13   2 2 2
    2
If A = a21 a22 a23 , then adj ( A) = C21 C22 C23   a3 b3 c3   z  d3 
   
a31 a32 a33  C31 C32 C33   a1 b1 c1  x d1 
− b where, A =  a2 b2 c2  , X =  y  and B = d 
NOTE • If A = 
a b
, then adj ( A) = 
d
.
     2
 c d   − c a   a3 b3 c3   
z d3 
Case I When system of equations is non-homogeneous
Properties of Adjoint of a Matrix (i.e. when B ≠ 0).
Let A be a square matrix of order n, then l
If| A| ≠ 0, then the system of equations is consistent and has
(i) (adj A) A = A (adj A) = | A| ⋅ I n a unique solution given by X = A −1 B.
(ii) |adj A | = | A|n − 1 , if| A| ≠ 0 l
If| A| = 0 and (adj A), B ≠ 0, then the system of equations is
(iii) adj (AB) = (adj B) (adj A) inconsistent and has no solution.
l
If| A| = 0 and (adj A) ⋅ B = O, then the system of equations
(iv) adj ( A T ) = (adj A)T
may be either consistent or inconsistent according as the
(v) adj (adj A) = | A|n – 2 A, if| A| ≠ 0 system have infinitely many solutions or no solution.
2
(vi) |adj (adj A)| = | A|( n – 1 ) , if| A| ≠ 0 Case II When system of equations is homogeneous
(i.e. when B = 0).
Inverse of a Matrix l
If| A| ≠ 0, then system of equations has only trivial solution,
Let A be any non-singular (i.e.| A| ≠ 0) square matrix, then namely x = 0, y = 0 and z = 0.
inverse of A can be obtained by following two ways. l
If| A| = 0, then system of equations has non-trivial solution,
which will be infinite in numbers.
1. Using determinants
1 2. Cramer’s Rule Method
In this, A −1 = adj ( A)
| A| In this method we first determine
a1 b1 c1 d1 b1 c1
2. Using Elementary operations
D = a2 b2 c2 , D1 = d2 b2 c2 ,
In this, first write A = IA (for applying row operations) or
a3 b3 c3 d3 b3 c3
A = AI (for applying column operations) and then reduce A of
LHS to I, by applying elementary operations simultaneously a1 d1 c1 a1 b1 d1
on A of LHS and I of RHS. If it reduces to I = PA or I = AP, D2 = a2 d2 c2 and D3 = a2 b2 d2
then P = A −1 . a3 d3 c3 a3 b3 d3
Properties of Inverse of a Matrix Case I When system of equations is non-homogeneous

l
If D ≠ 0, then it is consistent with unique solution given by
(i) A square matrix is invertible if and only if it is D D D
non-singular. x = 1 , y = 2 ,z = 3.
D D D
(ii) If A = diag (λ 1 , λ 2 ,..., λ n ), l
If D = 0 and atleast one of D1 , D2 and D3 is non-zero, then it
then A −1 = diag (λ−11 , λ−12 ,..., λ−1n ) provided is inconsistent (no solution).
λ i ≠ 0 ∀, i = 1, 2, … n. l
If D = D1 = D2 = D3 = 0, then it may be consistent or
inconsistent according as the system have infinitely many
solutions or no solution.
Solution of System of Linear
Case II When system of equations is homogeneous
Equations in Two and Three
If D ≠ 0, then x = y = z = 0 is the only solution, i.e. the
Variables
l
trivial solution.
Let system of linear equations in three variables be l
If D = 0, then it has infinitely many solutions.
a1 x + b1 y + c1 z = d1 , a2 x + b2 y + c2 z = d2
Above methods can be used, in a similar way, for the solution
and a3 x + b3 y + c3 z = d3 . of system of linear equations in two variables.
Now, we have two methods to solve these equations.
40 DAYS ~ JEE MAIN MATHEMATICS DAY SIX

1 If x = cy + bz , y = az + cx and z = bx + ay , where x , y 9 If ω is an imaginary cube root of unity, then the value of
and z are not all zero, then a 2 + b 2 + c 2 is equal to a bω 2 aω
(a) 1 + 2abc (b) 1 − 2abc bω c bω2 is
(c) 1 + abc (d) abc −1
cω 2 aω c
2 Consider the set A of all determinants of order 3 with
entries 0 or 1 only. Let B be the subset of A consisting of (a) a + b + c 2 − 3 abc
3 3
(b) a 2 b − b 2 c
(c) 0 (d) a 2 + b 2 + c 2
all determinants with value 1 and C be the subset of A
consisting of all determinants with value –1. Then, x − 4 2x 2x
(a) C is empty 10 If 2x x −4 2x = ( A + Bx )( x − A )2 , then the
(b) B and C have the same number of elements 2x 2x x −4
(c) A = B ∪ C
(d) B has twice as many elements as C ordered pair ( A, B ) is equal to j JEE Mains 2018
1 logx y logx z (a) (−4,−5) (b) (−4, 3)
(c) (−4,5) (d) (4,5)
3 If x , y and z are positive, then logy x 1 logy z is
logz x logz y 1 11 If x, y, z are non-zero real numbers and
1+ x 1 1
equal to
1 + y 1 + 2y 1 = 0,
(a) 0 (b) 1 (c) −1 (d) None of these
4 If a , b and c are cube roots of unity, then 1 + z 1 + z 1 + 3z
ea e2a e3a −1 then x −1 + y −1 + z −1 is equal to
eb e 2b e 3b − 1 is equal to (a) 0 (b) −1
(c) −3 (d) −6
e c
e 2c
e3c −1
b+c c+a a+b a b c
(a) 0 (b) e (c) e 2 (d) e 3
12 If c + a a + b b + c = k b c a , then k is equal to
5 If px 4 + qx . 3 + rx 2 + sx + t a+b b+c c+a c a b
x 2 + 3x x −1 x + 3
(a) 0 (b) 1 (c) 2 (d) 3
= x +1 −2x x − 4 , where p, q , r , s
x −3 x + 4 3x 13 Let a, b and c be such that (b + c ) ≠ 0. If
a a + 1 a −1 a +1 b +1 c −1
and t are constants, then t is equal to −b b + 1 b − 1 + a −1 b −1 c + 1 = 0,
(a) 0 (b) 1 (c) 2 (d) –1 c c −1 c + 1 ( −1)n + 2 a (−1)n +1b ( −1)n c
1 x x +1
then the value of n is
6 If f ( x ) = 2x x ( x − 1) ( x + 1)x , (a) zero (b) an even integer
3x ( x − 1) x ( x − 1)( x − 2) ( x + 1)x ( x −1) (c) an odd integer (d) an integer
then f ( 50) is equal to 14 If one of the roots of the equation
(a) 0 (b) 50 (c) 1 (d) −50 7 6 x 2 − 13
7 If α , β and γ are the roots of the equation x + px + q = 0 , 3
2 x − 13
2
2 = 0 is x = 2, then sum of all
α β γ x − 13
2
3 7
then the value of the determinant β γ α is
other five roots is
γ α β
(a) – 2 (b) 0
(a) 0 (b) −2 (c) 2 (d) 4 (c) 2 5 (d) 15
8 If ω is a cube root of unity, then a root of the following 15 If a, b and c are sides of a scalene triangle, then the value
x − ω − ω2 ω ω2 a b c
ω x − ω −1 1 = 0 is of b c a is
ω2 1 x −1 − ω 2
c a b j
JEE Mains 2013
(a) x = 0 (b) x = − 1 (a) non-negative (b) negative
(c) x = ω (d) None of these (c) positive (d) non-positive
16 If the system of linear equations 5a − b

24 If A =  and A adj A = AAT , then 5a + b is equal
x + ky + 3z = 0, 3x + ky − 2z = 0 3 2 
and 2x + 4y − 3z = 0 to j JEE Mains 2016
xz (a) − 1 (b) 5 (c) 4 (d) 13
has a non-zero solution ( x , y , z ), then 2 is equal to
y
a b c   q −b y 
25 If A = x y z  , B = −p a −x  and if A is invertible,
j JEE Mains 2018
(a) −10 (b) 10    
(c) −30 (d) 30 p q r  r −c z 
then which of the following is not true?
17 If A = [aij ]nxn and aij = (i 2 + j 2 − ij )( j − i ), n is odd, then
which of the following is not the value of tr ( A ). (a) | A | = −| B | and | adj A| ≠| adj B|
(b) | A | = − | B | and | adj A | = | adj B |
(a) 0 (b) | A |
(c) A is invertible iff B is invertible
(c) 2 | A | (d) None of these
(b) None of the above
18 If the coordinates of the vertices of an equilateral triangle
26 If A an 3 × 3 non-singular matrix such that AA′ = A′ A and
with sides of length a are ( x1, y1 ),( x 2 , y 2 ) and ( x 3 , y 3 ),
2 B = A −1A′, then BB′ is equal to j JEE Mains 2014
x1 y1 1 −1
(a) I + B (b) I (c) B (d) (B −1)′
then x 2 y 2 1 is equal to −1
 1 − tan θ   1 tan θ  a −b 
x3 y3 1 27 If   − tan θ = , then
1  b a 
j NCERT Exemplar
 tan θ 1  
a4 3a2 5a4 3a4
(a) (b) (c) (d) (a) a = 1, b = 1
4 4 4 4
(b) a = sin 2θ, b = cos 2θ
19 The points A (a, b + c ), B (b, c + a ) and C (c, a + b ) are (c) a = cos 2θ, b = sin2θ
(a) vertices of an isoscele triangle (d) None of the above
(b) vertices of an equilateral triangle
1 0 0
(c) collinear
28 If A = 2 1 0 and u1 , u 2 are column matrices such
(d) None of the above  
20 If A1 , B1,C1 , ......... are respectively the co-factors of the 3 2 1 
elements x1, y1, z1,.... of the determinant 1  0
that Au1 = 0 and Au 2 = 1 , then u1 + u 2 is equal to
 
x1 y1 z1    
B C2
∆ = x2 y2 z 2 , then 2 equals to 0 0
B3 C3
x3 y3 z3  −1  −1  −1  1
(a) x1 ∆ (b) x1 x 3 ∆ (a)  1 (b)  1 (c)  −1 (d)  −1
       
(c) (x1 + y1)∆ (d) None of these  0  −1  0  −1
2 −3  29 The number of values of k, for which the system of
21 If A =  , then adj ( 3A 2 + 12A ) is equal to
 −4 1  j
JEE Mains 2017 equations (k + 1)x + 8y = 4k
72 − 84  and k x + (k + 3)y = 3k − 1 has no solution, is
(a)  (b) 
51 63 
 − 63 51   84 72  (a) infinite (b) 1 j
JEE Mains 2013
72 − 63  (c) 2 (d) 3
(c) 
51 84 
(d) 
 63 72   − 84 51  30 The system of equations
αx + y + z = α − 1, x + αy + z = α − 1
22 Which of the following is/are incorrect?
and x + y + αz = α − 1
(i) Adjoint of a symmetric matrix is symmetric
has no solution, if α is
(ii) Adjoint of a unit matrix is a unit matrix
(iii) A(adj A ) = (adj A ) =| A| I (a) 1 (b) not –2
(iv) Adjoint of a diagonal matrix is a diagonal matrix . (c) either –2 or 1 (d) –2
(a) (i) (b) (ii) 31 If the system of linear equations j
JEE Mains 2013
(c) (iii) and (iv) (d) None of these
x1 + 2x 2 + 3x 3 = 6, x1 + 3x 2 + 5x 3 = 9
1 α 3 2x1 + 5x 2 + ax 3 = b
23 If P = 1 3 3 is the adjoint of a 3 × 3 matrix A and is consistent and has infinite number of solutions, then
 
2 4 4 (a) a = 8, b can be any real number
| A| = 4, then α is equal to j
JEE Mains 2013 (b) b = 15, a can be any real number
(c) a ∈ R − {8 } and b ∈ R − {15 }
(a) 4 (b) 11 (c) 5 (d) 0 (d) a = 8, b = 15
32 If the trivial solution is the only solution of the system of 34 The set of all values of λ for which the system of linear
equations equations 2x1 − 2x 2 + x 3 = λx1, 2x1 − 3x 2 + 2x 3 = λx 2 and
x − ky + z = 0, kx + 3y − kz = 0 – x1 + 2x 2 = λx 3 has a non-trivial solution.
and 3x + y − z = 0 (a) is an empty set j JEE Mains 2015
Then, the set of all values of k is (b) is a singleton set
(a) { 2 , − 3 } (b) R − { 2 , − 3 } (c) R − { 2 } (d) R − { − 3 } (c) contains two elements
(d) contains more than two elements
33 Let A, other than I or − I, be a 2 × 2 real matrix such that
A 2 = I , I being the unit matrix. Let tr ( A ) be the sum of 35 Statement I Determinant of a skew-symmetric matrix of
diagonal elements of A. j JEE Mains 2013 order 3 is zero.
Statement I tr ( A ) = 0 Statement II For any matrix A , det( AT ) = det( A ) and
Statement II det ( A ) = − 1 det( − A ) = − det( A ).
(a) Statement I is true, Statement II is true; Statement II is a Where, det ( A ) denotes the determinant of matrix A.
correct explanation for Statement I Then, j JEE Mains 2013
(b) Statement I is true, Statement II is true; Statement II is (a) Statement I is true and Statement II is false
not a correct explanation for Statement I (b) Both statements are true
(c) Statement I is true; Statement II is false (c) Both statements are false
(d) Statement I is false; Statement II is true (d) Statement I is false and Statement II is true

1 If a 2 + b 2 + c 2 = −2 and 6 If the equations a ( y + z ) = x , b( z + x ) = y , c( x + y ) = z
1+ a2x (1 + b 2 )x (1 + c 2 )x 1 1 1
have non-trivial solution, then + + is equal
1+ a 1+ b 1+ c
f ( x ) = (1 + a )x2
1 + b 2 x (1 + c 2 )x ,
to
(1 + a 2 )x (1 + b 2 )x 1 + c 2 x (a) 1 (b) 2 (c) – 1 (d) −2
then f ( x ) is a polynomial of degree. 7 Let a, b and c be positive real numbers. The following
(a) 2 (b) 3 (c) 0 (d) 1 system of equations in x , y and z.
2 If A is a square matrix of order 3 such that | A| = 2, then x2 y2 z2 x2 y2 z2 x2 y2 z2
2
+ 2 − 2 = 1, 2 − 2 + 2 = 1 and − 2 + 2 + 2 = 1
| (adj A −1 )−1 | is a b c a b c a b c
has
(a) 1 (b) 2 (c) 4 (d) 8
(a) no solution (b) unique solution
3 The equations (k − 1)x + ( 3k + 1)y + 2kz = 0, (c) infinitely many solutions (d) finitely many solutions
(k − 1)x + ( 4k − 2)y + (k + 3)z = 0 8 If S is the set of distinct values of b for which the following
and 2x + ( 3k + 1)y + 3(k − 1)z = 0 system of linear equations
gives non-trivial solution for some values of k, then the
ratio x : y : z when k has the smallest of these values. x + y + z = 1, x + ay + z = 1 and ax + by + z = 0
(a) 3 : 2 :1 (b) 3 : 3 : 2 (c) 1 : 3 : 1 (d) 1:1:1 has no solution, then S is j
JEE Mains 2017
(a) an infinite set
4 If x = 1 + 2 + 4 +.... upto k terms, y = 1 + 3 + 9+.... upto k (b) a finite set containing two or more elements
terms and c = 1 + 5 + 25+ ... upto k terms. Then, (c) singleton set
(d) a empty set
x 2y 4z
∆= 3 3 3 equals to 9 If M is a 3 × 3 matrix, where M T M = I and
det(M) = 1, then the value of det (M − I ) is
2k 3k 5k
(a) –1 (b) 1
(a) (20)k (b) 5 k (c) 0 (d) 2 k + 3 k + 5 k (c) 0 (d) None of these
1 + 2x 1 1− x 10 If a1, a 2 , . . ., a n , . . . are in GP, then the determinant
5 Product of roots of equation 2 − x 2+ x 3+ x = 0 log a n log a n + 1 log a n + 2
x 1+ x 1− x 2 ∆ = log a n + 3 log a n + 4 log a n + 5 is equal to
1 3 4 1 log a n + 6 log a n + 7 log a n + 8
(a) (b) (c) (d)
2 4 3 4 (a) 2 (b) 4 (c) 0 (d) 1
11 Let A be a square matrix of order 2 with | A| ≠ 0 such that 14 Area of triangle whose vertices are (a, a 2 ),(b, b 2 ),(c, c 2 ) is
| A + | A| adj ( A )| = 0, then the value of | A −| A| adj ( A )| is 1
, and the area of triangle whose vertices are
(a) 1 (b) 2 2
(c) 3 (d) 4 ( p, p 2 ),(q , q 2 ) and (r , r 2 ) is 4, then the value of
12 Let P and Q be 3 × 3 matrices P ≠ Q . If P 3 = Q 3 and (1 + ap )2 (1 + bp )2 (1 + cp )2
P 2Q = Q 2P , then the determinant of (P 2 + Q 2 ) is
(1 + aq )2 (1 + bq )2 (1 + cq )2 is
(a) − 2 (b) 1
(c) 0 (d) − 1 (1 + ar )2 (1 + br )2 (1 + cr )2
3 1 + f (1) 1 + f ( 2) (a) 2 (b) 4 (c) 8 (d) 16

13 If α , β ≠ 0, f (n ) = α n + β n and 1 + f (1) 1 + f ( 2) 1 + f ( 3) l m n
1 + f ( 2) 1 + f ( 3) 1 + f ( 4) 15 Let det A = p q r and if (l − m )2 + ( p − q )2 = 9,
1 1 1
= K (1 − α )2 (1 − β )2 (α − β )2 , then K is equal to
j JEE Mains 2014 (m − n )2 + (q − r )2 = 16, (n − l )2 + (r − p )2 = 25, then the
(a) αβ (b)
1
(c) 1 (d) − 1 value of (det A )2 equals to
αβ (a) 36 (b) 100 (c) 144 (b) 169
ANSWERS
SESSION 1 1 (b) 2 (b) 3 (a) 4 (a) 5 (a) 6 (a) 7 (a) 8 (a) 9 (c) 10 (c)
11 (c) 12 (c) 13 (c) 14 (a) 15 (b) 16 (b) 17 (d) 18 (d) 19 (c) 20 (a)
21 (b) 22 (d) 23 (b) 24 (b) 25 (a) 26 (b) 27 (c) 28 (d) 29 (d) 30 (d)
31 (d) 32 (b) 33 (b) 34 (c) 35 (a)
SESSION 2 1 (a) 2 (c) 3 (d) 4 (c) 5 (a) 6 (b) 7 (d) 8 (c) 9 (c) 10 (c)
11 (d) 12 (c) 13 (c) 14 (d) 15 (c)

SESSION 1 1 ea e 2a 1 ea e 2a −a b aω2
1 Given equation can be rewritteen as = 1 e b
e 2b
− 1 e b
e 2b
= ω ⋅ω − b c
2
bω2
x − cy − bz = 0 1 e c
e 2c
1 e c
e 2c
−c a cω2
cx − y + az = 0 = 0 [Q a + b + c = 0 ⇒ e a + b + c = 1 ] a b a
bx + ay − z = 0 = − ω5 b c b = 0
5 Put x = 0 in the given equation, we get
Since, x, y and z are not all zero c a c
0 −1 3
∴The above system have non-trivial x − 4 2x 2x 
solution. t = 1 0 − 4 = − 12 + 12 = 0
10 Given,  2x x−4 2x 
1 −c −b −3 4 0  
 2x 2x x − 4
∴ c −1 a =0 6 On taking common factors x from
C2 , ( x + 1) from C3 and ( x − 1) from = ( A + Bx )( x − A ) 2
b a −1
R3 , we get On applying C1 → C1 + C2 + C3 , we get
⇒ 1(1 − a2 ) + c (−c − ab ) − b(ac + b ) = 0 1 1 1  5x − 4 2x 2x 
⇒ 1 − a2 − c 2 − abc − abc − b 2 = 0 f ( x ) = x ( x − 1) 2 x
2
x−1 x  5x − 4 x−4 2x 
⇒ a2 + b 2 + c 2 = 1 − 2abc  
3x x−2 x  5x − 4 2x x − 4
2 If we interchange any two rows of a 1 0 0 = ( A + Bx )( x − A )2
determinant in the set B, its value
= x ( x − 1) 2 x
2
− ( x + 1) 1 On taking common (5x − 4) from C1 , we
becomes −1 and hence it is in C.
3 x − 2( x + 1) 2 get
Likewise, for every determinant in C,
there is corresponding determinant in B. 1 2 x 2x 
C3 → C3 − C2 ,
So , B and C have the same number of =0 C → C − C  (5x − 4)1 x − 4 2 x 
 2 1   
x − 4
2
elements.
1 2 x
1 log x y log x z ∴ f (50) = 0
= ( A + Bx )( x − A )2
3 Let ∆ = log y x 1 log y z 7 Clearly, α + β + γ = 0 On applying R2 → R2 − R1
log z x log z y 1 On applying C1 → C1 + C2 + C3 in the and R3 → R3 − R1 , we get
log x log y log z given determinant, we get
1 2x 2x 
α +β+ γ β γ
log x log x log x ∴ (5x − 4) 0 − x − 4 0 
log x log y log z ∴∆ = α +β+ γ γ α  
= 0 0 −x − 4
log y log y log y α +β+ γ α β
log x log y log z 0 β γ = ( A + Bx )( x − A )2
log z log z log z = 0 γ α =0 On expanding along C1 , we get
By taking common factors from the 0 α β (5x − 4)( x + 4)2 = ( A + Bx )( x − A ) 2
rows, we get On comparing, we get
1 8 On applying C1 → C1 + C2 + C3 , we get A = − 4 and B = 5
∆ =
log x ⋅ log y ⋅ log z x ω ω2 1+ x 1 1
log x log y log z x x + ω2 1 =0 11 Let ∆ = 1 + y 1 + 2 y 1 =0
log x log y log z x 1 x+ω 1+ z 1+ z 1 + 3z
log x log y log z [Q1 + ω + ω2 = 0] On applying C1 → C1 − C3
Now, by taking common factor from the 1 ω ω2
and C2 → C2 − C3 , we get
1 1 1 ⇒ x 1 x + ω2 1 =0
x 0 1
columns, we get 1 1 1 = 0 1 1 x+ω
∆ = y 2y 1
1 1 1
∴ x=0 −2z −2z 1 + 3z
2a
e a
e e 3a ea e 2a 1 a(1 + ω ) bω2 aω
4 Let ∆ = e b e 2b e 3b − e b e 2b 1 On expanding along R1 , we get
9 ∆ = b(ω + ω2 ) c bω2
e c
e 2c
e 3c
e c
e 2c
1 ∆ = x[2 y (1 + 3z ) + 2z]
c (ω2 + 1) aω c
= e ⋅e ⋅e
a b c +1[−2 yz + 4 yz] = 0
2a 2a [QC1 → C1 + C3 ] ⇒ 2[ xy + 3 xyz + xz] + 2 yz = 0
1 ea e e a
1 e
− aω2 bω2 aω
1 eb e 2b + e b 1 e 2b ⇒ xy + yz + zx + 3 xyz = 0
= −b c bω2
1 e c
e2c ec 1 e 2c 1 1 1
− cω aω c ⇒ + + = −3
x y z
b + c c + a a+ b 1 1 1 18 If ( x1 , y 1 ),( x2 , y 2 ) and ( x3 , y 3 ) are the

12 Let ∆ = c + a a + b b + c ⇒ ( x2 − 4) 2 x2 − 13 2 = 0 vertices of a triangle, then Area
a+ b b + c c + a x2 − 13 3 7 x1 y 1 1
1
2 (a + b + c ) c + a a + b Now, on applying C2 → C2 − C1 = x2 y 2 1 …(i)
2
= 2 (a + b + c ) a + b b + c and C3 → C3 − C1 , we get x3 y 3 1
2 (a + b + c ) b + c c + a 1 0 0 Also, we know that, if a is the length of
( x2 − 4) 2 x2 − 15 0 =0 an equilateral triangle, then
[using C 1 → C 1 + C 2 + C 3 ]
x2 − 13 16 − x2 20 − x2 3 2
a+ b + c c + a a+ b Area = a …(ii)
On expanding along R1 , we get 4
=2 a+ b + c a+ b b + c
( x2 − 4)( x2 − 15)( x2 − 20) = 0 From Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get
a+ b + c b + c c + a
Thus, other five roots are x1 y1 1
[taking common 2 from C1 ] −2, ± 15, ± 2 5 3 2 1
a = x2 y2 1
a + b + c −b −c Hence, sum of other five roots is −2. 4 2
x3 y3 1
=2 a+ b + c −c −a a b c x1 y1 1
a+ b + c − a −b 15 Let ∆ = b c a 3 2
⇒ a = x2 y2 1
c a b 2
[using C 2 → C2 − C1 , C3 → C3 − C1 ] x3 y3 1
a b c = a(bc − a2 ) − b (b 2 − ac ) + c (ab − c 2 )
=2 b c a = abc − a3 − b 3 + abc + abc − c 3 2
x1 y 1 1
c a b = − (a3 + b 3 + c 3 − 3 abc ) 3 4
a = x2 y 2 1
= − (a + b + c ) (a2 + b 2 4
[using C1 → C1 + C2 + C3 ] + c 2 − ab − bc − ca) x3 y 3 1
1
On comparing, k = 2 = − (a + b + c ) 19 Clearly, area of
2
a a+ 1 a−1 {(a − b ) 2 + (b − c ) 2 + (c − a) 2 } a b +c 1
1
13 − b b + 1 b − 1 + (−1)n < 0, where a ≠ b ≠ c (∆ABC ) = b c + a 1
2
c c −1 c + 1 16 We have, c a+ b 1
a+ 1 b + 1 c −1 x + ky + 3z = 0; 3 x + ky − 2z = 0; a 1 1
1
a−1 b −1 c + 1 2 x + 4 y − 3z = 0 = (a + b + c ) b 1 1 = 0
2
a −b c System of equation has non-zero c 1 1
a a+ 1 a−1
solution, if [QC2 → C2 + C1 ]
 1 k 3 x1 z1
= −b b + 1 b − 1  3 k −2 = 0 20 Clearly, B2 = = x1 z3 − x3 z1
x3 z3
c c −1 c + 1  
 2 4 −3 C2 = − 1
x y1
= −( x1 y 3 − x3 y 1 )
a+ 1 a−1 a x3 y 3
⇒ (−3k + 8) − k (−9 + 4) + 3(12 − 2k ) = 0
+ (−1)n b + 1 b − 1 −b x z1
⇒ −3k + 8 + 9k − 4k + 36 − 6k = 0 B3 = − 1 = −( x1 z2 − x2 z1 )
c −1 c + 1 c x2 z2
[Q| A ′|= | A|] ⇒ −4k + 44 = 0 ⇒ k = 11
x y1
a a+ 1 a−1 Let z = λ , then we get and C3 = 1 = x1 y 2 − y 1 x2
x2 y 2
= −b b + 1 b − 1 x + 11 y + 3λ = 0 …(i) B C2
c c −1 c + 1 3 x + 11 y − 2λ = 0 …(ii) ∴ 2
B3 C 3
a+ 1 a a−1 and 2 x + 4 y − 3λ = 0 …(iii)
x1 z3 − x3 z1 −( x1 y 3 − y 1 x3 )
+ (−1)n + 1 b + 1 − b b −1 On solving Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get =
−( x1 z2 − x2 z1 ) x1 y 2 − x2 y 1
c −1 c c +1 5λ −λ
x= ,y = ,z = λ x1 z3 − x1 y 3
a a+ 1 a−1 2 2 =
xz 5λ2 − x1 z2 + x2 z1 x1 y 2 − x2 y 1
= [1 + (− 1)n +2 ] − b b + 1 b − 1 ⇒ = = 10
− x3 z1
2
c −1 c + 1 y2  λ y 1 x3
c 2 × −  +
 2 − x1 z2 + x2 z1 x1 y 2 − x2 y 1
This is equal to zero only, if n + 2 is an
odd i.e. n is an odd integer. x1 z3 − x1 y 3 x z − x1 y 3
17 We have, = + 1 3
x2 − 13 − x1 z2 x1 y 2 x2 z1 − x2 y 1
7 6 aij = (i 2 + j2 − ij )( j − i )
− x3 z1 y 1 x3 − x3 z1 y 1 x3
14 2 x − 13
2
2 =0 ∴ a ji = (i 2 + j2 − ij )(i − j ) + +
= −(i 2 + j2 − ij )( j − i ) = −aij − x1 z2 x1 y 2 x2 z1 − x2 y 1
x2 − 13 3 7
⇒ A is a skew-symmetric matrix of = x12 (z3 y 2 − z2 y 3 ) − x1 x2 (z3 y 1 − z1 y 3 )
On applying R1 → R1 + R2 + R3 , we get
odd order. − x1 x3 (z1 y 2 − z2 y 1 ) + x2 x3 (z1 y 1 − z1 y 1 )
x2 − 4 x2 − 4 x2 − 4 ∴ tr ( A ) = 0 and| A|= 0 = x1 [ x1 (z3 y 2 − z2 y 3 ) − x2 (z3 y 1 − z1 y 3 )
2 x2 − 13 2 =0 + x3 (z2 y 1 − z1 y 2 )]
x − 13
2
3 7 = x1 ∆
− 3  a −b 
21 We have, A =  10   + 3b = 13
2 2b
=
− 4 1   15 b a 

∴ A2 = A ⋅ A 20b + 45b
⇒ = 13  1 − tan2 θ −2 tan θ 
 2 − 3  2 − 3  1 + tan2 θ 1 + tan2 θ   a −b 
15
=  
− 4 1  − 4 1  65b ⇒ =
⇒ = 13 ⇒ b = 3  2 tan θ 1 − tan2 θ  b a 
15  1 + tan2 θ
=
 4 + 12 − 6 − 3  16 − 9  1 + tan2 θ 
=   Now, substituting the value of b in Eq.
 − 8 − 4 12 + 1   − 12 13 
(iii), we get 5a = 2 cos 2θ − sin 2θ  a −b 
 16 − 9 ⇒ =  
Now, 3 A2 + 12 A = 3   Hence, 5a + b = 2 + 3 = 5  sin 2θ cos 2θ  b a 
 − 12 13 
q −b y ⇒ a = cos 2θ and b = sin 2θ
 2 − 3 25 Clearly,|B|= − p a − x
+ 12   28 On adding Au1 and Au2 , we get
− 4 1  r −c z
1   0 1 + 0
 48 − 27  24 − 36 −b
= +  
q y Au1 + Au2 =  0 + 1  =  0 + 1
 − 36 39   − 48 12  = − p −a x      
 0  0  0 + 0
 72 − 63 r −c z
=  1 
 − 84 51  (taken (–1) common from R2 )
q b y ⇒ A(u1 + u2 ) = 1 
 51 63  
∴adj (3 A2 + 12 A ) =   = (+ ) p a x  0
 84 72 
r c z Since, A is non-singular matrix, i.e.
22 All the given statements are true.
(taken (–1) common from C2 ) | A | ≠ 0, on multiplying both sides by
1 α 3  A −1 , we get
p a x
23 Given, adj A = P = 1 3 3 
  = − q b y (QR1 ↔ R2 ) 1 
2 4 4 A −1 A(u1 + u2 ) = A −1 1 
r c z
 
Find the determinant of P and apply the  0
formula a x p
−1
|adj A|=| A|n −1 =−b y q 1 0 0 1 
5a − b  c z r ⇒ u1 + u2 = 2 1 0 × 1  …(i)
24 Given, A =     
3 2  (QC1 ↔ C2 and then C2 ↔ C3 )
3 2 1   0
and A adj A = AA T = −| A T | = −| A| 1 0 0
Clearly, A(adj A ) = A I2 Now, |A | = 2 1 0
Thus,| A|= −|B|
[Q if A is square matrix of order n, then 3 2 1
Hence,| A| ≠ 0 iff|B|≠ 0
A(adj A ) = (adj A ) ⋅ A = A I n ] = 1 (1 − 0) − 0 + 0 = 1
5a − b ∴ A is invertible iff B is invertible
= I2 ∴ adj of A
3 2 Also,|adj A|= | A|2 = |B|2 = |adj B | T
 1 −2 1   1 0 0
= (10a + 3b ) I2 26 Given, A is non-singular matrix =  0 1 −2 =  −2 1 0
⇒| A|≠ 0.    
1 0  0 0 1   1 −2 1 
= (10a + 3b )  
 0 1 Also we have, AA T = A T A and
 1 0 0
10a + 3b B = A −1 A T
=
0 
...(i) ∴ A −1 =  −2 1 0 [Q| A | = 1]
10a + 3b  Now, BB ′ = ( A −1 A T ) ( A −1 A T )T  
 0
 1 −2 1 
 5a − b   5a 3 = A −1 A T A ( A −1 )T [Q( A ′ )′ = A]
and AA T =  From Eq. (i),
3 2   − b 2 = A −1 AA T ( A −1 )T [Q AA T = A T A ]
−1 T −1 T
1 0 0 1 
25a2 + b 2 15a − 2b  = IA ( A ) = A ( A )
T T
u1 + u2 = −2 1 0 × 1 
= ...(ii)    
 15a − 2b 13  = ( A −1 A )T [Q( AB )T = B T A T ]  1 −2 1   0
Q A(adj A ) = AA T = IT = I
 1 + 0 + 0  1 
10a + 3b 0  27 We have, ⇒ u1 + u2 =  −2 + 1 + 0 =  −1
∴ −1
   
 0 10a + 3b   1 − tan θ  1 tan θ
 tan θ  1 − 2 + 0  −1
 1   − tan θ 1 
25a2 + b 2 15a − 2b 
=  a −b 
 15a − 2b 13  = 
29 Given equations can be written in
b a  matrix form as AX = B
[using Eqs. (i) and (ii)]
 1 − tan θ 1 k + 1 8   x
⇒ ⋅ where, A =  ,X = 
⇒ 15a − 2b = 0 1  1 + tan2 θ  k k + 3 y
 tan θ
2b
⇒ a= ...(iii)  1 − tan θ  a −b  4 k 
15 = and B =  
 tan θ 1  b a  3 k − 1 
and 10a + 3b = 13 ...(iv) 
On substituting the value of ‘a’ from Eq. 1 1 − tan2 θ −2 tan θ  For no solution,| A |= 0
⇒
(iii) in Eq. (iv), we get 1 + tan θ  2 tan θ
2
1 − tan2 θ and (adj A) B ≠ 0
k+1 8 ⇒ (α + 2)(α − 1)2 = 0 2− λ −2 1

Now, | A |= =0
k k+3 ∴ α = 1, − 2 ∴ 2 −(3 + λ ) 2 =0
But α = 1 makes given three equations –1 2 −λ
⇒ (k + 1) (k + 3) − 8 k = 0
same. So, the system of equations has
⇒ k + 4k + 3 − 8k = 0
2 ⇒ (2 − λ )(3λ + λ2 − 4) + 2(−2λ + 2)
infinite solution. Hence, answer is
α = − 2 for which the system of +1(4 − 3 − λ ) = 0
⇒ k2 − 4 k + 3 = 0
equations has no solution. ⇒ (2 − λ )(λ2 + 3λ − 4) + 4(1 − λ )
⇒ (k − 1) (k − 3) = 0 + (1 − λ ) = 0
31 For consistency| A | = 0 and
∴ k = 1, k = 3 ⇒ (2 − λ )(λ + 4)(λ − 1) + 5 (1 − λ ) = 0
(adj A ) B = O
 k + 3 −8  1 2 3 ⇒ (λ − 1)[(2 − λ )(λ + 4) − 5] = 0
Also, adj A =  
 − k k + 1 1 3 5 =0 ⇒ (λ − 1)(λ2 + 2λ − 3) = 0
⇒ (λ − 1)[(λ − 1)(λ + 3)] = 0
 k + 3 −8  4 k  2 5 a
∴(adj A) B =    ⇒ (λ − 1)2 (λ + 3) = 0
 − k k + 1 3 k − 1 ⇒ 1(3 a − 25) − 2(a − 10) + 3(5 − 6) = 0
⇒ λ = 1,1,−3
(k + 3) (4 k ) − 8 (3 k − 1) ⇒ a= 8
=  35 Determinant of skew-symmetric matrix
 −4 k + (k + 1) (3 k − 1) 
2 On solving, (adj A ) B = O , we get
of odd order is zero and of even order is
b = 15
 4 k 2 − 12k + 8 perfect square.
=  32 Since, x − ky + z = 0, Also, det( A T ) = det( A )
 − k + 2k − 1 
2
kx + 3 y − kz = 0 and and det(− A ) = (−1)n det( A )

Put k = 1, then 3 x + y − z = 0 has trivial solution. Hence, Statement II is false.
 4 − 12 + 8  0 1 −k
(adj A) B =   =  , not true. 1
 −1 + 2 − 1   0 ∴ k 3 −k ≠0 SESSION 2
Put k = 3, then (adj A) 3 1 −1 1 Given that,
36 − 36 + 8  8 
B =  =   ≠ 0, true. 1 + a2 x (1 + b 2 )x (1 + c 2 )x
 −9 + 6 − 1   −4 ⇒ 1 (− 3 + k ) + k (− k + 3k )
+ 1 (k − 9) ≠ 0 f ( x ) = (1 + a2 )x 1 + b 2 x (1 + c 2 )x
Hence, the required value of k is 3.
⇒ k − 3 + 2 k2 + k − 9 ≠ 0 (1 + a2 )x (1 + b 2 )x 1 + c 2 x
Alternate Method Condition for the
system of equations has no solution is ⇒ 2 k 2 + 2 k − 12 ≠ 0 On applying C1 → C1 + C2 + C3 , we get
a1 b c k+1 8 4k ⇒ k2 + k − 6 ≠ 0 1 + a2 x + x + b 2 x + x + c 2 x
= 1 ≠ 1 ⇒ = ≠
a2 b2 c2 k k + 3 3k − 1 ⇒ (k + 3) (k − 2) ≠ 0 f ( x ) = x + a2 x + 1 + b 2 x + x + c 2 x
k+1 8 ∴ k ≠ 2, − 3 x + a2 x + x + b 2 x + 1 + c 2 x
Take =
k k+3 k ∈ R − {2, − 3}
(1 + b 2 )x (1 + c 2 )x
⇒ k 2 + 4 k + 3 = 8k
33 Let A = 
a b 1 + b2 x (1 + c 2 )x
⇒ k2 − 4 k + 3 = 0  such that A ≠ I , − I
c d  (1 + b 2 )x 1 + c2 x
⇒ (k − 1) (k − 3) = 0 2
∴ k = 1, 3 a b  1 0 1 + (a2 + b 2 + c 2 + 2)x (1 + b 2 )x
and   =  0 1
8 4⋅1 c d    = 1 + (a2 + b 2 + c 2 + 2)x (1 + b 2 )x
If k = 1, then ≠ , [false]
1+ 3 2  a2 + bc ab + bd  1 0 1 + (a2 + b 2 + c 2 + 2)x (1 + b 2 )x
4⋅3 ⇒ =
bc + d 2   0 1 
8
and k = 3, then ≠ , [true]  ac + cd (1 + c 2 )x
6 9−1
⇒ b(a + d ) = 0,c (a + d ) = 0 (1 + c 2 )x
∴ k =3 and a2 + bc = 1,bc + d 2 = 1 1 + c2 x
Hence, only one value of k exists. ⇒ a = 1,d = −1,b = c = 0 or 1 (1 + b 2 )x (1 + c 2 )x
30 The system of given equations has no a = −1,d = 1,b = c = 0 = 1 1 + b 2 x (1 + c 2 )x
solution, if 1 0  1 (1 + b 2 )x 1 + c 2 x
A=  , then
α 1 1  0 − 1
1 α 1 =0 [Qa2 + b 2 + c 2 = − 2, given]
det( A ) = −1 and tr ( A ) = 1 − 1 = 0
1 1 α On applying
34 Given system of linear equations are R1 → R1 − R3 , R2 → R2 − R3 , we get
On applying C1 → C1 + C2 + C3 , we get 2 x1 − 2 x2 + x3 = λx1 0 0 x −1
α+2 1 1 ⇒ (2 − λ) x1 − 2 x2 + x3 = 0 …(i) = 0 1− x x −1
α +2 α 1 =0 2 x1 − 3 x2 + 2 x3 = λx2 1 (1 + b 2 )x 1 + c 2 x
α +2 1 α ⇒ 2 x1 − (3 + λ )x2 + 2 x3 = 0 …(ii)
0 x −1
and − x1 + 2 x2 = λx3 = = ( x − 1) 2
On applying R2 → R2 − R1 , R3 → R3 − R1 , 1− x x −1
⇒ − x1 + 2 x2 − λx3 = 0 …(iii)
1 1 1
Since, the system has non-trivial Hence, f ( x ) is of degree 2.
(α + 2) 0 α − 1 0 =0
solution.
0 0 α −1
2 Clearly, adj A −1 = | A −1 |2 = 1 2 −1 a a For a = 1

| A| 6 Here, b −1 b =0 ∆ = ∆1 = ∆2 = ∆3 = 0
c c −1 For b = 1 only
1 x + y + z = 1, x + y + z = 1
and |(adj A −1 )−1 |=
|(adj A −1 )| On applying, C2 → C2 − C1 and and x+ y + z=0
C3 → C3 − C1 , we get i.e. no solution (QRHS is not equal)
= | A| = 2 = 4
2 2
−1 a+ 1 a+ 1
Hence, for no solution, b = 1 only.
3 For non - trivial solution, b −(b + 1) 0 =0
9 Clearly,
k − 1 3k + 1 2k c 0 − (1 + c )
det(M − I ) = det(M − I ) ⋅ det(M )
k − 1 4k − 2 k+3 =0 R1 R2 [Qdet(M ) = 1]
On applying R1 → , R2 →
2 3k + 1 3(k − 1) a+ 1 b+1 = det(M − I )det(M T )
R3
⇒ k = 0 or 3 and R3 → , we get [Q det( A T ) = det( A )]
c+1
Now, when k = 0, then the equation 1 = det(MM T − M T )
− 1 1
becomes a+ 1 = det(I − M T ) [Q MM T = I ]
b
−x + y = 0 ...(i) −1 0 = 0 = − det(M T − I )
b+1
− x − 2 y + 3z = 0 ...(ii) c = − det(M T − I )T
0 −1
and 2 x + y − 3z = 0 (iii) c+1
= − det(M − I )
From (i), we get x = y = λ (say), Then, 1 b c
⇒ − + + =0 ⇒ 2det(M − I ) = 0
from Eq. (ii), we get a+ 1 b + 1 c + 1
⇒ det(M − I ) = 0
1 1 c
− λ − 2λ + 3z = 0 ∴− + 1− + 1− =0
a+ 1 b+1 c+1 10 Since, a1 , a2 , . . . , an, . . . are in GP, then,
⇒ 3z = 3λ 1 1 1 log an , log an + 1 , log an + 2 , ...,
⇒ + + =2
⇒ z=λ a+ 1 b + 1 c + 1 log an + 8 , ...are in AP.
∴ x: y : z = 1:1:1
2
y2 2
7 Let x2 = X , 2 = Y , z2 = Z Given that,
a b c log an log an + 1 log an +2
4 Clearly, x = 2k − 1, y = 3 − 1
k
Then, X + Y − Z = 1, X − Y + Z = 1, ∆ = log an + 3 log an + 4 log an + 5

2
−X + Y + Z = 1 log an + 6 log an + 7 log an + 8
5k − 1
and z = Now, coefficient matrix is
4 a a+ d a + 2d
 1 1 −1
 A =  1 −1 1  ∴ ∆ = a + 3d a + 4d a + 5d
Q sum to n terms of a GP is  
 a + 6d a + 7d a + 8d
 −1 1 1 
a(r n − 1) where a and d are the first term and
given by Here,| A|≠ 0
r − 1  common difference of AP.
∴ It has unique solution, viz., X = 1,
2k − 1 3k − 1 5k − 1 Y = 1 and Z = 1 On applying R2 → 2R2 , we get
a a+ d a + 2d
Now, ∆ = 3 3 3 Hence , x = ± a; y = ± b and z = ± c . 1
∆ = 2a + 6d 2a + 8d 2a + 10d
2k 3k 5k 1 1 1 2
8 Here, ∆ = 1 a 1 a + 6d a + 7d a + 8d
2k 3k 5k 1 1 1
a b 1 On applying R2 → R2 − R3 , we get
= 3 3 3 −3 1 1 1
a a+ d a + 2d
2 k
3 k
5k
2 k
3 k
5k
= 1 (a − b ) − 1 (1 − a) + 1 (b − a ) 2
1
∆ = a a + d a + 2d = 0
= − (a − 1)2 2
= 0−3× 0= 0 a + 6d a + 7d a + 8d
1 1 1
1 + 2x 1 1− x ∆1 = 1 a 1 11 Let A =  
a b
5 Let p( x ) = 2 − x 2 + x 3 + x = 0 . Then,
0 b 1 c d 
x 1 + x 1 − x2 | A|= ad − bc = k (say)
= 1 (a − b ) − 1 (1) + 1 (b ) = (a − 1)
 d −b 
Clearly, product of roots 1 1 1 and adj ( A ) =  
=
Constant term  −c a 
∆2 = 1 1 1
Coefficient of x 4 Now,| A +| A| adj ( A )|= 0
a 0 1
Here, constant term is given by a + kd (1 − k )b
1 1 1 = 1 (1) − 1 (1 − a) + 1 (0 − a) = 0 ⇒ =0
(1 − k )c d + ka
P(0) = 2 2 3 = −1 1 1 1
⇒ (a + kd )(d + ka) − (1 − k )2 bc
0 1 1 and ∆ 3 = 1 a 1
⇒ ad + a2 k + k d 2 + k 2 ad
a b 0
and coefficient of x 4 is −2 −(1 + k 2 − 2k )bc
1 = 1 ( − b ) − 1 (− a) + 1 (b − a2 ) ⇒ (ad − bc ) + (ad − bc )k 2 + k (a2 + d 2
∴ Product of roots is .
2 = − a(a − 1) + 2bc ) = 0
⇒ (ad − bc ) + (ad − bc ) k 2 + k (a2 + d 2 ) 3 1+ α+ β 1 p p2 1 2a a2

+2(ad − k )) = 0 ⇒ ∆ = 1 + α + β 1 + α 2 + β2 = 1 q q 2
× 1 2b b 2
[Qbc = ad − k ] 1 + α 2 + β2 1 + α 3 + β3 1 r r 2
1 2c c 2
⇒ (ad − bc ) + (ad − bc )k 2 1 + α 2 + β2
1 + α 3 + β3  1 p p2 1 a a2 
+ k (a + d )2 − 2k 2 = 0  
⇒ (k + k − 2k 2 ) + k (a + d )2 = 0
3
1 + α4 + β4 = 2 1 q q 2 × 1 b b 2 
1 r r 2
1 c c 
2
⇒ k [(k − 1)2 + (a + d )2 ] = 0 1⋅1 + 1⋅1 + 1⋅1 1⋅1 + 1⋅α + 1⋅β 
⇒ k = 1 and a + d = 0 = 1⋅1 + α ⋅1 + β ⋅1 1⋅1 + α ⋅α + α ⋅β = 2(2 A1 × 2 A2 ) = 2(8 × 1) = 16
Now,| A −| A|adj A| 1 ⋅ 1 + 1 ⋅ α 2 + 1 ⋅ β2 1 ⋅ 1 + α 2 ⋅ α + β2 ⋅ β
a − kd (1 + k )b a−d 2b 1 ⋅ 1 + 1 ⋅ α 2 + 1 ⋅ β2 15 According to given conditions we get a
= = right angled triangle whose vertices are
(1 + k )c d − ak 2c d−a 1⋅1 + α ⋅α + β ⋅β 2 2
(n, r ),(m,q ) and (l , p ) .

= −(a − d )2 − 4bc 1⋅1 + α ⋅α + β ⋅β
2 2 2 2
= −((a + d )2 − 4ad ) − 4bc 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

2
A(n, r)
= 4ad − 4bc = 4k = 4 = 1 α β 1 α β = 1 α β
12 On subtracting the given equation, we 1 α 2 β2 1 α 2 β2 1 α 2 β2
5
get 4
On expanding, we get
P − PQ =Q −Q P
3 2 3 2
∆ = (1 − α )2 (1 − β )2 (α − β2 )
⇒ P 2 (P − Q ) = Q 2 (Q − P )
Hence, K (1 − α )2 (1 − β )2 (α − β )2 C(l, p)
⇒ (P − Q ) (P 2 + Q 2 ) = 0 ...(i) B(m, q) 3
= (1 − α )2 (1 − β )2 (α − β )2
Now, if |P 2 + Q 2 | ≠ 0
∴ K =1 l m n
(P 2 + Q 2 ) is invertible .
(1 + ap )2 (1 + bp )2 (1 + cp )2 Also, we have,| A|= p q r
On post multiply both sides by
(P 2 + Q 2 )−1 , we get 14 Let ∆ = (1 + aq )2 (1 + bq )2 (1 + cq )2 1 1 1
(1 + ar )2 (1 + br )2 (1 + cr )2 2
l p 1
P − Q = 0, which is a contradiction. 1 + 2ap + a2 p2 1 + 2bp + b 2 p2 ⇒| A|2 = m q 1 = [2ar (∆ABC )]
2
Hence,|P 2 + Q 2|= 0 = 1 + 2aq + a q 1 + 2bq + b q

2 2 2 2
n r 1
3 1 + f (1) 1 + f (2) 1 + 2ar + a2 r 2 1 + 2br + b 2 r 2 2
= 2 × × 3 × 4 = 144
1 + 2cp + c 2 p2 1
13 Let ∆ = 1 + f (1) 1 + f (2) 1 + f (3)  
2
1 + f (2) 1 + f (3) 1 + f (4) 1 + 2cq + c 2q 2
1 + 2cr + c 2 r 2
EXAM BITES
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VISIT NOW !!
DAY SEVEN
Binomial Theorem
and Mathematical
Induction
u Binomial Theorem u Properties of Binomial u Binomial Theorem for
u Binomial Theorem for Positive Coefficient Negative/Rational Index
Index u Applications of Binomial u Principle of Mathematical
Theorem Induction
Binomial Theorem
Binomial theorem describes the algebraic expansion of powers of a binomial. According to this
theorem, it is possible to expand ( x + y)n into a sum involving terms of the form axb yc , where
the exponents b and c are non-negative integers with b + c = n. The coefficient a of each term is
 n
a specific positive integer depending on n and b, is known as the binomial coefficient   .
b 
Binomial Theorem for Positive Index

An algebraic expression consisting of two terms with (+ ) ve or (−)ve sign between them, is called
binomial expression.
PRED
If n is any positive integer, MIRROR
then ( x + a)n = nC0 x n + nC1 x n − 1 a + L + n Cnan
n
= ∑ nCr ⋅ x n − r ar , where x and a are real (complex) numbers. u No. of Questions in Exercises (x)—
r=0 u No. of Questions Attempted (y)—
(i) The coefficient of terms equidistant from the beginning and the end, are equal. u No. of Correct Questions (z)—
n
(ii) ( x − a)n = nC0 x n − nC1 x n − 1 a + L + (− 1)n Cnan (Without referring Explanations)
(iii) (1 + x)n = nC0 + nC1 x + nC2 x2 + L + nCn x n u Accuracy Level (z / y × 100)—

(iv) Total number of terms in the expansion ( x + a)n is (n + 1). u Prep Level (z / x × 100)—
(n + 1) (n + 2)
(v) If n is a positive integer, then the number of terms in ( x + y + z)n is .
2 In order to expect good rank in JEE,
above 75.
DAY SEVEN BINOMIAL THEOREM AND MATHEMATICAL INDUCTION 69
(vi) The number of terms in the expansion of

Properties of Binomial
n + 2

( x + a) + ( x − a) =  2
n n
, if n is even Coefficients
n+1 In the binomial expansion of (1 + x)n,
 , if n is odd
 2 (1 + x)n = nC0 + nC1 ⋅ x + nC2 ⋅ x2 + ... + nCr ⋅ x r + ... nCn ⋅ x n,
(vii) The number of terms in the expansion of
where, nC0 , nC1 ,...,n Cn are the coefficients of various powers of
 n
, if n is even x are called binomial coefficients and it is also written as

( x + a) − ( x − a) =  2
n n
n+1  n  n  n
 , if n is odd C0 , C1 , ..., Cn or   ,   , … ,  
 2  0  1  n
l
n
Cr = nCn− r l
n
Cr1 = n Cr2 ⇒ r1 = r2 or r1 + r2 = n
General Term and Middle Term
(i) Let (r + 1)th term be the general term in the expansion of n+ 1
n
Cr n−r +1
l
n
Cr + n Cr −1 = Cr • n
=
( x + a)n. Cr −1 r
Tr + 1 = nCr x n − r ar n−1
n
Cr n+ 1
Cr + 1
l
r ⋅ nCr = n ⋅ Cr −1 • =
(ii) If expansion is ( x − a)n, then the general term is r +1 n+1
C0 + C1 + C2 + ...+ Cn = 2 n
( − 1) r ⋅ n C r x n − r a r .
l
(iii) The middle term in the expansion of (a + x)n. l

C0 + C2 + C4 + ... = C1 + C3 + C5 + ... = 2 n − 1
n  C0 − C1 + C2 − C3 + ... + (− 1)n ⋅ Cn = 0
(a) Case I If n is even, then  + 1 th term is middle l
2 
(2 n)!
term. l
C20 + C12 + C22 + ... + C2n = 2 nCn =
(n + 1) (n !)2
(b) Case II If n is odd, then th term and
2 (−1)n/2 ⋅n Cn/2 , if n is even
(n + 3) l
C20 − C12 + C22 − C32 + .... = 
th terms are middle terms.  0, if n is odd
2
(iv) ( p + 1) th
term from end = (n − p + 1)th term from l
C0 ⋅ Cr + C1 ⋅ Cr + 1 + ... + Cn − r ⋅ Cn
beginning. (2 n)!
= 2 nCn− r =
(v) For making a term independent of x we put r = n in (n − r )!(n + r )!
general term of ( x + a)n, so we get nCnan, that is l
C1 − 2C2 + 3C3 − .... = 0
independent of x. l
C0 + 2C1 + 3C2 + ... + (n + 1) ⋅ Cn = (n + 2) 2 n − 1
NOTE If the coefficients of rth, ( r + 1)th, ( r + 2)th term of ( 1 + x ) are
n
nπ
in AP, then n2 − ( 4 r + 1) n + 4 r 2 = 2
l
C0 − C2 + C4 − C6 +K = 2 n ⋅ cos
4
nπ
l
C1 − C3 + C5 − C7 + ... = 2 n ⋅ sin
Greatest Term 4
If Tr and Tr + 1 be the rth and (r + 1)th terms in the expansion of
(1 + x)n, then Applications of Binomial
Tr + 1 Cr ⋅ x r
n
n−r +1 Theorem
= = ⋅x
Tr Cr − 1 ⋅ x r − 1
n
r 1. R-f Factor Relation
Let numerically, Tr + 1 be the greatest term in the above Here, we are going to discuss problems involving
Tr + 1 ( A + B)n = I + f , where I and n are positive integers
expansion. Then, Tr + 1 ≥ Tr or ≥ 1.
Tr 0 ≤ f ≤ 1,| A − B2| = k and| A − B| < 1.
n−r +1 (n + 1)
∴ | x | ≥ 1 or r ≤ | x| …(i) 2. Divisibility Problem
r (1 + | x |)
In the expansion, (1 + α )n. We can conclude that,
(i) Now, substituting values of n and x in Eq. (i), we get
r ≤ m + f or r ≤ m, where m is a positive integer and f is (1 + α )n − 1 is divisible by α, i.e. it is a multiple of α.
a fraction such that 0 < f < 1.
3. Differentiability Problem
(ii) When r ≤ m + f , Tm + 1 is the greatest term, when r ≤ m,
Sometimes to generalise the result we use the
Tm and Tm +1 are the greatest terms and both are equal.
differentiation.
(iii) The coefficients of the middle terms in the expansion of
(a + x)n are called greatest coefficients. (1 + x)n = nC0 + nC1 x + nC2 x 2 + … + nCn x n
70 40 DAYS ~ JEE MAIN MATHEMATICS DAY SEVEN
On differentiating w.r.t. x, we get

n(1 + x)n−1 = 0 + n C1 + 2 ⋅ x ⋅ nC2 + … + n ⋅ nCn ⋅ x n−1
Principle of Mathematical
Put x = 1, we get, n 2 n−1 = nC1 + 2 nC2 + … + n nCn
Induction
In algebra, there are certain results that are formulated in
terms of n, where n is a positive integer. Such results can be
Binomial Theorem for proved by a specific technique, which is known as the
principle of mathematical induction.
Negative/Rational Index
Let n be a rational number and x be a real number such that
n(n − 1) 2 n(n − 1)(n − 2) 3
First Principle of Mathematical Induction
x < 1, then (1 + x)n = 1 + nx + x + x + ... It consists of the following three steps
2! 3!
Step I Actual verification of the proposition for the starting
l
If n is a positive integer, then (1 + x) contains (n + 1) terms
n
value of i.
i.e. a finite number of terms. When n is any negative integer
or rational number, then expansion of (1 + x)n contains Step II Assuming the proposition to be true for k, k ≥ i and
infinitely many terms. proving that it is true for the value (k + 1) which is
next higher integer.
l
When n is a positive integer, then expansion of (1 + x)n is
valid for all values of x. If n is any negative integer or Step III To combine the above two steps. Let p(n) be a
rational number, then expansion of (1 + x)n is valid for the statement involving the natural number n such that
values of x satisfying the condition| x| < 1. (i) p(1) is true i.e. p(n) is true for n = 1.
(i) (1 + x)−1 = 1 − x + x2 − x3 + ... (ii) p(m + 1) is true, whenever p(m) is true
(ii) (1 − x)−1 = 1 + x + x2 + x3 + K i.e. p(m) is true ⇒ p(m + 1) is true. Then, p(n) is true
(iii) (1 + x)−2 = 1 − 2 x + 3 x2 − 4 x3 + ... for all natural numbers n.
(iv) (1 − x)−2 = 1 + 2 x + 3 x2 + 4 x3 + ... Product of r consecutive integers is divisible by r !

1 If (1 + ax )n = 1 + 8x + 24x 3 + ..., then the values of a and n 6 If the 7th term in the binomial expansion of
9
are  3 
3 + 3 ln x  , x > 0 is equal to 729, then x can be
(a) 2, 4 (b) 2, 3 (c) 3, 6 (d) 1, 2  84  j
JEE Mains 2013
2 The coefficient of x in the expansion of (1 + x )2n and
n
(a) e 2 (b) e (c) e / 2 (d) 2e
2n −1
(1 + x ) are in the ratio j
NCERT Exemplar 7 If the number of terms in the expansion of
(a) 1 : 2 (b) 1 : 3 n
 2 4
(c) 3 : 1 (d) 2 : 1 1 − + 2  , x ≠ 0 is 28, then the sum of the coefficients
 x x 
3 The value of (1. 002)12 upto fourth place of decimal is of all the terms in this expansion, is j
JEE Mains 2016
(a) 1.0242 (b) 1.0245 (a) 64 (b) 2187 (c) 243 (d) 729
(c) 1.0004 (d) 1.0254
8 In the binomial expansion of (a − b ) , n ≥ 5, the sum of 5th
n
4 The coefficient of x 4 in the expansion of (1 + x + x 2 + x 3 )n a
is and 6th terms is zero, then is equal to
b
(a) n
C4 (b) n
C4 + n C2 5 6
(a) (b)
(c) n
C4 + n C2 + n C2 (d) n
C4 + n C2 + n C1 ⋅ n C2 n−4 n −5
10 n −5 n−4
1  7 (c) (d)
5 If the middle term of  + x sin x  is equal to 7 , then 6 5
x  8
the value of x is j
NCERT Exemplar
9 In the expansion of the following expression
π π 1 + (1 + x ) + (1 + x )2 + ... + (1 + x )n , the coefficient of
(a) 2nπ + (b) nπ + x 4( 0 ≤ k ≤ n ) is
6 6
π π (a) n +1
Ck + 1 (b) n Ck
(c) nπ + (− 1)n (d) nπ + (− 1) n
6 3 (c) Cn −k −1 (d) None of these
10 The coefficient of t 24 in the expansion of 21 If the sum of the coefficients in the expansion of
(1 + t 2 )12(1 + t 12 )(1 + t 24 ) is ( x − 2y + 3z )n is 128, then the greatest coefficient in the
(a) 12
C6 + 2 (b) 12
C5 (c) 12
C6 (d) 12
C7 expansion of (1 + x )n is
11 The coefficient of x 53
in the following expansion (a) 35 (b) 20 (c) 10 (d) None of these
100
22. If for positive integers r > 1, n > 2, the coefficient of the
∑ 100Cm ( x − 3)100−m ⋅ 2m is ( 3r )th and (r + 2)th powers of x in the expansion of
m =0
(1 + x )2n are equal, then
(a) 100
C47 (b) 100
C53 (c) −100 C53 (d) −100 C100
(a) n = 2r (b) n = 3r
12 If p is a real number and if the middle term in the (c) n = 2r + 1 (d) None of these
8
p 
expansion of  + 2 is 1120, then the value of p is n
1 n
r
2 
j NCERT Exemplar
23 If an = ∑ n
, then ∑ n is equal to
r =0 Cr r = 0 Cr
(a) ±3 (b) ±1
(c) ± 2 (d) None of these (a) (n − 1)an (b) nan
1
6
(c) nan (d) None of these
 2 2
13 The constant term in the expansion of 1 + x +  , is
 x n
1 + rx
(a) 479 (b) 517 (c) 569 (d) 581
24 ∑ ( −1)r (n Cr ) 1 + nx is equal to
r =0
14 If in the expansion of (1 + x ) (1 − x ) , the coefficient of x

m n
(a) 1 (b) −1 (c) n (d) 0
and x 2 are 3 and −6 respectively, them m is  30  30  30  30  30  30
25     −    + ... +     is equal to
(a) 6 (b) 9 (c) 12 (d) 24  0 10  1   11  20  30
15 If n is a positive integer, then ( 3 + 1) 2n
− ( 3 − 1)2n is (a) 30
C11 (b) 60
C10 (c) 30
C10 (d) 65
C55
(a) an irrational number j
AIEEE 2012
26 The value of ( C1 − C1) + ( C2 − C2 )
21 10 21 10
(b) an odd positive integer + ( 21C3 −10 C3 ) + ( 21C4 −10 C4 ) + ... + ( 21C10 −10 C10 ) is
(c) an even positive integer j
JEE Mains 2017
(d) a rational number other than positive integers
(a) 2 21
−2 11
(b) 2 21
−2 10
(c) 2 20
−2 9
(d) 2 20 − 210
21
 a b  27 The sum of the series
16 If the (r + 1) th term in the expansion of  3 + 
 b 3
a 20
C0 − 20 C1 + 20 C2 − 20 C3 + ...+ 20C10 is j
AIEEE 2007
1
has the same power of a and b, then the value of r is (a) − C10
20
(b) 20C10 (c) 0 (d) 20
C10
2
(a) 9 (b) 10 (c) 8 (d) 6
n −3 28 If (1 + x )n = C0 + C1x + C2x 2 +...+Cn X n , then the value of
 1
17 If x 2k
occurs in the expansion of  x + 2  , then C0 + 2C1 + 3C2 + ...+ (n + 1)Cn will be
 x 
(a) (n + 2)2n −1 (b) (n + 1)2n
(a) n − 2k is a multiple of 2 (b) n − 2k is a multiple of 3 (c) (n + 1)2n −1 (d) (n + 2)2n
(c) k = 0 (d) None of these
29 If n > ( 8 + 3 7 )10, n ∈ N, then the least value of n is
18 The ratio of the coefficient of x 15 to the term
15 (a) (8 + 3 7 )10 − (8 − 3 7 )10
 2
(8 + 3 7 )10 + (8 − 3
independent of x in the expansion of  x 2 +  , is (b) 7 )10
 x (c) (8 + 3 7 )10 − (8 − 3 7 )10 + 1
j
JEE Mains 2013 (d) (8 + 3 7 )10 − (8 − 3 7 )10 − 1
(a) 7 : 16 (b) 7 : 64 (c) 1 : 4 (d) 1 : 32 30 49n + 16n − 1 is divisible by
20
 1  (a) 3 (b) 19 (c) 64 (d) 29
19 The greatest term in the expansion of 3 1 +  is
 3 31 If A = 1000 1000
and B = (1001) 999
, then
 20 1  20 1
(a)   (b)   (a) A > B (b) A = B
 7  27  6  81
(c) A < B (d) None of these
1  20
(c)   (d) None of these
9  9 32 If n − 1Cr = (k 2 − 3) ⋅ nCr + 1, then k belongs to
(a) (− ∞, − 2 ] (b) [2 , ∞) (c) [ − 3 , 3 ] (d) ( 3 , 2 ]
20 The largest term in the expansion of ( 3 + 2x )50, where
1 33 The remainder left out when 82n − ( 62)2n + 1 is divided by
x = is
5 9, is
(a) 5th (b) 3th (c) 7th (d) 6th (a) 0 (b) 2 (c) 7 (d) 8
34 If x is positive, the first negative term in the expansion of 37 For each n ∈ N, 23n − 1 is divisible by
(1 + x ) 27 / 5
is j AIEEE 2003 (a) 8 (b) 16
(a) 7th term (b) 5th term (c) 8th term (d) 6th term (c) 32 (d) None of these
35 Let P (n ) : n 2 + n + 1 ( n ∈ N ) is an even integer. Therefore, 38 Let S (k ) = 1 + 3 + 5+...+( 2k − 1) = 3 + k 2.
P (n ) is true Then, which of the following is true? j AIEEE 2004
(a) for n > 1 (b) for all n (c) for n > 2 (d) None of these (a) S(1) is correct
36 For all n ∈ N, 1 × 1! + 2 × 2 ! + 3 × 3! + ...+ n × n ! is equal (b) S (k) ⇒ S (k + 1)
to j NCERT Exemplar (c) S (k) ⇒/ S (k + 1)
(a) (n + 1) ! − 2 (b) (n + 1)! (d) Principle of mathematical induction can be used to
(c) (n + 1) ! − 1 (d) (n + 1)! − 3 prove the formula

1 The coefficient of x 2m + 1 in the expansion of 7 If a and d are two complex numbers, then the sum to
E =
1
, x < 1 is (n + 1) terms of the following series
(1 + x )(1 + x 2 )(1 + x 4 )(1 + x 8 )...(1 + x 2m ) aC0 − (a + d )C1 + (a + 2d )C2 − ... + ... is
(a) 3 (b) 2 (c) 1 (d) 0 a
(a) (b) na
2n
C C C
2 C1 − 2 + 3 – ... + ( − 1)n − 1 n is equal to (c) 0 (d) None of these
2 3 n
(−1)n − 1
n n
 n  m
(a) 1 −
1
+
1
−... + (b) 1 +
1 1
+ + ... +
1 8 ∑ ∑     is equal to
m  p 
2 3 n 2 3 n p =1 m = p
1 1 1
(c) 1 + + + ... + (d) None of these (a) 3n (b) 2n
2 3 n −1 (c) 3n + 2n (d) 3n − 2n
10
 1  9 The sum of the series
3 If the coefficient of x 5 in ax 2 + is a times and equal
  bx 
n
1 3r 7r 15r 
10 ∑ ( −1)r nCr  2r + 22r + 23r + 24r + ... + m terms is
 1  r =0
to the coefficient of x −5 in ax − 2 2 , then the value
 b x  2mn − 1 2mn − 1
(a) (b)
of ab is 2 (2n − 1)
mn
2n − 1
(a) (b)−3 (b) − (b)6 (c) (b)−1 (d) None of these 2mn + 1
(c) n (d) None of these
4 The sum of coefficients of integral powers of x in the 2 +1
binomial expansion of (1 − 2 x )50, is j
JEE Mains 2015 10 The value of x, for which the 6th term in the expansion of
7
(a)
1 50
(3 + 1 ) (b)
1 50
(3 )  log2 9 x −1 + 7 1 
2 +  is 84, is equal to
2 2 (1/ 5 )log2 (3 x −1 + 1)
1 50 1 50  2 
(c) (3 − 1 ) (d) (2 + 1 )
2 2 (a) 4 (b) 3 (c) 2 (d) 5
n
5 The term independent of x in expansion of  1 
11 If the last term in the binomial expansion of  21/ 3 − 
 x +1 x −1   2
 2/ 3 −  is
 x − x 1/ 3 + 1 x − x 1/ 2  log3 8
JEE Mains 2013  1 
j
is  5/ 3  , then the 5th term from the beginning is

(a) 4 (b) 120 (c) 210 (d) 310 3 
6 If (1 + x )n = C0 + C1x + C2x 2 + ... + Cn x n , then (a) 210 (b) 420
C02 + C12 + C22 + C32 + ... + Cn2 is equal to (c) 105 (d) None of these
n! (2n)! 12 The sum of the coefficients of all odd degree terms in the
(a) (b)
n !n ! n !n ! expansion of
(2n)!
(c) (d) None of these ( x + x 3 − 1)5 + ( x − x 3 − 1)5,( x > 1) is j
JEE Mains 2018
n!
(a) −1 (b) 0 (c) 1 (d) 2
13 The greatest value of the term independent of x, as α 15 If the ratio of the fifth term from the beginning to the fifth
20 n
 sin α   1 
varies over R, in the expansion of  x cos α +  is term from the end in the expansion of  4 2 + 4  is
 x   3
20 20 20 6 : 1, then
(a) C10 (b) C15 (c) C19 (d) None of these
14 Statement I For each natural number Statement I The value of n is 10.
n− 4
n,(n + 1)7 − n 7 − 1 is divisible by 7.
2 4 ⋅ 3 −1
Statement II For each natural number n, n − n is divisible 7
Statement II = 6 NCERT Exemplar
4 +n j
by 7. j AIEEE 2011
2⋅3 4
(a) Statement I is false, Statement II is true
(a) Statement I is true; Statement II is true; Statement II is a
(b) Statement I is true, Statement II is true, Statement II is correct explanation for Statement I
correct explanation of Statement I.
(b) Statement I is true; Statement II is true; Statement II is
(c) Statement I is true, Statement II is true; Statement II is not a correct explanation for Statement I
(d) Statement I is true, Statement II is false
(d) Statement I is false; Statement II is true
ANSWERS
SESSION 1 1 (a) 2 (d) 3 (a) 4 (d) 5 (c) 6 (b) 7 (d) 8 (d) 9 (a) 10 (a)
11 (c) 12 (c) 13 (d) 14 (c) 15 (a) 16 (a) 17 (b) 18 (d) 19 (a) 20 (c)
21 (a) 22 (c) 23 (c) 24 (d) 25 (c) 26 (d) 27 (b) 28 (a) 29 (b) 30 (c)
31 (a) 32 (d) 33 (b) 34 (c) 35 (d) 36 (c) 37 (d) 38 (b)
1 (c) 2 (b) 3 (b) 4 (a) 5 (c) 6 (b) 7 (c) 8 (d) 9 (a) 10 (c)
SESSION 2
11 (a) 12 (d) 13 (d) 14 (b) 15 (c)

10
1 Given that,(1 + ax )n = 1 + 8 x + 24 x2 + ... 3 We have, (1. 002)12 or it can be 5  1 + x sin x 
n n(n − 1) 2 2 rewritten as (1 + 0. 002) 12
x 
⇒ 1+ ax + a x + ...
1 1⋅ 2 ⇒ (1. 002)12 = 1 + 12 C1 (0. 002) Here, n = 10 [even]
⇒ Middle term =  + 1 th = 6th
= 1 + 8 x + 24 x2 + ... + 12 C2 (0. 002)2 + 12 C3 (0. 002)3 + ... 10
On comparing the coefficients of x, x2 ,  2 
We want the answer upto 4 decimal 10− 5
C 5  
we get places and as such we have left further 1
T6 = 10
( x sin x )5
n(n − 1) 2 expansion.  x
na = 8, a = 24
1⋅ 2 ∴(1. 002)12 = 1 + 12(0. 002) 7 63
⇒ 252(sin x )5 = 7 =
⇒ na(n − 1)a = 48 12⋅ 11 12⋅ 11⋅ 10 8 8
+ (0. 002)2 + (0. 002)3 + ... 1 1
⇒ 8(8 − a) = 48 ⇒ 8 − a = 6 1⋅ 2 1⋅ 2⋅ 3 ⇒ (sin x )5 = ⇒ sin x =
⇒ a=2 ⇒ n= 4 32 2
= 1 + 0. 024 + 2. 64 × 10−4 +1.76 × 10−6 + ...
⇒ sin x = sin π/6
2 Coefficient of x in (1 + x ) =
n 2n 2n
Cn = 1. 0242 π
n ∴ x = nπ + (− 1)n
and coefficient of x 4 (1 + x + x2 + x3 )n = {(1 + x )n (1 + x2 )n } 6
in (1 + x )2 n −1 =2 n −1 C n = (1 + nC1 x + nC2 x2 + nC3 x3 3
∴ Required ratio + nC 4 x 4 +… nC n x n )
6 T7 = 9C 6  3 3  ( 3 ln x )6 = 729
 84 
(2n )!
2n
Cn (1 + nC1 x2 + nC2 x 4 + K + nC n x2 n ) 84 × 33
= = n ! n ! = 2 :1 ⇒ × 33 × (ln x )6 = 729
2 n −1
Cn (2n − 1)! Therefore, the coefficient of x 4 84
n !(n − 1)! = nC2 + nC2 nC1 + nC 4 = (ln x )6 = 1
= nC 4 + nC2 + nC1 nC2 ⇒ x=e
7 Clearly number of terms in the ⇒ p 4 = 16 17 The general term in the expansion of

n −3
expansion of ⇒ p=±2 x+ 1 
n   is given by
 1 − 2 + 4  is (n + 2)(n + 1) or n +2 C . 6  x2 
   6 
 x x 2
2
2
13  1 + x + 2  = 1 + 2
  x +  r
 x  1  x T r +1 = n −3 C r ( x )n −3 − r  2 
1
1 1
[assuming and 2 distinct] 2 6
x 
x  6  6
+    x +  + ... +    x + 
x 2 2
(n + 2)(n + 1) = n −3 C r x n −3 −3 r
∴ = 28  2  x  6  x
2 As x2 k occurs in the expansion of
∴ Constant term n −3
⇒ (n + 2)(n + 1) = 56 = (6 + 1)(6 + 2)  6  2  6  4  x + 1  , we must have
= 1 +     21 +     22 +  
⇒ n=6  2   1  4  2   x2 
Hence, sum of coefficients
 6  6 3 n − 3 − 3r = 2k for some non-negative
= (1 − 2 + 4)6 = 36 = 729    2 integer r.
 6  3 
⇒ 3(1 + r ) = n − 2k
8 Since, in a binomial expansion of = 1 + 60 + 360 + 160 = 581 ⇒ n − 2k is a multiple of 3.
(a − b )n , n ≥ 5, the sum of 5th and 6th
14 (1 + x )m (1 − x )n r
terms is equal to zero. 18 T r + 1 = 15C r ( x2 )15 − r ⋅  2 
∴ n C 4 an − 4 (−b )4 + n C 5an − 5(−b )5 = 0  m(m − 1)x2   x
= 1 + mx + + ...
n! 2! 30 − 2 r
⋅ 2 ⋅ x−r
an − 4 ⋅ b 4   = 15 r
⇒ Cr x
(n − 4)! 4! 1 − nx + n(n − 1) x2 −... = 15
C r ⋅ x30 − 3 r ⋅ 2r …(i)
n!  
− an − 5b 5 = 0 2!
(n − 5)! 5! For coefficient of x15, put 30 − 3 r = 15
= 1 + (m − n )x
⇒ 3 r = 15 ⇒ r = 5
an − 5 ⋅ b 4  −  = 0
n! a b
⇒  n2 − n (m2 − m ) 2
+ − mn + ∴ Coefficient of x15 = C 5 ⋅ 25
15
(n − 5)! 4!  n − 4 5  x + ...
a n−4  2 2  For coefficient of independent of x
⇒ =
b 5 Given, m − n = 3 ⇒ n = m − 3 i.e. x 0 put 30 − 3r = 0
9 The given expression is n2 − n m2 − m
and − mn + = −6 ⇒ r = 10
1 + (1 + x ) + (1 + x )2 + ...+ (1 + x )n being in 2 2 ∴ Coefficient of x 0 = C10 ⋅ 210
15
GP. (m − 3)(m − 4)
⇒ − m(m − 3) Coefficient of x15
Let, S = 1 + (1 + x ) + (1 + x )2 + ...+ (1 + x )n 2 By condition ⇒
m2 − m Coefficient of x 0
(1 + x )n +1 − 1 + = −6
= = x −1 [(1 + x )n +1 − 1] 2 C ⋅ 25
15 15
C ⋅ 25
(1 + x ) − 1 = 15 5 10 = 15 10 10 = 1 : 32
⇒ m2 − 7m + 12 − 2m2 + 6m C10 ⋅ 2 C10 ⋅ 2
∴ The coefficient of x k in S. + m2 − m + 12 = 0
= The coefficient of x k +1 in ⇒ −2m + 24 = 0 ⇒ m = 12 19 Greatest term in the expansion of
[(1 + x )n +1 − 1] (1 + x )n is T r
2 n −1 +1
= n +1C k +1 15 ( 3 + 1) = 2n 2n
C 0( 3 ) 2n
+ 2n
C1 ( 3 )
+ 2 n C2 ( 3 )2 n −2 + ...+ 2 n C2 n ( 3 )2 n −2 n  (n + 1)x 
where, r =  
10 We have, (1 + t 2 )12 (1 + t 12 )(1 + t 24 ) ( 3 − 1) 2n
= 2n
C 0( 3 ) (−1)
2n 0  1+ x 
= (1 + 12 C1t 2 + 12 C2t + ...+ 12 C 6t 12 1
+ 2 n C1 ( 3 )2 n −1 (−1)1 + 2 n C2 ( 3 )2 n −2 (−1)2 + ... Here, n = 20, x =
+ ...+ 12 C12t 24 + ... )(1 + t 12 + t 24 + t 36 ) 3
+ 2 n C2 n ( 3 )2 n −2 n (−1)2 n
∴Coefficient of t 24 in  21 
Adding both the binomial expansions ∴ r = 
(1 + t 2 )12 (1 + t 12 )(1 + t 24 )
above, we get  3 + 1
=12 C 6 + 12 C12 + 1 =12 C 6 + 2 ( 3 + 1)2 n − ( 3 − 1)2 n = 2[2 n C1 ( 3 )2 n −1 = [10.5 ( 3 − 1)] = (7.69) ≈ 7
11 The given sigma expansion + 2 n C3 ( 3 )2 n −3 + 2 n C 5( 3 )2 n − 5 Hence, greatest term is

7
100 + ... + 2n
C2 n −1 ( 3 ) 2 n −(2 n −1 )
]  20  1   20 1
∑
100
C m ( x − 3)100− m ⋅ 2m can be written 3    =  .
m= 0 which is most certainly an irrational  7   3  7  27
as [( x − 3) + 2]100 = ( x − 1)100 = (1 − x )100 number because of odd powers of 3 in 50
(3 + 2 x )50 = 350  1 +
2x 
∴Coefficient of x 53 each of the terms. 20 Q 
in  3
100
(1 − x )100 = (−1)53 C 53 = −100C 53 16 ∴General term is r
T r +1 = 350 50C r  
21 − r
2x
r Here,
8  a   b   3
= 21
C r 3   
12 Given expression is  
p Tr +1
+ 2  b  3
a r −1
2 
T r = 350 50C r −1  
2x
and
Here, n = 8 [even] 7−
r 2r 7
−  3
= 21
Cr a 2 ⋅ b3 2
⇒ Middle term =  + 1 th term
8 1
But x = (given)
2  Q Power of a = Power of b [given] 5
50
= 5 th term r 2 7 ∴
T r +1 C 2 1
≥ 1 ⇒ 50 r ⋅ ≥ 1
⇒ 7− = r −
T 5 = 8C 4 ( p / 2)8− 4 (24 ) 2 3 2 Tr C r −1 3 5
8 × 7 × 6 × 5 p4 ∴ r =9 ⇒ 102 − 2r ≥ 15r ⇒ r ≤ 6
⇒ × × 24 = 1120
4 × 3 × 2 × 1 24
21 Sum of the coefficients in the expansion 26 (21 C1 −10 C1 ) + (21 C2 −10 C2 ) (1001)999 < (1000)1000
of ∴ B< A
+ (21 C3 −10 C3 )+ ...+ (21 C10 −10 C10 )
( x − 2 y + 3z )n is (1 − 2 + 3)n = 2n n −1 n n −1
(put x = y = z = 1) = ( C1 +
21 21
C2 + ...+ C10 ) 21 32 Since, C r = (k 2 − 3) Cr
r+1
∴ 2n = 128 ⇒ n = 7 −(10C1 + 10 C2 + ... + 10 C10 ) r+1
Therefore, the greatest coefficient in the ⇒ k2 − 3 =
1 21 n
expansion of (1 + x )7 is 7 C3 or 7 C 4 = ( C1 + 21 C2 + ... + 21 C20 ) − (210 − 1)
2 ⇒ 0 < k2 − 3 ≤ 1
because both are equal to 35. 1 Qn ≥ r ⇒ r + 1 ≤ 1and n, r > 0
= (21 C1 + 21C2 + ... + 21C21 − 1) − (210 − 1)
22 In the expansion of (1 + x )2 n , the general 2  n 
1
term =2 n C k x k , 0 ≤ k ≤ 2n = (221 − 2) − (210 − 1) = 220 − 1 − 210 + 1 ⇒ 3< k ≤ 42
2
As given for r > 1, n > 2, Hence, k ∈ [−2, − 3] ∪ ( 3,2)
= 220 − 210
2n
C3 r =2 n C r +2
27 We know that, 33 82 n − (62)2 n +1 = (1 + 63)n − (63 − 1)2 n +1
⇒ Either 3r = r + 2
(1 + x ) =20 20
C0 + 20
C1 x + ... = (1 + 63)n + (1 − 63)2 n +1
or 3r = 2n − (r + 2)
= [1 + C1 ⋅ 63 + n C2 ⋅ (63)2 + ... + (63)n ]
n
(Q n C x = nC y ⇒ x + y = n or x = y ) + 20C10 x10 + ... + 20 C20 x20
On putting x = −1 in the above + [1 −2 n −1 C1 ⋅ 63 + (2 n +1 ) C2 ⋅ (63)2 − ...
⇒ r = 1 or n = 2r + 1
expansion, we get + (−1)(63)(2 n +1 )] ]
We take the relation only
0 = 20C 0 − 20C1 + ... − 20C a + 20C10 = 2 + 63[ C1 + C2 (63) + ...
n n
n = 2r + 1 (Q r > 1)
− 20C11 + ... + 20C20 + (63)n −1 −(2 n +1 ) C1
n
r n
n − (n − r )
23 Let b = ∑ n
= ∑ n ⇒ 0 = 20C 0 − 20C1 + ... − 20C 9 + 20C10 + (2 n +1 )C2 (63) − ...+ (−1)(63)(2 n )]
r=0 C r r=0 Cr
n
1 n
n−r − C 9 + ... + C 0
20 20
Hence, remainder is 2.
= n∑ − ∑
r=0
n
Cr r=0
n
Cr ⇒ 0 = 2( 20C 0 − 20C1 + ... − 20C 9 ) + 20C10 34 Since, (r + 1)th term in the expansion of
n
n−r ⇒ C10 = 2(20C 0 − 20C1 + ... + 20C10 )
20 (1 + x )27 / 5
= nan − ∑ nC (Q n C r = n C n − r )
1
27  27
 − 1 ... 
27
− r + 1
r=0 n− r ⇒ 20C 0 − 20C1 + ... + 20C10 = 20C10 5 5   5  r
n 2 = x
= nan − b ⇒ 2b = nan ⇒ b = an r!
2 28 Since, x(1 + x )n = xC 0 + C1 x2 Now, this term will be negative, if the
24 Let E = ∑ (−1)r nC r  1 + rx 
n
+ C2 x3 + ... + C n x n +1 last factor in numerator is the only one
r=0
 1 + nx  negative factor.
 1  n 27 32
(1 + x )n + nx(1 + x )n −1 ⇒ − r + 1< 0 ⇒ <r
 1 + nx  r∑
=  (−1) C r (1 + rx )
r n
5 5
=0 = C 0 + 2C1 x + 3C2 x2 ⇒ 6. 4 < r ⇒ least value of r is 7.
1  n
= 
 1 + nx   r∑
  (−1) ⋅ C r + ... + (n + 1)C n x n
r n
Thus, first negative term will be 8th.
=0 Put x = 1, we get 35 Given, P (n ) : n2 + n + 1
n
 C 0 + 2C1 + 3C2 + ... + (n + 1)C n
+ x ∑ r (−1) C r  r n
At n = 1, P (1) : 3, which is not an even
r=0  = 2n + n2n −1 = 2n −1 (n + 2) integer.
= 
1  29 Let f = (8 − 3 7 )10, here 0 < f < 1 Thus, P(1) is not true.
 (0 + 0) = 0
 1 + nx  Also, n(n + 1) + 1 is always an odd
∴ (8 + 3 7 )10 + (8 − 3 7 )10 is an integer,
[Q n C 0− nC1 + nC2 − nC3 + ...(−1)n nC n = 0] integer.
hence this is the value of n.
36 Let the statement P (n ) be defined as
25 Let 30 We have,
 30  30  30  30 P ( n ) : 1 × 1! + 2 × 2! + 3 × 3! K
A =    −   49 + 16n − 1 = (1 + 48) + 16n − 1
n n
 0   10  1   11 + n × n ! = (n + 1) ! − 1
= 1 + C1 (48) + C2 (48) + ...
n n 2
for all natural numbers n.
 30  30  30  30 + n C n (48)n + 16n − 1 Note that P(1) is true, since
+     − ... +    
 2   12  20  30 = (48n + 16n ) + C2 (48)2 + n C3 (48)3 +
n
P (1) : 1 × 1! = 1 = 2 − 1 = 2! − 1
or A =30 C 0 . 30C10 −30 C1 . 30C11 ... + n C n (48)n Assume that P (n ) is true for some
natural number k, i.e.
+ C2 . C12 − ... + C20 . C30
30 30 30 30 = 64n + 8 [ C2 ⋅ 6 + C3 ⋅ 6 ⋅ 8
2 n 2 n 3
P (k ) : 1 × 1! + 2 × 2! + 3 × 3! + ....
= Coefficient of x 20
in + n C 4 ⋅ 64 82 + ... + n C n ⋅ 6n ⋅ 8n −2 ] + k × k ! = (k + 1)! − 1 …(i)
(1 + x )30(1 − x )30 Hence, 49n + 16n − 1 is divisible by 64. To prove P (k + 1) is true, we have
= Coefficient of x 20
in (1 − x )
2 30 n P (k + 1) : 1 × 1! + 2 × 2!
31 Since,  1 + 1  < 3 for ∀n ∈ N + 3 × 3! + ... + k × k !
= Coefficient of x20 in  n
30 + (k + 1) × (k + 1)!
∑ (−1) C r ( x )
r 30 2 r 1000
(1001)999 1  1001  = (k + 1) ! − 1 + (k + 1)! × (k + 1)
Now, =  
r=0
(1000) 1000
1001  1000  [by Eq. (i)]
= (−1)10 30C10 1000
= (k + 1 + 1)(k + 1)! – 1
1  1  1
(for coefficient of x20, let r = 10) = 1 +  < ⋅3 < 1
1001  1000  1001 = (k + 2)(k + 1)! – 1 = (k + 2)! – 1
=30 C10
Thus, P (k + 1) is true, whenever P (k ) is 1

x + x2 + ...+ x n − 1 ) dx 1 + 350
true. Therefore, by the principle of
= ∫ 0(1 + ⇒ = C 0 + C2 (2)2 + K + C 50(2)50
1 2
mathematical induction,P (n ) is true for  x2 xn  1 1 1 10
= x + +…+  = 1 + 2 + 3 + ...+ n
all natural numbers n.  2 n 0 5  2 /3 x +11/3 −
( x − 1) 
 x − x + 1 x − x1 /2 
37 Now, 23 n − 1 = (23 )n − 1 = (1 + 7)n − 1 3 General term is  ( x1 /3 )3 + 13
10
r
{( x )2 − 1} 
C r ⋅ (a ⋅ x2 )10 − r ⋅  
1 =  2 /3 −
Tr = 10
= 1 + C1 ⋅ 7 + C2 ⋅ 7 + K x ( x − 1) 
n n 2
+1
 bx  x − x +1
1 /3
r
+ nC n ⋅ 7n − 1
= 10C r ⋅ (a)10 − r   ( x )20 − 3 r
1  ( x + 1)( x + 1 − x1 /3 )
1 /3 2 /3
b =
= 7[ n C1 + nC2 7 + K + nC n ⋅ 7n − 1 ] x2 /3 − x1 /3 + 1
 10
Since, x 5 occurs in T r + 1.
{( x )2 − 1} 
Hence, 7 divides 23n − 1 for all n ∈ N . −
∴ 20 − 3 r = 5 x ( x − 1) 
38 S (k ) = 1 + 3 + 5 + ... + (2k − 1) = 3 + k 2 ⇒ 3 r = 15 ⇒ r = 5  ( x + 1)
10
= ( x1 /3 + 1) − = ( x1 /3 − x −1 /2 )10
Put k = 1 in both sides, we get So, the coefficient of x 5 is 10C 5(a)5(b )−5.
 x 
LHS = 1 and RHS = 3 + 1 = 4
Again, let x −5 occurs in T r +1 of ∴The genreal term is
⇒ LHS ≠ RHS
10 T r +1 =10 C r ( x1 /3 )10− r (− x −1 /2 )r
Put (k + 1) in both sides in the place of  1  10− r  1 
r
 a ⋅ x − 2 2  is C r (ax ) − 2 2 
10
10− r r
k, we get −
 b ⋅ x   b x  =10 C r (−1)r x 3 2
LHS = 1 + 3 + 5 + ... + (2k − 1) + (2k + 1) r
C r (a)10 − r  − 2  ( x )10 − 3 r
1 For independent for x, put
RHS = 3 + (k + 1)2 = 3 + k 2 + 2k + 1 = 10
 b  10 − r r
Let LHS = RHS − = 0 ⇒ 20 − 2r − 3r = 0
10 − 3 r = − 5 ⇒ 15 = 3 r ⇒ r = 5 3 2
1 + 3 + 5 + ... + (2k − 1) + (2k + 1) ⇒ 20 = 5r ⇒ r = 4
= 3 + k 2 + 2k + 1 a5
So, the coefficient of x −5 is − 10C 5 10 . 10 × 9 × 8 × 7
∴ T 5 =10 C 4 = = 210
⇒ 1 + 3 + 5+ ... + (2k − 1) = 3 + k 2 b 4×3×2×1
If S (k ) is true, then S (k + 1) is also true. According to the given condition,
a5 a5
6 We have,
Hence, S (k ) ⇒ S (k + 1) 10
C 5 5 = − a 10C 5 10 (1 + x )n = C 0 + C1 x + C2 x2 + ... + C n x n
b b
... (i)
SESSION 2 ⇒ − b 5 = a ⇒ − b 6 = ab n 2
 1 1
and  1 +  = C 0 + C1 + C2    1
1 Multiplying the numerator and 4 Let T r +1 be the general term in the  x x  x
denominator by 1 − x, we have expansion of (1 − 2 x )50. n
+ ... + C n   ... (ii)
1
1− x
E = ∴ Tr = 50
C r (1)50− r (− 2 x1 /2 )r  x
+1
(1 − x )(1 + x )(1 + x2 )(1 + x 4 )
m = 50
C r ⋅ 2r ⋅ x r /2 ( − 1)r On multiplying Eqs. (i) and (ii) and taking
...(1 + x2 ) coefficient of constant terms in right hand
For the integral power of x and r should
1− x side = C 20 + C12 + C22 + ... + C 2n
= m
be even integer.
n
(1 − x2 )(1 + x2 )(1 + x 4 )...(1 + x2 )
In right hand side (1 + x )n  1 +  or in
25 1
∴Sum of coefficients = ∑
50
1− x C2 r (2)2 r
=  x
m
r =0
(1 − x 4 )(1 + x 4 )...(1 + x2 ) 1
=
1 1
[(1 + 2)50 + (1 − 2)50] = [350 + 1] (1 + x )2n
or term containing x n in
1− x m +1 2 2 xn
= = (1 − x )(1 − x2 )−1 (1 + x )2 n . Clearly, the coefficient of x n in
2 m +1 Alternate Method
(1 − x ) (2n )!
m +1 m +2 We have, (1 + x )2 n is equal to 2 n C n = .
= (1 − x )(1 + x2 + x2 + ... ) (1 − 2 x )50 = C 0 − C1 ⋅ 2 x n !n !
m +1
∴Coefficient of x2 is 1. + C2 (2 x )2 + K + C 50(2 x )50 …(i) 7 We can write,
aC 0 − (a + d )C1 + (a + 2d )C2 − ...
2 Since, (1 − x ) = C 0 − C1 ⋅ x + C2 ⋅ x
n 2
(1 + 2 x ) 50
= C 0 + C1 ⋅ 2 x
upto (n + 1) terms
− C3 ⋅ x + ...
3
+ C2 (2 x )2 + K + C 50(2 x )50 …(ii) = a(C 0 − C1 + C2 − ... )
⇒ 1 − (1 − x ) = C1 ⋅ x − C2 ⋅ x
n 2
On adding Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get + d (−C1 + 2C2 − 3C3 + ... ) ... (i)
+ C3 ⋅ x3 – ... (1 − 2 x )50 + (1 + 2 x )50 We know,
1 − (1 − x )n = 2[C 0 + C2 (2 x )2 + ... + C 50(2 x )50] (1 − x )n = C 0 − C1 x + C2 x2
⇒ = C1 − C2 ⋅ x
x (1 − 2 x )50 + (1 + 2 x )50 −...+ (−1)n C n x n ... (ii)
⇒
+ C3 ⋅ x2 − K 2 On differentiating Eq. (ii) w.r.t. x,
1 = C 0 + C2 (2 x )2 + K + C 50 (2 x )50 we get − n(1 − x )n −1 = −C1 + 2C2 x
⇒ ∫ 0(C1 − C2 ⋅ x + C3 ⋅ x2 − K ) dx
− ... + (−1)n C n nx n −1 ... (iii)
11 − (1 − x )n
= ∫0 1 − (1 − x )
dx (1 − 2 1 )50 + (1 + 2 1 )50 On putting x = 1 in Eqs. (ii) and (iii), we
get
2
C1 C2 C 11 − x n C 0 − C1 + C2 − ... + (−1)n C n = 0 ... (iv)
⇒ − + 3 −K = ∫ dx = C 0 + C2 (2)2 + K + C 50 (2)50
1 2 3 0 1− x and −C1 + 2C2 − ... + (−1)n C n = 0 ... (v)
(− 1)50 + (3)50
Q 1 f ( x ) dx = 1 f (1 − x ) dx  ⇒
 ∫ 0 ∫0  2 From Eq. (i),
= C 0 + C2 (2)2 + K + C 50(2)50
aC 0 − (a + d )C1 + (a + 2d )C2 − ... + upto 32x  3x  Thus, the greatest possible value of β is
⇒ + 7 = 4 + 1
(n + 1) terms 10
C10   .
9  3  20 1
= a⋅ 0 + d ⋅ 0 = 0  2
⇒ 32x − 12(3x ) + 27 = 0
[from Eqs. (iv) and (v)] ⇒ y 2 − 12 y + 27 = 0 (put y = 3x ) 14 Let P (n ) = (n )7 − n
By mathematical induction
8 Since,     =
n m n! ⇒ ( y − 3)( y − 9) = 0
(n − m )! p ! (m − p )! For n = 1,
 m  p  ⇒ y = 3, 9
P(1) = 0, which is divisible by 7.
 n  n − p  ⇒ 3x = 3, 9
=   For n = k
 ⇒ x = 1,2
 p  m − p P (k ) = k 7 − k
n
∴Given series can be rewritten as
11 Last term of  21 /3 − 1  is
Let P (k ) be divisible by 7.
 2 ∴ k 7 − k = 7λ, for some λ ∈ N ... (i)
n n
 n  n − p 
∑ ∑   
 p  m − p

 1 
n For n = k + 1,
p=1 m = p T n +1 = nC n (21 /3 )n − n  −  P (k + 1) = (k + 1)7 − (k + 1)
n n   n  n − p  2
= ∑   ∑  
 p m = p  m − p 1 (−1)n
= (7 C 0k 7 + 7 C1 k 6 + 7 C2 k 5 + ...+ 7 C 6 ⋅ k
p=1 = nC n (−1)n n /2
= + 7 C7 ) − (k + 1)
2 2n /2
n
 n n− p
 n − p = (k − k ) + 7{k + 3k + ... + k }
7 6 5
= ∑  
 p
∑ 
 t 

Also, we have
log3 8 = 7λ + 7{k 6 + 3k 5 + ... + k } [Using Eq. (i)]
p=1 t=0  1  = 3−( 5/3 )log3 2 = 2−5
3
 5/3  ⇒ Divisible by 7.
n
 n n − 3 
= ∑ [ put m – p = t ]
p
 2 So, both statements are true and
 p (−1) (−1)
n
(−1) n 10
p=1 Thus, = 2−5 ⇒ n /2 = Statement II is correct explanation of
  n 2n /2 2 25
n
 n 1 1 Statement I.
= 2n ∑  ⋅ p=2   1 +  − 1
n
n
 p 2 2 ⇒ = 5 ⇒ n = 10
p=1   2 15 We know that, in the expansion of
4
(a + b )n , pth term from the end is
Now, T 5 = T 4 +1 = 10C 4 (21 /3 )10− 4  −
= 3n − 2n 1 
 (n − p + 2)th term from the beginning.
n  2
∑ (−1)
r
9 10! 1 /3 6 So, 5th term from the end is
4 −1 /2 4
r=0 = (2 ) (−1) (2 )
4! 6! = (n − 5 + 2) th term from the beginning
1 3r 7r 
n
C r  r + 2 r + 3 r + ... upto m terms  −2
= 210(2) (1)(2 ) = 210
2 = (n − 3) th term from the beginning
 2 2 2  = (n − 4 + 1) th term from the beginning
n
1 n
3r 12 Key idea = (a + b )n + (a − b )n …(i)
= ∑ (−1) C r ⋅ r + ∑ (−1) ⋅ C r 2 r
r n r n
r=0 2 r=0 2 = 2( n C 0an + n C2 an −2b 2 + n C 4 an − 4b 4 ... ) ∴ We have,

n n
n
7r We have 4 1   1/4 + 1 
+ ∑ (−1)r n C r + ...  2 + 4  = 2 
23 r (x + x3 − 1 )5 + ( x − x3 − 1 )5, x > 1  3  3 
1 / 4
r=0
n n n Now, 5th term from the beginning is
= 2( C 0 x + C2 x ( x − 1 )2
=  1 −  +  1 −  +  1 −  + ...
5 5 5 3 3
1 3 7
T 4 + 1 = nC 4 (21 / 4 )n − 4 (3−1 / 4 )4
 2  4  8
+ 5C 4 x( x3 − 1 )4 ) n− 4
upto m terms
= 2( x + 10 x ( x − 1) + 5x( x3 − 1)2 )
5 3 3 = nC 4 2 4 3 −1 …(ii)
1 1 1
= n + 2 n + 3 n ... upto m terms
2 2 2 = 2( x 5 + 10 x 6 − 10 x3 +5x7 − 10 x 4 + 5x) And 5th term from the end is
T( n − 4 ) + 1 = nC n − 4 (21 / 4 )n − n + 4 (31 / 4 )n − 4
1  
m Sum of coefficients of all odd degree
1 −  n  
1
n  terms is n +4
2  −
2   = 2 −1
mn
= 2(1 − 10 + 5 + 5) = 2 = nC 4 2 ⋅ 3 4
1 − 1 2 (2 − 1)
mn n
[Q nC r = n C n − r ] …(iii)
  13 The general term in the expansion of
 2n  20 So, from the given condition, we have
 x cos α + sin α 
10 We have,   is Fifth term from the beginning 6
 x  =
7 r Fifth term from the end 1
 log2  sin α 
9x −1 +7
+
1 20
C r ( x cos α )20− r   n−4
2 x −1
+1 )   x  n
C4 ⋅2 4 ⋅ 3 −1 6
 2(1 / 5)log2 (3  ⇒ =
20−2 r 20− r −n + 4
7
= Cr x
20
(cos α ) (sin α )
r 1
 1  n
C 4. ⋅ 2 ⋅ 3
=  9x −1 + 7 + x −1 4
 (3 + 1)1 / 5  For this term to be independent of x, we n−4  4 −n 

−1 −1 −  
get  4 
7−5 1 
5
⇒ 2 4 ⋅3 = 6
∴T 6 = C 5( 9 7 x −1
+ 7) 20 − 2r = 0
 (3x −1 1/5 
+ 1) 
n−8 n−8
 ⇒ r = 10 ⇒ 2 4 3 4 = 61 /2
= C 5(9
7 x −1
+ 7)
1 Let β = Term indeoendent of x n−8
(3x −1 + 1) = 20C10(cos α )10(sin α)10 ⇒ (2 × 3) 4 = (2 ⋅ 3)1 /2
(9x −1 + 7) = C10(cos α sin α)
20 10 n−8
⇒ 84 = 7C 5 ⇒ = 1/2
(3x −1 + 1) 10 4
sin 2α 
⇒ 9x −1 + 7 = 4(3x −1 + 1) = 20C10   ⇒ n = 2 + 8 ∴ n = 10
 2 
DAY EIGHT
Permutations and
Combinations
u Fundamental Principle of u Circular Permutations u Prime Factors
Counting u Combinations u Division of Objects into
u Factorial Notation u Applications of Permutations Groups
u Permutations and Combinations
Fundamental Principle of Counting

The fundamental principle of counting is a way to figure out the total number of ways in
which different events can occur. If a certain work A can be done in m ways and another
work B in n ways, then
(i) the number of ways of doing the work C, which is done only when either A or B is
done, is m + n. (addition principle)
(ii) the number of ways of doing the work C, which is done only when both A and B are
done, is mn. (multiplication principle)
Factorial Notation
The product of first n natural numbers is denoted by n! and read as ‘factorial n’.
Thus, n ! = n (n − 1) (n − 2) … 3 ⋅ 2 ⋅1 PRED
Properties of Factorial Notation MIRROR
1. 0 ! = 1 ! = 1
2. Factorials of negative integers and fractions are not defined. u No. of Questions in Exercises (x)—
3. n ! = n (n − 1)! = n (n − 1) (n − 2)! u No. of Questions Attempted (y)—
n! u No. of Correct Questions (z)—
4. = n (n − 1) (n − 2)… (r + 1) (Without referring Explanations)
r!
Permutations u Prep Level (z / x × 100)—
l
Permutation means arrangement of things. The number of permutations of n
different things taken r at a time is n Pr . In order to expect good rank in JEE,
n! above 85 & Prep Level should be
l
n
Pr = n (n − 1) (n − 2)...(n − r + 1) = ,0 ≤ r ≤ n above 75.
(n − r )!
DAY EIGHT PERMUTATION AND COMBINATION 79
Properties of n Pr Number of circular permutations of n different things, taken

l
n +1
r at a time, when clockwise and anti-clockwise orders are
(i) n P0 = 1, n P1 = n , n Pn = n ! (ii) n
Pr + r ⋅n Pr − 1 = Pr n
P
n −1
not different, is r .
(iii) Pr = n
n
Pr − 1 (iv) Pr = (n − r + 1) n Pr − 1
n
2r
n −1 n −1
(v) Pr = (n − r ) Pr − 1
Important Results on
Important Results on Permutations Circular Permutations
(i) Number of permutations of n different things taken r at a (i) The number of ways in which m different things and n
time when a particular thing is to be always included in different things (where, m ≥ n) can be arranged in a circle,
each arrangement is r ⋅ n −1 Pr −1 . so that no two things of second kind come together is
(ii) Number of permutations of n different things taken r at a (m − 1)! m Pn .
time, when a particular thing is never taken in each
(ii) The number of ways in which m different things and n
arrangement is n −1 Pr .
different things can be arranged in a circle, so that all the
(iii) The number of permutations of n different things taken r
second type of things come together is m ! n !.
at a time, allowing repetitions is nr .
(iv) The permutations of n things of which p are identical of (iii) The number of ways in which m different things and n
one sort, q are identical of second sort, r are identical of different things (where, m ≥ n) can be arranged in the form
n! of garland, so that no two things of second kind come
third sort, is , where p + q + r = n.
p!q ! r ! together is (m − 1)! m Pn / 2.
(v) Arrangements (iv) The number of ways in which m different things and n
(a) The number of ways in which m different things and n different things can be arranged in the form of garland, so
different things (m + 1 ≥ n) can be arranged in a row, so that all the second type of things come together is m ! n !/ 2 .
that no two things of second kind come together is
m ! ( m +1 )Pn . Combinations
(b) The number of ways in which m different things and n
Combination means selection of things. The number of
different things (m ≥ n) can be arranged in a row so that combinations of n different things taken r at a time is
all the second type of things come together is  n
n
(m + 1)! n !. Cr or   .
 r
(vi) Dearrangement The number of dearrangements
(No object goes to its scheduled place) of n objects, is  n n (n − 1) (n − 2)...(n − r + 1) n! n
P
n
Cr =   = = = r
1 1 1 1 r r! r !(n − r )! r!
n! − + − ... (− 1)n .
2 ! 3 ! 4 ! n !
(vii) Sum of Digits Properties of n Cr
(a) Sum of numbers formed by taking all the given n digits
(i) n
Cr = nCn − r (ii) n Cx = nC y ⇒ x = y or x + y = n
(excluding 0) is (sum of all the n digits)
n +1
× (n − 1)! × (111 ... n times). (iii) n
Cr + nCr − 1 = Cr
(b) Sum of the numbers formed by taking all the given n
digits (including 0) is (sum of all the n digits) Important Results on Combinations
× [(n − 1)! × (111 ... n times) − (n − 2) ×
{111 ...(n − 1) times}]. (i) The number of combinations of n different things, taken r
at a time, when p particular things always occur is
n− p
Cr − p.
Circular Permutations
(ii) The number of combinations of n different things, taken r
l
If different objects are arranged along a closed curve, then
permutation is known as circular permutation. at a time, when p particular things never occur is n − pCr .
l
The number of circular permutations of n different things (iii) The number of selections of zero or more things out of n
taken all at a time is (n − 1)!. If clockwise and anti-clockwise different things is n C0 + nC1 + … + nCn = 2 n .
orders are taken as different. (iv) The number of selections of one or more things out of
l
If clockwise and anti-clockwise circular permutations are n different things is
(n − 1)! n
C1 + nC2 + … + nCn = 2 n − 1.
considered to be same, then it is .
2 (v) The number of selections of zero or more things out of n
l
Number of circular permutations of n different things, identical things = n + 1.
taken r at a time, when clockwise and anti-clockwise (vi) The number of selections of one or more things out of n
n
P identical things = n.
orders are taken as different, is r .
r
80 40 DAYS ~ JEE MAIN MATHEMATICS DAY EIGHT
(vii) The number of selections of one or more things from ( p1α 1 + 1 − 1) ( p2α 2 + 1 − 1) ( prα r + 1 − 1)
(ii) Sum of divisors of nis ...
p + q + r things, where p are alike of one kind, q are alike ( p1 – 1) ( p2 − 1) ( pr − 1)
of second kind and rest are alike of third kind, is
[( p + 1) (q + 1) (r + 1)] − 1. (iii) If p is a prime such that pr divides n! but pr +1 does not
divide n ! .
(viii) The number of selections of one or more things from p
 n n
identical things of one kind, q identical things of second Then, r =   +  p2  + K
kind, r identical things of third kind and n different  p  
things, is ( p + 1) (q + 1) (r + 1) 2 n − 1
(ix) If there are m items of one kind, n items of another kind
and so on. Then, the number of ways of choosing r items
Division of Objects into Groups
out of these items = coefficient of x r in
(1 + x + x2 + K + x m ) (1 + x + x2 + K + x n )K Objects are Different
(x) If there are m items of one kind, n items of another kind (i) The number of ways of dividing n different objects into 3
and so on. Then, the number of ways of choosing r items groups of size p, q and r ( p + q + r = n) is
out of these items such that atleast one item of each kind n!
is included in every selection = coefficient of x r in (a) ; p, q and r are unequal.
p!q ! r !
( x + x2 + K + x m )( x + x2 + K + x n )K
n! n!
(b) ;q = r (c) ; p =q = r
p ! 2 !(q !)2 3 !( p !)3
Applications of Permutations
(ii) The number of ways in which n different things can be
and Combinations distributed into r different groups, if empty groups are
allowed, is r n .
Functional Applications (iii) The number of ways in which n different things can be
If the set A has m elements and B has n elements, then distributed into r different groups, if empty groups are not
allowed, is
(i) the number of functions from A to B is nm .
 r  r
(ii) the number of one-one functions from A to B is n Pm , m ≤ n. r n −   (r − 1)n +   (r − 2)n − … + (−1)r − 1 rCr − 1 ⋅ 1
1 2
(iii) the number of onto functions from A to B is

 n  n Objects are Identical
nm −   (n − 1)m +   (n − 2)m − ..., m ≤ n.
1 2 (i) The number of ways of dividing n identical objects among
r persons such that each one may get atmost n objects, is
(iv) the number of bijections from A to B is n!, if m = n.
 n + r − 1
  . In other words, the total number of ways of
 r −1 
Geometrical Applications dividing n identical objects into r groups, if blank groups
(i) Number of triangles formed from n points, when no three are allowed, is n + r − 1 Cr − 1 .
points are collinear, is n C3 .
(ii) The total number of ways of dividing n identical objects
(ii) Out of n non-concurrent and non-parallel straight lines,
among r persons, each one of whom, receives atleast one
the points of intersection are n C2 .
item, is n − 1 Cr − 1 . In other words, the number of ways in
(iii) The number of diagonals in a polygon of nsides is n C2 − n. which n identical things can be divided into r groups
(iv) The number of total triangles formed by the n points on a such that blank groups are not allowed, is n − 1 Cr − 1 .
plane of which m are collinear, is n C3 − mC3 .
(iii) Number of non-negative integral solutions of the equation
(v) The number of total different straight lines, formed by the x1 + x2 + … + x r = n is equivalent to number of ways of
n points on a plane, of which m are collinear, is distributing n identical objects into r groups if empty
n
C2 − mC2 + 1 . groups are allowed, which is n + r −1 Cr −1 .
(iv) Number of positive integral solutions of the equation
Prime Factors x1 + x2 + …+ x r = n is equivalent to the number of ways of
Let n = p1α 1 ⋅ p2α 2 ⋅ p3α 3 K prα r , where pi , i = 1, 2, K , r are distinct distributing n identical objects into r groups such that no
primes and α i , i = 1, 2 , K , r are positive integers. group empty, which is n −1 Cr −1 .
(i) Number of divisor of n is (v) Number of integral solutions of the equation
(α 1 + 1) (α 2 + 1) (α 3 + 1)K (α r + 1). x1 + x2 + … + x r = n, where a ≤ x i ≤ b , ∀ i = ,1, 2,… , r , is
given by coefficient of x n in ( x a + x a + 1 + x a + 2 + …+ xb )r .

1 The value of 2n [1 ⋅ 3 ⋅ 5 K ( 2 n − 3) ( 2 n − 1)] is 11 The total number of permutations of n ( > 1) different things
(2n)! (2 n)! n! taken not more than r at a time, when each thing may be
n! 2n (2 n)! repeated any number of times is
n (n n − 1) nr − 1
2 The value of1⋅1! + 2 ⋅ 2! + 3 ⋅ 3! + … + n ⋅ n !, is (a) (b)
n −1 n −1
(a) (n + 1) ! (b) (n + 1)! + 1
n (n r − 1)
(c) (n + 1) ! − 1 (d) None of these (c) (d) None of these
n −1
3 How many different nine-digit numbers can be formed n n
n
from the digits of the number 223355888 by Pr −1 Pr Pr + 1
12 If = = , then
rearrangement of the digits so that the odd digits occupy a b c
even places? (a) b 2 = a (b + c) (b) c 2 = a (b + c)
(a) 16 (b) 36 (c) 60 (d) 180 (c) ab = a 2 + bc (d) bc = a 3 + b 2
7 − x
4 A library has a copies of one book, b copies of each of 13 The range of the function f ( x ) = Px − 3 is j AIEEE 2004
two books, c copies of each of three books and single (a) {1, 2, 3 } (b) {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6}
copies of d books. The total number of ways in which (c) {1, 2, 3, 4} (d) {1, 2, 3, 4, 5}
these books can be arranged, is 14 Find the number of different words that can be formed
(a + b + c + d)! (a + 2b + 3c + d)! from the letters of the word TRIANGLE, so that no vowels
(a) (b)
a! b ! c! a !(b !)2 (c !)3 are together. j
NCERT Exemplar
(a + 2b + 3c + d)
(c) (d) None of these (a) 14000 (b) 14500 (c) 14400 (d) 14402
a! b ! c!
15 In a class of 10 students, there are 3 girls. The number of
5 The number of words which can be formed out of the ways they can be arranged in a row, so that no 2 girls are
letters of the word ARTICLE, so that vowels occupy the consecutive is k ⋅ 8!, where k is equal to
even place is j
NCERT Exemplar
(a) 12 (b) 24 (c) 36 (d) 42
(a) 1440 (b) 144 (c) 7! (d) 4
C4 × 3 C3
16 The sum of all the 4-digit numbers that can be formed
6 In how many ways the letters of the word ‘ARRANGE’ can using the digits 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 without repetition of the
be arranged without altering the relative positions of digits is
vowels and consonants?
(a) 399960 (b) 288860 (c) 301250 (d) 420210
(a) 36 (b) 26
(c) 62 (d) None of these 17 If eleven members of a committee sit at a round table so
that the President and Secretary always sit together, then
7 If the letters of the word ‘SACHIN’ are arranged in all
the number of arrangements is
possible ways and these words are written in dictionary
order, then the word ‘SACHIN’ appears at serial number (a) 10! × 2 (b) 10!
(c) 9! × 2 (d) None of these
(a) 600 (b) 601 (c) 602 (d) 603
18 Let f : {1, 2, 3, 4, 5} → {1, 2, 3, 4, 5} that are onto and
8 The number of integers greater than 6000 that can be
f ( x ) ≠ x , is equal to
formed, using the digits 3, 5, 6, 7 and 8 without
(a) 9 (b) 44
repetition, is j
JEE Mains 2015
(a) 216 (b) 192 (c) 120 (d) 72
19 There are 4 balls of different colours and 4 boxes of same
9 The number of 5-digits telephone numbers having atleast
colours as those of the balls. The number of ways in
one of their digits repeated, is j
NCERT Exemplar
which the balls, one in each box, could be placed such
(a) 90000 (b) 100000 (c) 30240 (d) 69760 that a ball does not go to box of its own colour is
10 If all the words (with or without meaning) having five (a) 8 (b) 9 (c) 7 (d) 1
letters, formed using the letters of the word SMALL and
20 How many different words can be formed by jumbling the
arranged as in dictionary, then the position of the word
letters in the word ‘MISSISSIPPI’ in which no two S are
SMALL is j
JEE Mains 2016
adjacent? j
AIEEE 2008
(a) 46th (b) 59th
(a) 7 ⋅ 6 C4 ⋅ 8 C4 (b) 8 ⋅ 6 C4 ⋅ 7 C4
(c) 52nd (d) 58th
(c) 6 ⋅ 7 ⋅ 8 C4 (d) 6 ⋅ 8 ⋅ 7 C4
21 The number of ways in which seven persons can be 31 If the total number of m elements subsets of the set
arranged at a round table, if two particular persons may A = {a1, a 2 , a 3 , ..., a n } is λ times the number of m elements
not sit together is subsets containing a 4 , then n is
(a) 480 (b) 120 (a) (m − 1) λ (b) mλ (c) (m + 1) λ (d) 0
(c) 80 (d) None of these 32 A guard of 12 men is formed from a group of n soldiers in
22 The number of ways in which 6 men and 5 women can sit all possible ways. If the number of times two particular
at a round table, if no two women are to sit together, is soldiers A and B are together on guard is thrice the
given by j AIEEE 2003 number of times three particular soldiers C, D, E are
(a) 6! × 5 ! (b) 30 (c) 5 ! × 4 ! (d) 7 ! × 5 ! together on guard, then n is equal to
5 (a) 18 (b) 24 (c) 32 (d) 36
23 The value of 47
C4 + ∑
r =1
52 − r
C3 is equal to
33 In a steamer, there are stalls for 12 animals and there are
47 52
horses, cows and calves (not less than 12 each) ready to
(a) C6 (b) C5
52
be shipped. In how many ways, can the ship load be
(c) C4 (d) None of these
made?
n +1
24 If n C3 + nC4 > C3 , then (a) 312 − 1 (b) 312 (c) (12)3 − 1 (d) (12)3
(a) n > 6 (b) n > 7 34 There are 10 points in a plane, out of these 6 are
(c) n < 6 (d) None of these
collinear. If N is the number of triangles formed by joining
25 The number of ways in which we can choose a these points, then j AIEEE 2011
committee from four men and six women so that the (a) N > 190 (b) N ≤ 100
committee includes atleast two men and exactly twice as (c) 100 < N ≤ 140 (d) 140 < N ≤ 190
many women as men is j NCERT Exemplar
35 Let Tn be the number of all possible triangles formed by
(a) 94 (b) 126 joining vertices of an n-sided regular polygon. If
Tn +1 − Tn = 10, then the value of n is j
JEE Mains 2013
26 A box contains 2 white balls, 3 black balls and 4 red (a) 7 (b) 5
balls. The number of ways of drawing 3 balls from the (c) 10 (d) 8
box, if atleast one black ball is included, is 36 On the sides AB, BC, CA of a ∆ABC, 3, 4, 5 distinct points
(a) 36 (b) 42 (c) 56 (d) 64 (excluding vertices A , B , C) are respectively chosen. The
27 A student is allowed to select atmost n books from a number of triangles that can be constructed using these
collection of ( 2n + 1) books. If the number of ways in chosen points as vertices are j
JEE Mains 2013
which he can select atleast one book is 63, then n is (a) 210 (b) 205
equal to (c) 215 (d) 220
(a) 3 (b) 4 (c) 6 (d) 5 37 The number of divisors of the number of 38808
28 Let A and B two sets containing 2 elements and 4 (excluding 1 and the number itself) is
elements, respectively. The number of subsets of A × B (a) 70 (b) 72
having 3 or more elements is j
JEE Mains 2013 (c) 71 (d) None of these
(a) 256 (b) 220 (c) 219 (d) 211 38 If a, b, c, d , e are prime integers, then the number of
29 In an examination of 9 papers a candidate has to pass in divisors of ab 2c 2de excluding 1 as a factor is
more papers than the number of papers in which he fails, (a) 94 (b) 72 (c) 36 (d) 71
in order to be successful. The number of ways in which 39 The number of ways of distributing 8 identical balls in
he can be unsuccessful is 3 distinct boxes, so that no box is empty, is
(b)  
(a) 255 (b) 256 (c) 193 (d) 319 8
(a) 5
 3
30 There are two urns. Urn A has 3 distinct red balls and
urn B has 9 distinct blue balls. From each urn, two balls (c) 3 8 (d) 21
are taken out at random and then transferred to the 40 If 4 dice are rolled, then the number of ways of getting
other. The number of ways in which this can be done, is the sum 10 is
j
AIEEE 2010 (a) 56 (b) 64
(a) 3 (b) 36 (c) 66 (d) 108 (c) 72 (d) 80

1 From 6 different novels and 3 different dictionaries, 4 novels Y together can throw a party inviting 3 ladies and 3 men,
and 1 dictionary are to be selected and arranged in a row so that 3 friends of each of X and Y are in this party, is
on a shelf, so that the dictionary is always in the middle. j JEE Mains 2017
The number of such arrangements is j JEE Mains 2018
(a) 485 (b) 468 (c) 469 (d) 484
(a) atleast 1000 (b) less than 500 8 The number of ways in which we can select four numbers
(c) atleast 500 but less than 750 from 1 to 30 so as to exclude every selection of four
(d) atleast 750 but less than 1000 consecutive numbers is
2 Sixteen men compete with one another in running, (a) 27378 (b) 27405 (c) 27399 (d) None of these
swimming and riding. How many prize lists could be 9 The number of numbers divisible by 3 that can be formed
made, if there were altogether 6 prizes for different by four different even digits is
values, one for running, 2 for swimming and 3 for riding? (a) 36 (b) 18 (c) 0 (d) None of these
(a) 16 × 15 × 14 (b) 163 × 15 2 × 14 10 The total number of integral solutions ( x , y , z ) such that
(c) 163 × 15 × 14 2 (d) 162 × 15 × 14
xyz = 24 is
3 The number of ways of dividing 52 cards amongst four (a) 36 (b) 90 (c) 120 (d) None of these
players so that three players have 17 cards each and the 11 Assuming the balls to be identical except for difference in
fourth players just one card, is colours, the number of ways in which one or more balls
52 ! 52 !
(a) (b) 52! (c) (d) None of these can be selected from 10 white, 9 green and 7 black balls
(17 !)3 17 ! is j
AIEEE 2012
4 If the letters of the word MOTHER are written in all (a) 880 (b) 629 (c) 630 (d) 879
possible orders and these words are written out as in a 12 The number of ways in which an examiner can assign
dictionary, then the rank of the word MOTHER is 30 marks to 8 questions, giving not less than 2 marks to
(a) 240 (b) 261 (c) 308 (d) 309 any question, is j
JEE Mains 2013
 a11 a12   (a) 30
C7 (b) 21
C8 (c) 21
C7 (d) 30
C8
5 Let S =   : aij ∈ {0, 1, 2 }, a11 = a22 . Then, the number
 a21 a22   13 The number of divisors of the form 4n + 1, n ≥ 0 of the
of non-singular matrices in the set S, is j
JEE Mains 2013 number 1010 1111 1313 is
(a) 27 (b) 24 (c) 10 (d) 20 (a) 750 (b) 840 (c) 924 (d) 1024
6 A group of 6 is chosen from 10 men and 7 women so as 14 Out of 8 sailors on a boat, 3 can work only one particular
to contain atleast 3 men and 2 women. The number of side and 2 only the other side. Then, number of ways in
ways this can be done, if two particular women refuse to which the sailors can be arranged on the boat is
serve on the same group, is (a) 2718 (b) 1728 (c) 7218 (d) None of these
(a) 8000 (b) 7800 (c) 7600 (d) 7200 15 In a cricket match between two teams X and Y , the team
7 A man X has 7 friends, 4 of them are ladies and 3 are X requires 10 runs to win in the last 3 balls. If the possible
men. His wife Y also has 7 friends, 3 of them are ladies runs that can be made from a ball be 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6.
and 4 are men. Assume X and Y have no common The number of sequence of runs made by the batsman is
friends. Then, the total number of ways in which X and Y (a) 12 (b) 18 (c) 21 (d) 36
ANSWERS
SESSION 1 1. (a) 2. (c) 3. (c) 4. (b) 5. (b) 6. (a) 7. (b) 8. (b) 9. (d) 10. (d)
11. (c) 12. (a) 13. (a) 14. (c) 15. (d) 16. (a) 17. (c) 18. (b) 19. (b) 20. (a)
21. (a) 22. (a) 23. (c) 24. (a) 25. (a) 26. (d) 27. (a) 28. (c) 29. (b) 30. (d)
31. (b) 32. (c) 33. (b) 34. (b) 35. (b) 36. (b) 37. (a) 38. (d) 39. (d) 40. (d)
SESSION 2 1. (a) 2. (b) 3. (a) 4. (d) 5. (d) 6. (b) 7. (a) 8. (a) 9. (a) 10. (c)
11. (d) 12. (c) 13. (c) 14. (b) 15. (d)

SESSION 1 Four digit number can start from 6,7 or 8. 14 In a word TRIANGLE, vowels are (A, E,
1 Clearly, [1 ⋅ 3 ⋅ 5 ...( 2n − 3)(2 n − 1 )]2 n 6, 7 or 8 I) and consonants are (G, L, N, R, T).
First, we fix the 5 consonants in
1 ⋅ 2 ⋅ 3 ⋅ 4 ⋅ 5⋅ 6...(2 n − 1 ) (2 n ) 2 n
= alternate position in 5! ways.
2 ⋅ 4 ⋅ 6... 2 n _G_L_N_R_T_
3 4 3 2
(2 n ) ! 2n (2 n )! In rest of the six blank position, three
= = Thus, total number of 4-digit number,
2 (1 ⋅ 2 ⋅ 3... n )
n
n! vowels can be arranged in 6 P3 ways.
which are greater than
n ∴ Total number of different words
6000 = 3 × 4 × 3 × 2 = 72
2 Clearly, given expression = ∑ r ⋅r! = 5! × 6 P3 = 120 × 6 × 5 × 4 = 14400
r =1 Case II When number is of 5 digit.
n n
Total number of 5-digit number, which 15 The 7 boys can be arranged in row in 7!
= ∑
r =1
((r + 1) − 1) r ! = ∑
r =1
((r + 1)! − r !)
are greater than 6000 = 5! = 120 ways. There will be 6 gaps between
them and one place before them and one
= (2! − 1!) + (3!− 2!) + …+ ((n + 1)! − n !) ∴ Total number of integers
place after them. The 3 girls can be
= (n + 1)! − 1 = 72 + 120 = 192 arranged in a row in 8 P3 = 8 ⋅ 7 ⋅ 6 ways
3 In a nine digits number, there are four 9 Using the digits 0, 1, 2, ..., 9 the number ∴ Required number of ways
even places for the four odd digits 3, 3, of five digits telephone numbers which = 7! × 8 ⋅ 7 ⋅ 6 = 42 ⋅ 8!
5, 5. can be formed is 10 5 (since, repetition is
allowed). The number of five digits
16 Required sum
4! 5!
∴ Required number of ways = ⋅ telephone numbers, which have none of = (Sum of all the n-digits)
2! 2! 2! 3!
the digits repeated = 10 P5 = 30240 × n −1 Pr −1 × (111 ... r times)
= 60
∴ The required number of telephone = (1 + 2 + 3 + 4 + 5) 4 P3 × (1111)
4 Total number of books = a + 2b + 3c + d number = 105 − 30240 = 69760 = 15 × 24 × 1111 = 399960
∴ The total number of arrangements 10 Clearly, number of words start with
(a + 2b + 3c + d )! 17 Since, out of eleven members two
= 4!
A=
= 12 members sit together, the number of
a!(b !) 2 (c !) 3 2! arrangements = 9! × 2
5 In a word ARTICLE, vowels are A, E, I Number of words start with L = 4! = 24 (Q two members can be sit in two ways.)
4!
and consonants are C, L, R, T. Number of words start with M = = 12 18 Total number of functions
In a seven letter word, there are three 2! = Number of dearrangement of 5 objects
3!
even places in which three vowels are =3
= 5!  − −  = 44
Number of words start with SA= 1 1 1 1
placed in 3! ways. In rest of the four 2! +
 2! 3! 4! 5!
places, four consonants are placed in 4! Number of words start with SL = 3! = 6
ways. Note that, next word will be ‘‘SMALL’’. 19 Use the number of dearrangements
∴ Required number of ways i.e. n ! 1 − + − + ... + (− 1)n 
Hence, position of word ‘‘SMALL’’ is 58th. 1 1 1 1
= 3! × 4! = 6 × 24 = 144 11 When we arrange things one at a time,  1! 2! 3! n !
6 Clearly, the consonants in their the number of possible permutations is Here, n = 4
4! n. When we arrange them two at a time So, the required number of ways
positions can be arranged in = 12
= 4!  − +  = 12 − 4 + 1 = 9
2! the number of possible permutations are 1 1 1
ways and the vowels in their positions n × n = n2 and so on. Thus, the total  2! 3 ! 4!
3! number of permutations are
can be arranged in = 3 ways 20 Given word is MISSISSIPPI.
2! n (n r − 1)
n + n2 + K + n r = [Q n > 1] Here, I = 4 times, S = 4 times,
∴ Total number of arrangements n−1
P = 2 times, M = 1 time
= 12 × 3 = 36 n
Pr − 1 n n
Pr + 1
Pr _M_I_I_I_I_P_P_
12 Q = =
7 The letters of given word are A, C, H, I, a b c ∴ Required number of words
N, S. b 7! 7 × 6!
From first two terms =n−r +1 = 8C 4 × = 8C 4 × = 7 ⋅ 8C 4 ⋅ 6C 4
Now, the number of words starting with a 4!2! 4!2!
A = 5! c
From last two terms =n−r 21 Clearly, remaining 5 persons can be
the number of words starting with C = 5! b
the number of words starting withH = 5! b c seated in 4! ways. Now, on five cross
Hence, = + 1 ⇒ b 2 = a (b + c ) marked places person can sit in 5 P2 ways.
the number of words starting with I = 5! a b P4
and the number of words starting with 13 Given that, f ( x ) = 7−x
Px − 3 . The above
N = 5!. P3
Then, next word is SACHIN. function is defined, if 7 − x ≥ 0 and P5
x − 3 ≥ 0 and 7 − x ≥ x − 3.
So, the required serial number is
⇒ x ≤ 7, x ≥ 3 and x ≤ 5
= (5⋅ 5!) + 1 = 601.
∴ D f = {3, 4, 5} P2
8 The integer greater than 6000 may be of Now, f (3) = 4 P0 = 1 P1
4 digits or 5 digits. So,here two cases arise. f (4) = 3 P1 = 3 and f (5) = 2 P2 = 2 So, number of arrangements
Case I When number is of 4 digit. 5!
∴ R f = {1, 2, 3} = 4! × = 24 × 20 = 480 ways
3!
22 First, we fix the position of men, number 29 Clearly, the candidate is unsuccessful, if n (n − 1)
⇒ × 3 = 10
of ways in which men can sit = 5!. he fails in 9 or 8 or 7 or 6 or 5 papers. 3!
∴ Numbers of ways to be unsuccessful ⇒ n − n − 20 = 0 ⇒ n = 5
2
Now, the number of ways in which
women can sit = 6 P5 = 9C 9 + 9C 8 + 9C7 + 9C 6 + 9C 5 36 Required number of triangles that can be
= 9C 0 + 9C1 + 9C2 + 9C3 + 9C 4 constructed using these chosen points as
M
vertices = 12C3 − 3C3 − 4C3 − 5C3
1
M = ( 9 C 0 + 9C1 + K + 9C 9 ) Here, we subtract those cases in which
M 2 points are collinear
1 = 220 − 1 − 4 − 10 = 220 − 15 = 205
= (29 ) = 28 = 256
2
M M 37 Since, 38808 = 23 × 32 × 72 × 111
30 ∴ Number of divisors
M
= 4 × 3 × 3 × 2 − 2 = 72 − 2 = 70
∴ Total number of ways 38 The number of divisors of ab2c 2de
3 distinct 9 distinct
= 5! × 6 P5 = 5! × 6! = (1 + 1 ) (2 + 1 ) (2 + 1 ) (1 + 1 ) (1 + 1 ) − 1
5
red balls blue balls
∑ = 2 ⋅ 3 ⋅ 3 ⋅ 2 ⋅ 2 − 1 = 71
52 − r
23 47
C4 + C3 = C4 +
47 51
C3
r =1 Urn A Urn B
+ 50
C3 + C3 +
49 48
C3 + 47
C3 39 Required number of ways is equal to the
The number of ways in which 2 balls number of positive integer solutions of
= 51
C3 + 50
C3 + 49
C3 + 48
C3 + ( C3 +
47 47
C4) from urn A and 2 balls from urn B can the equation x + y + z = 8 which equal
= 52
C4 be selected = 3C2 × 9C2 = 3 × 36 = 108
 8 − 1  7
24 n
C3 + nC 4 > n +1
C3 31 Total number of m elements subsets of to   =   = 21
 3 − 1   2
⇒ n +1
C4 > n +1
C3 ( nC r + n C r + 1 = n +1 C r +1 ) A = nC m …(i)
n +1
C4 n−2 and number of m elements subsets of A 40 Coefficient of x10 in ( x + x2 + ...+ x 6 )4
⇒ n +1 >1 ⇒ > 1 ⇒n> 6
C3 4 each containing element a4 = n − 1 C m − 1 = Coefficient of x 6 in (1 + x + ...+ x 5 )4
According to the question, = (1 − x 6 )4 (1 − x ) − 4 in (1 − 4 x 6 + ... )
25 The number of ways in which we can
choose a committee = λ ⋅ n −1 C m −1   4 
= Choose two men and four women ⇒
n n −1
⋅ C m −1 = λ ⋅ n −1C m −1 1 +  1  x + ...
 
+ Choose three men and six women m
n  9
= 4C2 × 6C 4 + 4C3 × 6C 6 ⇒ λ= ⇒ n = mλ Hence, coefficient of x is   − 4 = 80.
6
m  6
= 6 × 15 + 4 × 1 = 90 + 4 = 94
32 Number of times A and B are together
26 The number of ways of drawing SESSION 2
 n − 2
1 black and 2 non-black balls is on guard is  .
3
C1 ⋅ 6C2 = 3 ⋅ 15 = 45  10  1 Given, 6 different novels and 3 different
The number of ways of drawing Number of times C , D and E are together dictionaries.
2 black and 1 non-black ball is  n − 3 Number of ways of selecting 4 novels
on guard is  . 6!
3
C2 ⋅ 6C1 = 3 ⋅ 6 = 18  9  from 6 novels is 6 C 4 = = 15
The number of ways of drawing 2! 4!
According to the question,
3 black balls is 3 C3 = 1 Number of ways of selecting
 n − 2  n − 3
∴ Number of ways = 45 + 18 + 1 = 64   = 3  1 dictionary from 3 dictionaries is
 10   9  3!
27 He can select 1, 2, ... or n books.
3
C1 = =3
⇒ n − 2 = 30 ⇒ n = 32 1!2!
The number of ways to select atleast one Number of arrangement of
book is 33 First stall can be filled in 3 ways, second
stall can be filled in 3 ways and so on. 4 novels and 1 dictionary where
2n + 1
C1 + 2 n + 1 C2 + K + 2 n + 1 C n dictionary is always in the middle, is 4!
∴ Number of ways of loading steamer
1 2n + 1 Required number of arrangement
= ( C1 + 2 n + 1 C2 + K + 2 n + 1 C n = 3C1 × 3C1 × K × 3C1 (12 times)
2
= 3 × 3 × K × 3 (12 times) = 312 15 × 3 × 4! = 45 × 24 = 1080
+ 2 n + 1 C n + 1 + K + 2 n + 1 C2 n)
1 2n + 1 2n + 1
= (2 − C 0 − 2 n + 1 C2 n + 1 ) 34 If out of n points, m are collinear, then 2 Number of ways of giving one prize for
2 running = 16
Number of triangles = nC3 − mC3
= 22n − 1 = 63 [given]
∴ Required number of triangles
Number of ways of giving two prizes for
⇒ 22 n = 64 = 26 ⇒ n = 3 swimming = 16 × 15
= 10C3 − 6C3 = 120 − 20
Number of ways of giving three prizes
28 Given, n( A ) = 2, n(B ) = 4. ⇒ N = 100 for riding = 16 × 15 × 14
∴ n (A × B) = 8 35 T n = nC3 , hence T n+1 = n +1
C3 ∴ Required ways of giving prizes
The number of subsets of A × B having 3 = 16 × 16 × 15 × 16 × 15 × 14
Now, T n +1 − T n = 10
or more elements = 8C 3 + 8C 4 +…+ 8C 8 n +1 = 163 × 152 × 14
⇒ C3 − nC3 = 10 [given]
= ( 8 C 0 + 8C1 + 8C2 + 8C3 +…+ 8C 8 ) (n + 1) n (n − 1)
⇒ 3 For the first player, cards can be
− ( 8 C 0 + 8C1 + 8C2 ) 3! distributed in the 52 C17 ways. Now, out
= 2 − C 0 − C1 − 8C2
8 8 8
n (n − 1) (n − 2) of 35 cards left 17 cards can be
− = 10
= 256 − 1 − 8 − 28 = 219 3! distributed for second player in 52 C17
[Q 2n = nC 0 + nC1 +…+ nC n ] n (n − 1) ways.
⇒ (n + 1 − n + 2) = 10
3!
Similarly, for third player in 18 C17 ways. where, 5C2 is the number of ways without [Qall white balls are mutually identical]
One card for the last player can be W1 and W2 and 5C1 is the number of ways Number of ways to choose zero or more
distributed in 1 C1 way. with W1 and without W2 or with W2 and from green balls = (9 + 1)
Therefore, the required number of ways without W1 .
[Qall green balls are mutually identical]
for the proper distribution. The number of ways of forming 3M , 3W
Number of ways to choose zero or more
group is 10 C3 ( 5C3 + 2C1 C2 ) = 3600
5
= 52C17 × 35C17 × 18C17 × 1 C1 from black balls = (7 + 1)
52! 35! 18! 52! where, 5C3 is the number of ways without
= × × × 1! = [Qall black balls are mutually identical]
35! 17! 18!17! 17!1! (17!) 3 W1 and W2 and 5C2 is the number of ways
Hence, number of ways to choose zero
with W1 or W2 but not both.
4 The number of words starting from or more balls of any colour
∴ Number of ways = 4200 + 3600 = 7800
E = 5! = 120 = (10 + 1) (9 + 1) (7 + 1)
The number of words starting from H 7 Given, X has 7 friends, 4 of them are ladies Also, number of ways to choose zero
= 5! = 120 and 3 are men while Y has 7 friends, 3 of balls from the total = 1
The number of words starting from ME them are ladies and 4 are men. Hence, the number of ways to choose
= 4! = 24 ∴ Total number of required ways atleast one ball
The number of words starting from MH = 3C3 × 4C 0 × 4C 0 × 3C3 [irrespective of any colour]
= 4! = 24 + 3C2 × 4C1 × 4C1 × 3C2 = (10 + 1) (9 + 1) (7 + 1) − 1
The number of words starting from MOE + 3C1 × 4C2 × 4C2 × 3C1 = 880 − 1 = 879
= 3! = 6 + 3C 0 × 4C3 × 4C3 × 3C 0 12 Let x1 , x2 , ..., x 8 denote the marks assign
The number of words starting from = 1 + 144 + 324 + 16 = 485
MOH = 3! = 6 to 8 questions.
The number of words starting from
8 The number of ways of selecting four ∴ x1 + x2 + ...+ x 8 = 30
MOR = 3! = 6
numbers from 1 to 30 without any Also, x1 , x2 , ...., x 8 ≥ 2
restriction is 30 C 4 . The number of ways
The number of words starting from
of selecting four consecutive numbers
MOTE = 2! = 2 Let, u1 = x1 − 2, u2 = x2 − 2 ... u 8
[i.e. (1, 2, 3, 4), (2, 3, 4, 5), ...,
The number of words starting from (27, 28, 29, 30)] is 27. = x8 − 2
MOTHER = 1! = 1 Then, (u1 + 2 + u2 + 2 + ...+ u 8 + 2) = 30
Hence, the number of ways of selecting
Hence, rank of the word MOTHER four integers which excludes selection ⇒ u1 + u2 + ...+ u 8 = 14
= 2 (120) + 2 (24) + 3 (6) + 2 + 1 of consecutive four numbers is
= 309 30 × 29 × 28 × 27 ∴ Total number of solutions
30
C 4 − 27 = − 27 14 + 8 − 1
5 A matrix whose determinant is non-zero 24 = C 8 −1 = 21
c7
is called a non-singular matrix. = 27378 10 10 11 13
13 2 5 11 13 has a divisor of the form
Here, we have 9 Possible even digits are 2,4,6,8,0. 2α ⋅ 5β ⋅ 11γ ⋅ 13δ , where
  a11 a 12   Case I Number has digits 4,6,8,0. α = 0, 1, 2,...,10; β = 0, 1, 2,...,10;
S =   ; aij ∈ {0, 1, 2}, a11 = a22 
  a 21 a22   (Here, sum of digits is 18, divisible by 3)
γ = 0, 1, 2,...,11; δ = 0, 1, 2,...,13
Clearly, n(s ) = 27 It is of the form 4 n + 1, if
[Qfor a11 = a22 , we have 3 choices, α = 0 ; β = 0, 1, 2,...,10;
Number of arrangements = 3 × 3!
for a12 , we have 3 choices and for a21 , we γ = 0, 2, 4,...,10;
have 3 choices] [Ist place can be filled using 4, 6, 8]
= 3 × 6 = 18 δ = 0, 1, 2,...,13.
a11 a12
Now, =0 Case II Number has digits 2, 4, 6, 0 ∴ Number of divisors
a21 a22
(Here, sum of digits is 12, divisible by 3) = 11 × 6 × 14 = 924
⇒ a11 ⋅ a22 − a12 ⋅ a21 = 0
⇒ (a11 ) 2 = a12 a21 = 0 [Q a11 = a22 ] 14 Let the particular side on which 3
particular sailors can work be named A
⇒ a12 a21 = 0, 1, 4 [Q a11 ∈ {0, 1, 2}] 1st place cannot be filled by 0. and on the other side by B on which 2
Consider a12 a21 = 0, this is possible in 5 Number of arrangements = 3 × 3! = 18 particular sailors can work. Thus, we are
cases ∴ Number of numbers = 18 + 18 = 36 left with 3 sailors only. Selection of one
a12 a21 = 1, this is possible in only 1 case sailor for side A = 3C1 = 3 and, then we
a12 a21 = 4, this is possible in only 1 case
10 24 = 2 ⋅ 3 ⋅ 4, 2 ⋅ 2 ⋅ 6, 1 ⋅ 6 ⋅ 4, 1 ⋅ 3 ⋅ 8,
1 ⋅ 2 ⋅ 12, 1 ⋅ 1 ⋅ 24 are left with 2 sailors for the other side.
Thus, number of singular matrices in Now, on each side, 4 sailors can be
[as product of three positive integers]
S are 7. arranged in 4! ways.
∴ The total number of positive integral
Hence, number of non-singular matrices ∴ Total number of arrangements
solutions of xyz = 24 is
in S are 27 − 7 = 20. = 3 × 24 × 24 = 1728
3! 3!
6 Let the men be M1 , M2 , ..., M10 and equal to3! + + 3! + 3! + 3! + i.e. 30.
2! 2! 15 Required number is the coefficient of x10
women be W1 , W2 , ..., W7 . Any two of the numbers in each in (1 + x + x2 + ... + x 6 ) 3
Let W1 and W2 do not want to be on the factorisation may be negative. So, the
same group. The six members group can = (1 − x7 )3 (1 − x )−3 = (1 − 3 x7 + ... )
number of ways to associate negative sign
contain 4 men and 2 women or 3 men   3  4 2 
1 +  1 x +  2  x + K
in each case is 3 C2 i.e. 3.
and 3 women. ∴ Total number of integral solutions  
The number of ways of forming 4M , 2W = 30 + 3 × 30 = 120 Hence, coefficient of x10 is
group is  12  5
11 The number of ways to choose zero or   − 3   = 36.
10
C 4 ( 5C2 + 2C1 ⋅ 5C1 ) = 4200
more from white balls = (10 + 1)  10  3
DAY NINE UNIT TEST 1 (ALGEBRA) 87
DAY NINE
Unit Test 1
(Algebra)
cos x x 1
f ′ (x ) 7 From 50 students taking examinations in Mathematics,
1 If f ( x ) = 2 sin x x2 2x , then lim is equal to Physics and Chemistry, 37 passed Mathematics,
x→ 0 x
tan x x 1 24 Physics and 43 Chemistry. Atmost 19 passed
(a) 1 (b) −1 (c) 2 (d) − 2 Mathematics and Physics, atmost 29 passed
Mathematics and Chemistry and atmost 20 passed
2 If log0. 5 ( x − 1) < log0. 25 ( x − 1), then x lies in the interval Physics and Chemistry. The largest possible number that
(a) (2 , ∞) (b) (3 , ∞) (c) (− ∞, 0) (d) (0, 3) could have passed all three examinations is
3 Sum of n terms of series 12 + 16 + 24 + 40 + … will be (a) 11 (b) 12 (c) 13 (d) 14
(a) 2 (2 n − 1) + 8n 8 The inequality | z − 4 | < | z − 2 | represents the region
(b) 2 (2 n − 1) + 6n given by
(c) 3 (2 n − 1) + 8n (a) Re(z) > 0 (b) Re(z) < 0
(d) 4 (2 n − 1) + 8n
(c) Re(z) > 3 (d) None of these
4 Let a, b and c ∈ R and a ≠ 0. If α is a root of
a 2 x 2 + bx + c = 0, β is a root of a 2 x 2 − bx − c = 0 and 9 If 1, ω and ω be the three cube roots of unity, then
2
0 < α < β, then the equation of a 2 x 2 + 2bx + 2c = 0 has a (1 + ω )(1 + ω 2 )(1 + ω 4 ) K 2n factors is equal to
root γ, that always satisfies (a) 1 (b) −1
(a) γ = α (b) γ = β (c) 0 (d) None of these
(c) γ = (α + β) / 2 (d) α < γ < β
10 If a < 0, then the positive root of the equation
1
5 Between two numbers whose sum is 2 an even number x 2 − 2a | x − a | − 3 a 2 = 0 is
6 (a) a (− 1 − 6) (b) a (1 − 2)
of arithmetic means are inserted. If the sum of these (c) a (1 − 6) (d) a (1 + 2)
means exceeds their number by unity, then the number
11 The common roots of the equations z 3 + 2z 2 + 2z +
of means are
1 = 0 and z 1985 + z 100 + 1 = 0 are
(a) 12 (b) 10
(a) −1, ω (b) −1, ω2
(c) ω, ω 2
(d) None of these
1 0
6 If A =  , then which of the following is not true? 12 Let z1, z 2 and z 3 be three points on | z | = 1. If θ1, θ 2 and θ 3
1 1 
are the arguments of z1, z 2 and z 3 respectively, then
1 − n  0 0 1 − n  0 0 cos (θ1 − θ 2 ) + cos (θ 2 − θ 3 ) + cos (θ 3 − θ1 )
(a) lim A =  (b) lim A = 
n→ ∞
n2  −1 0 n→ ∞
n  −1 0 3 3
(a) ≥ (b) ≥ −
 1 0 2 2
(c) A − n =  , ∀ n ∈ N (d) None of these −3
 −n 1 (c) ≤ (d) None of these
2
88 40 DAYS ~ JEE MAIN MATHEMATICS DAY NINE
13 If the roots of the equation 22 If the roots of the equation x 2 − 2ax + a 2 + a − 3 = 0 are
(a + b )x + 2 (bc + ad )x + (c + d ) = 0
2 2 2 2 2
real and less than 3, then
are real, then a 2 , bd and c 2 are in (a) a < 2 (b) 2 ≤ a ≤ 3 (c) 3 ≤ a ≤ 4 (d) a > 4
(a) AP (b) GP
23 The integer k for which the inequality
(c) HP (d) None of these
x 2 − 2 ( 4 k − 1)x + 15 k 2 − 2k − 7 > 0 is valid for any x, is
14 150 workers were engaged to finish a piece of work in a (a) 2 (b) 3
certain number of days. Four workers dropped the (c) 4 (d) None of these
second day, four more workers dropped the third day
and so on. It takes 8 more days to finish the work now. 24 The maximum sum of the series
1 2
Then, the number of days in which the work was 20 + 19 + 18 + 18 + K is
completed is 3 3
(a) 29 days (b) 24 days (c) 25 days (d) 26 days (a) 310 (b) 290
15 Let R be a relation defined by R = {( x , x 3 ) : x is a prime
number < 10 }, then which of the following is true? 25 The number of common terms to the two sequences
17, 21, 25, ..., 417 and 16, 21, 26, ..., 466 is
(a) R = {(1, 1), (2 , 8), (3 , 27), (4 , 64), (5 , 125),(6, 216), (7, 343),
(a) 21 (b) 19 (c) 20 (d) 91
(8, 512), (9, 729)}
(b) R = {(2 , 8), (3 , 27), (5 , 125), (7, 343)} 26 If the sum of the first three terms of a GP is 21 and the
sum of the next three terms is 168, then the first term and
(c) R = {(2 , 8), (4 , 64), (6, 216), (8, 512)} the common ratio is
(d) None of the above (a) 3 , 4 (b) 2 , 4
16 If b > a , then the equation ( x − a )( x − b ) − 1 = 0 , has (c) 3 , 2 (d) None of these
(a) both the roots in [a , b] 27 The sum to n terms of the series
(b) both the roots in (−∞, a ] 1
+
2
+
3
+ ..., is
(c) both the roots in (b, ∞) 1 + 12 + 14 1 + 22 + 24 1 + 32 + 34
(d) one root in (−∞, a) and other in (b, ∞) n2 + n n2 − n
(a) (b)
17 The value of x satisfying log2 ( 3x − 2) = log1/ 2 x is 2 (n 2 + n + 1) 2 (n 2 + n + 1)
(a) −
1
(b) 2 n2 + n
3 2 (n 2 − n + 1)
1
2 28 If C is a skew-symmetric matrix of order n and X is n × 1
column matrix, then X ′ C X is a
r
n
18 If f ( x , n ) = ∑
r =1
logx   , then the value of x satisfying the
x
(a) scalar matrix (b) unit matrix
(c) null matrix (d) None of these
equation f ( x , 11) = f ( x , 12) is
29 Which of the following is correct?
(a) 10 (b) 11
(c) 12 (d) None of these (a) Skew-symmetric matrix of an even order is always
singular
19 The three numbers a , b and c between 2 and 18 are (b) Skew-symmetric matrix of an odd order is non-singular
such that their sum is 25, the numbers 2 ,a and b are (c) Skew-symmetric matrix of an odd order is singular
consecutive terms of an AP and the numbers b, c and18
are consecutive terms of a GP. The three numbers are
(a) 3, 8, 14 (b) 2, 9, 14 a1 b1 c1
(c) 5, 8, 12 (d) None of these 30 If a 2 b2 c 2 = 5 , then the value of
20 If X is the set of all complex numbers z such that | z | = 1, a3 b3 c3
then the relation R defined on X by b2c3 − b3c2 a3c2 − a2c3 a2b3 − a3b2
2π
| arg z1 − arg z 2 | = , is ∆ = b3c1 − b1c3 a1c3 − a3c1 a3b1 − a1b3 is
3
b1c2 − b2c1 a2c1 − a1c2 a1b2 − a2b1
(a) reflexive (b) symmetric
(c) transitive (d) anti-symmetric (a) 5 (b) 25 (c) 125 (d) 0
21 If α and β are the roots of the equation ax 2 − 2 bx + c = 0, 31 The number of seven letter words that can be formed by
then α 3β 3 + α 2β 3 + α 3β 2 is equal to using the letters of the word ‘SUCCESS’ so that the two C
c2 c2 are together but no two S are together, is
(a) 3 (c − 2 b) (b) 3 (c + 2 b)
a a (a) 24 (b) 36
bc 2 (c) 54 (d) None of these
a
32 The greatest integer less than or equal to ( 2 + 1)6 is

12
 2 
42 The 8th term of  3x +  when expanded in
(a) 196 (b) 197 3x 2 
(c) 198 (d) 199 ascending power of x, is
33 If A and B are square matrices such that B = − A −1BA , then 228096 228096
(a) (b)
(a) AB + BA = O x3 x9
(b) (A + B)2 = A 2 − B 2 328179
(c) (A + B)2 = A 2 + 2 AB + B 2 x9
(d) (A + B)2 = A + B
43 The greatest term in the expansion of ( 3 − 5x )11 when
xp + y x y 1
34 The determinant yp + z y z = 0 , if x = , is
5
0 xp + y yp + z
(a) 55 × 3 9 (b) 46 × 3 9
(a) x, y, z are in AP (b) x, y, z are in GP (c) 55 × 3 6 (d) None of these
(c) x, y, z are in HP (d) xy, yz, zx are in AP
44 In an examination a candidate has to pass in each of the
35 The value of k, for which the system of equations papers to be successful. If the total number of ways to
x + ky + 3z = 0, 3x + ky − 2z = 0 and 2x + 3y – 4z = 0 fail is 63, how many papers are there in the examination?
possess a non-trivial solution over the set of rationals, is
(a) 6 (b) 8 (c) 10 (d) 12
33 33
(a) − (b)
2 2 45 A is a set containing n elements. A subset P of A is
(c) 11 (d) None of these chosen. The set A is reconstructed by replacing the
elements of P. A subset Q of A is again chosen. The
36 The number of groups that can be made from 5 different
number of ways of choosing P and Q, so that P ∩ Q
green balls, 4 different blue balls and 3 different red balls,
contains exactly two elements is
if atleast 1 green and 1 blue ball is to be included is
(a) 9 ⋅ n C2 (b) 3 n − n C2
(a) 3700 (b) 3720
(c) 4340 (d) None of these (c) 2 ⋅ n Cn (d) None of these
46 If the sets A and B are defined as
37 If n is an integer greater than 1, then 1
a − nC1(a − 1) + nC2 (a − 2) + ...+ ( − 1)n (a − n ) is equal to A = {( x , y ) : y = ,0 ≠ x ∈ R }
x
(a) a (b) 0 (c) a 2 (d) 2 n and B = {( x , y ): y = − x , x ∈ R }, then
38 If α , β and γ are the roots of the equation (a) A ∩ B = A (b) A ∩ B = B
x ( x + e ) = e ( x + 1). Then, the value of the determinant
2 (c) A ∩ B = φ (d) None of these
1+ α 1 1 47 There are 16 points in a plane no three of which are in a
1 1+ β 1 is straight line except 8 which are all in a straight line. The
1 1 1+ γ number of triangles can be formed by joining them equals
(a) 1120 (b) 560 (c) 552 (d) 504
(a) − 1 (b) 1
48 The value of the natural numbers n such that inequality
1 1 1
(c) 0 (d) 1 + + + 2n > 2n + 1 is valid, is
α β γ
(a) for n ≥ 3 (b) for n < 3 (c) for mn (d) for any n
39 For all natural number n > 1, 24 n − 15 n − 1 is divisible by
 2π   2π 
(a) 225 (b) 125 49 Let w = cos   + i sin   and α = w + w + w and
2 4
 7  7
β = w 3 + w 5 + w 6 , then α + β is equal to
40 If x is so small that its two and higher power can be
(a) 0 (b) −1 (c) −2 (d) 1
neglected and if (1 − 2x )−1/ 2 (1 − 4x )−5 / 2 = 1 + kx, then k is
f (x )
equal to 50 Let H( x ) = , where f ( x ) = 1 − 2 sin2 x and
(a) − 2 (b) 1 g( x )
(c) 10 (d) 11 g ( x ) = cos 2x , ∀ f : R → [ −1,1] and g : R → [ −1, 1].
2x + 1 4 8 Domain and range of H( x ) are respectively
41 If x = − 5 is a root of 2 2x 2 = 0 , then the (a) R and {1}
7 6 2x (b) R and {0, 1}
other two roots are π
(c) R ~ {(2n + 1) } and {1},n ∈ I
(a) 3, 3.5 (b) 1, 3.5 4
π
(c) 3 , 6 (d) 2 , 6 (d) R ~ (2n + 1)  and {0, 1},n ∈ I
 2
51 Let Tn denote the number of triangles which can be 55 The general term in the expansion of (a + x )n is
formed using the vertices of a regular polygon of n sides. n
Cr a n − r x r .
If Tn +1 − Tn = 21, then n equals Statement I The third term in the expansion of
m
(a) 4 (b) 6 2 x + 1  does not contain x . The value of x for
(c) 7 (d) None of these  
 x 
2
52 If r is a real number such that | r | < 1 and if a = 5 (1 − r ), which that term equal to the second term in the
then expansion of (1 + x 3 ) 30 is 2.
(a) 0 < a < 5 (b) − 5 < a < 5 n
(c) 0 < a < 10 (d) 0 ≤ a < 10 Statement II (a + x ) n = ∑
r = 0
n
Cr a n − r x r .
Directions (Q. Nos. 53-57) Each of these questions
contains two statements : Statement I (Assertion) and 56 Sets A and B have four and eight elements, respectively.
Statement II (Reason). Each of these questions also has Statement I The minimum number of elements in
four alternative choices, only one of which is the
A ∪ B is 8.
correct answer. You have to select one of the codes
( a), (b), (c) and (d ) given below. Statement II A ∩ B = 5
(a) Statement I is true, Statement II is true; Statement II is a a b c
correct explanation for Statement I 57 Let a ≠ 0, p ≠ 0 and ∆ = 0 p q
(b) Statement I is true, Statement II is true; Statement II is p q 0
(c) Statement I is true; Statement II is false Statement I If the equations ax 2 + bx + c = 0 and
(d) Statement I is false; Statement II is true px + q = 0 have a common root, then ∆ = 0.
Statement II If ∆ = 0, then the equations
53 Statement I The number of natural numbers which
ax 2 + bx + c = 0 and px + q = 0 have a common root.
divide 102009 but not 102008 is 4019.
58 Assume X , Y , Z , W and P are matrices of order
Statement II If p is a prime, then number of divisors of 2 × n, 3 × k , 2 × p, n × 3 and p × k , respectively.
p n is p n + 1 − 1. Now, consider the following statements
1 0 2 0 I. PY + WY will be defined for k = 3 and p = n.
54 Suppose A =   and B = 0 2 . Let X be a 2 × 2
0 −1   II. The order of the matrix 7 X − 5 Z is n × 2 (if p = n).
matrices such that X ′ AX = B.
Choose the correct option.
Statement I X is non-singular and det ( X ) = ± 2 .
(a) Only I is true (b) Only II is true
Statement II X is a singular matrix. (c) Both I and II are true (d) Neither I nor II is true
ANSWERS
1. (d) 2. (a) 3. (d) 4. (d) 5. (a) 6. (a) 7. (d) 8. (c) 9. (a) 10. (b)
11. (c) 12. (b) 13. (b) 14. (c) 15. (b) 16. (d) 17. (d) 18. (c) 19. (c) 20. (b)
21. (b) 22. (a) 23. (b) 24. (a) 25. (c) 26. (c) 27. (a) 28. (c) 29. (c) 30. (b)
31. (a) 32. (b) 33. (a) 34. (b) 35. (b) 36. (b) 37. (b) 38. (c) 39. (a) 40. (d)
41. (b) 42. (a) 43. (a) 44. (a) 45. (d) 46. (c) 47. (d) 48. (a) 49. (b) 50. (c)
51. (c) 52. (c) 53. (c) 54. (c) 55. (b) 56. (c) 57. (c) 58. (a)

1 Applying R 1 → R 1 − R 3 Given, A 1 + A 2 + K + A 2 n = 2 n + 1 = (1 + ω + ω2 + ω3 )n
cos x − tan x 0 0 ⇒ 2n + 1 =
13 n = (0 + ω3 )n = ω3 n = 1
6 10 If x ≥ a, then x2 − 2 a( x − a) − 3 a2 = 0
f ( x) = 2 sin x x2 2x
⇒ 12 n + 6 = 13 n
tan x x 1 ⇒ x2 − 2 ax − a2 = 0
∴ n=6
= (cos x − tan x)( x2 − 2 x2 ) Hence, the number of means 2a ± 4 a2 + 4 a2
∴ x= = a(1 ± 2 )
= − x2 (cos x − tan x) = 2 × 6 = 12 2
∴ f ′ ( x) = − 2 x(cos x − tan x) Since, x ≥ a
 1 0
− x2 (− sin x − sec2 x) 6 A −1 =   ∴ x = a(1 + 2 ), it is impossible
f ′ ( x)  −1 1 
∴ lim = lim [−2 (cos x − tan x)  1 0  1 0  1 0 because a < 0
x→ 0 x x→ 0
⇒ ( A −1 )2 =   = ∴ x = a (1 − 2 )
+ lim x(sin x + sec2 x)]  −1 1   −1 1   −2 1 
x→ 0
 1 0 If x < a, then x2 + 2 a ( x − a) − 3 a2 = 0
= −2 ×1= −2 Similarly, ( A −1 )n = 
1  ⇒ x2 + 2 ax − 5 a2 = 0
2 Given, log 0.5( x − 1) < log 0.25( x − 1) −n
∴ x = (− 1 ± 6 ) a
⇒ log 0.5 ( x − 1) < log( 0.5 )2 ( x − 1) 1 −n 1 / n 0 
Now, lim A = lim  [impossible x < a and a < 0]
1 n→ ∞ n n→ ∞
 − 1 1 / n
⇒ log 0. 5 ( x − 1) < log 0.5 ( x − 1) 11 z3 + 2 z2 + 2 z + 1 = 0
2  0 0
⇒ log 0.5 ( x − 1) < 0 ⇒ x − 1 > 1 =  ⇒ (z + 1)(z2 + z + 1) = 0
 −1 0 
∴ x >2 ⇒ z = – 1, ω, ω2
1 / n2 0 
3 Let, S n = 12 + 16 + 24 + … + Tn 1 −n But z = − 1 does not satisfy the
and lim A = lim  1 
 − n 1 / n 
2
n→ ∞ n2 n→ ∞ second equation.
Again, S n = 12 + 16 + K + Tn
Hence, common roots are ω and ω2 .
0 = (12 + 4 + 8 + 16 + K 0 0 
upto n terms) −Tn =  12 We have,| z1| = | z2| = | z3| = 1
0 0 
4 (2 n − 1 − 1) Now,| z1 + z2 + z3| ≥ 0
∴ Tn = 12 + = 2n + 1 + 8 7 Given, n (M ∪ P ∪ C) = 50,
2 −1 ⇒ | z1|2 + | z2|2 + | z3|2 + 2 Re
On putting n = 1, 2, 3,K , we get n (M ) = 37, n (P) = 24 , n (C) = 43 (z1 z2 + z2 z3 + z3 z1 ) ≥ 0
T1 = 22 + 8, T2 = 23 + 8, T3 = 2 4 + 8 … n (M ∩ P) ≤ 19, n (M ∩ C) ≤ 29, ⇒ 3 + 2 [cos(θ1 − θ2 ) + cos(θ2 − θ3 )
∴ S n = T1 + T2 + K + Tn n (P ∩ C) ≤ 20 + cos(θ3 − θ1 )] ≥ 0
= (22 + 23 + … upto n terms) ∴ n (M ∪ P ∪ C) = n (M ) + n (P) + n (C) ⇒ cos(θ1 − θ2 ) + cos(θ2 − θ3 )
+ (8 + 8 + … upto n terms) − n (M ∩ P ) − n (M ∩ C) 3
− n (P ∩ C) + n (M ∩ P ∩ C) + cos(θ3 − θ1 ) ≥ −
22 (2 n − 1) 2
= + 8n ⇒ 50 = 37 + 24 + 43 − n(M ∩ P)
2 −1 13 Here, D ≥ 0
− n (M ∩ C) − n (P ∩ C)
= 4 (2 n − 1) + 8 n
+ n (M ∩ P ∩ C) ∴4 (bc + ad )2 − 4 (a2 + b 2 )(c 2 + d 2 ) ≥ 0
4 Let f ( x) = a2 x2 + 2bx + 2c ⇒ n (M ∩ P ∩ C) = n (M ∩ P ) ⇒ b 2c 2 + a2d 2 + 2 abcd − a2c 2
Q We have, a2α 2 + bα + c = 0 + n (M ∩ C) + n (P ∩ C) − 54 − a2d 2 − b 2c 2 − b 2d 2 ≥ 0
and a2β2 − bβ − c = 0 ∴ n (M ∩ P ∩ C) ⇒ (ac − bd )2 ≤ 0
∴ f (α ) = a2α 2 + 2bα + 2c = bα + c ≤ 19 + 29 + 20 − 54 = 14 ⇒ ac − bd = 0
= − a2α 2 8 |( x − 4) + iy|2 < |( x − 2) + iy|2 [since, square of any expression
f (β) = a β + 2bβ + 2c = 3 (bβ + c )
2 2
[let z = x + iy] cannot be negative]
= 3 a2β2 ⇒ ( x − 4)2 + y2 < ( x − 2)2 + y2 ∴ b 2d 2 = a2c 2
But 0 < α < β ⇒ α , β are real number. ⇒ − 4 x < − 12 ⇒ x > 3 Hence, a2 , bd and c 2 are in GP.
∴ f (α ) < 0, f (β) > 0 ∴ Re(z) > 3
14 Here, a = 150 and d = − 4
Hence, α < γ < β. 9 (1 + ω)(1 + ω2 )(1 + ω 4 )(1 + ω 8) … to n
Sn = [2 × 150 + (n − 1) (− 4)]
5 Let 2n arithmetic means be 2n factors 2
A 1 , A 2 ,K , A 2 n between a and b . = (1 + ω)(1 + ω2 )(1 + ω)(1 + ω2 ) … to = n (152 − 2 n)
a+b 2n factors
Then, A 1 + A 2 +K + A 2 n = × 2n Had the workers not dropped, then
2 = [(1 + ω)(1 + ω) … to n factors] the work would have finished is
13 / 6 13 n [(1 + ω2 )(1 + ω2 ) … to n factors] (n − 8) days with 150 workers
= × 2n =
2 6 = (1 + ω)n (1 + ω2 )n working on each day.
∴ n(152 − 2 n) = 150 (n − 8) From Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get ∴ Maximum sum,
⇒ n2 − n − 600 = 0 3b = 48 − 2 c 31   2 
S31 = 2 × 20 + (31 − 1)  −  
⇒ (n − 25) (n + 24) = 0 From Eq. (iii), we get 2   3 
∴ n = 25 c 2 = 6 (48 − 2 c ) = 288 − 12 c 31
[since, n cannot be negative] ⇒ c 2 + 12 c − 288 = 0 = (40 − 20) = 310
2
15 Given, x is a prime < 10 ⇒ (c + 24)(c − 12) = 0
25 First series has common difference
⇒ c = 12 as c ≠ – 24
∴ x = {2 , 3 , 5 , 7} 4 and second series has common
∴ b = 8 and a = 5
Now, from R = {( x, x3 ) : x = 2, 3, 5 , 7} difference 5.
= {(2 , 8), (3, 27), (5 , 125), (7, 343)} 20 Q | z| = 1 ⇒ z = cos θ + i sin θ Hence, the series with common
16 Let f ( x) = ( x − a)( x − b ) − 1 ∴ arg (z) = θ terms has common difference is
2 Let, arg (z1 ) = θ1 and arg (z2 ) = θ2 equal to the LCM of 4 and 5 i.e. 20.
We observe that the coefficient of x
2π Since, the first common term is 21.
in f ( x) is positive and Then, z1 Rz2 ⇒|arg z1 − arg z2 | = So, the series will be 21, 41, 61, …,
f (a) = f (b ) = − 1. Thus, the graph of 3
2π 401 which has 20 terms.
f ( x) is as shown in figure given ⇒ z1 Rz2 ⇒|θ1 − θ2 | =
below 3 26 Given, a1 + a2 + a3 = 21
2π ⇒ a(1 + r + r 2 ) = 21
Y ⇒ |θ2 − θ1 | =
y = f(x) 3 and a4 + a5 + a6 = 168
⇒ z2 Rz1 ⇒ ar 3 (1 + r + r 2 ) = 168
(a, 0) (b, 0) Hence, it is symmetric. ∴ r3 = 8 ⇒ r = 2
X' X 2b c
O 21 Here, α + β = and αβ = and a (1 + 2 + 4) = 21
a a ∴ a=3
(a, –1)
(b, –1) Now, (αβ)3 + α 2β2 ( β + α ) r
3 27 Tr = , r = 1, 2, 3, ..., n
Y' c c2  2 b  1 + r2 + r 4
=  + 2  
 a a  a r
It is evident from the graph that one = 2
of the roots of f ( x) = 0 lies in (− ∞, a) c 2 (c + 2 b ) (r + r + 1) (r 2 − r + 1)
=
and the other root lies in (b , ∞). a3
1 1 1 
= −
17 Given, log2 (3 x − 2) = log1 /2 x 22 According to the question, 2  r 2 − r + 1 r 2 + r + 1 
D ≥ 0 and f (3) > 0
⇒ log2 (3 x − 2) = − log 2 x n
1 n
⇒ 4 a − 4 (a2 + a − 3) ≥ 0
2
∴ ∑ Tr = ∑
⇒ log2 (3 x − 2) = log2 x −1 r =1 2 r =1
and 3 − 2 a (3) + a2 + a − 3 > 0
2
⇒ 3 x − 2 = x −1  1 1 
⇒ − a + 3 ≥ 0 and a2 − 5 a + 6 > 0
⇒ 3x − 2x − 1 = 0  r2 − r + 1 − r2 + r + 1 
2
⇒ a ≤ 3 and a < 2 or a > 3  

⇒ (3 x + 1) ( x − 1) = 0
1 ∴ a<2  1  1 1 
⇒ x = 1 or x = − 1 −  +  − 
3 23 Let f ( x) = x2 − 2 (4 k − 1) x + 15 k 2 1  3  3 7 
=  
∴ x =1 − 2 k − 7, then f ( x) > 0 2  1 1 
[since, negative of x cannot satisfy  + ...+  n2 − n + 1 − n2 + n + 1  
∴ D<0  
the given equation]
⇒ 4 (4 k – 1)2 – 4 (15 k 2 – 2 k – 7) < 0 1  1  n2 + n
n
= 1 − n2 + n + 1  = 2(n2 + n + 1)
18 f ( x, n) = ∑ (log x r − log x x) ⇒ k2 − 6 k + 8 < 0 ⇒ 2 < k < 4 2  
r =1 Hence, required integer value of k
n
is 3 . 28 Here, X is n × 1, C is n × n and X ′ is
= ∑ (log x r − 1) = log x (1⋅ 2 ... n) − n
2 1 × n order matrix. Therefore, X ′ C X
r =1
24 Here, a = 20,d = −
= log x n ! − n 3 is 1 × 1 order matrix. Let X ′ C X = K
Given, f ( x, 11) = f ( x, 12) As the common difference is Then, ( X ′ C X )′ = X ′ C′ X ′ ′
⇒ log x (11 !) − 11 = log x (12 !) − 12 negative, the terms will become = X ′ (− C) X = − K
 12 !
negative after some stage. So, the ⇒ 2K =O
⇒ log x   = 1 ⇒ log x (12) = 1 sum is maximum, if only positive ∴ K =O
 11 !
terms are added.
∴ x = 12 29 Since, the determinant of a
 2
Now, Tn = 20 + (n − 1)  −  ≥ 0 skew-symmetric matrix of an odd
19 Given, a + b + c = 25 …(i)  3
order is zero. Therefore, the matrix
Since, 2, a, b are in AP, therefore ⇒ 60 − 2(n − 1) ≥ 0 is singular.
2a = 2 + b …(ii) ⇒ 62 ≥ 2 n ⇒ 31 ≥ n 30 We know that, if A is a square
Since, b , c , 18 are in GP, therefore Thus, the first 31 terms are matrix of order n and B is the matrix
c 2 = 18 b …(iii) non-negative. of cofactors of elements of A. Then,
12 − 7
| B| = | A |n −1 Hence, the required number of  2 
ways = 31 × 15 × 8 = 3720 = 12C 7  2  (3 x) 7
∴ ∆ = | A |3 − 1 = 53 − 1 = 25 3x 
31 Considering CC as single letter, 37 LHS = a [C0 − C1 + C2 − C3 12 !  2 
5
U,CC, E can be arranged in 3 ! ways + ...+ (− 1) Cn ]

n =   (3 x)
7
7 !5 !  3 x 2 
Here, × U × CC × E × + [C1 − 2C2 + 3 C3 −... + (−1)n − 1 ⋅ nCn ] 12 × 11 × 10 × 9 × 8 2 5 × 32
Hence, the required number of ways = ×
= a⋅0 + 0 = 0 5 × 4×3 ×2 x3
= 3 !⋅ 4C3 = 24
38 Given, equation is 228096
32 Let ( 2 + 1)6 = I + F , where I is an =
x3 + ex2 − ex − e = 0 x3
integer and 0 ≤ F < 1
Applying R 2 → R 2 − R 1  5 x
11
Let f = ( 2 − 1)6 43 (3 − 5 x)11 = 311  1 − 
and R 3 → R 3 − R 2 ,  3
1
Now, 2 − 1 = (1 + α ) 1 1 11
2+1  1  1
= 3 11  1 −  Qx =
∆ = −α β 0  3  5 
⇒ 0 < 2 −1 <1
0 −β γ | x|(n + 1)
Also, I + F + f = ( 2 + 1)6 + ( 2 − 1)6 ∴ Greatest term =
= (1 + α ) (βγ − 0) + α (γ) + αβ (| x| + 1)
= 2 [6C0 ⋅ 23 + 6C2 ⋅ 22 + 6C4 ⋅ 2 + 6C6]
= αβ + βγ + γα + αβγ 1
= 2 (8 + 60 + 30 + 1) = 198 − (11 + 1)
= − e+e =0 3
Hence, F + f = 198 − I is an integer. = =3
39 Now, 2 4 n = (1 + 15)n 1
But 0 < F + f <2 − +1
= 1 + nC1 ⋅ 15 + nC2 ⋅ 152 3
∴ F + f = 1 and I = 197 2
+ nC3 ⋅ 153 + …  1
33 Given, B = − A −1 BA Now, T3 = 311 ⋅ 11C2  − 
∴ 2 4 n − 1 − 15 n = 152  3
⇒ AB = − A ( A −1 BA )
⇒ AB = − I (BA ) [n C2 + nC3 ⋅ 15 + K ]  11⋅ 10 1
= 311  ×  = 55 × 3 9
= 225 k  1⋅ 2 9
∴ AB + BA = O
Hence, it is divisible by 225. 44 Let the number of papers be n.
34 Applying R 3 → R 3 − pR 1 − R 2
xp + y x y
40 (1 − 2 x)−1 /2 (1 − 4 x)−5/2 ∴ Total number of ways to fail or pass
= (1 + x) (1 + 10 x) = nC0 + nC1 + K + nCn = 2 n
⇒ yp + z y z =0
[neglecting higher power] ∴Total number of ways to fail
− ( xp2 + 2 yp + z) 0 0 = 2n − 1
= 1 + 11 x
⇒ − ( xp2 + 2 yp + z)( xz − y2 ) = 0 [neglecting higher power] [since, there is only one way to pass]
Hence, x, y and z are in GP. =1 + kx According to the question,
35 For non-trivial solution, we must ∴ k = 11 2 n − 1 = 63 ⇒ 2 n = 2 6 ⇒ n = 6
have
41 Applying R 1 → R 1 + R 2 + R 3 , we get 45 Let A = {a1 , a2 , ..., an }, 1 ≤ i ≤ n
1 k 3
2 x + 10 2 x + 10 2 x + 10 (i) ai ∈ P, ai ∈ Q (ii) ai ∉ P, ai ∉ Q
3 k −2 = 0
2 2x 2 =0 (iii) ai ∉ P, ai ∈ Q (iv) ai ∈ P, ai ∉ Q
2 3 −4
7 6 2x So, P ∩ Q contains exactly two
Applying elements, taking 2 elements in (i) and
R2 → R2 − 3 R1 , R3 → R3 − 2R1 , Taking 2 x + 10 common from R 1 (n − 2) elements in (ii), (iii) and (iv).
and applying ∴ Required number of ways
1 k 3
C2 → C2 − C1 , C3 → C3 − C1 , we get = nC2 × 3 n − 2
0 − 2k − 11 = 0
1 0 0 46 It is clear from the graph that two
0 3 − 2k − 10 curves do not intersect anywhere.
2 ( x + 5) 2 2 x − 2 0 =0
⇒ 20 k + 11 (3 − 2 k ) = 0 ∴ A∩B=φ
7 −1 2x − 7
33
⇒ k = ⇒ 2 ( x + 5) (2 x − 2) (2 x − 7) = 0
2 Y
∴ x = − 5 , 1, 3.5
36 Atleast one green ball can be 1
selected out of 5 green balls in 42 For ascending power of x, we take y=
x
2 5 − 1, i.e. 31 ways. Similarly, the expression X' X
12
atleast one blue ball can be  2 
 2 + 3 x
selected from 4 blue balls in 3x 
2 4 − 1 = 15 ways and atleast one 12
 2  y = –x
red or not red can be selected in Y'
∴ T8 in  2 + 3 x
23 = 8 ways. 3x 
2
47 ∴ Required number of ways 102009 but not 10 2008 is  q  q
(2010)2 − (2009)2 = 4019 or a  −  + b  −  + c = 0
= C3 − C3 = 560 − 56 = 504
16 8
 p  p
48 Check through options, the condition 54 If X = O, then X ′ AX = O ⇒ B = O, a Thus, ax2 + bx + c = 0 and
2 n > 2 n + 1 is valid for n ≥ 3. contradiction. px + q = 0 have a common root.
6
w (1 − w 6) Let det ( X ) = a, then det ( X ′ ) = a
49 Here, α + β = ∑ wk =
1 −w ∴ det ( X ′ AX ) = det (B)
58 I. Matrices P and Y are of the
orders p × k and 3 × k,
k =1
= −1 [Qw 7 = 1 ] ⇒ a (−1) a = − 4 respectively.

[Qdet ( X ′AX) = det ( X ′ ) det (A) det (X)] Therefore, matrix PY will be
f ( x) 1 − 2 sin2 x
50 Q H ( x) = = ∴ a=±2 defined, if k = 3.
g ( x) cos 2 x
As det ( X ) ≠ 0, X cannot be a Consequently PY will be of the
cos 2 x singular matrix.
= =1 order p × k . Matrices W and Y
cos 2 x 2
 1 are of the orders n × 3 and 3 × k ,
But cos 2 x ≠ 0 55 T3 = mC2 (2 x)m − 2  
 x2  respectively.
π
⇒ 2 x ≠ nπ + , n ∈ I = mC2 (2)m − 2 ⋅ x m − 6 Since, the number of columns in
2
For independent of x, put W is equal to the number of rows
 π 
∴ x ∈ R ~ (2 n + 1) , n ∈ I  m −6 =0 ⇒ m =6 in Y , matrix WY is well-defined
 4  and is of the order n × k .
∴ T3 = 6C2 (2)6 − 2 = 15 × 16 = 240
and range = {1} Matrices PY and WY can be
According to the question,
added only when their orders are
30
C1 x3 = 240 same.
51 Tn = nC3 and Tn +1 − Tn = 21
⇒ x3 = 8 However, PY is of the order p × k
n +1
⇒ C3 − nC3 = 21 ⇒ x =2 and WY is of the order n × k ,
⇒ n
C2 + C3 − nC3 = 21
n
therefore we must have p = n.
56 n ( A ∪ B) = n ( A ) + n (B) − n ( A ∩ B)
⇒ n
C2 = 21 Thus, k = 3 and p = n are the
= 4 + 8 − n( A ∩ B)
n(n − 1) restrictions on n, k and p, so that
⇒ = 21 = 12 − n ( A ∩ B)
2 PY + WY will be defined.
Since, maximum number of element
⇒ n2 − n − 42 = 0 in n ( A ∩ B) = 4. II. Matrix X is of the order 2 × n.
⇒ (n − 7) (n + 6) = 0 ∴ Minimum number of element is Therefore, matrix 7 X is also of
∴ n=7 [Q n ≠ − 6] n ( A ∪ B) = 12 − 4 = 8 the same order.
57 If λ is a common root of Matrix Z is of the order 2 × p,
52 Since,| r | < 1 ⇒ − 1 < r < 1 i.e. 2 × n. [Q n = p]
ax2 + bx + c = 0
Also, a = 5 (1 − r ) ⇒ 0 < a < 10
and px + q = 0, then aλ2 + bλ + c = 0, Therefore, matrix 5Z is also of
[Qat r = − 1, a = 10 the same order.
pλ + q = 0 and pλ2 + qλ = 0
and at r = 1 , a = 0]
Eliminating λ, we obtained ∆ = 0. Now, both the matrices 7 X and
53 The number of divisor of 10 m = 2 m5 m For Statement II, expanding ∆ along 5Z are of the order 2 × n.
is (m + 1)2 . C1 , we obtain Thus, matrix 7 X − 5 Z is well-
∴Number of divisors which divide aq 2 + p (bq − cp) = 0 defined and is of the order 2 × n.
DAY TEN
Real Function
u Real Valued Function and u Domain and Range of real u Inverse Function
Real Function Function u Basic Functions
u Algebra of Real Functions u Nature of a Functions
Real Valued Function and Real Function

A Function f : A → B is said to be a real valued function if B ⊆ R (the set of real numbers), if
both A and B are subset of R (the set of real numbers) then f is called a real function.
NOTE Every real function is a real valued function but converse need not be true.
Domain and Range of Real Function

The domain of y = f ( x) is the set of all real x for which f ( x) is defined (real).
Range of y = f ( x) is collection of all distinct images corresponding to each real number in
the domain.
NOTE If f : A → B, then A will be domain of f and B will be codomain of f.
To find range PRED

(i) First of all find the domain of y = f ( x) .
(ii) If domain has finite number of points, then range is the set of f − images of these points.
MIRROR
(iii) If domain is R or R − {some finite points}, express x in terms of y and find the values u No. of Questions in Exercises (x)—
of y for which the values of x lie in the domain.
(iv) If domain is a finite interval, find the least and the greatest values for range using u No. of Correct Questions (z)—
monotonicity. (Without referring Explanations)

Algebra of Real Functions u

Let f : X → R and g : X → R be two real functions. Then,
l
The sum f + g : X → R defined as In order to expect good rank in JEE,
( f + g) ( x) = f ( x) + g( x). above 85 & Prep Level should be
l
The difference f − g: X − R, defined as above 75.
( f − g)( x) = f ( x) − g( x)
96 40 DAYS ~ JEE MAIN MATHEMATICS DAY TEN
l
The product fg : X → R, Some algebraic functions are given below
defined as ( fg) ( x) = f ( x) g( x) (i) Polynomial Function
l
f + g and fg are defined only, if f and g have the same (a) The function
domain. In case the domain of f and g are different, f ( x) = a0 x n + a1 x n − 1 + a2 x n − 2 + K + an − 1 x + an
domain of f + g or fg = Domain of f ∩ Domain of g. where, a0, a1 , a2 ,K , an are real numbers and n ∈ N is known
l
The product cf : X→ R, defined as as polynomial function. If a0 ≠ 0, then n is the degree of
(cf ) ( x) = cf ( x), where c is a real number. polynomial function.
f f f ( x) (b) Domain of polynomial function is R.
l
The quotient is a function defined as ( x) = ,
g g g ( x) (c) A polynomial of odd degree has its range (−∞, ∞) but a
provided g( x) ≠ 0, x ∈ X polynomial of even degree has a range which is always
subset of R.
l
If domain of y = f ( x) and y = g( x) are D1 and D2
respectively, then the domain of f ( x) ± g( x) or (ii) Constant Function The function f ( x) = k , where k is constant,
f ( x) is known as constant function. Its domain is R and range is {k },
f ( x) ⋅ g( x) is D1 ∩ D2 , while domain of is
g ( x) (iii) Identity Function The function f ( x) = x, is known as identity
D1 ∩ D2 − { x : g( x) = 0}. function. Its domain is R and range is R.
p( x)
Equal or Identical Functions (iv) Rational Function The function f ( x) = , where p( x) and
q ( x)
Two functions f and g are said to be equal, if q ( x) are polynomial functions and q ( x) ≠ 0 , is called rational
(i) the domain of f = the domain of g function.
(ii) the range of f = the range of g Its domain is R − { x | q ( x) = 0}.
(iii) f ( x) = g( x), ∀ x ∈ domain (v) Irrational Function The algebraic functions containing one or
more terms having non-integral rational power of x are called
irrational functions.
Inverse Functions e.g., y = f ( x) = 2 x − 3 x + 6
l
If f : A → B is a bijective function, then the mapping
f −1 : B → A which associate each element b ∈ B to a 1
(vi) Reciprocal Function The function f ( x) = is called the
unique element a ∈ A such that f (a) = b , is called the x
inverse function of f . reciprocal function of x. Its domain is R − {0} and range is
R − {0}.
f −1 (b ) = a ⇔ f (a) = b
l
The curves y = f ( x) and y = f −1 ( x) are mirror images of
each other in the line mirror y = x. 2. Piecewise Functions
l
f is invertible iff f is one-one and onto. Piecewise functions are special type of algebraic functions.
l
Inverse of bijective function is unique and bijective. (i) Absolute Valued Function ( Modulus Function) The function
−1
The solution of f ( x) = f ( x) are same as the solution  x, x ≥ 0
l
f ( x) = | x | =  is called modulus function.
of f ( x) = x. − x , x < 0
l
If fo g = I = gof , then f and g are inverse of each other. Y
−1 −1 −1 −1
l
fof = I B , f of = I A and ( f ) = f.
y = |x|
l
If f and g are two bijections such that (gof) exists, then
gof is also bijective function and (gof )−1 = f −1og −1 .
X¢ X
O
Basic Functions
Basic functions can be categorised into the following Y¢
categories. Its domain is R and range is [0, ∞).
Properties of Modulus Function
1. Algebraic Functions (a) | x | ≤ a ⇒ − a ≤ x ≤ a (a > 0)
A function, say f ( x), is called an algebraic function, if it (b) | x | ≥ a ⇒ x ≤ − a or x ≥ a (a > 0)
consists finite number of terms involving powers and (c) | x ± y | ≤ | x | + | y |
roots of the independent variable x and the four (d) | x ± y | ≥ || x | − | y ||
algebraic operations + ,−, × and ÷ .
DAY TEN REAL FUNCTION 97
(ii) Signum Function The function f ( x) Y

| x| x  1, if x > 0 4
 or , if x ≠ 0 
= sgn ( x) =  x | x| = − 1, if x < 0 3
0, if x = 0  0, if x = 0 2

called signum function. 1
Y X¢ X
–4 –3 –2 –1 0 1 2 3 4
y=1 –1
–2 f (x) = (x)
X¢ X –3
O
–4
y=–1
Y¢
Y¢ Its domain ∈ R and range ∈ I.
Its domain is R and range is {− 1, 0, 1}. (vi) Transcendental function The function which is not
(iii) Greatest Integer Function The symbol [ x] indicates the algebraic is called transcendental function.
integral part of x which is nearest and smaller than to x. (vii) Exponential Function The function f ( x) = ax , a > 0, a ≠ 1,
It is also known as floor of x. is called an exponential function.
x ∀ x ∈ I Y Y
The function f ( x) = [ x] =  is called
n, n ≤ x < n + 1, n ∈ I 0<a<1
greatest integer function. 1 1
Y X¢ X
X¢ X
O O
If a > 1
2
1
Y¢ Y¢
X¢ X Its domain is R and range is (0, ∞).
–2 –1 0 1 2
It is a one-one into function.
–1 f (x) = [x]
(viii) Logarithmic Function The function f ( x) = log a x, ( x, a > 0)
–2 and a ≠ 1 is called logarithmic function.
Y Y
Y¢
a>1
Its domain is R and range is I. 0<a<1
(iv) Fractional Part Function The symbol { x} indicates the 1

X¢ X X¢ X
fractional part of x. i.e. { x} = x − [ x], x ∈ R 1
∴ y = { x} = x − [ x]
0, ∀ x ∈ I
The function f ( x) = { x} =  Y¢ Y¢
 x − n, n ≤ x < n + 1, n ∈ I Its domain is (0, ∞) and range is R.
is called the fractional part function.
It is a one-one into function.
Y (ix) Trigonometric Functions Some standard trigonometric
1 functions with their domain and range, are given below
(a) Sine Function f ( x) = sin x,
X¢ X Y
–3 –2 –1 0 1 2 3
(–3p/2, 1) (p/2, 1)
Y¢
Its domain is R and range is (0, 1).
X¢ –p O X
(v) Least Integer Function The symbol ( x) indicates the p
integer part of x which is nearest and greater than x.
(3p/2, –1)
 x, ∀ x ∈ I (–p/2, –1)
The function f ( x) = ( x) = 
n + 1, n < x ≤ n + 1 n ∈ I Y¢
is called least integer function.
Its domain is R and the range is [− 1, 1] .
(b) Cosine Function f ( x) = cos x, (c) y = f ( x) = tan −1 x

Y Y
y = tan x
(0, 1) y=x
π/2
- 2p p y = tan –1 x
-p
X¢ X
-3p 3p 2p
2 p/2 2
-p/2 –π/2
(–p, –1) (p, –1) X¢ X
O π/2
Y¢
Its domain is R and the range is [− 1, 1].

(c) Tangent Function f ( x) = tan x, –π/2
Y
Y¢
 π π
Its domain is R and range is  − ,  .
 2 2
–π π
X¢ X
–3π/2 –π/2 O π/2 3π/2
Nature of a Function
A function f ( x) is said to be an odd function, if
Y¢
f (− x) = − f ( x), ∀ x.
(2 n + 1) π 
Its domain is R −  , n ∈ I  and range is R. A function f ( x) is said to be an even function,
 2 
if f (− x) = f ( x), ∀ x.
(x) Inverse Trigonometric Function Some standard inverse
Different Conditions for Even and Odd Functions
trigonometric functions with their domain and range, are
given below. f( x ) g ( x) f ( x) + g ( x) f ( x) − g ( x)
(a) y = f ( x) = sin −1 x
Odd Odd Odd Odd
Y y=sin–1 x
π/2 Even Even Even Even
y=x
Neither odd Neither odd
1 Odd Even
nor even nor even
y=sin x Neither odd Neither odd
−π/2 −1 Even Odd
X¢ X nor even nor even
O 1 π/2
f ( x )g ( x ) f ( x) / g ( x) (gof ) ( x ) ( fog )( x )
−1 Even Even Odd Odd
−π/2 Even Even Even Even

Y′ Odd Odd Even Even
Odd Odd Even Even
 π π
Its domain is [− 1, 1] and range is − , .
 2 2 
(b) y = f ( x) = cos −1 x NOTE
Y • Every function can be expressed as the sum of an even and
π an odd function.
y= cos–1x
• Zero function f ( x ) = 0 is the only function which is both
even and odd.
π/2 y=x
• Graph of odd function is symmetrical about origin.
1 • Graph of even function is always symmetrical aboutY-axis.
π/2 π 3. Periodic Function

X¢ X
–1 O 1 y=cos x l
A function f ( x) is said to be periodic function, if there exists
a positive real number T, such that f ( x + T ) = f ( x), ∀ x ∈ R.
Y′
l
The smallest value of T is called the Fundamental period of
Its, domain is [− 1, 1] and range is [0, π ]. f ( x).
Properties of Periodic Function Periods of Some Important Functions

(i) If f ( x) is periodic with period T, then cf ( x), f ( x + c) and Function Periods
f ( x) ± c is periodic with period T. sin x, cos x, sec x, cosec x, (sin x ) 2n +1
,
2π
(ii) If f ( x) is periodic with period T, then kf (cx + d) has (cos x )2 n + 1 , (sec x )2 n + 1 , (cosec x )2 n + 1
T tan x, cot x, tann x, cotn x, (sin x )2 n , (cos x )2 n ,
period .
|c | (sec x )2 n , (cosec x )2 n ,|sin x | ,|cos x | ,| tan x | , π
(iv) If f (x) is periodic with period T1 and g ( x) is periodic |cot x |,|sec x | ,|cosec x |
with period T2 , then f ( x) + g ( x) is periodic with period |sin x + cos x |, sin4 x + cos 4 x,
equal to LCM of T1 and T2 , provided there is no positive π /2
|sec x | + |cosec x | ,| tan x | + |cot x |
k, such that f (k + x) = g( x) and g (k + x) = f ( x).
x − [ x] 1
(iv) If f ( x) is a periodic function with period T and g ( x) is
x, x2 , x2 + 5,c ,... etc. Period does
any function, such that range of f ⊆ domain of g, then Algebraic functions like
notexist
gof is also periodic with period T.

1 Two sets A and B are defined as follows 6 The period of the function f ( x ) = sin3 x + cos 3 x is
A = {( x , y ) : y = e 2 x, x ∈ R } and (a) 2 π (b) π
2π
B = {( x , y ) : y = x 2, x ∈ R }, then (c) (d) None of these
3
(a) A ⊂ B (b) B ⊂ A
(c) A ∪ B (d) A ∩ B = φ 7 Let f : R → R be defined by f ( x ) = x 2 + 1.
Then, pre-images of 17 and −3, respectively are
π
2 Domain of definition of the function f ( x ) = sin−1( 2x ) + (a) φ, {4,−4 } (b) {3,−3 }, φ j NCERT Exemplar
6
(c) {4, − 4 }, φ (d) {4,−4 },{2,−2 }
for real valued x , is
8 Suppose f ( x ) = ( x + 1)2 for x ≥ −1. If g ( x ) is the function,
(a)  − ,  (b)  − ,
1 1 1 1
 4 2   2 2  whose graph is reflection of the graph of f ( x ) w.r.t. the
(c)  − ,  (d)  − ,
1 1 1 1 line y = x , then g ( x ) is equal to
 2 9  4 4  (a) − x − 1, x ≥ 0
1 1
3 The domain of the function f ( x ) = is (b) , x > −1
|x|−x (x + 1)2
(a) (0, ∞) (b) (− ∞, 0) (c) x + 1, x ≥ − 1
(c) (− ∞, ∞) − (0) (d) (− ∞, ∞)
(d) x − 1, x ≥ 0
4 Domain of definition of the function  1 1 x
3 9 The function f : R → − , defined as f ( x ) = is
f (x ) =
4 − x2
+ log10 ( x 3 − x ), is  2 2  1+ x2
j
AIEEE 2003
(a) invertible j
JEE Main 2017
(a) (1, 2)
(b) injective but not surjective
(b) (−1, 0) ∪ (1, 2)
(c) surjective but not injective
(c) (1, 2) ∪ (2 , ∞)
(d) neither injective nor surjective
(d) (−1, 0) ∪ (1, 2) ∪ (2 , ∞)
ex − e−x
5. If f : R → R is a function satisfying the property 10 The inverse of the function f ( x ) = + 2 is given by
f ( x + 1) + f ( x + 3) = 2 for all x ∈ R , then f is ex + e−x
1/ 2 1/ 2
(a) periodic with period 3  x − 2  x − 1
(a) loge   (b) loge  
(b) periodic with period 4  x − 1 3 − x
(c) non- periodic 1/ 2 −2
 x   x − 1
(d) periodic with period 5 (c) loge   (d) loge  
2 − x  x + 1
11 If f ( x ) is an invertible function, and g ( x ) = 2f ( x ) + 5, then 18. If domain of f ( x ) and g ( x ) are D1 and D2 respectively,
the value of g −1 is then domain of f ( x ) + g ( x ) is D1 ∩ D2 , then
1
(a) 2f −1 (x) − 5 (b) Statement I The domain of the function
2f −1 (x) + 5
1 −1
f (x) + 5 (d) f −1 
x −5 f ( x ) = sin−1 x + cos −1 x + tan−1 x is [ −1, 1].
(c) 
2  2  Statement II sin−1 x and cos−1 x is defined in | x | ≤ 1and
tan−1 x is defined for all x.
12 Let f : ( 2 , 3) → ( 0, 1) be defined by f ( x ) = x − [ x ], then
f −1 ( x ) is equal to
correct explanation for Statement I
(a) x − 2 (b) x + 1 (c) x −1 (d) x + 2
13 For a real number x , [ x ] denotes the integral part of x. not a correct explanation for Statement I
1  1 1  1 2 
The value of + + + + +K + (d)Statement I is false; Statement II is true
 2   2 100   2 100 
1 99  19. Statement I The period of
+ is
 2 100  1 1
f ( x ) = 2 cos ( x − π ) + 4 sin ( x − π ) is 3π.
3 3
(a) 49 (b) 50 (c) 48 (d) 51
1 − x  Statement II IfT is the period of f ( x ), then the period of
14 If f 2 ( x )⋅ f   = x , [ where, x ≠ −1,1 and f ( x ) ≠ 0], then
3
1 + x  T
f (ax + b) is .
find | [f ( − 2)]| (where [.] is the greatest integer function) |a |
(a) 1/ x (b) 1 − x (c) 1 (d) 2 (a) Statement I is true, Statement II is true; Statement II is a
− 1 , x < 0 correct explanation for Statement I

15 If g ( x ) = 1 + x − [ x ] and f ( x ) =  0 , x = 0 , ∀ x, then (b) Statement I is true, Statement II is true; Statement II is
1, x > 0 not a correct explanation for Statement I
f {g ( x )} is equal to 
(a) x (b) 1 (c) f (x) (d) g (x) (d) Statement I is false; Statement II is true
16. The function f ( x ) = log ( x + x 2 + 1), is
(a) an even function (b) an odd function 20. If the range of f ( x ) is collection of all outputs f ( x )
(c) a periodic function corresponding to each real number in the domain, then
(d) neither an even nor an odd function  1 
Statement I The range of log  2
is ( − ∞, ∞).
17. Statement I f ( x ) = | x − 2 | + | x − 3 | + | x − 5 | is an odd 1 + x 
function for all values of x lie between 3 and 5.
Statement II When 0 < x ≤ 1, log x ∈ ( − ∞, 0].
Statement II For odd function f ( − x ) = − f ( x )
(a) Statement I is true, Statement II is true; Statement II is a (a) Statement I is true, Statement II is true; Statement II is a
correct explanation for Statement I correct explanation for Statement I
(b) Statement I is true, Statement II is true; Statement II is (b) Statement I is true, Statement II is true; Statement II is
not a correct explanation for Statement I not a correct explanation for Statement I
(c) Statement I is true; Statement II is false (c) Statement I is true; Statement II is false
(d) Statement I is false; Statement II is true (d) Statement I is false; Statement II is true

x −1 3 If [ x 2 ] + x − a = 0 has a solution, where a ∈ N and a ≤ 20,
1 Domain of f ( x ) = , where {}⋅ denotes the
x − 2 {x } then total number of different values of a can be
fractional part of x, is (a) 2 (b) 3 (c) 4 (d) 6
(a) (− ∞, 0) ∪ (0, 2] (b) [1, 2)
4 Total number of solutions of [ x ]2 = x + 2 {x }, where [⋅]
(c) (− ∞, ∞) ~ [0, 2) (d) (− ∞, 0) ∪ (0, 1] ∪ [2, ∞)
and {}⋅ denotes the greatest integer function and
2 Range of f ( x ) = [| sin x | + | cos x | ], where [⋅] denotes the fractional part respectively, is equal to
greatest integer function, is (a) 2 (b) 4
(a) {0} (b) {0, 1} (c) {1} (d) None of these (c) 6 (d) None of these
5 If f ( x ) = sin x + cos x , g ( x ) = x 2 − 1, then g { f ( x )} is 8 If f ( x ) and g ( x ) are two functions such that

invertible in the domain f ( x ) = [ x ] + [ − x ] and g ( x ) = {x } ∀x ∈ R and h( x ) = f (g ( x ));
π π π
(a)  0,  (b)  − , 
then which of the following is incorrect ?
 2   4 4  ([⋅] denotes greatest integer function and {}⋅ denotes
π π
(c)  − ,  (d) [0, π] fractional part function).
 2 2  (a) f (x) and h (x) are inertial functions
(b) f (x) = g (x) has no solution
6 Let f ( x ) = x + a ⋅ x + b ⋅ x + cx + dx be a polynomial
10 8 6 4 2
(c) f (x) + h (x) > 0 has no solution
function with real corfficient. If f (1) = 1 and f ( 2) = −5, then (b) f (x) − h (x) is a periodic function
the minimum number of distinct real zeroes of f ( x ) is
9 The period of the function f ( x ) = [ 6x + 7] + cos πx − 6x ,
(a) 5 (b) 6
(c) 7 (d) 8 where [⋅] denotes the greatest integer function, is
(a) 3 (b) 2 π (c) 2 (d) None of these
7 If f : R → R , f ( x ) = x 3 + 3, and g : R → R , g ( x ) = 2x + 1, then
−1 −1 10 The number of real solutions of the equation
f og ( 23) equals
(a) 2 (b) 3 log0. 5 | x | = 2| x | is.
(c) 4 (d) 5 (a) 1 (b) 2 (c) 0 (d) None of these
ANSWERS
SESSION 1 1 (d) 2 (a) 3 (b) 4 (d) 5 (b) 6 (a) 7 (c) 8 (d) 9 (c) 10 (b)
11 (d) 12 (d) 13 (b) 14 (d) 15 (b) 16 (b) 17 (b) 18 (a) 19 (d) 20 (d)
SESSION 2 1 (d) 2 (c) 3 (c) 4 (b) 5 (b) 6 (a) 7 (a) 8 (b) 9 (c) 10 (b)

SESSION 1 4 Given, f ( x) =
3
+ log10 ( x3 − x)  3 sin x − sin 3 x
6 f ( x) =
1 Set A represents the set of points 4 − x2  4
lying on the graph of an For domain of f ( x), 3 cos x + cos 3 x 
x3 − x > 0 +
exponential function and set B 4 
represents the set of points lying on ⇒ x( x − 1)( x + 1) > 0
∴ Period of f ( x) = LCM of period of
the graph of the polynomial.
Take e2 x = x2 , then the two curves – + – + {sin x, cos x, sin 3 x, cos 3 x}
does not intersect. Hence, there is –1 0 1 LCM of {2 π , 2 π }
no point common between them. = = 2π
⇒ x ∈ (−1, 0) ∪ (1, ∞) HCF of {1, 3}
2 For f ( x) to be defined, and 4 − x2 ≠ 0
π 7 Let y = x2 + 1
sin −1 (2 x) + ≥0 ⇒ x≠±2
6 ⇒ x ∈ (−∞, − 2) ∪ (−2 , 2) ∪ (2 , ∞) ⇒ x = ± y −1
π π So, common region is ∴ f −1 ( x ) = ± x −1
⇒ − ≤ sin −1 (2 x) ≤
6 2 (−1, 0) ∪ (1, 2) ∪ (2 , ∞). −1
∴ f (17) = ± 17 − 1 = ± 4
 π  π
⇒ sin  −  ≤ 2 x ≤ sin   6 We have,
 6  2 and f −1 (−3) = ± −3 − 1
f ( x + 1) + f ( x + 3) = 2 ...(i)
1 1 = ± −4 ∉ R
⇒ − ≤ x≤ On replacing x by x + 2, we get
4 2 f ( x + 3) + f ( x + 5) = 2 ...(ii) ∴ f −1 (−3) = φ
 1 1 On subtracting Eq. (ii) from Eq. (i),
⇒ x∈ − , 8 Let y = ( x + 1)2 for x ≥ − 1
 4 2  we get
1 f ( x + 1) − f ( x + 5) = 0 ⇒ ± y = x +1⇒ y= x+1
3 y= ⇒ f ( x + 1) = f ( x + 5)
| x| − x ⇒ y ≥ 0, x + 1 ≥ 0
Now, on replacing x by x − 1, we
For domain,| x | − x > 0 get ⇒ x = y −1
⇒ | x| > x f ( x) = f ( x + 4) ⇒ f −1 ( y) = y −1
i.e. only possible, if x < 0. Hence, f is periodic with period 4.
∴ x ∈ (− ∞, 0) ⇒ f −1 ( x) = x – 1, x ≥ 0
x 13 Q[ x] denotes the integral part of x. 1

9 We have, f ( x) = 20 Range of is (0, 1) and
1 + x2 1 50  1 + x2
Hence, after term + each
1  2 100  domain R
 1 x  1 
∴ f  = term will be one. Hence, the sum of
 x 1 given series will be 50. ∴ log   ∈ (− ∞, 0]
1+ 2  1 + x2 
x 1 − x
=
x
= f ( x) 14 f 2 ( x) ⋅ f   = x
3
…(i)
1 + x SESSION 2
1 + x2
1− x x −1
 1 On replacing x by , we get 1 We have, ≥ 0, here two
∴ f   = f (2) 1+ x
 2 x − 2 { x}
3
 1 1 − x 1 − x cases arise
or f   = f (3) f2   f ( x) =   …(ii)
Case I x ≥ 1 and x > 2 { x}
 3 1 + x 1 + x
and so on. From Eqs. (i) and (ii), ⇒ x ≥2
So, f ( x) is many-one function. 1 + x
3
∴ x ∈ [2, ∞).
Again, let y = f ( x) f 3 ( x) = x 6   Case II x ≤ 1 and x < 2 { x}
x 1 − x
⇒ y= ⇒ x < 1 and x ≠ 0.
1 + x2 1 + x
⇒ f ( x) = x 2   ∴ x ∈ ( − ∞, 0) ∪ (0, 1).
⇒ y + x2 y = x 1 − x
Finally, x = 1 is also a point of the
⇒ yx − x + y = 0
2
−4
As, x ∈R ⇒ f (− 2) = ⇒ [ f (− 2)] = − 2 domain.
3
∴ (− 1)2 − 4 ( y)( y) ≥ 0 ⇒ | [ f (− 2)]| = 2 2 y = | sin x | + | cos x |
⇒ 1 − 4 y2 ≥ 0
− 1 1 15 Q g ( x) = 1 + x − [ x] [put x = n ∈ Z ] ⇒ y2 = 1 + | sin 2 x |
⇒ y∈ , ⇒ 1 ≤ y2 ≤ 2 ⇒ y ∈[1, 2 ]
 2 2  ∴ g ( x) = 1 + x − x = 1
− 1 1 and g( x) = 1 + n + k − n = 1 + k ∴ f ( x) = [ y] = 1, ∀ x ∈ R
∴Range = Codomain = ,
 2 2  [put x = n + k ] 3 Since, [ x2 ] + x − a = 0
So, f ( x) is surjective. [where, n ∈ Z , 0 < k < 1 ] ∴ x has to be an integer.
Hence, f ( x) is surjective but not  −1, g( x) < 0 ⇒ a = x2 + x = x ( x + 1)
injective. 
Now, f { g( x)} =  0, g( x) = 0 Thus, a can be 2, 6, 12, 20.
ex − e−x  1, g ( x) > 0
10 Given, y = x +2  4 [ x]2 = x + 2{ x}
e + e−x
Clearly, g ( x) > 0 , ∀ x ⇒ [ x] 2 = [ x] + 3 { x}
e2 x − 1 So, f { g( x)} = 1 , ∀ x [ x] 2 − [ x]
⇒ y = 2x +2 ⇒ { x} =
e +1 16 Given that, f ( x) = log ( x + x2 + 1 ) 3
1− y y –1
⇒ e2 x = = Now, f (− x) = log (− x + x2 + 1 ) [ x] 2 − [ x]
y −3 3 − y ⇒ 0≤ <1
∴ f ( x) + f (− x) = log ( x + x2 + 1 ) 3
1  y − 1
⇒ x = loge   + log (− x + x2 + 1 )  1 − 13   1 + 13 
2 3 − y ⇒ [ x] ∈  , 0  ∪ 1, 
1 /2 = log (1) = 0  2   2 
 y − 1
⇒ f −1 ( y) = loge   Hence, f ( x) is an odd function. ⇒ [ x] = − 1, 0, 1, 2
3 − y
 −3 x + 10 , ∀ x ≤ 2 2 2
 x − 1
1 /2
 − x + 6, ∀ 2 < x ≤ 3 ⇒ { x} = , 0, 0,
⇒ f −1 ( x) = loge   17 Here, f ( x) =  3 3
3 − x
 x, ∀ 3 < x ≤ 5 ∴
1
x = − , 0, 1,
8
11 We have, g( x) = 2 f ( x) + 5 3 x − 10, ∀ x >5 3 3
∴ f ( x) = x, ∀ 3 < x < 5 5 g{ f ( x)} = (sin x + cos x)2 − 1 is
Now, on replacing x by g −1 ( x), we get
⇒ f (− x ) = − x = − f ( x )
g(g −1 ( x)) = 2 f (g −1 ( x)) + 5 invertible.
18 Since, sin −1 x is defined in [−1, 1] , ⇒ g{ f ( x)} = sin 2 x
⇒ x = 2 f (g −1 ( x)) + 5
cos −1 x is defined in [−1, 1] and We know that, sin x is bijective only
x −5
⇒ f (g −1 ( x)) = tan −1 x is defined in R.  π π
2 Hence, f ( x) is defined in [−1, 1]. when x ∈ − , .
 2 2 
 x − 5 1
⇒ g −1 ( x ) = f −1   19 Period of 2 cos ( x − π ) and Thus, g{ f ( x)} is bijective, if
 2 
3 π π
− ≤ 2x ≤ .
12 f : (2 , 3) → (0, 1) and f ( x) = x − [ x] 1 2π 2π 2 2
4 sin ( x − π ) are , or 6 π , 6 π
∴ f ( x) = y = x − 2 ⇒ x = y + 2 3 1/3 1/3 π π
∴ − ≤ x≤
⇒ f −1 ( x) = x + 2 ∴ Period of their sum = 6π 4 4
6 Since, f ( x) is an even function. Now, let y = (gof )−1 (23) Now, as {6 x} has period
1
and
∴Its graph is symmetrical about ⇒ (gof )( y) = 23 6
Y -axis ⇒ 2 y3 + 7 = 23 cos πx has the period 2, therefore the
Also, we have, ⇒ 2 y3 = 16  1
⇒ y3 = 8 period of f ( x) = LCM  2,  which is
f (1) = 1 and f (2) = −5  6
⇒ f (−1) = 1 and f (−2) = −5 ⇒ y =2
2.
According to these information, we Hence, f −1og −1 (23) = 2
Hence, the period is 2.
have the following graph 8 We have, 10 For the solution of given equation,
 0, if x ∈ I
Y 1 f ( x ) = [ x ] + [− x ] =  let us draw the graph of y = log 0. 5| x|
−1, if x ∉ I and y = 2| x|
 0, if x ∈ I
g ( x) = { x} =  y=2|x|
( x), if x ∉ I
Y
and h( x) = f (g( x))
X1 • –2 • • 2 • X
–1 1 = f ({ x})
 f (0), x ∈ I • •
=
 f ({ x}), x ∉ I
 0 , x ∈I X1 X
1 =
Y
 −1 , x ∉ I
Thus, minimum number of zeroes Clearly, option (b) is incorrect.
is 5.
y=log0.5 (–x) y=log0.5 (x)
7 Clearly, f −1og −1 (23) = (gof )−1 (23) 9 We have, f ( x) = [6 x + 7] + cos πx − 6 x Y
1
Here, gof ( x) = 2( x + 3) + 1
3 = [6 x] + 7 + cos πx − 6 x
From the graph it is clear that there
= 2 x3 + 7 = 7 + cos πx − {6 x}
are two solution.
[Q{ x} = x − [ x]]
DAY ELEVEN
Limits, Continuity
and Differentiability
u Limits u Methods to Evaluate Limits u Differentiability

u Important Results on Limit u Continuity
Limits
Let y = f ( x) be a function of x. If the value of f ( x) tend to a definite number as x tends to a, then
the number so obtained is called the limit of f ( x) at x = a and we write it as lim f ( x).
x→ a
l
If f ( x) approaches to l1 as x approaches to ‘a’ from left, then l1 is called the left hand limit of
f ( x) at x = a and symbolically we write it as f (a − 0) or lim− f ( x) or lim f (a − h)
x→ a h→ 0
l
Similarly, right hand limit can be expressed as
f (a + 0) or lim+ f ( x) or lim f (a + h)
x→ a h→ 0
l
lim f ( x) exists iff lim− f ( x) and lim+ f ( x) exist and equal.
x→ a x→ a x→ a
Fundamental Theorems on Limits

If lim f ( x) = l and lim g( x) = m (where, l and m are real numbers), then
x→ a x→ a
PRED
(i) lim { f ( x) + g( x)} = l + m
x→ a
[sum rule] MIRROR
(ii) lim { f ( x) − g( x)} = l − m [difference rule]
x→ a
(iii) lim { f ( x) ⋅ g( x)} = l ⋅ m [product rule] u No. of Questions in Exercises (x)—

x→ a u No. of Questions Attempted (y)—
(iv) lim k ⋅ f ( x) = k ⋅ l [constant multiple rule] u No. of Correct Questions (z)—
x→ a
f ( x) l (Without referring Explanations)
(v) lim = ,m ≠0 [quotient rule]
x → a g ( x) m
1 Prep Level (z / x × 100)—
(vi) If lim f ( x) = + ∞ or − ∞, then lim =0 u
x→ a x → a f ( x)

(vii) lim f ( x) = lim f ( x) your Accuracy Level should be
x→ a x→ a
above 75.
(viii) lim log{ f ( x)} = log {lim f ( x)}, provided lim f ( x) > 0
x→ a x→ a x→ a
DAY ELEVEN LIMITS, CONTINUITY AND DIFFERENTIABILITY 105
(ix) If f ( x) ≤ g( x), ∀x, then lim f ( x) ≤ lim g( x)

x→ a x→ a 3. Logarithmic Limits
(x) lim[ f ( x)] g (x ) lim g ( x )
= {lim f ( x)}x → a log a (1 + x)
x→ a x→ a (i) lim = log a e; a > 0, ≠ 1
x→ 0 x
(xi) lim f {g( x)} = f {lim g( x)} = f (m) provided f is loge (1 + x) loge (1 − x)
x→ a x→ a
(ii) In particular, lim = 1 and lim = −1
continuous at lim g( x) = m. x→ 0 x x→ 0 x
x→ a
(xii) Sandwich Theorem If f ( x) ≤ g( x) ≤ h( x)∀x ∈ (α , β) − {a}

4. Expotential Limits
and lim f ( x) = lim h( x) = l , then lim g( x) = l where a ∈(α , β)
x→ a x→ a x→ a ax − 1
(i) lim = loge a, a > 0
x→ 0 x
Important Results on Limit ex −1 e λx − 1
(ii) In particular, lim = 1 and lim =λ
Some important results on limits are given below x→ 0 x x→ 0 x
 0, 0 ≤ a <1
1. Algebraic Limits 
 1 , a =1
(iii) lim ax = 
x n − an x→ ∞
 ∞ , a > 1
(i) lim = nan −1 , n ∈ Q, a > 0
x→ a x −a Does not exist, a < 0
1
(ii) lim n = 0, n ∈ N
5. 1∞ Form Limits
x→ ∞ x
(iii) If m, n are positive integers and a0, b 0 are non-zero real

numbers, then (i) If lim f ( x) = lim g( x) = 0, then
x→ a x→ a f (x )
a x m + a x m −1 + ... + am −1 x + am lim
lim{1 + f ( x)} =e
1 / g (x ) x → a g (x )
lim 0 n 1 n −1
x→ ∞ b x + b x + ... + b n −1 x + b n x→ a
0 1
 a0 (ii) If lim f ( x) = 1 and lim g( x) = ∞, then
if m = n x→ a x→ a
b lim { f ( x ) − 1 } g ( x )
 00 lim{ f ( x)}g ( x ) = e x → a
= if m<n x→ a
 ∞ if m > n, a0 b 0 > 0 In General Cases


−∞ if m > n, a0 b 0 < 0
x
 1
(i) lim(1 + x)1 / x = e (ii) lim 1 +  = e
x→ ∞  x
(1 + x)n − 1 (1 + x)m − 1 m x→ 0
(iv) lim =n (v) lim = x
x→ 0 x x→ 0 (1 + x)n − 1 n  λ 
(iii) lim(1 + λx)1 / x = e λ (iv) lim 1 +  = e λ
x→ 0 x→ ∞  x
bx
2. Trigonometric Limits  a
(v) lim (1 + ax) b / x = lim 1 +  = e ab
x→ 0 x→ ∞  x
sin x x
(i) lim = 1 = lim
x→ 0 x x → 0 sin x
(ii) lim
tan x
= 1 = lim
x Methods To Evaluate Limits
x→ 0 → tan x
x x 0
To find lim f ( x), we substitute x = a in the function.
x→ a
sin −1 x x
(iii) lim = 1 = lim If f (a) is finite, then lim f ( x) = f (a).
x→ 0 x x → 0 sin −1 x x→ a
0 ∞
tan −1 x x If f (a) leads to one of the following form ; ; ∞ − ∞; 0 × ∞; 1 ∞ , 0
(iv) lim = 1 = lim 0 ∞
x→ 0 x x → 0 tan −1 x
and ∞ 0 (called indeterminate forms), then lim f ( x) can be
sin x ° π sin x cos x x→ a
(v) lim = (vi) lim = lim =0 evaluated by using following methods
x→ 0 x 180 x→ ∞ x x→ ∞ x
(i) Factorization Method This method is particularly used
(vii) lim sin x or lim cos x oscillates between −1 to 1.
x→ ∞ x→ ∞ when on substituting the value of x, the expression take
sin P mx  m 
P the form 0/0.
(viii) lim = 
x → 0 sin P nx  n (ii) Rationalization Method This method is particularly used
P
when either the numerator or the denominator or both
tan P mx  m  involved square roots and on substituting the value of x,
(ix) lim = 
x→ 0 tan P nx  n  0 ∞
the expression take the form , .
1 − cos m x m2 cos ax − cos bx a2 – b 2 0 ∞
(x) lim = 2 ; lim = NOTE To evaluate x → ∞ type limits write the given expression in the
x → 0 1 − cos n x n x → 0 cos cx − cos dx c2 – d2
form N /D and then divide both N and D by highest power of x
cos mx − cos nx n − m 2 2
(xi) lim = occurring in both N and D to get a meaningful form.
x→ 0 x2 2
L’Hospital’s Rule Continuity of a Function in an Interval

If f ( x) and g( x) be two functions of x such that A function f ( x) is said to be continuous in (a, b ) if it is
(i) lim f ( x) = lim g( x) = 0. continuous at every point of the interval (a, b ). A function f ( x)
x→ a x→ a
is said to be continuous in [a, b ], if f ( x) is continuous in (a, b ).
(ii) both are continuous at x = a. Also, in addition f ( x) is continuous at x = a from right and
(iii) both are differentiable at x = a. continuous at x = b from left.
(iv) f ′ ( x) and g′ ( x) are continuous at the point x = a, then
f ( x) f ′ ( x) Results on Continuous Functions
lim = lim provided that g(a) ≠ 0.
x → a g ( x) x → a g ′ ( x)
(i) Sum, difference product and quotient of two
Above rule is also applicable, if lim f ( x) = ∞ and lim g( x) = ∞. continuous functions are always a continuous
x→ a x→ a f ( x)
function. However, r ( x) = is continuous at x = a
If f ′ ( x), g′ ( x) satisfy all the conditions embeded in L’Hospital’s g ( x)
rule, then we can repeat the application of this rule on only if g(a) ≠ 0.
(ii) Every polynomial is continuous at each point of real
f ′ ( x) f ′ ( x) f ′ ′ ( x)
to get lim = lim . line.
g ′ ( x) x → a g ′ ( x) x → a g ′ ′ ( x)
(iii) Every rational function is continuous at each point
where its denominator is different from zero.
Sometimes, following expansions are useful in evaluating
limits. (iv) Logarithmic functions, exponential functions,
trigonometric functions, inverse circular functions and
x2 x3 x 4 x 5 modulus function are continuous in their domain.
l
log(1 + x) = x − + − + + ... + (−1 < x ≤ 1)
2 3 4 5 (v) [ x] is discontinuous when x is an integer.
x2 x3 x 4 x 5
l
log(1 − x) = − x − − − − − ...(−1 < x < 1) (vi) If g( x) is continuous at x = a and f is continuous at g(a),
2 3 4 5 then fog is continuous at x = a.
x x2 x3 x 4 (vii) f ( x) is a continuous function defined on [a, b ] such that
l
ex = 1 + + + + + ...
1 ! 2 ! 3 ! 4! f (a) and f (b ) are of opposite signs, then there is atleast
x2 one value of x for which f ( x) vanishes, i.e. f (a) > 0,
l
ax = 1 + x (loge a) + (loge a)2 + ... f (b ) < 0 ⇒ ∃ c ∈ (a, b ) such that f (c) = 0.
2!
x3 x 5 x7
l
sin x = x − + − + ...
3! 5! 7!
2 4 6
Differentiability
x x x
l
cos x = 1 − + − − ... The function f ( x) is differentiable at a point P iff there exists a
2 ! 4! 6 !
unique tangent at point P. In other words, f ( x) is differentiable
at a point P iff the curve does not have P as a corner point, i.e.
Continuity the function is not differentiable at those points where graph
If the graph of a function has no break (or gap), then it is of the function has holes or sharp edges. Let us consider the
continuous. A function which is not continuous is called a function f ( x) = | x − 1|. It is not differentiable at x = 1. Since,
1 f ( x) has sharp edge at x = 1.
discontinuous function. e.g. x2 and e x are continuous while
x Y
f (x) = x – 1
and [ x], where [ ⋅ ] denotes the greatest integer function, are f (x) = – x + 1 Rf ' (x) = 1
discontinuous. Lf ' (x) = – 1
Continuity of a Function at a Point

X' X
A function f ( x) is said to be continuous at a point x = a of its O 1 2 3
domain if and only if it satisfies the following conditions Y'
(i) f (a) exists, where (‘a’ lies in the domain of f (graph of f ( x) describe differentiability)
(ii) lim f ( x) exist, i.e. lim− f ( x) = lim+ f ( x)

x→ a x→ a x→ a Differentiability of a Function at a Point
or LHL = RHL A function f is said to be differentiable at x = c, if left hand
(iii) lim f ( x) = f (a), f ( x) is said to be and right hand derivatives at c exist and are equal.
x→ a
left continuous at x = a, if lim− f ( x) = f (a) l

Right hand derivative of f ( x) at x = a denoted by
x→ a
f (a + h) − f (a)
right continuous at x = a, if lim+ f ( x) = f (a) f ′ (a + 0) or f ′ (a + ) is lim ⋅
x→ a h→ 0 h
l
Left hand derivative of f ( x) at x = a denoted by f ′ (a − 0) Results on Differentiability
f (a − h) − f (a)
or f ′ (a− ) is lim . (i) Every polynomial, constant and exponential function is
h→ 0 −h
differentiable at each x ∈ R.
l
Thus, f is said to be differentiable at x = a, if (ii) The logarithmic, trigonometric and inverse trigonometric
f ′ (a + 0) = f ′ (a − 0) = finite. function are differentiable in their domain.
l
The common limit is called the derivative of f ( x) at x = a (iii) The sum, difference, product and quotient of two
f ( x) − f (a) differentiable functions is differentiable.
denoted by f ′ (a). i.e. f ′ (a) = lim . (iv) Every differentiable function is continuous but
x→ a x−a
converse may or may not be true.

1 lim | x | [cos x ] , where [. ] is the greatest integer function, is (1 − cos 2x )( 3 + cos x )
x→ 0 9 lim is equal to
x→ 0 x tan 4x
(a) 1 (b) 0 j JEE Mains 2015, 13
(c) Does not exist (d) None of these 1

(a) 4 (b) 3 (c) 2 (d)
2 Let f : R → [ 0, ∞ ) be such that lim f ( x ) exists and 2
x→ 5
[(a − n ) nx − tan x ] sin nx
[f ( x )]2 − 9 10 If lim = 0, where n is non-zero
lim = 0. Then, lim f ( x ) is equal to x→ 0 x2
x→ 5 | x − 5| x→ 5
real number, then a is equal to
n+1 1
(a) 3 (b) 0 (c) 1 (d) 2 (a) 0 (b) (c) n (d) n +
n n
2 x  m
3 If lim = (where [⋅] denotes greatest integer sin( π cos 2 x )
x  5  n
x→ ∞ 11 lim is equal to
x→ 0 x2 j
JEE Mains 2014
function), then m + n (where m, n are relatively prime) is
π
(a) 2 (b) 7 (c) 5 (d) 6 (a) (b) 1 (c) − π (d) π
2
4 The value of the constant α and β such that sin x cos x tan x
x2 +1  f (x )
lim  − α x − β = 0 are respectively 12 If f ( x ) = x3 x2 x , then lim is equal to
x→ ∞  x + 1  x→ 0 x2
2x 1 1
(a) (1, 1) (b) (−1, 1) (c) (1, − 1) (d) (0, 1)
(a) 3 (b) −1 (c) 0 (d) 1
3 ⋅ 2 n +1 − 4 ⋅ 5 n +1
5 lim is equal to 13 The limit of the following is
n→ ∞ 5 ⋅ 2n + 7 ⋅ 5n
3 4 20 1 − cos( x 2 − 10x + 21)
(a) 0 (b) (c) − (d) − lim
5 7 7 x→ 3 ( x − 3)
(a) − (2)3 / 2 (c) (2)− 3 / 2
6 lim  x + x + x − x  is equal to
(b) (2)1 / 2 (d) 3
 
1  −1  x + 1  π 
x→ ∞
14 The value of lim

x→ 0 x 
tan   − is
(a) 0 (b)
1
(c) log2 (d) e 4   2x + 1 4 
2
x x x  x
j
JEE Mains 2013
7 The value of lim cos   cos   cos   … cos   is 1
n→ ∞  2  4  8  2n  (a) 1 (b) −
2
sinx x
(a) 1 (b) (c) (d) None of these (c) 2 (d) 0
x sin x
cot x − cos x
8 If f is periodic with period T and f ( x ) > 0∀x ∈ R , then 15 lim equals
x → π /2 ( π − 2 x )3 j
JEE Mains 2017
 f ( x + T ) + 2f ( x + 2T )+ ...+ nf ( x + nT ) 
lim n   is equal to 1 1
n→ ∞  f ( x + T ) + 4f ( x + 4T )+ ...+ n 2f ( x + n 2T ) (a) (b)
24 16
2 3 1 1
(a) 2 (b) (c) (d) None of these (c) (d)
3 2 8 4
16 If m and n are positive integers, then (a) f is discontinuous everywhere

(cos x )1/ m − (cos x )1/ n (b) f is continuous only at x = 0
lim equals to (c) f is continuous for all irrational x and discontinuous for all
x→ 0 x2
1 1 m −n rational x
(a) m − n (b) − (c) (d) None of these (d) f is continuous for all rational x and discontinuous for all
n m 2mn
irrational x
cot −1( x + 1 − x ) 27 Let f ( x ) = 1 + | x − 2 | and g ( x ) = 1 − | x | , then the set of all
17 lim is equal to
x→ ∞  2x + 1 x  points, where fog is discontinuous, is j JEE Mains 2013
sec−1   
 
 x −1  (a) {0, 2 } (b) {0, 1, 2 } (c) {0} (d) an empty set
(a) 1 (b) 0 (c)

π
(d) Does not exists
− 1 , x < 0

2 28 If f ( x ) =  0 ,x = 0 and g ( x ) = sin x + cos x , then the
ln(cos 2x ) sin2 2x 1 , x > 0
18 Let p = lim , q = lim and 
x→ 0 3x 2 x → 0 x (1 − e x )
points of discontinuity of f {g ( x )} in ( 0 , 2π ) is
x −x π 3π 3π 7π 2π 5π 5π 7π
r = lim
x →1
. Then p, q , r satisfy (a)  ,  (b)  ,  (c)  ,  (d)  , 
ln x 2 4   4 4   3 3   4 3 
(a) p < q < r (b) q < r < p (c) p < r < q (d) q < p < r 1
29 If f ( x ) is differentiable at x = 1 and lim f (1 + h ) = 5, then
19 Let p = lim (1 + tan 2
x)1/ 2 x
, then log p is equal to h→ 0 h
x → 0+
j JEE Mains 2016 f ′ (1) is equal to
1 1 (a) 6 (b) 5 (c) 4 (d) 3
(a) 2 (b) 1 (c) (d)
2 4 30 If f ( x ) = 3x 10 − 7x 8 + 5x 6 − 21x 3 + 3x 2 − 7, then the
x +1
 3x − 4  3 f (1 − h ) − f (1)
20 The value of lim   is value of lim is
x → ∞  3x + 2 h→ 0 h3 + 3h
53 22 22
(a) e −1 / 3 (b) e −2 / 3 (c) e −1 (d) e −2 (a) (b) (c) 13 (d)
2x
3 3 13
 a b
21 If lim 1 + + 2 = e 2 , then the values of a and b are 31 Let f ( 2) = 4 and f ′ ( 2) = 4. Then,
x→ ∞  x x 
x f ( 2) − 2f ( x )
(a) a ∈ R, b ∈ R (b) a = 1, b ∈ R lim is given by
x→ 2 x −2
(c) a ∈ R, b = 2 (d) a = 1, b = 2
f ( 2h + 2 + h 2 ) − f ( 2) (a) 2 (b) –2 (c) – 4 (d) 3
22 If f ′ ( 2) = 6 and f ′ (1) = 4 , then lim is
h→ 0 f (h − h 2 + 1) − f (1) 32 If f is a real-valued differentiable function satisfying
equal to | f ( x ) − f ( y )| ≤ ( x − y )2 ; x , y ∈ R and
(a) 3 (b) –3/2 (c) 3/2 (d) Does not exist f ( 0) = 0, then f (1) is equal to
23 Let f (a ) = g (a ) = k and their nth derivatives f n (a ), g n (a ) (a) 1 (b) 2 (c) 0 (d) –1
exist and are not equal for some n. Further, if log(a + x ) − log a log x − 1
33 If lim + k lim = 1, then
f (a )g ( x ) − f (a ) − g (a )f ( x ) + g (a )
x→ 0 x x→ 0 x −e
lim = 4,
g( x ) − f ( x ) (a) k = e  1 − 
x→ a 1
(b) k = e (1 + a)
 a
then the value of k is
(c) k = e (2 − a) (d) Equality is not possible
(a) 4 (b) 2 (c) 1 (d) 0
34 The left hand derivative of f ( x ) = [ x ] sin ( πx ) at x = k , k is
24 If f : R → R be such that f (1) = 3 and f ′ (1) = 6. Then,
1/ x an integer, is
 f (1 + x )
lim   is equal to (a) (− 1)k (k − 1) π (b) (− 1)k − 1 (k − 1) π
x→ 0  f (1)  (c) (− 1)k kπ (d) (− 1)k − 1 kπ
(a) 1 (b) e1 / 2 (c) e 2 (d) e 3  ex, x ≤0
 sin x , x is rational
2 35 If f ( x ) =  , then
25 Let f ( x ) =  , then set of points, | 1 − x | , x >0
− sin x , x is irrational
2
(a) f (x) is differentiable at x = 0

where f ( x ) is continuous, is (b) f (x) is continuous at x = 0, 1
π
(a) (2n + 1) ,n ∈ I  (b) a null set (c) f (x) is differentiable at x = 1
 2  (d) None of the above
(c) {nπ,n ∈ I } (d) set of all rational numbers
 −  1 +
1

26 Let f :[a, b ] → R be any function which is such that f ( x ) is  | x | x
, x ≠ 0 , then f ( x ) is
36 If f ( x ) = xe
rational for irrational x and f ( x ) is irrational for rational x.  0 ,x = 0
Then, in [a, b ]
(a) continuous as well as differentiable for all x (a) f (x) is continuous and differentiable
(b) continuous for all x but not differentiable at x = 0 (b) f (x) is continuous but not differentiable
(c) neither differentiable nor continuous at x = 0 (c) f is not continuous but differentiable
(d) discontinuous everywhere (d) f is neither continuous nor differentiable
x 41 If f ( x ) = [sin x ] + [cos x ], x ∈ [ 0, 2π ], where [. ] denotes
37 The set of points, where f ( x ) = is differentiable, is
1+ |x| the greatest integer function. Then, the total number of
points, where f ( x ) is non-differentiable, is
(a) (− ∞, − 1) ∪ (−1, ∞) (b) (− ∞, ∞)
(c) (0, ∞) (d) (− ∞, 0) ∪ (0, ∞) (a) 2 (b) 3 (c) 5 (d) 4
38 Let f ( x ) = cos x and 42 If f ( x ) = | sin x | , then

(a) f is everywhere differentiable
min{f (t ): 0 ≤ t ≤ x } , x ∈ [ 0, π ]
g( x ) =  then (b) f is everywhere continuous but not differentiable at
 (sin x ) − 1 , x >π
x = nπ,n ∈Z
(a) g (x) is discontinuous at x = π (c) f is everywhere continuous but not differentiable at
(b) g (x) is continuous for x ∈ [0, ∞] π
x = (2n + 1) ,n ∈ Z
(c) g (x) is differentiable at x = π 2
(d) g (x) is differentiable for x ∈ [0, ∞] (d) None of the above
k x + 1 , 0 ≤ x ≤ 3 43 Statement I f ( x ) = | log x | is differentiable at x = 1 .
39 If the function g ( x ) =  is differentiable,
 mx + 2 , 3 < x ≤ 5 Statement II Both log x and – log x are differentiable at
then the value of k + m is x = 1.
16 10 (a) Statement I is false, Statement II is true
(a) 2 (b) (c) (d) 4
5 5 (b) Statemnt I is true, Statement II is true; Statement II is a
sin(cos −1 x ) + cos(sin−1 x ), x ≤ 0 correct explanation of Statement I
40 If f ( x ) =  (c) Statement I is true, Statement II is true; Statement II is
sin(cos x ) − cos(sin x ), x > 0
−1 −1
then at x = 0 (d) Statement I is true, Statement II is false

1 For each t ∈ R , let [t ] be the greatest integer less than or (a) 0 (b) f (x)
1   2  15  (c) g (x) (d) None of these
equal to t. Then, lim+ x  + +…+
  x   x   x  2/x
x→ 0
 a x + bx + c x 
6 The value of lim   ( where a , b , c > 0) is
JEE Mains 2018
j x→ 0  3 
(a) is equal to 0 (b) is equal to 15
(c) is equal to 120 (d) does not exist (in R) (a) (abc)3 (b) abc
x (c) (abc)1 / 3 (d) None of these
 x 2 + 5x + 3
2 lim   is equal to  3x − x 3  1 − x 2 
x→ ∞  x2 + x + 2  7 If f ( x ) = cot −1  2 
and g ( x ) = cos −1   , then
 1 − 3x  1 + x 2 
(a) e 4 (b) e 2 (c) e 3 (d) e
f ( x ) − f (a ) 1
3 If α and β are the distinct roots of ax + bx + c = 0, then
2 lim , where 0 < a < , is equal to
x → a g ( x ) − g (a ) 2
1 − cos (ax 2 + bx + c ) 3 3 3 3
lim is equal to (a) (b) (c) (d) −
x→ α ( x − α )2 2 (1 + a 2 ) 2 (1 + x 2 ) 2 2
1 a2 a2
(a) (α − β)2 (b) − (α − β)2 (c) 0 (d) (α − β)2 8 If f : R → R is a function defined by
2 2 2
 2x − 1
4 lim sin[ π n 2 + 1] is equal to f ( x ) = [ x ] cos   π, where [ x ] denotes the greatest
n→ ∞  2 
(a) ∞ (b) 0 integer function, then f is
(c) Does not exist (d) None of these (a) continuous for every real x
5 If x > 0 and g is a bounded function, then (b) discontinuous only at x = 0
f ( x ) ⋅ e nx + g ( x ) (c) discontinuous only at non-zero integral values of x
lim is equal to (d) continuous only at x = 0
n→ ∞ e nx + 1
9 Let f be a composite function of x defined by 18 The function f ( x ) is discontinuous only at x = 0 such that
f (u ) = 2
1
, u( x ) =
1
⋅ f 2 ( x ) = 1 ∀x ∈ R. The total number of such function is
u +u−2 x −1 (a) 2 (b) 3
Then, the number of points x, where f is discontinuous, is
j JEE Mains 2013 19 Let f ( x ) = x | x | and g ( x ) = sin x
(a) 4 (b) 3 (c) 2 (d) 1 Statement I gof is differentiable at x = 0 and its
10 If f : R → R be a positive increasing function with derivative is continuous at that point.
lim
f ( 3x )
= 1 . Then, lim
f ( 2x )
is equal to Statement II gof is twice differentiable at x = 0.
x→ ∞ f (x ) x → ∞ f (x )
(a) Statement I is false, Statement II is true
(a) 1 (b) 2/3 (c) 3/2 (d) 3 (b) Statement I is true, Statement II is true; Statement II is a
correct explanation of Statement I
 π 3π 
11 Let f ( x ) = max {tan x , sin x , cos x }, where x ∈ − , . (c) Statement I is true, Statement II is true; Statement II is
 2 2 
Then, the number of points of non-differentiability is (d) Statement I is true, Statement II is false
(a) 1 (b) 3 (c) 0 (d) 2
20 Statement I The function
12 Let S = {t ∈ R : f ( x ) = | x − π|⋅(e
− 1)} sin| x | is not | x|
f ( x ) = ( 3x − 1) | 4x 2 − 12x + 5 | cos πx is differentiable at
differentiable at t}. Then, the set S is equal to 1 5
x = and .
(a) φ (an empty set) (b) {0} j JEE Mains 2018 2 2
(c) { π } (d) {0, π } π
n Statement II cos(2n + 1) = 0, ∀ n ∈ I .
 π 2
x + 
n
 3 (a) Statement I is true, Statement II is true; Statement II is a
13 If f ( x ) = lim n −1
, where n is an even integer,
n→ ∞
n −1  π correct explanation for Statement I.
x + 
 3 (b) Statement I is true, Statement II is true; Statement II is
not a correct explanation for Statement I.
Then which of the following is incorrect?
(c) Statement I is true; Statement II is false.
π π
(a) If f:  , ∞  →  , ∞  , then f is both one-one and onto (d) Statement I is false; Statement II is true.
 3   3 
(b) f (x) = f (− x) has infinitely many solutions 21 Define f ( x ) as the product of two real functions f1( x ) = x ,
(c) f (x) is one-one for all x ∈ R (d) None of these x ∈ IR
n −1 x  sin 1 , if x ≠ 0
14 Let f ( x ) = lim ∑ . Then, 
n→ ∞ k = 0 (kx + 1){(k + 1)x + 1}
and f2 ( x ) =  x as follows
 0 , if x = 0
(a) f is continuous but not differentiable at x = 0
(b) f is differentiable at x = 0  f ( x ) ⋅ f2 ( x ), if x ≠ 0
f (x ) =  1
(c) f is neither continuous nor differentiable at x = 0  0 , if x = 0
Statement I f ( x ) is continuous on IR.
15 If x1, x 2 , x 3 ,..., x 4 are the roots of x n + ax + b = 0, then the Statement II f1( x ) and f2 ( x ) are continuous on IR.
value of ( x1 − x 2 )( x1 − x 3 )...( x1 − x n ) is equal to (a) Statement I is false, Statement II is true
(a) nx1 + b (b) nx n −1
+a (b) Statement I is true, Statement II is true; Statement II is
1
(c) nx1n − 1 (d) nx n correct explanation of Statement I.
1
(c) Statement I is true, Statement II is true; Statement II is
 1 
 −b c  not a correct explanation of Statement I
 x  (d) Statement I is true, Statement II is false
1
16 If *lim x ln  0 −1  = −4, where a, b, c are real
x→ ∞  x  22 Consider the function f ( x ) = | x − 2 | + | x − 5 | , x ∈ R .
 1 0 a / x  Statement I f ′ ( 4) = 0

 
Statement II f is continuous in [ 2, 5 ] and differentiable in
numbers, then ( 2, 5) and f ( 2) = f ( 5 ).
(a) a = 1,b ∈ R , c = −1 (b) a ∈ R,b = 2,c = 4 (a) Statement I is true, Statement II is true; Statement II
(c) a = 1,b = 1,c ∈ R (d) a ∈ R,b = 1,c = 4 is a correct explanation for Statement I
1/ x 1/ x
 f (x )  f (x ) (b) Statement I is true, Statement II is true; Statement II
17 If lim 1 + x + = e 3 , then lim 1 + is equal to
x→ 0  x  x→ 0 
 x  is not correct explanation for Statement I
(a) e (b) e 2 (c) e 3 (d) None of these
ANSWERS
SESSION 1 1 (a) 2 (a) 3 (b) 4 (c) 5 (d) 6 (b) 7 (b) 8 (c) 9 (c) 10 (d)
11 (d) 12 (d) 13 (a) 14 (b) 15 (b) 16 (c) 17 (a) 18 (d) 19 (c) 20 (b)
21 (b) 22 (a) 23 (a) 24 (c) 25 (c) 26 (a) 27 (d) 28 (b) 29 (b) 30 (a)
31 (c) 32 (c) 33 (a) 34 (a) 35 (b) 36 (b) 37 (b) 38 (b) 39 (a) 40 (d)
41 (c) 42 (b) 43 (a)
SESSION 2 1 (c) 2 (a) 3 (d) 4 (b) 5 (b) 6 (d) 7 (d) 8 (a) 9 (b) 10 (a)
11 (b) 12 (d) 13 (c) 14 (c) 15 (b) 16 (d) 17 (b) 18 (c) 19 (b) 20 (a)
21 (d) 22 (b)

SESSION 1 n
6 ⋅   − 20
2 = lim
sin x
⋅
x / 2n
1 RHL = lim ( x )0 = 1  5 0 − 20 20 n→ ∞ x sin( x / 2n )
x → 0+
= lim = =−
n→ ∞ n
0+ 7 7 sin x
5⋅   + 7
2 =
LHL = lim− (− x )0 = lim− 1 = 1  5 x
x→ 0 x→ 0
Q RHL = LHL   8 Clearly, f ( x + T ) = f ( x + 2T ) = ...

6 xlim x+ x+ x − x
∴ lim | x |[cos x ] = 1 →∞  
x→ 0 = f ( x + nT ) = f ( x )
2 Given, lim f ( x ) exists and x+ x+ x − x  f ( x + T ) + 2 f ( x + 2T ) + ... 
x→ 5 = lim  
x→ ∞
+ nf ( x + nT ) 
[ f ( x )]2 − 9
=0
x+ x+ x + x ∴lim n 
lim n→ ∞  f ( x + T ) + 4 f ( x + 4T ) 
x→ 5
| x − 5| x+ x  
= lim
⇒ lim[ f ( x )]2 − 9 = 0
x→ ∞  + ...+ n f ( x + x T )
2 2
x→ 5
x+ x+ x + x
nf ( x )(1 + 2 + 3+ ...+ n )
2
1+ x −1 / 2 = lim
⇒  lim [ f ( x )] = 9 = lim =
1 n→ ∞ f ( x )(1 + 22 + 32 + ...+ n2 )
 x→ 5  x→ ∞
1+ x −1 + x −3 / 2 + 1 2
n(n + 1)
∴ lim f ( x ) = 3, − 3 n  
x→ 5
 2  3
But f : R → [0, ∞ ) 7 We know that, = lim =
n→ ∞ n( n + 1)(2n + 1) 2
cos A ⋅ cos 2 A ⋅ cos 4 A K cos 2n −1
∴ Range of f ( x ) ≥ 0 6
sin 2n A
⇒ lim f ( x ) = 3 A= (1 − cos 2 x )(3 + cos x )
x→ 5 2n sin A 9 We have, lim
2  x 2x x  x→ 0
= lim  −    x x tan 4 x
3 Clearly, lim
x→ ∞ x  5 
Take A = ,
  x→ ∞ x  5  5   2n 2sin 2 x(3 + cos x )
= lim
then cos  n  ⋅ cos  n − 1  ...
2 2 x x x→ 0 tan 4 x
= −0=  x× × 4x
5 5 2  2  4x
∴ m+ n =7 2
(3 + cos x )
cos   cos  
x x 2sin x
= lim × lim
 x2 + 1   4  2 x→ 0 x2 x→ 0 4
4 xlim  − α x − β = 0 sin x
→∞
 x+1  = ×
1
2 sin  n 
x tan 4 x
x (1 − α ) − x (α + β ) + 1 − β
2 n
lim
⇒ lim =0 2  x→ 0 4x
x→ ∞ x+1
∴ limcos   cos   ...
x x 4
∴ 1 − α = 0, α + β = 0 = 2× ×1 = 2
n→ ∞  2  4 4
⇒ α = 1, β = − 1  sin θ tan θ 
cos  n − 1  ⋅ cos  n 
x x Q lim = 1 and lim =1
 x → 2 θ x→ 0 θ 
5 Clearly, 2  2 
3 ⋅ 2n +1 − 4 ⋅ 5n +1 6 ⋅ 2n − 20 ⋅ 5n sin x 10 Since,
lim = lim = lim
5⋅ 2 + 7 ⋅ 5 5⋅ 2n + 7 ⋅ 5n 2 sin  n 
n→ ∞ n n n→ ∞ n→ ∞ x
lim (a − n ) n −
n
tan x  sin nx
2  ⋅ =0
x→ 0  x 
 x
⇒ [(a − n ) n − 1] n = 0 (+2) 2
= lim − =−
⇒ (a − n ) n = 1 x2 + (4 x + 2)2
x→ 0 3
∴ a= n+
1 (+2) −2 −1 sin2 2 x 4 x2
=− = = q = lim ⋅ = −4
n 0 + (0 + 2)2 4 2 x→ 0 4x 2
x (1 − e x )
sin( π cos 2 x ) sin( π − π sin2 x )
11 lim = lim cot x − cos x x−x
x→ 0 x2 x→ 0 x2 15 xlim and r = lim
→ π /2 ( π − 2 x )3 x→1 ln(1 + x − 1)
sin( π sin2 x )
= lim 1 cos x(1 − sin x ) x (1 − x )
x→ 0 x2 = lim ⋅ = lim
x → π /2 8
π
3 x→1
 1 + x − 1
[Q sin( π − θ) = sin θ ] sin x  − x  ln   ⋅ ( x − 1)
2   x −1 
sin( π sin 2 x )  sin2 x 
= lim × ( π )  π  π  x (1 − x )
x→ 0 π sin2 x  x2  cos  − h  1 − sin  − h 
  = lim
1 2   2   x→1
ln 
1 + ( x − 1)
sin θ = lim ⋅  ⋅ ( x − 1)(1 + x)
= π Qlim = 1 h→ 0 8 3  x −1 
π π π
 θ → 0 θ  sin  − h   − + h  1
2  2 2  =−
12 Q f ( x ) = x( x − 1)sin x − ( x3 − 2 x2 ) 1 sin h (1 − cos h ) 2
= lim Hence, q < p < r .
cos x − x3 tan x 8 h→ 0 cos h ⋅ h3
= x sin x − x cos x − x tan x +
2 3 3 1
sin h  2sin2 
h 19 Given, p = lim (1 + tan2 x ) 2x
2 x2 cos x − x sin x 1  2 x → 0+
f ( x) = lim
∴ lim 2 = lim 8 h → 0 cos h ⋅ h3 (1∞ form)
x→ 0 x x→ 0
sin h ⋅ sin2  
2
h  tan x 
 sin x − x cos x − x tan x  lim
tan 2 x 1
lim 


x 
  1  2 = ex→0
+ 2x
= e2 x→0
+
 sin x  = lim
+ 2cos x − 4 h→ 0 h3 cos h 1
 x 
2 = e2
=2−1=1  sin h 
 sin h   
1
1 1
= lim  2 ⋅ 1 ⋅ 1 ∴ log p = log e 2 =
1 − cos( x2 − 10 x + 21)  
13 lim 4 h → 0  h   h  cos h 4 2
x→3 ( x − 3)  2  x +1
( x − 3) ( x − 7) 1 1 1  3x − 4 3
2 sin = × = 20 xlim  
2 4 4 16
→∞
 3x + 2
= lim
x→3 ( x − 3) x +1
(cos x ) 1/m
− (cos x )1 / n  3x + 2 − 6 3
( x − 3) ( x − 7) 16 lim = lim  
2 sin x→ 0 x2 x→ ∞
 3x + 2 
2 ( x − 7)
= lim ⋅ 1
−
1
x→3 ( x − 3) ⋅ ( x − 7) 2 (cos x )m n
−1 1 x +1
= lim ⋅ lim  6  3
2 x→ 0 x2 x→ 0 (cos x )1 / n = lim  1 − 
= lim ( x − 7) 1 1
x→ ∞
 3x + 2
−
x→3
( x − 3) ( x − 7)  1 − 2sin2 x  m n
−1
−6 x +1
sin    
3x + 2 3x + 2
⋅
1  2 3
⋅ lim 2 × = lim  6  −6 
x→3 ( x − 3) ( x − 7) 2 x→ 0 x2 = lim   1 − 
x→ ∞  3x + 2 
x 
2 sin2  
= − (2)3 /2 = lim − 2 − 
1 1 2 = m−n −2 ( x + 1 )
x→ 0  m n x2 2mn = lim e 3x + 2
= e −2 / 3
1 −1  x + 1  π x→ ∞
14 lim  tan   − 
x→ 0 x
  2 x + 1  4 17 Clearly,  −2( x + 1) − 2 
Q xlim =
x+1 = lim( x + 1 − x) →∞ 3x + 2 3 
= lim  tan −1  −1
 − tan (1)
 x→ ∞ 
x→ 0
  2x + 1  1
= lim =0
2x
1 + a + b 
 x + 1 − 1
x→ ∞
x+1+ x 21 Now, xlim 
→∞  2
 x x
1  2x + 1  and  b 
= lim ⋅ tan −1  a
x+1
x  + 
x→ 0 x  2+ 1  2x 
x x2 
1 +    = lim  1 + + 2 
x a b  b 
2x + 1
a
lim 
+
 2x + 1   = lim  x  =∞ x→ ∞ 

 x x2 

x→ ∞  x − 1  x→ ∞ 1 − 1 / x x x 
1  x + 1 − 2x − 1    a b 
= lim ⋅ tan −1     lim 2 x  + 
 x x2 
=e
x →∞
x→ 0 x
 2x + 1 + x + 1  cot −1 ( x + 1 − x) cot −1 (0)
∴ lim =
1  −x   0 x→ ∞
2x + 1
x
sec −1 (∞ ) Q lim (1 + x )1 / x = e  = e 2 a
= lim ⋅ tan −1   form sec −1    x→ ∞ 
x→ 0 x
 4 x + 2   0   x −1 
2x
π /2
But lim  1 + + 2 
[using L’ Hospital rule] a b
= =1 = e2
1 π /2 x→ ∞  x x 
= lim
x→ 0 x2 ln(1 + cos 2 x − 1) ⇒ e 2a = e 2
1+ 18 Clearly, p = lim
(4 x + 2)2 x→ 0 2
3x ⇒ a=1
  4x + 2 − 4x   ln(1 + cos 2 x − 1) cos 2 x − 1 and b ∈R
× −   = lim ⋅
x→ 0 (cos 2 x − 1) 3 x2
  (4 x + 2)  
2
f (2h + 2 + h2 ) − f (2)  1, 0 < x < 3 π /4 34 If x is just less than k, then [ x] = k − 1

22 lim
h→ 0 f (h − h2 + 1) − f (1) 28 f { g ( x )} =  0, x = 3 π /4 , 7 π /4 ∴ f ( x ) = (k − 1) sin π x
f ′ (2h + 2 + h2 )(2 + 2h )  − 1 , 3 π /4 < x < 7 π /4
= lim  LHD of f ( x ) = lim
h → 0 f ′ ( h − h2 + 1)(1 − 2h )
or 7 π /4 < x < 2 x→ k
f ′ (2) × 2 (k − 1) sin πx − k sin πk

= Clearly, [ f {g ( x )}] is not continuous at
f ′ (1) × 1 3 π 7π x−k
x= , .
4 4 (k − 1) sin πx
6×2 = lim ,
= =3 x→ k x−k
4×1 f (1 + h ) − f (1)
29 f ′(1) = lim
h→ 0 h where x = k − h
f (a) g ( x ) − f (a) − g (a)f ( x ) + g (a) (k − 1)sin π (k − h )
23 lim =4 f (1 + h ) f (1) = lim
x→ a g( x) − f ( x) = lim − lim
h→ 0 h h→ 0 h
h→ 0 −h
Applying L’Hospital rule, we get f (1 + h ) f (1) = (k − 1)(−1)k π
Since, lim = 5, so lim must
f (a) g ′ ( x ) − g (a)f ′ ( x ) h→ 0 h h→ 0 h  e ,
x
x≤ 0
lim =4
x→ a g ′( x ) − f ′( x ) be finite as f ′(1) exists and lim
f (1) 
h→ 0
can 35 f ( x ) = 1 − x, 0 < x ≤ 1
k g ′( x ) − k f ′( x ) h  x − 1, x > 1
⇒ lim =4 be finite only, if f (1) = 0 and 
x→ a g ′( x ) − f ′( x ) f (1) f (0 + h ) − f (0)
lim = 0. Rf ′ (0) = lim
∴ k =4 h→ 0 h h→ 0 h
1/x f (1 + h ) 1− h−1
 f (1 + x ) ∴ f ′ (1) = lim =5 = lim = −1
24 Let y =   h→ 0 h h→ 0 h
 f (1)  f (0 − h ) − f (0)
f (1 − h ) − f (1) Lf ′ (0) = lim
1 30 lim h→ 0 −h
⇒ log y = [log f (1 + x ) − log f (1)] h→ 0 h3 + 3h
x e−h − 1
= lim =1
f (1 − h ) − f (1) −1 h→ 0 −h
 1  = lim ⋅ 2
⇒ lim log y = lim  f ′ (1 + x ) h→ 0 −h h +3 So, it is not differentiable at x = 0.
x→ 0 x→ 0
 f (1 + x ) 
−1
= f ′ (1) ⋅   =
53 Similarly, it is not differentiable at x = 1
f ′ (1) 6  3  but it is continuous at x = 0 and 1.
⇒ lim log y = = 3
x→ 0 f (1) 3
x f (2) − 2 f ( x ) 36 RHL = lim h
(0 + h ) e −2 / h = lim 2 / h = 0
∴ lim y = e 2 31 lim h→ 0 h→ 0 e
x→ 0
x→2 x−2
1 1 
25 Clearly, f ( x ) is continuous only when x f (2) − 2 f (2) + 2 f (2) − 2 f ( x ) − − 
 h h
= lim LHL = lim (0 − h ) e =0
sin2 x = − sin2 x ⇒ 2sin2 x = 0 x→2 x−2 h→ 0
⇒ x = nπ f (2)( x − 2) − 2 { f ( x ) − f (2)} Hence, f ( x ) is continuous at x = 0.

= lim 1 1 
− + 
26 We have,
x→2 x−2 (0 + h ) e  h h
−0
f ( x ) − f (2) Now, Rf ′ ( x ) = lim
rational, if x ∉ Q in[a,b]
f ( x ) = 
h→ 0
= f (2) − 2 lim h
 irrational, if x ∈ Q in[a,b]
x→2 x−2 = lim e − 2 / h =∞
h→ 0 1 1 
Let C ∈ [a,b] and c ∈ Q . Then,  f ( x ) − f (a) − − 
Q f ′ ( x ) = lim (0 − h ) e  h h
−0
f (c ) = irrational 
x→ a x − a  and Lf ′ ( x ) = lim
h→ 0 −h
and lim f ( x ) = lim f (c + h ) = rational or = f (2) − 2 f ′ (2)
x→c h→ 0 = lim e − 0 = 1
irrational = 4−2× 4= −4 h→ 0
Thus, f is discontinuous everywhere. ∴ Lf ′ ( x ) ≠ Rf ′ ( x )

32 Q | f ( x ) − f ( y )| ≤ ( x − y )
2
1 + x, x< 0 Hence, f ( x ) is not differentiable at x = 0.

27 g ( x ) =  ∴ lim
| f ( x ) − f ( y )|
≤ lim | x − y | g( x)
1 − x, x≥ 0 x→ y |x − y| x→ y 37 Since, f ( x ) = x = [say]
1 + | x| h( x )
1 + | x − 1|, x< 0
∴ f {g ( x )} =  ⇒ | f ′ ( y )| ≤ 0 ⇒ f ′( y ) = 0 It is clear that g ( x ) and h( x ) are
1 + |− x − 1|, x≥ 0
⇒ f ( y ) = Constant differentiable on (− ∞, ∞ ) and
1 + 1 − x, x < 0
=  (− ∞, 0) ∪ (0, ∞ ).
 + x + 1, x ≥ 0
1 ⇒ f( y) = 0 [Q f (0) = 0, given]
2 − x, x < 0 Now,
⇒ f (1) = 0
=  x
−0
 + x, x ≥ 0
2 33 Let f ( x ) = log x f ( x ) − f (0) 1 + | x|
lim = lim =1
It is a polynomial function, so it is 1 x→ 0 x−0 x→ 0 x
continuous in everywhere except at ⇒ f ′( x ) =
x Hence, f ( x ) is differentiable on (− ∞, ∞ ).
x = 0. Therefore, given function
x ∈ [0, π]
38 Clearly, g ( x ) = 
Now, LHL = lim 2 − x = 2, cos x ,
x→ 0 = f ′ (a) + k f ′ (e ) = 1
RHL = lim 2 + x = 2 1 k sin x − 1, x> π
x→ 0 ⇒ + =1 − +
a e Also, g ( π ) = g ( π ) = g ( π ) = −1
Also, f (0) = 2 + 0 = 2
a − 1 and g ′( π − ) ≠ g ′( π + )
Hence, it is continuous everywhere. ⇒ k = e  
 a  ∴ g is continuous at x = π
but not differentiable at x = π
− log x, x < 1 a2  
43 f ( x ) = 
39 Since, g ( x ) is differentiable ⇒ g ( x ) must sin x
= lim ( x − β )2 Q lim =1
 x → 0 x 
 log x, x ≥ 1
x→ α 2
be continuous.
− 1 / x, x < 1 a2
 k x + 1, 0 ≤ x ≤ 3  = (α − β )2
g ( x) =  f ′( x ) =  1 2
, x>1
 mx + 2, 3 < x ≤ 5  x 
1 /2

sin  nπ  1 + 2 
1
4 nlim 
At, x = 3, RHL = 3 m + 2 ∴ f ′ (1 ) = − 1 and f ′ (1+ ) = 1
−
→∞   n
 
and at x = 3, LHL = 2k Hence, f ( x ) is not differentiable.
  1 1 
= limsin  nπ  1 + − + K∞ 
∴ 2k = 3 m + 2
  
n→ ∞ 2 4
SESSION 2 2n 8 n
 k
, 0≤ x < 3  π π 
Also, g ′( x ) = 2 x + 1 1 We have, = lim sin  nπ + − + K∞
n→ ∞ 3
 1 15 
lim x    +   + …+   
1  2 n 8 n 
 m , 3< x ≤ 5
x→ 0 +   x   x   x    1 1 
k = lim (−1) sin π 
n
− +K ∞
∴ L(g ′ (3)) = We know, [ x] = x − { x} n→ ∞
 2n 8 n
3

4
∴ 1 = 1 − 1 =0
and R {g ′ (3)} = m ⇒
k
=m  x  x  x 
4 5 Given, x > 0 and g is a bounded
Similarly,   = −  
n n n
i.e. k = 4m  x  x  x  function.
On solving Eqs (i) and (ii), we get ∴Given limit f ( x ) ⋅ e nx + g ( x )
Then, lim
1 e nx + 1
= lim+ x  −  
1 n→ ∞
8 2
k = ,m =
5 5
x→ 0  x  x  
2 2 15  15   f ( x) g( x) 
⇒ k+ m=2 + − + … −   = lim  + nx 
x  x x  x  n→ ∞
 1 +  1  e + 1

40 Clearly, f ( x ) = 2 1 − x , x ≤ 0
2
= lim( 1 + 2 + 3+ ...+15) − x  e 
nx

 0, x> 0 x→ 0 +
f ( x) Finite
1 2  15  = + = f ( x)
∴ f ( x ) is discontinuous and hence    +   + ... +    1+ 0 ∞
 x  x  x 
non-differentiable at x = 0.
= 120 − 0 = 120  ax + b x + c x 
2/ x
41 [sin x] is non-differentiable at   6 Let y = lim  

Q 0 ≤   < 1, therefore
n
π  
x→ 0
 3 
x= , π, 2 π and [cos x] is  x
2   2  ax + b x + c x 
 0 ≤ x  n  < x ⇒ lim x  n  = 0 ⇒ log y = lim log  
non-differentiable at     x→ 0 x  3 
  x x→ 0 +  x 
π 3π
x = 0, , and 2 π. log(ax + b x + c x ) − log 3
2 2  x2 + 5x + 3 
x
= 2 lim
x→ 0 x
Thus, f ( x ) is definitely
2 Now, xlim  2 
→∞
 x + x+2 Apply L’Hospital’s rule,
3π
non-differentiable at x = π, , 0. x ax log a + b x log b + c x log c
2  4x + 1 
= lim  1 + 2  ax + b x + c x
Also, x→ ∞
 x + x + 2 = 2 lim
x→ 0
π π 1
f   = 1, f  − 0 = 0, ( 4 x +1 )x
 2 2   1
( 4x + 1 )
 x2 + x +2 log y = log (abc ) 2 /3
4x + 1 
= lim   1 + 2
x2 + x + 2
  ⇒ y = (abc ) 2 /3
f (2 π ) = 1, f (2 π − 0) = − 1 x→ ∞  x + x + 2
 
Thus, f ( x ) is also non-differentiable at    3 x − x3 
π  1 7 f ( x ) = cot −1  2 
x= and 2π. lim

4+ 
x  1 − 3x 
2 x →∞ 1 2
1 + +
=e x x2
= e4  1 − x2 
42 Let u( x ) = sin x and g ( x ) = cos −1  2
 1 + 1  = e 
x
1 + x 
v( x) = |x | Q lim 
x→ 0 
 
 x  On putting x = tan θ in both equations,
we get
∴ f ( x ) = vou ( x ) = v (u( x )) = v (sin x ) =|sin x| 1 − cos (ax2 + bx + c )
3 Now, xlim  3 tan θ − tan3 θ 
→α ( x − α )2 f (θ) = cot −1  
Q u( x ) = sin x is a continuous function  1 − 3 tan θ 
2
and v ( x ) = | x| is a continuous function.  ax2 + bx + c 

2sin2   ⇒ f (θ) = cot −1 (tan 3 θ)
∴ f ( x ) = vou ( x ) is also continuous  2 
= lim π
everywhere but v ( x ) is not differentiable x→ α ( x − α )2 ⇒ f (θ) = cot −1 cot − 3 θ 
at x = 0  2 
2sin2  ( x − α )( x − β )
a
⇒ f ( x ) is not differentiable π
2  = − 3θ
where sin x = 0 = lim 2 2
x→ α
  ( x − α )2 ( x − β )2
a ∴ f ′ (θ) = − 3 … (i)
⇒ x = nπ , n ∈ Z  
 2  1 − tan2 θ 
Hence, f ( x ) is continuous everywhere and g(θ) = cos −1  2 
2
but not differentiable at  a  ( x − β )2  1 + tan θ 
 
x = nπ, n ∈ Z .  2
= cos −1 (cos 2θ) = 2θ
∴ g ′ (θ) = 2 Hence, the composite function y = f ( x ) and lim f ′( x ) = 0

x→ π −
Now, is discontinuous at three points,
1 = lim+ f ′( x )
 f ( x ) − f (a)  f ( x ) − f (a) x = , x = 1 and x = 2 . x→ π
lim 
x → a g ( x ) − g ( a)
 = lim   2 ∴ f is differentiable at x = 0 and x = π
  x→ a  x−a 
1 10 Since, f ( x ) is a positive increasing Hence, f is equal to the set {0, π}.
× n
 g ( x ) − g (a) π
x n +  
function.
lim  
x→ a
 x−a  ∴ 0 < f ( x ) < f (2 x ) < f (3 x )  3
13 We have, f ( x ) = lim
n→ ∞ n −1
π
x n −1 +  
1 1 3 f (2 x ) f (3 x )
= f ′ (a) ⋅ = –3× = – ⇒ 0< 1< <
g ′ (a) 2 2 f ( x) f ( x)  3
 π 
n
8 Now, cos x is continuous, ∀x ∈ R ⇒ lim 1 ≤ lim
f (2 x ) x  1 +   
x→ ∞ x→ ∞ f ( x)   3x   π
⇒ cos π  x −  is also continuous,
1 = lim = x, if x >
n→ ∞ n −1
 2 π 3
≤ lim
f (3 x ) 1 +  
∀ x ∈ R. x→ ∞ f ( x)  3x 
Hence, the continuity of f depends upon   3x  n 
the continuity of [ x] , which is By Sandwich theorem,    + 1
π  π    π
discontinuous, ∀ x ∈ I. lim
f (2 x )
=1 Also, f ( x ) = lim = ,
So, we should check the continuity of f x→ ∞ f ( x)
n→ ∞ 3
  3 x  n −1  3
at x = n, ∀ n ∈ I   π  + 1
 
LHL at x = n is given by 11 We have, f ( x ) = max{tan x,sin x,cos x},
π 3π if x < π / 3
f(n− ) = lim− f ( x ) where x ∈  − ,  π π
x→ n  2 2  Note that f   =
= lim− [ x] cos π  x − 
1
 3 3
x→ n  2 Let us draw the graph of y = tan x,
(2n − 1) π  x, if x ≥ π
π 3π
= (n − 1) cos =0 y = sin x and y = cos x in  − ,  ∴ f ( x) =  π
 3
2  2 2  , if π
RHL at x = n is given by 3 x<
 3
f (n + ) = lim+ f ( x ) y = tanx y = tanx
x→ n From the given options, it is clear that
= lim+ [ x] cos π  x − 
1 y = f(x) option (c ) is incorrect.
x→ n  2 y = f(x)
y = f(x) x
(2n − 1) π 14 Let ak +1 =
= (n ) cos =0 (kx + 1){(k + 1)x + 1}
2 y = cos(x)
=  
1 1
-π O a π π
X − 
Also, value of the function at x = n is 2 2
3π  kx + 1 (k + 1)x + 1 
2
f (n ) = [n] cos π  n − 
1
∴ f ( x ) = lim ∑ 
n −1
–1 1
−
1 
 2 y = sinx 
k = 0  kx + 1 (k + 1)x + 1 
n→ ∞
(2n − 1)π
= (n ) cos =0
= lim 1 −
1 
2 n→ ∞ 
+ −  nx + 1 
∴ f (n ) = f (n ) = f (n ) From the graph, it clear that f ( x ) is
1 , if x ≠ 0
Hence, f is continuous at π
non-differentiable at x = a, and π. = 
x = n, ∀ n ∈ I . 2  0 , if x = 0
Clearly, f ( x ) is neither continuous nor
9 The function u ( x ) = 1 is 12 We have,
differentiable at x = 0.
x−1 f ( x ) =| x − π|(
⋅ e |x| − 1)sin| x|
−x
discontinuous at the point x = 1.  ( x − π )(e − 1)sin x, x < 0 15 Clearly, x n + xa + b = ( x − x1 )

The function y = f (u ) f ( x ) =  −( x − π )(e x − 1)sin x, 0 ≤ x < π ( x − x2 )...( x − x n )
= 2
1  ( x − π )(e x − 1)sin x, x ≥ π x n + xa + b
 ⇒ = ( x − x2 )
u + u−2 x − x1
We check the differentiability at x = 0
1 ( x − x3 )...( x − x n )
= and π.
(u + 2) (u − 1 ) x n + ax + b
We have, ⇒ lim
is discontinuous at u = − 2 and u = 1. f ′( x ) = x→ x 1 x − x1
When u = −2 −x
 ( x − π )(e − 1)cos x + (e − 1)sin x
x
= ( x1 − x2 )( x1 − x3 )...( x1 − x n )
1 
⇒ = −2 −x
+ ( x − π )sin xe (−1), x < 0 nx n −1 + a
x−1  ⇒ lim
 −[( x − π )(e − 1)cos x + (e − 1)sin x
x x x→ x 1 1
1
⇒ x =  = ( x1 − x2 )( x1 − x3 )...( x1 − x n )
2  + ( x − π )sin xe ], 0 < x < π
x
When u = 1  ( x − π )(e x − 1)cos x + (e x − 1)sin x [using L’Hospital rule]

1  ⇒ nx1n −1 + a = ( x1 − x2 )
⇒ =1  + ( x − π )sin xe x , x > π
x−1 ( x1 − x3 )...( x1 − x n ).
Clearly, lim− f ′( x ) = 0 = lim+ f ′( x )
⇒ x=2 x→ 0 x→ 0
 1   1, x >0 Hence, Statement I is correct.

 −b c  
 x  (v) f ( x) =  1, x <0 sin  1  , x ≠ 0

1 f2 ( x ) =   
16 Let L = lim x ln  0 −1   −1 x =0  x
x→ ∞
 x    0 , x=0

 1 0
a
  −1, x > 0

 x  Here, lim f2 ( x ) = lim sin  
(vi) f ( x ) =  −1, x < 0 1
 1, x = 0
x→ 0 x→ 0  x
= lim x ln  3 + b − 
a c

x→ ∞ x x which does not exist.
Clearly, for limit to be exist, b = 1. 19 f ( x ) = x | x | and g ( x ) = sin x So, f2 ( x ) is not continuous at x = 0.
 − sin x , x < 0
2
Thus, L = lim x ln  1 + 3 − 
a c Hence, Statement II is false.
gof ( x ) = sin ( x | x |) =  ∴
x→ ∞  x
x  sin x , x ≥ 0
2
22 ∴ f ( x ) = | x − 2 | + | x − 5|
= lim x  3 − 
a c  − 2 x cos x , x < 0
2
x→ ∞ x x (gof )′ ( x ) =   (2 − x ) + (5 − x ), x<2

 2 x cos x , x ≥ 0
2
= ( x − 2) + (5 − x ), 2≤ x ≤ 5
 x2
x3 x 4 
Q ln(1 + x ) = x − + − + ... Clearly, L ( gof )′ (0) = 0 = R ( gof )′ (0) ( x − 2) + ( x − 5), x> 5
  
 2 3 4 
So, gof is differentiable at x = 0 and also
= −c its derivative is continuous at x = 0. 7 − 2 x, x<2
Q L = −4 
Now, =  3, 2≤ x≤ 5
∴ c =4 2 x − 7,
 − 2 cos x + 4 x sin x , x> 5
2 2 2
Hence, a ∈ R,b = 1 and c = 4. 
 x< 0

 f ( x )
1/x
( gof )′ ′ ( x ) =  Now, we can draw the graph of f very
17 We have, lim 1+ x + = e3 2 cos x − 4 x sin x ,
2 2 2
 x 
x→ 0 easily.
 x≥ 0
lim 1 + x +
f( x )  1
−1 
⇒ e x →0  x x
= e3 ∴ L ( gof )′ ′ (0) = − 2 and R ( gof )′′ (0) = 2 Y
 f( x ) 
lim 1+
 x2 
⇒ =e ∴ L ( gof )′′ (0) ≠ R ( gof )′′ (0)
x →0 3
e y = 7 – 2x y = 2x – 7
f ( x)
⇒ lim 2 = 2 Hence, gof ( x ) is not twice differentiable
x→ 0 x
at x = 0. y=3
Now, Therefore, Statement I is true, Statement
lim  1 + −1 
1/x f( x ) 1
 f ( x )   x II is false.
lim 1 + = e x →0  x
x→ 0  x 
 20 Statement I is correct as though X′ X
lim
f( x )
|4 x2 − 12 x + 5| is non-differentiable at 0 2 5
=e x →0 x2 =e 2
1 5
x = and but cos πx = 0 those points. Y′
18 We have, f 2 ( x ) = 1 ∀x ∈ R 2 2
So, f ′   and f ′   exists.
∴ f can take values +1 or −1 1 5 Statement I f ′ (4) = 0
Since f is discontinuous only at x = 0  2  2
It is obviously clear that, f is constant
∴ f may be one of the followings   1 around x = 4, hence f ′ (4) = 0. Hence,
 1, x ≤ 0 21 Here, f ( x ) =  x ⋅ sin  x  , x ≠ 0 Statement I is correct.
(i) f ( x) =   0 , x=0
−1, x > 0 Statement II It can be clearly seen that
To check continuity at x = 0,
 1, x < 0 (i) f is continuous, ∀ x ∈ [2, 5 ]
(ii) f ( x) =  LHL = lim (− h ) sin  −   = 0
1
−1, x ≥ 0 h→ 0
  h  (ii) f is differentiable, ∀ x ∈ (2, 5)
−1, x ≤ 0 RHL = lim  h sin  1 = 0 (iii) f (2) = f (5) = 3
(iii) f ( x) =   
 h
 1, x > 0
h→ 0
 Hence, Statement II is also correct but
−1, x < 0 f (0) = 0 obviously not a correct explanation of
(iv) f ( x) =  So, f ( x ) is continuous at x = 0. Statement I.
 1, x ≥ 0
DAY TWELVE
Differentiation
u Derivative (Differential u Geometrical Meaning of u Second Order Derivative
Coefficient) Derivative at a point u Differentiation of a Determinant
u Methods of Differentiation
Derivative (Differential Coefficient)

The rate of change of a quantity y with respect to another quantity x is called the derivative or
differential coefficient of y with respect to x. The process of finding derivative of a function
called differentiation.
Geometrical Meaning of Derivative at a Point

Geometrically derivative of a function at a point x = c is the slope of the tangent to the curve
y = f ( x) at the point P {c, f (c)}.
f ( x) − f (c) df ( x) 
Slope of tangent at P = lim =  or f ′ (c).
x →c x −c  dx x = c
Derivative of Some Standard Functions

l
d
(constant) = 0 l
d
x n = nx n −1 PRED
dx dx
d 1 d  1 n
MIRROR
l
( x) = l
 n  = − n +1 Your Personal Preparation Indicator
dx 2 x dx x  x
d d
l
(sin x) = cos x l
(cos x) = − sin x u No. of Questions Attempted (y)—
dx dx u No. of Correct Questions (z)—
d d (Without referring Explanations)
l
(tan x) = sec2 x l
(sec x) = sec x tan x
dx dx
d d u Accuracy Level (z / y × 100)—
l
(cot x) = − cosec2 x l
(cosec x) = − cosec x cot x
dx dx u Prep Level (z / x × 100)—
d 1 d x
l
(log x) = , for x > 0 l
(e ) = e x In order to expect good rank in JEE,
dx x dx your Accuracy Level should be
d x d 1 above 85 & Prep Level should be
l
(a ) = ax log a, for a > 0 l
(log a x) = , for x > 0, a > 0, a ≠ 1 above 75.
dx dx x log a
l
d
(sin −1 x) =
1
, for −1 < x < 1 (x) If u = f ( x) and v = g( x), then the differentiation of u
dx 1 − x2  du 
 
d 1 du  dx 
l
(cos −1 x) = − , for −1 < x < 1 with respect to v is = .
dx 1 − x2 dv  dv 
 
 dx 
d 1
l
(sec −1 x) = , for| x| > 1 Differentiation of a function 
dx | x| x 2 − 1 w. r. t another function 
d 1  
l
(cosec −1 x) = − , for| x| > 1
dx | x| x 2 − 1
l
d
(tan −1 x) =
1
, for x ∈ R
Differentiation Using Substitution
dx 1 + x2 In order to find differential coefficients of complicated
d 1 expressions, some substitution are very helpful, which are
l
(cot −1 x) = − , for x ∈ R
dx 1 + x2 listed below
S. No. Function Substitution

Methods of Differentiation
dy d (i) 2
a –x 2
x = a sin θ or a cos θ
(i) If y = f ( x) ± g( x), then = { f ( x) ± g( x)}
dx dx (ii) x 2 – a2 x = a sec θ or a cosec θ
= f ′ ( x) ± g ′ ( x)
(iii) x 2 + a2 x = a tan θ or a cot θ
(ii) If y = c ⋅ f ( x), where c is any constant, then
dy d a+ x a– x
= (c ⋅ f ( x)) = c ⋅ f ′( x). [Scalar multiple rule] (iv) or x = a cos 2θ
dx dx a− x a+ x
dy d
(iii) If y = f ( x) ⋅ g( x), then = { f ( x) ⋅ g( x)} a2 + x2 a2 – x 2
dx dx (v) or x2 = a2 cos 2θ
a2 − x2 a2 + x 2
= f ( x) ⋅ g ′ ( x) + g ( x) ⋅ f ′ ( x) [Product rule]
f ( x) dy d  f ( x)  g( x) ⋅ f ′ ( x) − f ( x) ⋅ g′ ( x) x
(iv) If y = , then =  = (vi) x = a tan2 θ
g ( x) dx dx  g( x)  {g( x)}2 a+ x
g ( x) ≠ 0 (vii) ( x – a)( x – b ) x = a sec2 θ – b tan2 θ
(v) If y = f (u) and u = g( x), then
dy df du (viii) ax – x 2 x = a sin2 θ
= ⋅ = f ′(u) ⋅ g′( x) [Chain rule]
dx du dx x
(ix) x = a sin2 θ
This rule can be extended as follows. If y = f (u),u = g(v) a– x
dy df du dv
and v = h ( x), then = ⋅ ⋅ , (x) ( x – a) (b – x) x = a cos2 θ + b sin2 θ
dx du dv dx
d
(vi) ( f {g( x)}) = f ′ (g( x)) ⋅ g′( x) Usually this is done in case of inverse trigonometric functions.
dx
(vii) If given function cannot be expressed in the form
y = f ( x) but can be expressed in the form f ( x, y) = 0, then Second Order Derivative
to find derivatives of each term of f ( x, y) = 0 w.r.t x. d  dy 
If y = f ( x), then   is called the second order derivative
[differentiation of implicit function] dx  dx 
(viii) If y is the product or the quotient of a number of d2 y
of y w.r.t x. It is denoted by 2 or f ′′( x) or y′′ or y2 .
complicated functions or if it is of the form ( f ( x))g ( x ), dx
then the derivative of y can be found by first taking log
on both sides and then differentiating it.
[logarithmic differentiation rule]
Differentiation of a Determinant
dy dp dq dr
When y = ( f ( x))g ( x ), then = ( f ( x))g ( x ) p q r
dx dy dx dx dx
If y = u v w , then = u v w
 g ( x)  dx
l m n l m n
 f ( x) ⋅ f ′( x) + log f ( x) ⋅ g′( x)
 
p q r p q r
(ix) If x = φ (t ) and y = Ψ (t ), where t is parameter, then du dv dw
dy dy/dt + + u v w
= [Parametric differentiation rule] dx dx dx dl dm dn
dx dx/dt l m n
dx dx dx
DAY TWELVE DIFFERENTIATION 119

 3π  11 If y = (1 − x ) (1 + x 2 ) (1 + x 4 )...(1 + x 2 n ), then
dy
at x = 0
1 If f ( x ) = | cos x |, then f ′   is equal to
 4 j NCERT Exemplar dx
1 1
is equal to
(a) (b) 2 (c) (d) 2 2 1 x x
2 2 (a) −1 (b) (c) (d)
(1+ x)2 (1 + x 2 ) (1 − x)2
2 If f ( x ) = | x − 1 | and g ( x ) = f [f {f ( x )}], then for x > 2, g ′ ( x )
12 If f : ( −1, 1) → R be a differentiable function with f ( 0) = 1
is equal to
and f ′ ( 0) = 1. Let g ( x ) = [f ( 2f ( x ) + 2 )]2 . The, g′ ( 0) is
(a) − 1, if 2 ≤ x < 3 (b) 1, if 2 ≤ x < 3 equal to
(c) 1, if x > 2 (d) None of these
(a) 4 (b) −4 (c) 0 (d) −2
3 The derivative of y = (1 − x )( 2 − x )K (n − x ) at x = 1 is 13 Let f ( x ) be a polynomial function of second degree. If
(a) 0 (b) (−1)(n − 1)! (c) n! − 1 (d) (−1)n − 1 (n − 1)! f (1) = f ( −1) and a, b, c are in AP, then f ′ (a ), f ′ (b ) and f ′ (c )
4 If f ( x ) = x n , then the value of are in.
f ′ (1) f ′′ (1) f ′ ′′ (1) ( −1)n f n (1) (a) AP
f (1) − + − + ...+ is
1! 2! 3! n! (b) GP
(c) Arithmetic-Geometric progression
(a) 2 n (b) 0 (c) 2 n − 1 (d) None of these
x −x
2
d −1
5 If f ( x ) = , where x ≠ 0, − 2, then [f ( x )] 14 If y = f ( x ) is an odd differentiable function defined on
x 2 + 2x dx
( − ∞, ∞ ) such that f ′ ( 3) = − 2, then f ′ ( − 3) is equal to
(whenever it is defined) is equal to j
JEE Mains 2013
(a) 4 (b) 2 (c) −2 (d) 0
−1 3 1 −3
(a) (b) (c) (d)
(1 − x)2 (1 − x)2 (1 − x)2 (1 − x)2 15 If f and g are differentiable function satisfying
g ′ (a ) = 2, g (a ) = b and fog = I (identity function). Then,
6 If f ( x ) = 2+| x |−| x − 1|−| x + 1| , then f ′ (b ) is equal to
 1  1  3  5
f ′  −  + f ′   + f ′   + f ′   is equal to (a)
1
(b) 2 (c)
2
(d) None of these
 2  2  2  2 2 3
(a) 1 (b) −1 (c) 2 (d) −2 16 If y is an implicit function of x defined by
7 If f ( x ) = loge | x |, then f ′( x ) equals x 2 x − 2x x cot y − 1 = 0. Then, y ′ (1) is equal to
1
(a) , where x ≠ 0
1
(b) for | x| > 1 (a) − 1 (b) 1 (c) log 2 (d) − log 2
| x| x dy
m +n
1 17 If x m
y = (x + y )
n
, then is equal to
(c) − for | x| > 1 dx
x x+ y x y
1 1 (a) (b) xy (c) (d)
(d) for x > 0 and − for x < 0 xy y x
x x
 π d 2y dy
8 If f ( x ) = | cos x − sin x |, then f ′   is equal to 18 If y = ( x + 1 + x 2 )n , then (1 + x 2 ) +x is equal to
 2 dx 2 dx
(a) n 2 y (b) −n 2 y (c) −y (d) 2 x 2 y
(a) 1 (b) −1 (c) 0 (d) None of these
2t 1 − t2 dy
9 If f ( x ) = cos x ⋅ cos 2x ⋅ cos 4x ⋅ cos 8x ⋅ cos 16x , then 19 If x = and y = , then is equal to
 π 1+ t 2
1 + t2 dx
f ′   is equal to
 4 (a)
2t
(b)
2t
1 3 t2 + 1 t2 − 1
(a) 2 (b) (c) 1 (d) 2t
2 2 (c) (d) None of these
1− t2
dy
10 If sin y = x sin(a + y ), then is equal to  π
dx 20 For a > 0, t ∈  0,  , let x = a sin−1 t and y = a cos −1 t .
sina sin (a + y)
2  2
(a) (b) 2
sin2 (a + y) sina  dy 
Then, 1 +   equals
sin2 (a − y)  dx  j
JEE Mains 2013
(c) sina sin2 (a + y) (d)
sina x 2
y 2
x + y
2 2
x2 + y2
(a) (b) (c) (d)
y2 x2 y2 x2
 x + 1  x − 1 dy  log(e / x 2 )  3 + 2 log x  d 2y
21 If y = sec−1  −1
 + sin   , then dx is equal to 30 If y = tan−1  2 
+ tan−1   , then is
 x − 1   x + 1   log(ex )   1 − 6 log x  dx 2
1 (a) 2 (b) 1
(a) 0 (b)
x +1 (c) 0 (d) −1
(c) 1 (d) None of these 31 If graph of y = f ( x ) is symmetrical about the Y-axis and
 1  6x x  that of y = g ( x ) is symmetrical about the origin and if
22 For x ∈  0,  , if the derivative of tan−1   is d 2h( x )
 4 1 − 9x 3  h( x ) = f ( x ) ⋅ g ( x ), then at x = 0 is
dx 2
x ⋅ g ( x ), then g ( x ) equals j JEE Mains 2017
(a) f (0)g (0)
9 3x x 3x 3
(a) (b) (c) (d) (b) 0
1 + 9x 3 1 − 9x 3 1 − 9x 3 1 + 9x 3 (c) can’t be determined
dy (d) None of the above
23 If y = sec(tan−1 x ), then at x = 1 is equal to
dx f ′( x ) f (x )
j JEE Mains 2013 32 If = 0, where f ( x ) is continuously
1 1 f ′′( x ) f ′( x )
(a) (b) (c) 1 (d) 2
2 2 differentiable function with f ′( x ) ≠ 0 and satisfies f ( 0) = 1
 1+ x  f ( x ) −1
2
− 1− x 2
and f ′( 0) = 2, then lim is
24 If y = tan−1   , then dy is equal to x→ 0 x

 1+ x + 1− x  dx
2 2
(a) 1 (b) 2
x x 2x 1
(a) (b) − (c) (d) None of these (c) (d) 0
1− x4 1− x2 1− x4 2
3x 2 cos x sin x
dy
25 If 1 − x + 1 − y = a ( x − y ), then
2 2
is equal to 33 If f ( x ) = 6 −1 0 , where P is a constant.
dx
P P2 P3
1− x2 1− y2 x2 − 1 y2 − 1 d2
(a) (b) (c) (d)
1− y2 1− x2 1− y2 1− x2 Then, { f ( x )} at x = 0 is equal to
dx 2
dy (a) P (b) P + P 2
26 If y = sin−1( x 1 − x + x 1 − x 2 ), then is equal to
dx (c) P + P 3 (d) independent of P
−2 x 1 −1 1
(a) + (b) − 34 Which of the following statements is/are true?
1− x 2
2 x−x 2
1− x 2
2 x − x2 Statement I If y = (log x )log x , then
1 1 dy  1 log (log x ) 
(c) + (d) None of these = (log x )log x + .
1− x2 2 x − x2 dx  x x 
a cos
−1
x
−1 dy Statement II If y = cos(a cos x + b sin x ) for some
27 If y = cos −1 x
and z = a cos x
, then is equal to constants a and b, then
1+ a dz
y ′ = (a sin x − b cos x ) sin(a cos x + b sin x )
1 1
(a) − (b) (a) Only I is true
cos −1 x −1
1+ a 1 + a cos x
1 (b) Only II is true

(c) −1
(d) None of these (c) Both I and II are true
(1 + a cos x 2
) (d) Neither I nor II is true
1
28 Let g ( x ) be the inverse of f ( x ) such that f ′( x ) = , 35 Statement I If u = f (tan x ), v = g (sec x ) and f ′ (1) = 2,
2
1+ x 5  du  1
d (g ( x )) g′ ( 2 ) = 4 , then   = .
then is equal to  dv  x = π / 4 2
dx 2
1 g ′(x) Statement II If u = f ( x ), v = g ( x ), then the derivative of f
(a) (b)
1 + (g (x))5 1 + (g (x))5 du du /dx
(c) 5 (g (x))4 (1 + (g (x))5 (d) 1 + (g (x))5 with respect to g is = .
dv dv /dx
d 2x
29 is equal to j
AIEEE 2011 (a) Statement I is true, Statement II is true; Statement II is a
dy 2 correct explanation for Statement I
−1 −3
 d2y   dy   d 2 y  dy −2 (b) Statement I is true, Statement II is true; Statement II is
(a) −  2    (b)  2    not a correct explanation for Statement I
 dx   dx   dx   dx 
−1 (c) Statement I is true; Statement II is false
 d 2 y  dy −3  d2y 
(c) −  2    (d)  2  (d)Statement I is false; Statement II is true
 dx   dx   dx 

1 For x ∈R ,f ( x ) = | log 2 − sin x | and g ( x ) = f (f ( x )), then 9 If f ( 2) = 4, f ′ ( 2) = 3, f ′′ ( 2) = 1, then (f −1 )′′ (4) is equal to
(a) g is not differentiable at x = 0 −1 −1
(a) (b)
(b) g′ (0) = cos(log 2) 9 81
(c) g′ (0) = − cos (log 2) −1 −1
(c) (d)
(d) g is differentiable at x = 0 and g′ (0) = − sin(log 2) 27 3
2 If y = sin x ⋅ sin 2x ⋅ sin 3x ... sin nx , then y ′ is 10 If f ( x ) = sin (sin x ) and f ′ ′ ( x ) + tan x f ′ ( x ) + g ( x ) = 0, then
n n g ( x ) is equal to j JEE Mains 2013
(a) ∑ k ⋅ tankx (b) y ⋅ ∑ k cot kx 2 2
k =1 k =1
(a) cos x cos (sin x) (b) sin x cos (cos x)
n n (c) sin2 x sin(cos x) (d) cos2 x sin(sin x)
(c) y ⋅ ∑ k ⋅ tankx (d) ∑ cotkx
k =1 k =1 11 If x = a cos t cos 2 t and y = a sin t cos 2 t
3
3 If 3f ( x ) − 2f (1 /x ) = x , then f ′ ( 2) is equal to   dy   2
2
2 1 7 1 +   
(a) (b) (c) 2 (d) dx  π
7 2 2 (where, a > 0), then  at is given by
d 2y 6
4 If f ( x ) = (cos x + i sin x ) ⋅ (cos 2x + i sin 2x )
dx 2
(cos 3x + i sin 3x ) ... (cos nx + i sin nx ) and f (1) = 1, then
f ′ ′ (1) is equal to
2 a
n (n + 1) n (n + 1) 
(b) 
(a) (b) a 2
(a) 3
2  2 
2 2a
n (n + 1) 
2 (c) (d)
(c) −  (d) None of these 3a 3
 2 
and g ( x + 1) = x + g ( x ) ∀ x ∈ R. If n ∈ I + ,
g (x )
−1 
y
12 Let f ( x ) = elne
tan  
5 If x 2 + y 2 = ae x
, a>0 assuming y > 0, then y′ ′ ( 0)  1  1
f ′ n +  f′  
 3  3
is equal to then − is equal to
 1  1
(a)
2 −π / 2
e (b) −
2 π /2
e f n +  f 
 3  3
a a
2  1 
(c) − e − π / 2 (d) None of these (a) 3  1 + + + K + 
1 1 1 1 1
(b) 3  1 + + + ... +
a 
 2 3 n  3 5 2n − 1
dy π
6 If y = | sin x || x| , then the value of at x = − is (c) n (d) 1
dx 6 1− x
−π π x2 x3
13 If the function f ( x ) = − 4e 2 +1+ x + + and
2 6 2 6
2 3
(a) [6log 2 − 3 π] (b) [6log 2 + 3 π]
6 6  −7 
π g ( x ) = f −1( x ), then the value of g′   is equal to
−  6
2 6
(c) [6log 2 + 3 π] (d) None of these 1 1
6 (a) (b) −
5 5
1
7 The solution set of f ′ ( x ) > g ′ ( x ), where f ( x ) = ( 5) 2 x + 1 (c)
6
(d) −
6
2 7 7
and g ( x ) = 5x + 4x loge 5 is
14. If f ( x ) = ( x − 1)100 ( x − 2)2 ( 99 ) ( x − 3)3 ( 98 ) ...( x − 100)100 ,
(a) (1, ∞) (b) (0, 1) (c) (∞, 0) (d) (0, ∞) f ′ (101)
then the value of is
8 Let f ′ ′ ( x ) = − f ( x ), where f ( x ) is a continuous double f (101)
differentiable function and g ( x ) = f ′ ( x ).
2 2
(a) 5050 (b) 2575
 x  x (c) 3030 (d) 1250
If F ( x ) = f    + g    and F ( 5) = 5, then F (10) is
  2     2  15 The derivative of the function represented parametrically
equal to as x = 2t − | t | , y = t 3 + t 2 | t | at t = 0 is
(a) 0 (b) 5 (a) −1 (b) 0
(c) 10 (d) 25 (c) 1 (d) does not exist.
ANSWERS
SESSION 1 1 (a) 2 (a) 3 (b) 4 (b) 5 (b) 6 (d) 7 (b) 8 (a) 9 (a) 10 (b)
11 (a) 12 (b) 13 (a) 14 (c) 15 (a) 16 (a) 17 (d) 18 (a) 19 (b) 20 (d)
21 (a) 22 (a) 23 (a) 24 (a) 25 (b) 26 (c) 27 (c) 28 (c) 29 (c) 30 (c)
31 (b) 32 (b) 33 (d) 34 (c) 35 (a)
SESSION 2 1 (b) 2 (b) 3 (b) 4 (c) 5 (c) 6 (a) 7 (d) 8 (b) 9 (c) 10 (d)
11 (d) 12 (c) 13 (a) 14 (a) 15 (b)

SESSION 1 f ′ (1) f ′ ′ (1) f ′ ′ ′ (1)
Hence, f ′ −  + f ′  + f ′  + f ′ 
1 1 3 5
∴ f (1) − + −
 2  2  2  2
1 When π < x < π, cos x < 0, so that
1! 2! 3!
2 (− 1)n f n (1) = (−1) + 1 + (−1) + (−1) = −2
+ ... +
|cos x |= − cos x, n!
= nC 0 − nC 1 + nC 2 − nC 3 +
7 We have, f ( x ) = log e | x|
i.e. f ( x ) = − cos x, f ′( x ) = sin x
3π  ... + (−1)n nC n  log(− x ) , x < −1
Hence, f ′  3π  = 1
 = sin   = (1 − 1) = 0
n  − log(− x ) , −1 < x < 0
 4  4 2 ∴ f ( x) = 
5 Let y =
x2 − x  − log x , 0< x < 1
2 We have, f ( x ) = | x − 1| [Q x > 2]
x2 + 2 x  log x , x >1
f [ f ( x )] = f ( x − 1) = |( x − 1) − 1 | 2y + 1  1
⇒ x= ;x≠ 0 , x< −1
−y + 1  x
=| x − 2|  1
g ( x ) = f [ f { f ( x )}] = f ( x − 2) 2x + 1 − , − 1< x < 0
⇒ f −1 ( x ) = ⇒ f ′( x ) =  x
=|( x − 2) − 1 |= | x − 3 | −x + 1 1
x − 3, if x ≥ 3 − , 0< x < 1
=  d −1 (− x + 1 ) ⋅ 2 − (2 x + 1 ) (−1 )  x
 x + 3, if 2 ≤ x < 3
− ∴ [ f ( x )] =  1
dx (− x + 1 )2 , x>1
1, if x ≥ 3  x
∴ g ′ ( x ) =  3
= 1
 1, if 2 ≤ x < 3
−
(− x + 1 )2 Clearly, f ′( x ) = for| x|> 1
x
dy
3 = − [(2 − x )(3 − x )K (n − x ) + 6 We have, f ( x ) = 2+| x|−| x − 1|−| x + 1| π
dx 8 When 0 < x < , cos x > sin x
4
(1 − x )(3 − x )K(n − x ) 2 − x + ( x − 1) + ( x + 1),
2 − ∴ cos x − sin x > 0
+ K + (1 − x )(2 − x )K (n − 1 − x )] x + ( x − 1) − ( x + 1),
∴ f ( x) =  π
 dy  Also, when < x < π,cos x < sin x
⇒   = − [(n − 1)! + 0 + K + 0] 2 + x + ( x − 1) − ( x + 1),
4
 dx  x = 1 2 + x − ( x − 1) − ( x + 1), ∴ cos x − sin x < 0
= (−1)(n − 1)!  if x < −1 ∴ |cos x − sin x|= − (cos x − sin x ), when
 if − 1 ≤ x < 0 π
4 We have, f ( x ) = x n < x< π
 4
⇒ f (1) = 1 = nC 0  if 0 ≤ x < 1 ⇒ f ′ ( x ) = sin x + cos x
f ′ (1) n n  if x ≥ 1 π π π
= = C1 ⇒ f ′   = sin + cos = 1 + 0 = 1
1! 1!  x + 2, if x < −1  2 2 2
f ′ ′ (1) n (n − 1) n  − x, if − 1 ≤ x < 0
⇒ = = C2 = 2sin x ⋅ cos x ⋅ cos 2 x ⋅ cos 4 x
2! 2!
 x, if 0 ≤ x < 1 ⋅ cos 8 x ⋅ cos 16 x
f ′ ′ ′ (1) n (n − 1) (n − 2) n 9 f ( x) =
= = C3 2 − x, if x ≥ 1 2sin x
3! 3! x < −1 sin 2 x cos 2 x cos 4 x ⋅ cos 8 x ⋅ cos 16 x
 1, if
=
M M  −1, if −1 ≤ x < 0 2 sin x
M M ⇒ f ′( x ) = 
 1, if 0 ≤ x < 1 = 5
sin 32 x
f n (1) n ! n
= = Cn  −1, if x≥1 2 sin x
n! n!
∴ f ′( x ) =
1
⋅ ⇒ f ′ (− x )(−1) = − f ′ ( x ) d2 y dy
(1 + x2 ) + ⋅x
32 ⇒ f ′ (− x ) = f ′ ( x )∴ ⇒ dx
2
dx
32cos 32 x ⋅ sin x − cos x ⋅ sin 32 x f ′ (−3) = f ′ (3) = −2 1+ x 2
sin2 x
15 Since, fog = I ⇒ fog ( x ) = x for all x n2 ( x + 1 + x2 )n
1 1 =
32 × − ×0 ⇒ f ′ ( g ( x )) g ′ ( x ) = 1 for all x
π 1 + x2
⇒ f ′   = 2 2 = 2 1 1
 4  1 
2
⇒ f ′(g (a)) = = 2
d y dy
32 g ′ (a) 2 ⇒ (1 + x2 ) + x
 2  dx2 dx
1
⇒ f ′( b ) = [Q g (a) = b] = n2 ( x + 1 + x2 )n
10 ∴ sin y = x sin(a + y ) 2
2
sin y d y dy
⇒ x= 16 x2 x − 2 x x cot y − 1 = 0 …(i) ⇒ (1 + x2 ) + x = n2 y
sin(a + y ) dx2 dx
Now, x = 1,
On differentiating w.r.t. y, we get 1 − 2 cot y − 1 = 0 2t 1 − t2
dx sin(a + y )cos y − sin y cos(a + y )
19 We have, x = ,y =
= ⇒ cot y = 0 1+ t 2
1 + t2
dy sin2 (a + y ) π
⇒ y = Put t = tan θ
dx sin a 2
⇒ = 2 tan θ
dy sin2 (a + y ) On differentiating Eq. (i) w.r.t. x, we get ∴ x= = sin 2θ and
1 + tan2 θ
dy sin2 (a + y ) dy
⇒ = 2 x2 x (1 + log x ) − 2 [ x x (− cosec2 y ) 1 − tan2 θ
dx sin a dx y = = cos 2θ
+ cot y x x (1 + log x )] = 0 1 + tan2 θ
11 Given, y = (1 − x ) (1 + x2 ) π dy dy / dθ − 2sin 2θ
At  1,  , 2 (1 + log 1) ∴ = = = − tan 2θ
(1 + x 4 )...(1 + x2 n )  2 dx dx / dθ 2cos 2θ
(1 − x2 ) (1 + x2 )...(1 + x2 n )   − 2 tan θ
or y =   =
 dy  1 − tan2 θ
(1 + x ) − 2 1 (− 1)   + 0 = 0
   π
dx 1,  
1 − ( x )4 n  2  − 2t 2t
= = = 2
(1 + x ) 1 − t2 t –1
 dy 
⇒ 2+ 2  =0
(1 + x ) ⋅ (0 − 4n ⋅ x 4 n − 1 )  dx  1, π   
1 1
20 Q dx =  asin t × 
−1
 2 
− (1 − x 4 n ) ⋅ 1  1 − t 2 
dy −1
∴ =  dy  dt 2 asin t

dx (1 + x )2 ∴   = −1
 dx  1, π   
 2  dy 1  acos t ×
−1 −1 
 dy  and =
∴ = −1 
  1 − t 
−1
 dx  x = 0 dt 2 acos t

2
17 Given that, x m y n = ( x + y )m + n
 acos t 
−1 −1
12 We have, f :(−1,1) → R Taking log on both sides, we get dy asin t

∴ =−  × 1
m log x + n log y = (m + n )log( x + y ) dx −1
 a sin −1 t

f (0) = −1, f ′(0) = 1 acos t
On differentiating w.r.t. x, we get cos −1 t

g ( x ) = [ f (2 f ( x ) + 2)]2 m n dy (m + n )  dy  a
+ = =−
⇒ g ′( x ) = 2[ f (2 f ( x ) + 2)] 1 +  sin −1
t
x y dx ( x + y )  dx  a
× f ′(2 f ( x ) + 2) × 2 f ′( x ) 2 −1
dy  m + n n  m m + n  dy  acos t y2
⇒ g ′(0) = 2[ f {2 f (0) + 2}] ⇒  −  = − ∴ 1+   =1+ =1+ 2
dx  x + y y x x+ y  dx  asin −1 t x
× f ′{2 f (0) + 2} × 2 f ′(0)
= 2[ f (0)] × f ′(0) × 2 f ′(0) x2 + y 2
dy  my + ny − nx − ny  =
⇒   x2
= 2 × (−1) × 1 × 2 × 1 = −4 dx  y( x + y ) 
mx + my − mx − nx  x + 1  x − 1
13 Let f ( x ) = Ax2 + Bx + C 21 Q y = sec −1  −1
=
− 1  + sin  x + 1 
∴ f (1) = A + B + C x( x + y )  x   
and f (−1) = A − B + C ∴
dy
=
y  x − 1  x − 1 π
= cos −1   + sin −1  =
dx x
Q f (1) = f (−1) [given]  x + 1  x + 1 2
⇒ A+ B+C = A−B+C 18 d ( y ) = n ( x + 1 + x2 )n − 1 ⇒
dy π
= 0 Qsin −1 x + cos −1 x = 
dx  2 
⇒ 2B = 0 ⇒ B = 0 dx
 x 
∴ f ( x ) = Ax2 + C 1 +   
⇒ f ′( x ) = 2 Ax

 1 + x2  22 Let y = tan −1  6 x x1 
 1 − 9x 
∴ f ′(a) = 2 Aa dy
 2 ⋅ (3 x3 /2 ) 
⇒ ( 1 + x2 ) = n ( x + 1 + x2 )n −1
f ′(b ) = 2 Ab and f ′(c ) = 2 Ac dx = tan  3 /2 2 
 1 − (3 x ) 
Also, a, b, c are in AP. d2 y dy  x 
 = 2 tan −1 (3 x3 /2 )
⇒ ( 1 + x2 ) +
So, 2 Aa, 2 Ab and 2 Ac are in AP. dx2 dx  1 + x2  Q2 tan −1 x = tan −1 2 x 
Hence, f ′(a), f ′(b )and f ′(c )are also in AP.  1 − x2 
 x 
14 Since, f ( x ) is odd. = n2 ( x + 1 + x2 )n − 1  1 + 
∴
dy
= 2⋅
1 3 1 /2
⋅ 3 × ( x)
 1 + x2 
  dx 1 + (3 x3 /2 )2 2
∴ f (− x ) = − f ( x )
−1
9 acos x
= ⋅ x 27 y = , z = acos
−1
x
1 + 9 x3 1+ a cos −1 x f ′( x ) f ( x )
9 32 Since, =0
∴g ( x ) = z f ′′( x ) f ′( x )
1 + 9 x3 ⇒ y =
1+ z ∴ ( f ′( x ))2 − f ′′( x ) ⋅ f ( x ) = 0
−1
23 Given, y = sec (tan x ) dy (1 + z )1 − z (1)
⇒ = ( f ′( x ))2 − f ′′( x ) ⋅ f ( x )
Let tan −1 x = θ dz (1 + z ) 2 ⇒ =0
( f ′( x ))2
⇒ x = tanθ 1
= d  f ( x) 
∴ y = secθ = 1 + x2 (1 + z ) 2 ⇒ =0
On differentiating both sides w.r.t. x, we 1 dx  f ′( x )
= −1
get (1 + acos x ) 2 f ( x)
dy 1 ⇒ = c , (constant)
= ⋅ 2x f ′( x )
dx 2 1 + x2 28 Since g ( x ) is the inverse of f ( x )
At x = 1 ∴ f (g ( x )) = x
1
dy 1 ⇒ f ′(g ( x )) ⋅ g ′( x ) = 1 =c
= 2
dx 2 1
⇒ g ′( x ) = = 1 + (g ( x ))5 f ( x) 1
f ′(g ( x )) ⇒ =
 1 + x2 − 1 − x2 
24 Given, y = tan −1  f ′( x ) 2
. ⇒ g ′′( x ) = 5 (g ( x ))4 ⋅ g ′ ( x ).
 1 + x + 1 − x 
2 2
= 5 (g ( x ))4 (1 + (g ( x ))5 ) f ′( x )
⇒ =2
Put x = cos 2θ
2 −1 f ( x)
29 Since, dx =  
dy
 cos θ − sin θ   dx  d
∴ y = tan  −1 dy ⇒ (log f ( x )) = 2

 cos θ + sin θ  2
d x  dy 
−2 2
d y dx
dx
⇒ =−  ⋅ ⇒ log( f ( x )) = 2 x + k
 1 − tan θ 
−1 dy 2  dx  dx2 dy
= tan   On putting x = 0, we get 0 = k
 1 + tan θ   d y   dy
2 −3
= −  2    ⇒ log( f ( x )) = 2 x
= tan −1  π
tan  − θ
  dx   dx 
 4   ⇒ f ( x) = e2 x
 log(e / x2 ) f ( x) − 1
π π 1 30 Given, y = tan −1   e2 x − 1
−θ== − cos −1 x2 Now, lim = lim ⋅ 2 = 2.
 log(ex ) 
2
x→ 0 x x→ 0 2x
4 4 2
 3 + 2 log
−1 x
dy x x + tan   33 f ′′( x )
∴ = 0+ =  1 − 6 log x
dx 1 − x4 1 − x4
 log e − log x2  d2 d2 d2
∴ y = tan −1  (3 x2 ) (cos x ) (sin x )
2 
2 2
25 On putting x = sinθ and y = sin φ , we get dx dx dx2
 log e + log x  = 6 −1 0
Given equation becomes  3 + 2 log x
+ tan −1  P P2 P3
cos θ + cos φ = a(sin θ − sin φ) 
 1 − 6 log x
 θ + φ  cos  θ − φ 
⇒ 2cos      1 − 2 log x  6 − cos x − sin x
 2   2  = tan −1  
 1 + 2 log x  = 6 −1 0
 θ + φ  θ − φ 
= a 2cos   sin   P P2 P3
  2   2   3 + 2 log x 
+ tan −1  
θ−φ  1 − 6 log x  6 −1 0
⇒ = cot −1 a
2 = tan −1 (1) − tan −1 (2 log x ) ∴ f ′′(0) = 6 −1 0 = 0, which is
⇒ θ − φ = 2cot −1 a + tan −1 (3) + tan −1 (2 log x ) P P2 P3
⇒ sin −1 x − sin −1 y = 2cot −1 a = tan (1) + tan −1 (3)
−1
independent of P.
1 1 dy dy d2 y
⇒ − =0 Now, = 0 and 2 = 0 34 I. Let y = (log x ) log x
1− x 2
1− y 2 dx
dx dx
On taking log both sides, we get
dy 1 − y2 31 Since, y = f ( x ) is symmetrical about the log y = log ( log x ) log x
∴ =
dx 1 − x2 Y-axis ⇒ log y = log x log [log x]
∴ f ( x ) is an even function. [Q log m n = n log m]
26 On putting x = sin A and x = sin B Also, as y = g ( x ) is symmetrical about On differentiating both sides w.r.t.
y = sin −1 (sin A 1 − sin2 B the origin x, we get
∴ g ( x ) is an odd function. 1 dy
= (log x )
d
+ sin B 1 − sin2 A ) {log (log x )}
−1
Thus, h( x ) = f ( x ) ⋅ g ( x ) is an odd y dx dx
= sin (sin A cos B + sin B cos A ) function. d
= sin −1 [sin( A + B )] + log (log x ) log x
or h( x ) = − h(− x ) dx
= A + B = sin −1 x + sin −1 x
Now, h ′( x ) = h ′ (− x ) 1 1 1
dy 1 1 = (log x ) + log (log x )
⇒ = + and h "( x ) = − h ′′(− x ) log x x x
dx 1 − x2 2 x − x2 ⇒ h ′′(0) = − h ′′(0) 1
= {1 + log (log x )}
⇒ h ′′(0) = 0 x
⇒
dy y
= {1 + log (log x )} 3 3 f ( x ) − 2 f (1 / x ) = x …(i) When x = 0, we get from Eq. (i),
dx x y ′ = −1
Let 1 / x = y , then
(log x ) log x 2 −2 − π /2
= {1 + log (log x )} 3 f (1 / y ) − 2 f ( y ) = 1 /y ⇒ y ′′ (0) = = e
x − ae π /2 a
⇒ −2 f ( y ) + 3 f (1 / y ) = 1 /y
1 log(log x )
= (log x ) log x + ⇒ −2 f ( x ) + 3 f (1 / x ) = 1 /x …(ii) 6 Given, y = |sin x || x |
 x x 
On multiplying Eq. (i) by 3 and Eq. (ii) In the neighbourhood of
II. Let y = cos (a cos x + b sin x ). by 2 and adding, we get π
On differentiating w.r.t. x, we get − , | x |and|sin x | both are negative
2 6
d 5 f ( x) = 3 x +
{cos(acos x + b sin x} x i.e. y = (− sin x )( − x )
dx
f ( x ) =  3 x + 
1 2 On taking log both sides, we get
= − sin(a cos x + b sin x ) ⇒
5 x log y = (− x ) ⋅ log (− sin x )
d
(acos x + b sin x ) 1 2 On differentiating both sides, we get
dx ⇒ f ′( x ) =  3 − 2 
= (− x ) 
5 x  1 dy 1 
= − sin(acos x + b sin x ) ⋅  ⋅ (− cos x )
y dx  − sin x 
[− asin x + b cos x] 1 2 1
⇒ f ′(2) = 3 −  =
5 4 2 + log(− sin x ) ⋅ (−1)
= (asin x − b cos x )
= − x cot x − log (− sin x )
sin (acos x + b sin x ) 4 f ( x ) = (cos x + i sin x ) = − [ x cot x + log (− sin x )]
35 Given, u = f (tan x ) (cos 2 x + i sin 2 x )(cos 3 x + i sin 3 x ) ⇒
dy
= − y [ x cot x + log (− sin x )]
du … (cos nx + i sin nx ) dx
⇒ = f ′(tan x )sec2 x − π
dx = cos( x + 2 x + 3 x + ...+ nx ) + i sin
∴  
dy (2) 6
and v = g (sec x ) ( x + 2 x + 3 x + ...+ nx ) = [6 log 2 − 3 π]
 dx  at x=−
π 6
⇒
dv
= g ′(sec x )sec x tan x n (n + 1) n (n + 1)
= cos x + i sin x 6
dx 2 2
du (du / dx ) f ′(tan x ) 1 7 Since, f ′( x ) > g ′( x )
n (n + 1)
∴ = = ⋅ ⇒ f ′( x ) = 
⇒   52 x
dv (dv / dx ) g ′(sec x ) sin x 1 +1
 2  log e 5 × 2 >
 2
f ′(1)
∴  
du n (n + 1) n (n + 1) 
= ⋅ 2 −
 dv  x = π 4 g ′( 2 ) sin x + i cos x 5x log e 5 + 4 log e 5
 2 2 
⇒ 5 ⋅ 5> 5x + 4 2x
2 1 2
= ⋅ 2=  n (n + 1) ⇒ 5⋅ 52 x – 5 x – 4 > 0
4 2 f ′′ ( x ) = −
 2  ⇒ (5 x – 1) (5⋅ 5 x + 4) > 0
cos n (n + 1) x + i sin n (n + 1) x  ∴ 5x > 1
SESSION 2   ⇒ x> 0
2 2
1 We have, f ( x ) = |log 2 − sin x| and d
{ f ′( x )} = − f ( x )
2
 n (n + 1) 8 Given,
g ( x ) = f ( f ( x )), x ∈ R =− ⋅ f ( x)
 
2 dx
Note that, for x→ 0, log 2 > sin x 2
⇒ g ′( x ) = − f ( x )
∴ f ( x ) = log 2 − sin x  n (n + 1)
∴ f ′ ′ (1) = − f (1) [Q g ( x ) = f ′ ( x ), given]
 2 
⇒ g ( x ) = log 2 − sin( f ( x ))
n (n + 1)
2 Also, given F ( x )
= log 2 − sin(log 2 − sin x )
= − 2 2
Clearly, g ( x ) is differentiable at x = 0 as  2  =  f    +  g   
x x
sin x is differentiable.   2   2
Now, 5 When x = 0, y > 0 ⇒ y = ae π /2
⇒ F ′( x ) = 2  f    f ′   ⋅
x x 1
g ′ ( x ) = − cos (log 2 − sin x ) (− cos x ) On taking log both sides of the given
= cos x.cos(log 2 − sin x ) equation, we get   2  2 2
⇒ g ′ (0) = 1 ⋅ cos (log 2) log ( x2 + y 2 ) = log a + tan −1  
1 y
+ 2  g    ⋅ g ′   ⋅ = 0
x x 1
2  x
2 We have,   2    2  2
y = sin x ⋅ sin 2 x ⋅ sin 3 x⋅....sin nx On differentiating both sides w.r.t. x, we
get Hence, f ( x ) is constant. Therefore,
∴ y ′ = cos x ⋅ sin 2 x ⋅ sin 3 x...⋅ sin nx F(10) = 5 .
1 2 x + 2 yy ′ 1 xy ′− y
× 2 = ×
+ sin x ⋅ (2cos 2 x ) sin 3x...sin nx 2 x + y2 2
x2
 y
1+   9 Let y = f ( x ), then x = f −1 ( y ).
+ sin x ⋅ sin 2 x(3cos 3 x )...sin nx  x d2 x
+ ...+ sin x sin 2 x sin 3 x...(cos nx ) Now, = ( f −1 )′′ ( y )
⇒ x + yy ′ = xy ′− y …(i) d y2
(by product rule) Again, on differentiating both sides −1
dx  dy 
⇒ y ′ = cot x ⋅ y + 2 ⋅ cot 2 x ⋅ y w.r.t. x, we get Q = 
1 + ( y ′ )2 + yy ′′ = xy ′ ′+ y ′− y ′ dy  dx 
+3 ⋅ cot 3 x ⋅ y + ...+ n ⋅ cot nx ⋅ y
−1
⇒ y ′ = y [cot x + 2cot 2 x ⇒ 1 + ( y ′ )2 = ( x − y )y ′′ d2 x d d y 
∴ =  
+3cot 3 x + ...+ n cot nx] 1 + ( y ′ )2 d y2 dy  d x 
n ⇒ y ′′=
x− y
∑ k cot kx
−1
⇒ y′ = y ⋅ d  dy  dx
k =1 =   ⋅
dx  dx  dy
−2 3 /2
 dy 
= −  ⋅
d 2 y dx
⋅
  dy  
2
d2 y 13 Since, g ( x ) = f −1 ( x )
 dx  ∴ 1 +   
dx2 dy  dx  dx2 ∴ f (g ( x )) = x ⇒ f ′ (g ( x )) ⋅ g ′ ( x ) = 1
 
−d 2 y 1
−3 ⇒ g ′( x ) =
2 = (1 + cot2 3 t )3 /2   cosec3 3t cos 2t f ′ (g ( x ))
= dx 3  a
 dy  −7
g ′   =
1
  
3 /2
⇒
 dy  
2
 dx  d2 y π  6   7 
⇒ 1 +    at t = is f ′g− 
Since, y = 4 when x = 2  dx  dx2 6   6 
 
d2 y 1
a
=
2a =
dx2 x = 2 −1 π  −1  − 7  
∴ ( f −1 )′′ (4) = − = 3 cos
3 f ′ f  
3
27   6 
 dy  3
   Q f (1) = − 4 + 1 + 1 + 1 + 1 = − 7
 dx  12 Clearly, f ( x ) = e g ( x )
x =2  2 3 6
Now, as g ( x + 1) = x + g ( x ) −1  7  
10 f ( x ) = sin (sin x ) ∴f   =1
∴ e g (x + 1 ) = e x + g (x ) = e x ⋅ e g (x )  6 
⇒ f ′ ( x ) = cos x ⋅ cos (sin x ) ⇒ f ( x + 1) = e x f ( x ) 1
⇒ f ′ ′ ( x ) = − sin x ⋅ cos (sin x ) =
On taking log both sides, we get 5
− cos 2 x ⋅ sin(sin x ) ln f ( x + 1) = ln (e x ⋅ f ( x ))  1−x

2  − 1  + 1 + x + x2
Now, g ( x ) = − [ f ′ ′ ( x ) + f ′ ( x ) ⋅ tan x]
⇒
1
. f ′ ( x + 1) Q f ′ ( x ) = − 4e 
 2
 
= sin x ⋅ cos (sin x ) + cos 2 x ⋅ sin(sin x ) f ( x + 1)  
− tan x ⋅ cos x ⋅ cos (sin x )
= sin x ⋅ cos (sin x ) + cos 2 x ⋅ sin(sin x ) =1+
1
. f ′( x ) 14 We have, f ( x ) = 100 ( x − i )i (101 − i )
f ( x) 11
− sin x ⋅ cos (sin x ) i =1
= cos 2 x ⋅ sin (sin x ) f ′ ( x + 1) f ′ ( x ) 100

⇒ − =1 ⇒ log f ( x ) = Σ i (101 − i ) log ( x − i )
f ( x + 1) f ( x) i =1
11 We have, 1 100
1
dx  cos t ⋅ sin 2t  f '  1 +  f '  
1 1 ⋅ f '( x ) = ∑ i (101 − i )⋅
= a  − sin t cos 2t −   3  3 f ( x) i =1 x−i
dt  cos 2t  ⇒ − =1
f ′ (101) 100 (101 − i )
f  1 +  f  
1 1 ⇒ = Σ i
−asin 3 t  3  3 f (101) i = 1 (101 − i )
=
cos 2 t 100 100(101)
f ′  2 +
1
f ′  1 +
1 = Σ i= = 5050
  i =1 2
dy  sin t ⋅ sin 2t   3  3
and = a cos t cos 2t −  − =1
dt  cos 2t  
f 2 +
1 
f 1 +
1 15 Given, x = 2t − |t|and y = t 3 + t 2 |t|
 
 3  3 Clearly,x = t , y = 2t 3 when t ≥ 0
acos 3 t 1
= f ′  n +  f ′  (n − 1) +
1 and x = 3t , y = 0 when t < 0
cos 2 t 
 3  3 On eliminating the parameter t, we get
− =1
dy dy / dt  1  1 2 x3 , when x ≥ 0
∴ = = − cot3t f n +  f  (n − 1) +  y =
dx dx / dt  3  3
 0, when x < 0
d2 y dt
⇒ = 3cosec 2 3t ⋅ on adding columnwise, we get dy  6 x2 , when x > 0
dx2 dx Now, =
f ′  n +  f ′  
1 1 dx  0, when x < 0
−3cosec2 3t ⋅ cos 2t 
= 3  3
asin 3t − =n Q (LHD) at x = 0 = (RHD) at x = 0 = 0
f  n +  f  
1 1
∴ Its derivative at x = 0
 3
= −   cosec3 3t ⋅ cos 2t  3  3
 a (i.e. at t = 0 is 0)
DAY THIRTEEN
Applications of
Derivatives
u Derivatives as the Rate of u Tangent and Normal to a Curve u Rolle’s Theorem
Change u Angle of Intersection of Two u Lagrange’s Mean Value
u Increasing and Decreasing Curves Theorem
Function
Derivatives as the Rate of Change

dy
is nothing but the rate of change of y, relative to x. If a variable quantity y is some
dx
function of time t i.e. y = f (t ), then small change in time ∆t have a corresponding change ∆y
∆y
in y. Thus, the average rate of change =
∆t
When limit ∆t → 0 is applied, the rate of change becomes instantaneous and we get the rate
of change with respect to at the instant t , i.e.
∆y dy
lim =
∆t → 0 ∆ t dt
dy
is positive if y increases as t increase and it is negative if y decrease as t increase.
PRED
dt MIRROR
Increasing and Decreasing Function u No. of Questions in Exercises (x)—
l
A function f is said to be an increasing function in ]a, b [, if x1 < x2 ⇒ f ( x1 ) ≤ f ( x2 ), u No. of Questions Attempted (y)—
∀ x1 , x2 ∈] a, b [. u No. of Correct Questions (z)—
l
A function f is said to be a decreasing function in ] a, b [, if x1 < x2 ⇒ f ( x1 ) ≥ f ( x2 ), (Without referring Explanations)
∀ x1 , x2 ∈] a, b [.
l
f ( x) is known as increasing, if f ′ ( x) ≥ 0 and decreasing, if f ′ ( x) ≤ 0.
l
f ( x) is known as strictly increasing, if f ′ ( x) > 0 and strictly decreasing, if f ′ ( x) < 0.
l
Let f ( x) be a function that is continuous in [a, b ] and differentiable in (a, b ). Then, In order to expect good rank in JEE,
(i) f ( x) is an increasing function in [a, b ], if f ′( x) > 0 in (a, b ). above 85 & Prep Level should be
above 75.
(ii) f ( x) is strictly increasing function in (a, b ), if f ′( x) > 0 in (a, b ).
(iii) f ( x) is a decreasing function in [a, b ], if f ′( x) < 0 in (a, b ). 1

(b) Equation of normal is y − y1 = − ( x − x1 )
(iv) f ( x) is a strictly decreasing function in [a, b ], if f ′( x) < 0 dy
 
 
in (a, b ). dx ( x 1 , y1 )
2
  dy  
Monotonic Function (c) Length of normal is PB = y1 sec ψ = y1 1 +  
  
 dx ( x 1 , y1 )
A function f is said to be monotonic in an interval, if it is
either increasing or decreasing in that interval.
 dy 
(d) Length of subnormal is BC = y1 tan ψ = y1  
Results on Monotonic Function  dx  ( x
1, y1 )
(i) If f ( x) is a strictly increasing function on an interval

[a, b ], then f −1 exists and it is also a strictly increasing Angle of Intersection of Two Curves
function. The angle of intersection of two curves is defined to be the angle
(ii) If f ( x) is strictly increasing function on an interval [a, b ] between their tangents, to the two curves at their point of
such that it is continuous, then f −1 is continuous on intersection.
[ f (a), f (b )]. The angle between the tangents of the two curves y = f1 ( x) and
(iii) If f ( x) is continuous on [a, b ] such that f ′ (c) ≥ 0 [ f ′ (c) > 0] y = f2 ( x) is given by
for each c ∈(a, b ), then f ( x) is monotonically increasing  dy   dy 
  − 
on [a, b ]. dx I ( x 1 , y1 )  dx  II ( x 1 , y1 ) m1 − m2
tan φ = or
(iv) If f ( x) is continuous on [a, b ] such that f ′ (c) ≤ 0 ( f ′ (c) < 0) dy
  dy
  1 + m1 m2
1+ 
for each c ∈[a, b ], then f ( x) is monotonically decreasing  dx  I ( x , y )  dx  II ( x , y )
1 1 1 1
function on [a, b ].
(v) Monotonic function have atmost one root.
Orthogonal Curves
Tangent and Normal to If the angle of intersection of two curves is a right angle, the two
curves are said to intersect orthogonally and the curves are
a Curve called orthogonal curves.
(i) If a tangent is drawn to Y Tangent π  dy   dy 
Normal If φ = , m1 m2 = − 1 ⇒     = − 1
the curve y = f ( x) at a 2  dx  I  dx  II
point P( x1 , y1 ) and this P (x1, y1)
tangent makes an angle NOTE • Two curves touch each other, if m1 = m2 .
ψ with positive ψ
ψ
X -direction, then
O A C B
X Rolle’s Theorem
(a) The slope of the Let f be a real-valued function defined in the closed interval
tangent is graph desenber tangents
[a, b ], such that
 dy  and normal
(i) f ( x) is continuous in the closed interval [a, b ].
  = tan ψ
dx  ( x , y )
1 1
(ii) f ( x) is differentiable in the open interval (a, b ).
(iii) f (a) = f (b ), then there is some point c in the open interval
 dy  (a, b ), such that f ′ (c) = 0.
(b) Equation of tangent is y − y1 =   ( x − x1 )
 dx  ( x
1, y1 )
Geometrically,
(c) Length of tangent is Y Y
2
  dy  
1 +   
 
 dx ( x 1 , y1 
PA = y1 cosec ψ = y1
 dy  f(c)
 
dx ( x 1 , y1 ) X X
O a c b O a b
y1 graph of a differentiable function, satisfying the hypothesis of

(d) Length of subtangent AC = y1 cot ψ =
(dy / dx)( x 1 , y1 ) Rolle’s theorem.
There is atleast one point c between a and b, such that the
(ii) The normal to a curve at a point P( x1 , y1 ) is a line tangent to the graph at (c, f (c)) is parallel to the X -axis.
perpendicular to tangent at P and passing through P,
then Algebraic Interpretation of Rolle’s Theorem
1
(a) The slope of the normal is − Between any two roots of a polynomial f ( x), there is always a
(dy / dx)( x 1 , y1 ) root of its derivative f ′ ( x).
DAY FOUR APPLICATIONS OF DERIVATIVES 129
f (b ) − f (a)
Lagrange’s Mean Value Theorem f ′ (c) =
b −a
.
Let f be a real function, continuous on the closed interval [a, b ]
Geometrically For any chord of the curve y = f ( x), there is a
and differentiable in the open interval (a, b ). Then, there is
atleast one point c in the open interval (a, b ), such that point on the graph, where the tangent is parallel to this chord.
Y Remarks In the particular case, where f (a) = f (b ).
(b, f(b))
f (b ) − f (a)
The expression becomes zero.
(a, f(a)) (c, f(c))
b −a
Thus, when f (a) = f (b ), f ′ (c) = 0 for some c in (a, b ).
X Thus, Rolle’s theorem becomes a particular case of the mean
O a c b
value theorem.
graph of a continuous functions explain Lagrange’s mean
value theorem.

1 If the volume of a sphere is increasing at a constant rate, 6 A spherical balloon is being inflated at the rate of
then the rate at which its radius is increasing, is 35 cc/min. The rate of increase in the surface area
(a) a constant (in cm 2 /min) of the balloon when its diameter is 14 cm, is
(b) proportional to the radius j JEE Mains 2013
(c) inversely proportional to the radius (a) 10 (b) 10 (c) 100 (d) 10 10
(d) inversely proportional to the surface area
7 Oil is leaking at the rate of 16 cm 3 /s from a vertically kept
2 Moving along the X -axis there are two points with cylindrical drum containing oil. If the radius of the drum is
x = 10 + 6 t , x = 3 + t 2 . The speed with which they are 7 cm and its height is 60 cm. Then, the rate at which the
reaching from each other at the time of encounter is (x is level of the oil is changing when oil level is 18 cm, is
in centimetre and t is in seconds) −16 −16 16 −16
(a) (b) (c) (d)
(a) 16 cm/s (b) 20 cm/s (c) 8 cm/s (d) 12 cm/s 49π 48 π 49π 47 π
3 An object is moving in the clockwise direction around the 8 Two men A and B start with velocities v at the same time
unit circle x 2 + y 2 = 1. As it passes through the point from the junction of two roads inclined at 45° to each
 1 3 other. If they travel by different roads, the rate at which
 ,  , its y-coordinate is decreasing at the rate of 3 they are being separated. j NCERT Exemplar
2 2 
units per second. The rate at which the x-coordinate (a) 2− 2 ⋅v (b) 2+ 2 ⋅v
changes at this point is (in unit per second) (c) 2 − 1⋅ v (d) 2+ 2 ⋅v
(a) 2 (b) 3 3 (c) 3 (d) 2 3
9 The interval in which the function f ( x ) = x 1 / x is
4 The position of a point in time ‘ t ’ is given by
increasing, is
x = a + bt − ct 2 , y = at + bt 2 . Its acceleration at time ‘ t ’ is
(a) (−∞, e) (b) (e, ∞)
(a) b − c (b) b + c (c) 2 b − 2 c (d) 2 b 2 + c 2
(c) (−∞, ∞) (d) None of these
5 Water is dripping out from a conical funnel of x
π 10 The function f ( x ) = is
semi-vertical angle at the uniform rate of 2 cm 2 /s in the 1+ | x |
4
(a) strictly increasing
surface area, through a tiny hole at the vertex of the
(b) strictly decreasing
bottom. When the slant height of cone is 4 cm, the rate of
(c) neither increasing nor decreasing
decrease of the slant height of water, is j NCERT Exemplar (d) not differential at x = 0
2 1
(a) cm/s (b) cm/s 11 The length of the longest interval, in which the function
4π 4π
1 3 sin x − 4 sin3 x is increasing, is
(c) cm/s (d) None of these π π 3π
π 2 (a) (b) (c) (d) π
3 2 2
π 23 The tangent drawn at the point (0, 1) on the curve

12 An angle θ, 0 < θ < , which increases twice as fast as its
2 y = e 2 x , meets X -axis at the point
sine, is j NCERT Exemplar 1 1
(a)  , 0 (b)  − , 0 (c) (2, 0) (d) (0, 0)
π 3π π π 2   2 
(a) (b) (c) (d)
2 2 4 3
24 If the normal to the curve y 2 = 5x − 1 at the point (1,−2) is
13 The value of x for which the polynomial of the form ax − 5y + b = 0 , then a and b are
2 x 3 − 9x 2 + 12 x + 4 is a decreasing function of x, is (a) 4 ,− 14 (b) 4 ,14 (c) −4 ,14 (d) 4 , 2
(a) −1 < x < 1 (b) 0 < x < 2 3 2
25 The curve y = ax + bx + cx + 5 touches the X -axis at
(c) x > 3 (d) 1 < x < 2
P( −2, 0) and cuts the Y -axis at a point Q, where its
1 gradient is 3. Then,
14 If f ( x ) = − log(1 + x ), x > 0, then f is
x +1 1 3
(a) a = − , b = − and c = 3
(a) an increasing function 2 4
(b) a decreasing function 1 3
(b) a = , b = − and c = − 3
(c) both increasing and decreasing function 2 4
(d) None of the above 1 1
(c) a = , b = − and c = 3
2 4
15 If f ( x ) = sin x − cos x , the interval in which function is (d) None of the above
decreasing in 0 ≤ x ≤ 2 π, is
5π 3π π π 26 The product of the lengths of subtangent and subnormal
(a)  , (b)  ,  at any point of a curve is
 6 4   4 2 
3π 5π (a) square of the abscissa (b) square of the ordinate
(c)  , (d) None of these (c) constant (d) None of these
 2 2 
27 The tangent at (1, 7) to the curve x 2 = y − 6 touches the
3 2
16 If f ( x ) = − 2x + 21x − 60x + 41, then circle x 2 + y 2 + 16x + 12y + c = 0 at
(a) f (x) is decreasing in (−∞, 1) (a) (6, 7) (b) (−6, 7) (c) (6, − 7) (d) (−6, − 7)
(b) f (x) is decreasing in (−∞, 2)
(c) f (x) is increasing in (−∞, 1)
28 If the line ax + by + c = 0 is normal to curve xy + 5 = 0,
(d) f (x) is increasing in (−∞, 2) then
λ sin x + 6 cos x (a) a + b = 0 (b) a > 0 (c) a < 0, b < 0 (d) a = − 2b
17 Function f ( x ) = is monotonic increasing, if x
2 sin x + 3 cos x 29 The length of subnormal to the curve y = at the
(a) λ > 1 (b) λ < 1 (c) λ < 4 (d) λ > 4
1− x2
point having abscissa 2 is
18 The sum of intercepts on coordinate axes made by
tangent to the curve x + y = a , is (a) 5 2 (b) 3 3 (c) 3 (d) 3 2
(a) a (b) 2a 30 If m is the slope of a tangent to the curve e = 1 + x 2 , then

y
(c) 2 a (d) None of these (a) m ≤1 (b) m > − 1 (c) m >1 (d) m >1
x x
19 Line joining the points (0, 3) and (5, −2) is a tangent to 31 If the curves y = a and y = b intersects at angle α , then
ax tan α is equal to
the curve y = , then
1+ x a −b loga − logb
(a) (b)
(a) a = 1 ± 3 (b) a = φ 1 + ab 1 + loga logb
(c) a = −1 ± 3 (d) a = −2 ± 2 3 a+b loga + logb
(c) (d)
4 1 − ab 1 − loga logb
20 The equation of the tangent to the curve y = x + , that
x2 32 If the curves y 2 = 6x , 9x 2 + by 2 = 16 intersect each other
is parallel to the X-axis, is j AIEEE 2010 at right angles, then the value of b is
(a) y = 0 (b) y = 1 (c) y = 2 (d) y = 3 7
(a) 6 (b)
21 The slope of the tangent to the curve 2
9
x = 3 t 2 + 1, y = t 3 − 1, at x = 1 is (c) 4 (d)
2
1
(a) 0 (b) (c) ∞ (d) − 2
2 33 Angle between the tangents to the curve y = x 2 − 5x + 6
at the points (2, 0) and (3, 0) is
22 Coordinates of a point on the curve y = x log x at which
π π
the normal is parallel to the line 2 x − 2y = 3, are (a) (b)
2 6
(a) (0, 0) (b) (e,e) π π
(c) (d)
(c) (e 2 , 2 e 2 ) (d) (e − 2 , − 2 e − 2 ) 4 3
x2 y2 38 A value of C for which the conclusion of mean value

34 If the curves + = 1 and y 3 = 16x intersect at right
α 4 theorem holds for the function f ( x ) = loge x on the interval
angles, then the value of α is j JEE Mains 2013
[1, 3] is j AIEEE 2007
4 1 3 1
(a) 2 (b) (c) (d) (a) 2 log3 e (b) loge 3
3 2 4 2
35 f ( x ) satisfies the conditions of Rolle’s theorem in [1, 2] (c) log3 e (d) loge 3
2
and f ( x ) is continuous in [1, 2], then ∫ f ′ ( x ) dx is equal to 39 The abscissa of the points of the curve y = x 3 in the
1
interval [ −2, 2], where the slope of the tangents can be
(a) 3 (b) 0 (c) 1 (d) 2
obtained by mean value theorem for the interval [ −2, 2],
36 If the function f ( x ) = x 3 − 6x 2 + ax + b satisfies Rolle’s are
 2 3 + 1 2
theorem in the interval [1, 3] and f ′   = 0, then (a) ± (b) + 3
 3  3
(a) a = −11 (b) a = − 6 (c) a = 6 (d) a = 11 3
(c) ± (d) 0
37 If f ( x ) satisfies the conditions for Rolle’s theorem in [3, 5], 2
5
then ∫ f ( x ) dx is equal to 40 In the mean value theorem, f (b ) − f (a ) = (b − a )f ′ (c ), if
3
4 a = 4 , b = 9 and f ( x ) = x , then the value of c is
(a) 2 (b) −1 (c) 0 (d) −
3 (a) 8.00 (b) 5.25 (c) 4.00 (d) 6.25

1 A kite is moving horizontally at a height of 151.5 m. If the 6 If f ( x ) satisfy all the conditions of mean value theorem in
speed of kite is 10 m/s, how fast is the string being let out, 1
[ 0 , 2 ]. If f ( 0) = 0 and | f ′ ( x )| ≤ for all x in [ 0, 2 ], then
when the kite is 250 m away from the boy who is flying the 2
kite? The height of boy is 1.5 m. j NCERT Exemplar
(a) f (x) < 2 (b) | f (x)| ≤ 1
(a) 8 m/s (b) 12 m/s (c) 16 m/s (d) 19 m/s (c) f (x) = 2 x (d) f (x) = 3 for atleast one x in [0, 2]
2 The normal to the curve y ( x − 2) ( x − 3) = x + 6 at the π
7 If f ′ (sin x ) < 0 and f ′ ′ (sin x ) > 0 , ∀x ∈  0 , 
point, where the curve intersects the Y -axis passes  
2
through the point and g ( x ) = f (sin x ) + f (cos x ), then g ( x ) is decreasing in
1 1 1 1 π π π π π π
(a)  − , −  (b)  ,  (a)  ,  (b)  0,  (c)  0,  (d)  , 
 2 2 2 2  4 2  4  2  6 2
 1 1 1 1
(c)  , −  (d)  ,  8 If f ( x ) = ( x − p )( x −q )( x −r ), where p < q < r , are real
2 3 2 3
numbers, then application of Rolle’s theorem on f leads to
3 The values of a for which the function (a) (p + q + r )(pq + qr + rp) = 3
(a + 2)x 3 − 3 ax 2 + 9 ax − 1 = 0 decreases monotonically (b) (p + q + r )2 = 3 (pq + qr + rp)
throughout for all real x, are (c) (p + q + r )2 > 3 (pq + qr + rp)
(a) a < − 2 (b) a > − 2 (d) (p + q + r )2 < 3 (pq + qr + rp)
(c) −3 < a < 0 (d) − ∞ < a ≤ − 3 9 If f ( x ) is a monotonic polynomial of 2m − 1 degree, where
x x
4 If f ( x ) = and g ( x ) = , where 0 < x ≤ 1, then in m ∈ N, then the equation
sin x tan x [f ( x ) + f ( 3x ) + f ( 5x ) + ...+ f ( 2m − 1)x ] = 2m − 1 has
this interval
(a) atleast one real root (b) 2m roots
(a) both f (x) and g (x) are increasing functions
(c) exactly one real root (d) (2m + 1) roots
(b) both f (x) and g (x) are decreasing functions
(c) f (x) is an increasing function 10 A spherical balloon is filled with 4500 π cu m of helium
(d) g (x) is an increasing function gas. If a leak in the balloon causes the gas to escape at
x
5 f ( x ) = ∫ | log2 [log3 {log4 (cos t + a )}]| dt . If f ( x ) the rate of 72π cu m/min, then the rate (in m/min) at
0
which the radius of the balloon decreases 49 min after
is increasing for all real values of x, then the leakage began is j
AIEEE 2012
(a) a ∈ (−11 ,) (b) a ∈ (15
, ) 9 7 2 9
(a) (b) (c) (d)
(c) a ∈ (1, ∞) (d) a ∈ (5 , ∞) 7 9 9 2
11 The normal to the curve x 2 + 2xy − 3y 2 = 0 at (1, 1) (a) increases with increase in (b − a)
(b) decreases with increase in (b − a)
(a) does not meet the curve again JEE Mains 2015 j
(c) increases with decreases in (b − a)
(b) meets the curve again in the second quadrant (d) None of the above
(c) meets the curve again in the third quadrant
(d) meets the curve again in the fourth quadrant 15 The angle of intersection of curves,
12 If f and g are differentiable functions in ( 0, 1) satisfying y = [| sin x | + | cos x | ] and x 2 + y 2 = 5, where [⋅]
denotes greatest integral function is
f ( 0) = 2 = g (1), g ( 0) = 0 and f (1) = 6, then for some
π 1
c ∈] 0, 1[ j JEE Mains 2014
(a) (b) tan−1  
4  2
(a) 2f ′ (c) = g ′ (c) (b) 2f ′ (c) = 3g ′ (c)
(c) f ′ (c) = g ′ (c) (d) f ′ (c) = 2g ′ (c) (c) tan−1 (2) (d) None of these
13 If y = f ( x ) is the equation of a parabola which is touched 16 In [0, 1], Lagrange’s mean value theorem is not
by the line y = x at the point where x = 1, then applicable to
(a) 2f ′ (0) = 3f ′ (1) (b) f ′ (1) = 1  1 − x, x<
1
 2 2  sin x , x ≠ 0
(c) f (0) + f ′ (1) + f ′ ′ (1) = 2 (d) 2f (0) = 1 + f ′ (0) (a) f (x) =  (b) f (x) = 
1
2
1  x
14 Let a + b = 4, a < 2 and g ( x ) be a monotonically  − x  , x ≥  1, x=0
 2  2
increasing function of x. Then,
a b (c) f (x) = x | x | (d) f (x) = | x |
f ( x ) = ∫ g ( x ) dx + ∫ g ( x ) dx
0 0
ANSWERS
SESSION 1 1 (d) 2 (c) 3 (b) 4 (d) 5 (a) 6 (a) 7 (c) 8 (a) 9 (a) 10 (a)
11 (a) 12 (d) 13 (d) 14 (b) 15 (d) 16 (b) 17 (d) 18 (a) 19 (b) 20 (d)
21 (a) 22 (d) 23 (b) 24 (a) 25 (a) 26 (b) 27 (d) 28 (c) 29 (d) 30 (a)
31 (b) 32 (d) 33 (a) 34 (b) 35 (b) 36 (d) 37 (d) 38 (a) 39 (a) 40 (d)
SESSION 2 1 (a) 2 (b) 3 (d) 4 (c) 5 (d) 6 (b) 7 (b) 8 (c) 9 (a) 10 (c)
11 (d) 12 (d) 13 (b) 14 (a) 15 (c) 16 (a)

SESSION 1 3 The equation of given circle is and point is y = at + bt 2 acceleration
in y direction
1 Given that, dV = k (say) x2 + y 2 = 1
d2 y
dt On differentiating w.r.t. t, we get = 2 = 2b
4 3 dV dR dx dy dt
Q V = πR ⇒ = 4 πR 2 2x + 2y =0
3 dt dt dt dt ∴ Resultant acceleration
dR k 2
22
2
⇒ = dx dy d x d y 
dt 4 πR 2 ⇒ x + y =0 =  2 + 2 
dt dt  dt   dt 
Rate of increasing radius is inversely
proportional to its surface area. 1 3 = (−2c )2 + (2b )2 = 2 b 2 + c 2
But we have, x = , y =
2 2
2 They will encounter, if 5 If S represents the surface area, then
10 + 6t = 3 + t 2 dy 1 dx 3
and = − 3, then + (− 3) = 0 dS
dt 2 dt 2 = 2 cm2 / s
⇒ t 2 − 6t − 7 = 0 ⇒ t = 7 dt
At t = 7 s, moving in a first point dx r
⇒ =3 3
d dt
v 1 = (10 + 6t ) = 6 cm/s
dt
At t = 7 s, moving in a second point
4 Given point is x = a + bt − ct 2 h l
d Acceleration in x direction and point π/4
v 2 = (3 + t 2 ) = 2t = 2 × 7 = 14 cm/s
dt d2 x
is y = at + bt 2 = 2 = − 2c
∴ Resultant velocity dt
= v 2 − v 1 = 14 − 6 = 8 cm/s
π π 2 From ∆LOM, 1 1
S = πrl = πl ⋅ sin l = l f ′( x ) = − −
4 2 OL2 + OM 2 − LM 2 ( x + 1)2 1 + x
cos 45° =
Therefore, 2 ⋅ OL ⋅ OM 1 1 
⇒ f ′( x ) = −  +
dS 2 π dl dl 1 x2 + x2 − y 2 2 x2 − y 2 2
 x + 1 ( x + 1) 
= l⋅ = 2 πl ⋅ ⇒ = =
dt 2 dt dt 2 2⋅ x ⋅ x 2 x2 ⇒ f ′ ( x ) = − ve, when x > 0
2 2 2
dl 2 ⇒ 2x = 2x − y ∴ f ( x ) is a decreasing function.
when l = 4 cm, =
dt 2π ⋅ 4 ⇒ (2 − 2 ) x2 = y 2 15 Q f ( x ) = sin x − cos x
1 2
= = cm / s ∴ y = 2 − 2x On differentiating w.r.t. x, we get
2 2π 4π
On differentiating w.r.t. t, we get f ′ ( x ) = cos x + sin x
6 V = 4 πr 3 ⇒ dV = 4 π3r 2 dr dy
= 2− 2
dx = 2 
1
cos x +
1
sin x 
3 dt 3 dt dt dt  2 2 
dr dr
2 5
⇒ 35 = 4 π (7) ⇒ =
= 2 − 2v Q dx = v  π
= 2  cos cos x + sin sin x 
 π
dt dt 28 π  
 dt   4 4 
Surface area of balloon, S = 4 πr 2
dS dr Hence, they are being separated from   π
∴ = 8πr = 2 cos  x − 
dt dt each other at the rate 2 − 2 v.   4  
5 2
9 Given, f ( x ) = x1 / x For decreasing, f ′ ( x ) < 0
= 8π ×7× = 10 cm / min
28 π π  π 3π
1 <  x −  <
⇒ f ′ ( x ) = 2 (1 − log x ) x1 / x 2  4 2
7 Let h be height of oil level at any instant x
t and V be the volume of oil in (within 0 ≤ x ≤ 2 π)
f ′ ( x ) > 0, if 1 − log x > 0
π π  π π 3π π
cylindrical drum. ⇒ log x < 1 ⇒ x < e ⇒ + < x − +  < +
Given, h = 60 cm, r = 7 cm 2 4  4 4 2 4
∴ f ( x ) is increasing in the interval
dV (− ∞, e ). 3π 7π
and = − 16 cm3 /s ⇒ < x<
dt x 4 4
10 Given, f ( x) =
1 + | x| 16 Given,
| x| f ( x ) = − 2 x 3 + 21 x2 − 60 x + 41 …(i)
(1 + | x |) ⋅ 1 − x ⋅ On differentiating Eq. (i) w.r.t. x, we get
∴ f ′( x ) = x
(1 + | x |)2 f ′ ( x ) = − 6 x2 + 42 x − 60
H = − 6 ( x2 − 7 x + 10 )
1
= > 0, ∀ x ∈ R = − 6 ( x − 2) ( x − 5)
h (1 + | x |)2
If x < 2, f ′ ( x ) < 0 i.e. f ( x ) is decreasing.
⇒ f ( x ) is strictly increasing.
r 17 Q f ( x ) = λ sin x + 6cos x …(i)
11 Let f ( x ) = 3 sin x − 4 sin3 x = sin 3 x 2sin x + 3cos x
dV dh On differentiating w.r.t. x, we get
Q V = πr h ⇒ 2
= πr 2 Since, sin x is increasing in the interval
dt dt
− π , π  ⋅  (2sin x + 3cos x ) 
(since, r is constant all the time)  2 2   (λ cos x − 6sin x ) 
dh dh 16  − (λ sin x + 6cos x )
⇒ −16 = π(7)2 ⇒ =− π π π π
dt dt 49π ∴ − ≤ 3x ≤ ⇒ − ≤ x≤  
dh 16 2 2 6 6  (2cos x − 3sin x ) 
⇒   =− f ′( x ) =
 dt  at h =18 49π Thus, length of interval (2sin x + 3cos x )2
π  π π The function is monotonic
So, height of oil is decreasing at the rate = − −  =
16 6  6 3 increasing, if f ′ ( x ) > 0
of cm/s.
49π
12 Given, 2 d (sinθ) = dθ ⇒
3λ (sin2 x + cos 2 x ) − 12
8 Let L and M be the positions of two men dt dt (sin2 x + cos 2 x )> 0
A and B at any time t. dθ dθ
⇒ 2 × cos θ =
dt dt ⇒ 3λ − 12 > 0 (Q sin2 x + cos 2 x = 1)
Let OL = x and LM = y
1 π ⇒ λ> 4
Then, OM = x ⇒ 2cos θ = 1 ⇒ cos θ = ⇒ θ =
dx dy 2 3
1 1 dy
Given, = v and we have to find 18 x + y = a ; (i ) + =0
dt dt 13 Let f ( x ) = 2 x3 − 9 x2 + 12 x + 4 2 x 2 y dx
M ⇒ f ′ ( x ) = 6 x2 − 18 x + 12 dy y
f ′ ( x ) < 0 for function to be decreasing ∴ =−
dx x
⇒ 6( x2 − 3 x + 2) < 0
y Hence, tangent at ( x, y ) is
⇒ ( x2 − 2 x − x + 2) < 0
x y
⇒ ( x − 2)( x − 1) < 0 ⇒ 1 < x < 2 Y − y =− ( X − x)
x
1 ⇒ X y + Y x = xy ( x + y)
14 Given curve is f ( x ) = − log(1 + x )
B 45° x+1
⇒ X y +Y x = xy a
O On differentiating w.r.t. x, we get
A x L
(using Eq. (i))
X Y dy dy which is also a tangent to the given

⇒ + =1 = 2e 2 x ⇒   = 2e 0 = 2
a x a y dx  dx  ( 0, 1 ) circle.
i.e. x2 + (2 x + 5)2 + 16 x
Clearly, its intercepts on the axes are Equation of tangent at (0, 1) with slope + 12 (2 x + 5) + c = 0
a ⋅ x and a ⋅ y . 2 is ⇒ (5x2 + 60 x + 85 + c = 0) must have
y − 1 = 2( x − 0) ⇒ y = 2 x + 1 equal roots.
Sum of intercepts = a( x + y)
Let the roots be α = β.
= a⋅ a = a This tangent meets X -axis. 60
∴ α +β=−
1 5
19 Equation of line joining the points (0, 3) ∴ y = 0 ⇒ 0 = 2x + 1 ⇒ x = −
2 ⇒ α =−6
and (5, −2) is y = 3 − x. If this line is ∴ x = − 6 and
ax ∴ Coordinates of the point on X -axis is
tangent to y = , then y = 2x + 5 = − 7
( x + 1)  − 1 , 0 .
  28 Given curve, is xy = − 5 < 0
(3 − x ) ( x + 1) = ax should have equal  2 
roots. dy dy −y
24 We have, y = 5x − 1
2
…(i) ⇒ x + y = 0⇒ = >0
Thus, (a − 2)2 + 12 = 0 ⇒ no value of a dx dx x
⇒ a ∈ φ. dy  5  −5 [as xy = − 5 < 0]
At (1, − 2), =  =
dx  2 y  (1 , −2 ) 4 −1 x
20 We have, y = x + 42 Slope of normal =
dy
= <0
y
x ∴ Equation of normal at the point (1, − 2)
On differentiating w.r.t. x, we get is dx
dy 8 −5 [as xy = −5 < 0]
= 1− 3 [ y − (− 2)]   + x − 1 = 0 Hence, slope of normal will be negative.
dx x  4
Since, the tangent is parallel to X -axis, The line ax + by + c = 0
∴ 4 x − 5y − 14 = 0 …(ii)
therefore ⇒ by = − ax − c
As the normal is of the form
dy −a c
= 0 ⇒ x3 = 8 ax − 5y + b = 0 ⇒ y = x−
dx b b
On comparing this with Eq. (ii), we get −a
∴ x = 2 and y = 3 Slope of normal is negative.
a = 4 and b = − 14 b
21 Given curve is x = 3t 2 + 1, y = t 3 − 1 −a a
25 Since, we have the curve ⇒ < 0⇒ > 0
For x = 1, 3t 2 + 1 = 1 ⇒ t = 0 y = ax3 + bx2 + cx + 5 touches X -axis at b b
dx dy ⇒ a > 0, b > 0 or a < 0, b < 0
∴ = 6t , = 3t 2 P(−2, 0), then X -axis is the tangent at
dt dt
 dy 
(−2, 0). The curve meets Y-axis in (0, 5).
29 Given, y = x 2
dy 1− x
dy  dt  3t 2 t = 3ax2 + 2bx + c
Now, = = = dx At x = 2, y = − 2, therefore
dx  dx  6t 2 dy
 dt  ⇒   = 0 + 0 + c = 3 (given) point is ( 2, − 2 ).
 dx  0, 5
dy 0 dy 1 + x2
∴   = =0 ⇒ c =3 …(i) ∴ =
 dx  ( t = 0 ) 2 dx (1 − x2 )2
dy
and   =0 dy 1+ 2
22 Given curve is y = x log x  dx  ( −2, 0 ) ⇒   = =3
 dx  ( 2, − 2 ) (1 − 2)2
⇒ 12a − 4b + c = 0 [from Eq. (i)]
On differentiating w.r.t. x, we get ∴ length of subnormal at ( 2, − 2 )
dy ⇒ 12a − 4b + 3 = 0 …(ii)
= 1 + log x and (−2, 0) lies on the curve, then = |(− 2 )(3)| = 3 2
dx
0 = − 8a + 4b − 2c + 5
The slope of the normal 30 We have, e y = 1 + x2
1 −1 ⇒ 0 = − 8a + 4b − 1 (Q c = 3)
=− = dy
(dy /dx ) 1 + log x ⇒ 8a − 4b + 1 = 0 …(iii) ⇒ ey =2x
From Eqs. (ii) and (iii), we get dx
The slope of the given line 2 x − 2 y = 3 is 1 3 dy 2x
a = − ,b = − ⇒ =
1. 2 4 dx 1 + x2
Since, these lines are parallel.
26 Length of subtangent = y dx ⇒ m=
2x
,
−1 dy 1 + x2
∴ =1
1 + log x dy 2| x| 2| x|
and length of subnormal = y |m|= = ≤1
⇒ log x = − 2 dx |1 + x2 | 1 + | x|2
⇒ x = e −2 ∴ Product = y 2 Q | x|2 + 1 − 2| x|≥ 0 ≥
and y = − 2e − 2
⇒ Required product is the square of ⇒ (| x|− 1 )2 ≥ 0
∴ Coordinates of the point are
the ordinate. ⇒ | x|2 + 1 ≥ 2| x|
(e − 2 , − 2e − 2 ).
27 The tangent to the parabola 2 | x|
23 Given curve is y = e 2 x ⇒ 1≥
x2 = y − 6 at (1, 7) is 1 + | x|2
On differentiating w.r.t. x, we get 1
x(1) = ( y + 7) − 6 ⇒ y = 2 x + 5
2
31 Clearly, the point of intersection of Now, apply the condition of 40 f ( x) = x

curves is (0, 1). perpendicularity of two curves,
∴ f (a) = 4=2
Now, slope of tangent of first curve, i.e. m1 m2 = − 1
4 1
dy and get α = with the help of equation f (b ) = 9 = 3; f ′ ( x ) =
m1 = = ax log a 3 x 2
dx
of curves. f (b ) − f (a) 3 − 2 1
dy Also, f ′ (c ) = = =
⇒   = m1 = log a 2 b −a 9− 4 5
 dx  ( 0 , 1 ) 35 ∫ f ′ ( x )dx = [ f ( x )]21 = f (2) − f (1) = 0
1 1 1 25
∴ = ⇒C = = 6.25
Slope of tangent of second curve, [Q f ( x ) satisfies the 2 c 5 4
dy conditions of Rolle’s theorem]
m2 = = b x log b
dx ∴ f (2) = f (1) SESSION 2
dy
⇒ m2 =   = log b 36 Q f ( x )= x3 − 6 x2 + ax + b 1 Let AB be the position of boy who is
 dx  ( 0 , 1 ) flying the kite and C be the position of
m1 − m2 On differentiating w.r.t. x, we get the kite at any time t.
∴ tan α =
1 + m1 m2 f ′ ( x ) = 3 x2 − 12 x + a C
log a − log b By the definition of Rolle’s theorem
=
150 m
1 + log a log b 1 
f ′ (c ) = 0 ⇒ f ′  2 +  =0 y
 3
32 We have, y = 6 x
2
151.5 m
2
dy 1  1 
⇒ 2y =6 ⇒ 3  2 + 
 − 12  2 +  + a= 0 A E
dx  3  3
1.5 m
dy 3 1 4  1  1.5 m
⇒ = ⇒ 3  4 + + 
 − 12  2 +  + a= 0
dx y  3 3  3
3
Slope of tangent at ( x1 , y 1 ) is m1 = ⇒ 12 + 1 + 4 3 − 24 − 4 3 + a = 0 B D
y1 x
⇒ a = 11
Also, 9 x2 + by 2 = 16 Let BD = x and AC = y , then AE = x
⇒ 18 x + 2by
dy
=0
37 Since, f ( x ) satisfies all the conditions of Given, AB = 1.5 m, CD = 151.5 m
dx Rolle’s theorem in [3, 5].
dy −9 x ∴ CE = 150 m
⇒ = Let f ( x ) = ( x − 3)( x − 5) = x2 − 8 x + 15
dx
dx by 5 5 Given, = 10 m/s
Now, ∫ f ( x )dx = ∫ ( x2 − 8 x + 15)dx dt
−9 x1 3 3
Slope of tangent at ( x1 , y 1 ) is m2 = dy
5
by 1 x
3
8 x2  Here, we have to find when
= − + 15x dt
Since, these are intersection at right  3 2 3
angle. y = 250 m
125
∴ m1 m2 = − 1 ⇒
27 x1
=1 =  − 100 + 75 − (9 − 36 + 45) Now, from ∆CAE, y 2 = x2 + 1502
by 12  3 
On differentiating, we get
27 x1 50 4 dy dx
⇒ =1 [Q y 12 = 6 x1 ] = − 18 = − 2y = 2x
6bx1 3 3 dt dt
9 38 Using mean value theorem, dy x dx x
⇒ b = ⇒ = ⋅ = ⋅ 10 …(i)
2 f (3) − f (1) dt y dt y
f ′ (c ) =
33 Q 2
y = x − 5x + 6 3−1
dy  f (b ) − f (a) In ∆ACE, x = 2502 − 1502 (Q y = 250)
∴ = 2x − 5 Q f ′ (c ) =
dx  b − a  = 200 m
dy ∴ From Eq. (i), we get
Now, m1 =   = 4 − 5= −1 1 log e 3 − log e 1
 dx  (2 , 0 ) ⇒ = dy 200
c 2 = × 10 = 8 m/s
dy dt 250
and m2 =   = 6 − 5= 1 ∴ c =
2
= 2 log 3 e
 dx  (3, 0 ) log e 3 2 Given curve is
Now, m1 m2 = − 1 × 1 = − 1 y ( x − 2)( x − 3) = x + 6 …(i)
π
39 Given that, equation of curve Put x = 0 in Eq. (i), we get
3
Hence, angle between the tangents is . y = x = f ( x)
2 y(− 2) (− 3) = 6 ⇒ y = 1
So, f (2) = 8 and f (− 2) = − 8
2
y2 So, point of intersection is (0, 1).
34 Slope of the curve, x + = 1 is Now, f ′( x ) = 3 x2 ⇒ f ′( x ) =
f (2) − f (– 2)
x+ 6
α 4 2 − (− 2) Now, y =
−4 x ( x − 2)( x − 3)
m1 = . 8 − (− 8)
αy ⇒ = 3 x2 1 ( x − 2)( x − 3) − ( x + 6)
4 dy ( x − 3 + x − 2)
Now, slope of the curve, y 3 = 16 x is 2 ⇒ =
16 ∴ x= ± dx ( x − 2)2 ( x − 3)2
m2 = . 3
3 y2
dy 6 + 30 36 From Eq. (i), | f ( x )| dr

⇒   = = =1 Now, to find at the rate t = 49 min,
 dx  ( 0, 1 ) 4 × 9 36 f (2) f (2) 1 dt
= x = | x| ≤ | x| dV
∴ Equation of normal at (0, 1) is given by 2 2 2 we require the radius (r ) at that
−1 [from Eq. (ii)] dt
y −1= ( x − 0) ⇒ x + y − 1 = 0 dV
1 In interval [0, 2], for maximum x, stage. = − 72 π m3 / min
1 dt
1 1
which passes through the point  ,  . | f ( x )| ≤ ⋅ 2 ⇒ | f ( x )| ≤ 1 [Q x = 2] Also, amount of volume lost in 49 min
 2 2 2
= 72 π × 49 m3
3 Let f ( x ) = (a + 2) x3 − 3 ax2 + 9 ax − 1 7 g ′( x ) = f ′(sin x ) ⋅ cos x − f ′(cos x ) ⋅ sin x ∴ Final volume at the end of 49 min
= (4500 π − 3528 π ) m3
decreases ⇒ g ′ ′ ( x ) = − f ′ (sin x ) ⋅ sin x
monotonically for all x ∈ R, then = 972 π m3
+ cos 2 x f ′ ′ (sin x ) If r is the radius at the end of 49 min,
f ′ ( x ) ≤ 0 for all x ∈ R 2
+ f ′ ′ (cos x ) ⋅ sin x − f ′ (cos x ) ⋅ cos x 4
⇒ 3(a + 2) x2 − 6 ax + 9 a ≤ 0 then πr 3 = 972 π ⇒ r 3 = 729
π
for all x ∈ R > 0, ∀ x ∈  0,  3
 2 ⇒ r =9
⇒ (a + 2) x2 − 2 ax + 3 a ≤ 0
π Radius of the balloon at the end of 49
for all x ∈ R ⇒ g ′( x ) is increasing in  0,  .
 2 min = 9 m
⇒ a + 2 < 0 and discriminant ≤ 0
π From Eq. (i),
⇒ a < − 2, − 8 a2 − 24a ≤ 0 Also, g ′   = 0
 4  dV 
⇒ a < − 2 and a (a + 3) ≥ 0  
dr dV / dt dr  dt  t = 49
⇒ a < − 2, a ≤ − 3 or a ≥ 0 ⇒ a ≤ − 3
π π
⇒ g ′ ( x ) > 0, ∀ x ∈  ,  = 2
⇒   =
 4 2 dt 4 πr  dt  t = 49 4π (r 2 ) t = 49
∴ − ∞ < a≤ − 3
π  dr  72 π 2
sin x − x cos x and g ′ ( x ) < 0, ∀ x ∈  0,    = = m/min
4 Now, f ′( x ) =  4  dt  t = 49 4 π(9 2 ) 9
sin2 x
π
=
cos x (tan x − x ) Thus, g ( x ) is decreasing in  0,  . 11 Given equation of curve is
sin2 x  4
x2 + 2 xy − 3 y 2 = 0
∴ f ′ ( x ) > 0 for 0 < x ≤ 1 8 We have, f ( x ) = ( x − p )( x − q )( x − r ) On differentiating w.r.t. x, we get
So, f ( x ) is an increasing function. 2 x + 2 xy ′ + 2 y − 6 yy ′ = 0
⇒ f ( p ) = 0 = f (q ) = f (r )
tan x − x sec2 x x+ y
Now, g ′ ( x ) = ⇒ p,q and r are three distinct real ⇒ y′ =
tan2 x roots of f ( x ) = 0 3y − x
sin x cos x − x sin 2 x − 2 x
= = So, by Roolle’s theorem, f '( x ) has one dy
sin2 x 2sin2 x At x = 1, y = 1, y ′ = 1 i.e.   =1
real root in the interval ( p,q ) and other  dx  (1 , 1 )
d in the interval (q, r ). Thus, f '( x ) has two
Again, (sin 2 x − 2 x ) = 2 cos 2 x − 2 Equation of normal at (1, 1) is
dx distinct real roots.
1
= 2 (cos 2 x − 1) < 0 Now, f ( x ) = ( x − p )( x − q )( x − r ) y − 1 = − ( x − 1) ⇒y − 1 = − ( x − 1)
1
So, sin 2 x − 2 x is decreasing. ⇒ f ( x ) = x3 − x2 ( p + q + r )
⇒ x+ y =2
⇒ sin 2 x − 2 x < 0 + x( pq + qr + rp ) − pqr
On solving Eqs. (i) and (ii)
∴ g ′ ( x) < 0 ⇒ f '( x ) = 3 x2 − 2( p + q + r )x
simultaneously, we get
So, g ( x ) is decreasing. + ( pq + qr + rp )
x2 + 2 x (2 − x ) − 3 (2 − x )2 = 0
As f '( x ) has distinct real roots
5 f ′( x ) = | log 2 [log 3 {log 4 (cos x + a)}] | ⇒ x + 4 x − 2 x2 − 3(4 + x2 − 4 x ) = 0
2
∴ 4( p + q + r )2 − 12( pq + qr + rp ) > 0
Clearly, f ( x ) is increasing for all values ⇒ − x2 + 4 x − 12 − 3 x2 + 12 x = 0
⇒ ( p + q + r )2 > 3( pq + qr + rp )
of x, if ⇒ − 4 x2 + 16 x − 12 = 0
9 Given that, f ( x ) is monotonic. ⇒ 4 x2 − 16 x + 12 = 0
log 2 [log 3 {log 4 (cos x + a)}] is defined
⇒ f ′( x ) = 0 or f ′( x ) > 0, ∀ x ∈ R ⇒ x2 − 4 x + 3 = 0
for all values of x.
⇒ f ′( px ) < 0 or f ′( px ) > 0, ∀ x ∈ R ⇒ ( x − 1) ( x − 3) = 0
⇒ log 3 [log 4 (cos x + a)] > 0, ∀ x ∈ R
So, f ′( px ) is also monotonic. ⇒ x = 1, 3
⇒ log 4 (cos x + a) > 1, ∀ x ∈ R
Hence, f ( x ) + f (3 x ) + ... + f [(2m − 1)x] Now, when x = 1, then y = 1
⇒ cos x + a > 4, ∀ x ∈ R
is a monotonic. and when x = 3, then y = − 1
∴ a> 5
Polynomial of odd degree (2m − 1), so it ∴ P = (1, 1) and Q = (3, − 1)
f (2) − f (0)
6 Since, = f ′( x ) will attain all real values only once. Hence, normal meets the curve again at
2− 0 (3, − 1) in fourth quadrant.
f (2) − 0 df ( x ) f (2)
10 Since, the balloon is spherical in shape,
⇒ = f ′( x ) ⇒ = Alternate Method
hence the volume of the balloon is
2 dx 2 4 3 Given, x2 + 2 xy − 3 y 2 = 0
f (2) V = πr . ⇒ ( x − y ) ( x + 3y ) = 0
⇒ f ( x) = x+C 3
2 On differentiating both the sides w.r.t. t, ⇒ x − y = 0 or x + 3 y = 0
Q f (0) = 0 ⇒ C = 0 we get Equation of normal at (1, 1)
f (2) dV 4 dr  y − 1 = − 1 ( x − 1) ⇒ x + y − 2 = 0
∴ f ( x) = x …(i) = π  3 r 2 ×
2  It intersects x + 3 y = 0 at (3, − 1) and
dt 3  dt 
1 f (2) 1 dr dV / dt hence normal meets the curve in fourth
Also, | f ′ ( x )|≤ ⇒ ≤ …(ii) ⇒ = …(i)
2 2 2 quadrant.
dt 4 πr 2
x+y=2 14 a + b = 4 ⇒ b = 4 − a x2 + 1 = 5 ⇒ x = ±2
Y y=x Now, P(2, 1) and Q(−2, 1)
x + 3y = 0 and b − a = 4 − 2a = t (say)
a b a On differentiating x2 + y 2 = 5 w.r.t. x,
Now, ∫ g ( x ) dx + ∫ g ( x ) dx = ∫ g( x) we get
0 0 0
4−a dy dy x
dx + ∫ g ( x ) dx = I (a) 2x + 2y =0 ⇒ =−
(1, 1) 0 dx dx y
X′ X dI (a)
⇒ = g (a) − g (4 − a)  dy  = −2
O da  
 dx  (2, 1 )
As a < 2 and g ( x ) is increasing.
and  dy  =2
(3, –1) ⇒ 4 − a > a ⇒ g (a) − g (4 − a) < 0  
 dx  ( −2, 1 )
Y′ dI (a)
⇒ <0
da Clearly, the slope of line y = 1 is zero
12 Given, f (0) = 2 = g (1), g (0) = 0 and the slope of the tangents at P and Q
dI (a) dI (a) dt dI (a) are (−2) and (2), respectively.
and f (1) = 6 Now, = = − 2⋅
d (a) dt da dt Thus, the angle of intersection is
f and g are differentiable in (01 , ).
dI (a) tan −1 (2).
Let h( x ) = f ( x ) − 2g ( x ) …(i) ⇒ >0
⇒ h(0) = f (0) − 2g (0) dt 16 There is only one function in option (a),
⇒ h(0) = 2 − 0 ⇒ h(0) = 2 Thus, I (a) is an increasing function of t. 1
whose critical point ∈ (0,1) but in
and h(1) = f (1) − 2g (1) = 6 − 2(2) Hence, the given expression increasing 2
⇒ h(1) = 2, h(0) = h(1) = 2 with (b − a). other parts critical point 0 ∉(0,1). Then,
Hence, using Rolle’s theorem, we get we can say that functions in options (b),
15 We know that,
(c) and (d) are continuous on [0, 1] and
h ′ (c ) = 0, such that c ∈ (01 , ) 1 ≤ |sin x | + |cos x | ≤ 2 differentiable in (0, 1).
On differentiating Eq.(i) at c, we get
f ′ (c ) − 2g ′ (c ) = 0 ⇒ f ′ (c ) = 2g ′ (c )  1 − x, x<
1
√5  2 2
Now, for f ( x ) = 
13 Let y = ax2 + bx + c  1 
2
1
O P y=1  − x , x ≥
[equation of parabola]  2  2
As it touches y = x at x = 1.
1
∴ y = a+ b + c x Here, Lf ′   = − 1
–√5 O  2
and y =1 ⇒ a+ b + c =1
dy 1 1 1
Now, = 2ax + b and Rf ′   = 2  −  (−1) = 0
dx x 2+y 2=5  2  2 2
dy
⇒   = 2a + b ⇒ 2a + b = 1 –√5 ∴
1 1
Lf ′   ≠ Rf ′  
 dx  at x = 1  2  2
[from y = x, slope = 1] ⇒ y = [|sin x | + |cos x |] = 1
1
Now, f ( x ) = ax2 + bx + c ⇒ f is non-differentiable at x = ∈ (0,1).
Let P and Q be the points of intersection 2
⇒ f ′ ( x ) = 2ax + b ⇒ f ′ ′ ( x ) = 2a of given curves.
∴ f (0 ) = c , f ′ (0 ) = b , f ′ ′ (0 ) = 2a, ∴ Lagrange mean value theorem is not
Clearly, the given curves meet at points applicable to f ( x ) in [0, 1].
f ′ (1 ) = 2a + b = 1 where y = 1, so we get
DAY FOURTEEN
Maxima and
Minima
u Maxima and Minima of a Function u Concept of Global Maximum/Minimum
Maxima and Minima of a Function

A function f ( x) is said to attain a maximum at x = a, Y Greatest value/
Local Local absolute
if there exists a neighbourhood (a − δ, a + δ), x ≠ a maximum maximum maximum
i.e. f ( x) < f (a), ∀ x ∈ (a − δ, a + δ), A C
x ≠ a ⋅ h > 0 (very small quantity) Local minimum
D
In such a case f (a) is said to be the maximum value X′ X
of f ( x) at x = a.
A function f ( x) is said to attain a minimum at B
x = a, if there exists a neighbourhood (a − δ, a + δ) Least value/
absolute minimum
such that f ( x) > f (a), ∀x ∈(a − δ, a + δ), x ≠ a. Y′
Graph of a continuous function explained local maxima (minima) and absolute maxima
(minima). In such a case f (a) is said to be the minimum value of f ( x) at x = a.
The points at which a function attains either the maximum or the minimum values are known
as the extreme points or turning points and both minimum and maximum values of f ( x) are
called extreme values. The turning points A and C are called local maximum and points B and
D are called local minimum.
Critical Point
PRED
l
A point c in the domain of a function f at which either f ′ (c) = 0 or f is not differentiable is MIRROR
called a critical point of f. Note that, if f is continuous at point c and f ′ (c) = 0, then there
exists h > 0 such that f is differentiable in the interval (c − h, c + h). u No. of Questions in Exercises (x)—
l
The converse of above theorem need not be true, that is a point at which the derivative u No. of Questions Attempted (y)—
vanishes need not be a point of local maxima or local minima. u No. of Correct Questions (z)—
(Without referring Explanations)
Method to Find Local Maxima or Local Minima u Accuracy Level (z / y × 100)—
First Derivative Test u Prep Level (z / x × 100)—
Let f be a function defined on an open interval I and f be continuous at a critical point c in I.
Then, In order to expect good rank in JEE,
(i) If f ′ ( x) changes sign from positive to negative as x increases through c, i.e. if f ′ ( x) > 0 at above 85 & Prep Level should be
every point sufficiently close to and to the left of c and f ′ ( x) < 0 at every point above 75.
sufficiently close to and to the right of c, then c is a point of local maxima.
DAY FOURTEEN MAXIMA AND MINIMA 139
(ii) If f ′ ( x) changes sign from negative to positive as x Important Results

increases through point c, i.e. if f ′ ( x) < 0 at every point l
If n is even and f n (a) < 0 ⇒ x = a is a point of local
sufficiently close to and to the left of c and f ′ ( x) > 0 at maximum.
every point sufficiently close to and to the right of c, l
If n is even and f n (a) > 0 ⇒ x = a is a point of local
then c is a point of local minima. minimum.
(iii) If f ′ ( x) does not change sign as x increases through c, l
If n is odd ⇒ x = a is a point of neither local maximum nor
then c is neither a point of local maxima nor a point of a point of local minimum.
local minima. Infact, such a point is called point of ax + b
l
The function f ( x) = has no local maximum or
inflection. cx + d
minimum regardless of values of a, b , c and d.
Y Point of local maxima Point of non-differentiability l
The function f (θ) = sin m θ ⋅ cos n θ attains maximum values at
f ′(c1)=0 and point at local maxima
0  m
f′ (
x)> θ = tan −1   .
f ′(
x) <
 n
Point of non-differentiability
0
Point f ′(c2)=0
0
but it is a point of local If AB is diameter of circle and C is any point on the

>
l
of local minima
x)
minima circumference, then area of the ∆ ABC will be maximum, if

f′ (
X′ X
O c1 c2 c3 c4 triangle is isosceles.
Y′
Graph of f around c explained following points.

Concept of Global
(iv) If c is a point of local maxima of f, then f (c) is a local Maximum/Minimum
maximum value of f . Similarly, if c is a point of local l
Let y = f ( x) be a given function with domain D and
minima of f, then f (c) is a local minimum value of f . [a, b ] ⊆ D, then global maximum/minimum of f ( x) in [a, b ] is
basically the greatest / least value of f ( x) in [a, b ].
Second or Higher Order Derivative Test l
Global maxima/minima in [a, b ] would always occur at critical
(i) Find f ′ ( x) and equate it to zero. Solve f ′ ( x) = 0 let its points of f ( x) within [a, b ] or at end points of the interval.
roots be x = a1 , a2 ,...
(ii) Find f ′ ′ ( x) and at x = a1 ,
Global Maximum/Minimum in [a, b]
In order to find the global maximum and minimum of f ( x) in
(a) if f ′ ′ (a1 ) is positive, then f ( x) is minimum at x = a1 .
[a, b ].
(b) if f ′ ′ (a1 ) is negative, then f ( x) is maximum at Step I Find out all critical points of f ( x) in [a, b ]
x = a1 .
[i.e. all points at which f ′ ( x) = 0] and let these
(iii) (a) If at x = a1 , f ′ ′ (a1 ) = 0, then find f ′ ′ ′ ( x). If points are c1 , c2 ,..., c n .
f ′ ′ ′ (a1 ) ≠ 0 , then f ( x) is neither maximum nor
Step II Find the value of f (c1 ), f (c2 ) ,..., f (c n ) and also at the
minimum at x = a.
end points of domain i.e. f (a) and f (b ).
(b) If f ′ ′ ′ (a1 ) = 0, then find f iv ( x).
(c) If f iv ( x) is positive (minimum value) and f iv ( x) is Step III Find M1 → Global maxima or greatest value
negative (maximum value). and M2 → Global minima or least value.
(iv) If at x = a1 , f iv (a1 ) = 0 , then find f v ( x) and proceed where, M1 = max { f (a), f (c1 ), f (c2 ),..., f (c n ), f (b )}
similarly. and M2 = min { f (a), f (c1 ), f (c2 ),..., f (c n ), f (b )}
Point of Inflection Some Important Results on Maxima

At point of inflection and Minima
(i) It is not necessary that 1st derivative is zero. (i) Maxima and minima occur alternatively i.e. between
two maxima there is one minimum and vice-versa.
(ii) 2nd derivative must be zero or 2nd derivative changes
(ii) If f ( x) → ∞ as x → a or b and f ′ ( x) = 0 only for one
sign in the neighbourhood of point of inflection.
value of x (say c) between a and b, then f (c) is
necessarily the minimum and the least value.
nth Derivative Test
(iii) If f ( x) → − ∞ as x → a or b, then f (c) is necessarily the
Let f be a differentiable function on an interval I and a be an
maximum and greatest value.
interior point of I such that
(iv) The stationary points are the points of the domain,
(i) f ′ (a) = f ′′(a) = f ′′′(a) = ... = f n −1 (a) = 0 and where f ′ ( x) = 0.
(ii) f n (a) exists and is non-zero.
140 40 DAYS ~ JEE MAIN MATHEMATICS DAY FOURTEEN

1 If f is defined as f ( x ) = x +
1
, then which of following is 10 If the function f ( x ) = 2x 3 − 9 ax 2 + 12 a 2 x + 1, where a > 0
x attains its maximum and minimum at p and q
true? j NCERT Exemplar respectively such that p 2 = q , then a is equal to
(a) Local maximum value of f (x) is − 2 1
(a) 3 (b) 1 (c) 2 (d)
(b) Local minimum value of f (x) is 2 2
(c) Local maximum value of f (x) is less than local minimum 11 If f ( x ) = x 2 + 2bx + 2c 2 and g ( x ) = − x 2 − 2cx + b 2 such
value of f (x) that minimum f ( x ) > maximum g ( x ), then the relation
(d) All the above are true between b and c is
2 If the sum of two numbers is 3, then the maximum value (a) 0 < c | b | 2 (d) No real values of b and c
j NCERT Exemplar 12 Let f ( x ) be a polynomial of degree four having extreme
(a) 4 (b) 1 (c) 3 (d) 0  f (x )
values at x = 1 and x = 2. If lim 1 + 2 = 3, then f ( 2) is
x→ 0  x 
3 If y = a log x + bx + x has its extremum value at x = 1
2 
and x = 2, then (a, b ) is equal to equal to j JEE Mains 2015
−1 −2 −1 (a) −8 (b) −4
(a)  1,  (b)  , 2  (c)  2 ,  (d)  , 
1 1
 2 2   2  3 6 (c) 0 (d) 4
4 The function f ( x ) = a cos x + b tan x + x has extreme 13 If a differential function f ( x ) has a relative minimum at
π x = 0, then the function φ( x ) = f ( x ) + ax + b has a relative
values at x = 0 and x = , then
6 minimum at x = 0 for
(a) a = −
2
,b = −1 (b) a =
2
,b = −1 (a) all a and all b (b) all b, if a = 0
3 3 (c) all b > 0 (d) all a > 0
2 2
(c) a = − , b = 1 (d) a = , b = 1 14 The denominator of a fraction is greater than 16 of the
3 3
square of numerator, then least value of fraction is
5 The minimum radius vector of the curve (a) −1/4 (b) − 1/ 8
4 9 (c) 1/12 (d) 1/16
+ = 1 is of length
x2 y2 b
15 The function f ( x ) = ax + , b, x > 0 takes the least value
(a) 1 (b) 5 (c) 7 (d) None of these x
6 The function f ( x ) = 4x 3 − 18x 2 + 27x − 7 has at x equal to
(a) one local maxima j
NCERT Exemplar b
(a) b (b) a (c) b (d)
(b) one local minima a
(c) one local maxima and two local minima  tan x
 , x ≠0
(d) neither maxima nor minima 16 Let f be a function defined by f ( x ) =  x
x2 − 2  1 , x = 0
7 The function f ( x ) = has
x2 − 4 Statement I x = 0 is point of minima of f .
(a) no point of local minima Statement II f ′ (0) = 0. j
AIEEE 2011
(b) no point of local maxima (a) Statement I is true, Statement II is true; Statement II is a
(c) exactly one point of local minima correct explanation for Statement I
(d) exactly one point of local maxima
k − 2x , if x ≤ − 1 not a correct explanation for Statement I
8 Let f : R → R be defined by f ( x ) =  .
2x + 3, if x > − 1 (c) Statement I is true; Statement II is false
If f has a local minimum at x = −1, then a possible value (d) Statement I is false; Statement II is true
of k is j
AIEEE 2010 17 The absolute maximum and minimum values of the
(a) 1 (b) 0 (c) −
1
(d) −1 function f given by f ( x ) = cos 2 x + sin x , x ∈[ 0, π ]
2 j
NCERT Exemplar
9 The minimum value of 9x + 4y , where xy = 16 is (a) 2.25 and 2 (b) 1.25 and 1
(c) 1.75 and 1.5 (d) None of these
(a) 48 (b) 28 (c) 38 (d) 18
x 1 1
18 The maximum value of f ( x ) = on [ −1,1] is (a) ( area of ∆ABC) (b) ( area of ∆ABC)
4+ x + x2 2 4
1 1
(a) −
1
(b) −
1
(c)
1
(d)
1 (c) ( area of ∆ABC) (d) ( area of ∆ABC)
4 3 6 5 6 8
19 In interval [1, e ], the greatest value of x 2 log x is 28 If y = f ( x ) is a parametrically defined expression such
1 1 that x = 3 t 2 − 18 t + 7 and y = 2 t 3 − 15 t 2 + 24 t + 10,
(a) e 2 (b) log (c) e 2 log e (d) None of these
e e ∀ x ∈ [ 0, 6].
3x 2 + 9x + 17 Then, the maximum and minimum values of y = f ( x ) are
20 If x is real, the maximum value of is (a) 36, 3 (b) 46, 6 (c) 40, −6 (d) 46, −6
3x 2 + 9x + 7
j AIEEE 2007 29 The value of a , so that the sum of the squares of the
(a) 41 (b) 1 (c)
17
(d)
1 roots of the equation x 2
− (a − 2)x − a + 1 = 0 assume
7 4 the least value is
21 The maximum and minimum values of (a) 2 (b) 1 (c) 3 (d) 0
f ( x ) = sec x + log cos x , 0 < x < 2π are respectively
2
30 The minimum intercepts made by the axes on the
j NCERT Exemplar x2 y2
tangent to the ellipse + = 1 is
(a) (1, − 1) and {2 (1 − log 2), 2 (1 + log 2)} 16 9
(b) (1, − 1) and {2 (1 − log 2), 2 (1 − log 2)} (a) 25 (b) 7 (c) 1 (d) None of these
(c) (1, − 1) and (2, − 3)
31 The curved surface of the cone inscribed in a given
sphere is maximum, if
22 The difference between greatest and least values of the 4R R 2R
 π π (a) h = (b) h = (c) h = (d) None of these
function f ( x ) = sin 2x − x , on − , is 3 3 3
 2 2  j NCERT Exemplar
32 The volume of the largest cone that can be inscribed in a
π
(a) π (b) 2 π (c) 3 π (d) sphere of radius R is j
NCERT
2 3
(a) of the volume of the sphere
23 The point of inflection for the curve y = x 5 / 2 is 8
(a) (1, 1) (b) (0, 0) (c) (1, 0) (d) (0, 1) 8
(b) of the volume of the sphere
27
24 The maximum area of a right angled triangle with 2
hypotenuse h is j
JEE Main 2013 (c) of the volume of the sphere
7
3 2 2
h h h h2 (d) None of the above
(a) (b) (c) (d)
2 2 2 2 4
33 Area of the greatest rectangle that can be inscribed in
25 A straight line is drawn through the point P ( 3, 4) meeting x2 y2
the positive direction of coordinate axes at the points A the ellipse 2 + 2 = 1 is
a b
and B. If O is the origin, then minimum area of ∆OAB is a
equal to (a) ab (b) (c) 2ab (d) ab
b
(a) 12 sq units (b) 6 sq units
(c) 24 sq units (d) 48 sq units 34 The real number x when added to its inverse gives the
minimum value of the sum at x equal to j
AIEEE 2003
26 Suppose the cubic x − px + q has three distinct real
3
(a) 2 (b) 1 (c) –1 (d) –2
roots, where p > 0 and q > 0. Then, which one of the
following holds? 35 The greatest value of
(a) The cubic has maxima at both

p
and −
p f ( x ) = ( x + 1)1/ 3 − ( x − 1)1/ 3 on [0, 1] is j
AIEEE 2002
3 3 (a) 1 (b) 2 (c) 3 (d) 1/3
p p
(b) The cubic has minima at and maxima at − 36 The coordinate of a point on the parabola y 2 = 8x whose
3 3
distance from the circle x 2 + ( y + 6) 2 = 1 is minimum, is
p p
(c) The cubic has minima at − and maxima at (a) (2,− 4) (b) (2,4) (c) (18,−12) (d) (8, 8)
3 3
p p 37 The volume of the largest cylinder that can be inscribed
(d) The cubic has minima at both and −
3 3 in a sphere of radius r cm is
4 πr 3 4 πr 3 4 πr 3 4 πr 3
27 If A ( x1, y1 ), B ( x 2 , y 2 ) and C ( x 3 , y 3 ) are the vertices of a (a) (b) (c) (d)
∆ ABC. A parallelogram AFDE is drawn with D, E and F 3 3 3 2 3 5 2
on the line segment BC, CA and AB, respectively. Then, 38 Maximum slope of the curve y = − x 3 + 3x 2 + 9x − 27 is
maximum area of such parallelogram is (a) 0 (b) 12 (c) 16 (d) 32
39 If ab = 2 a + 3b, a > 0, b > 0, then the minimum value of ab 40 The perimeter of a sector is p. The area of the sector is
is maximum, when its radius is
(a) 12 (b) 24 1 p p
1 (a) p (b) (c) (d)
(c) (d) None of these p 2 4
4

a2 b2 ` 75 while at 40 km/h, it is ` 65. Then, the most
1 The minimum radius vector of the curve 2
+ 2 = 1 is of
x y economical speed (in km/h) of the bus is j JEE Mains 2013
length (a) 45 (b) 50 (c) 60 (d) 40
(a) a − b (b) a + b | x − 2 | , − 1 ≤ x < 3
2
(c) 2a + b (d) None of these  x


8 If f ( x ) =  , 3 ≤ x < 2 3, then the points,
2 f ( x ) = x 2 − 4 | x | and  3
2 3≤x ≤4
min {f (t ) : − 6 ≤ t ≤ x }, x ∈ [ − 6, 0]
g( x ) =  , then g ( x ) has 3 − x ,
max {f (t ) : 0 < t ≤ x }, x ∈ ( 0, 6] where f ( x ) takes maximum and minimum values, are
(a) exactly one point of local minima (a) 1, 4 (b) 0, 4
(b) exactly one point of local maxima (c) 2, 4 (d) None of these
(c) no point to local maxima but exactly one point of local  3  1
| x + x 2 + 3x + sin x |  3 + sin  , x ≠ 0
minima 9 Let f ( x ) =   x , then
 x =0
(d) neither a point of local maxima nor minima 0,
4x − x 3 + log (a 2 − 3 a + 3), 0≤x <3 number of points [where, f ( x ) attains its minimum value]
3 f (x ) = 
x − 18 , x ≥3 is
(a) 1 (b) 2
Complete the set of values of a such that f ( x ) has a local
(c) 3 (d) infinite many
maxima at x = 3, is
(a) [−1, 2] (b) (−∞, 1) ∪ (2, ∞) 10 A wire of length 2 units is cut into two parts which are
(c) [1, 2] (d) (−∞, − 1) ∪ (2, ∞) bent respectively to form a square of side = x units and a
circle of radius = r units. If the sum of the areas of the
4 The point in the interval [ 0, 2π] , where f ( x ) = e sin x has
x
square and the circle so formed is minimum, then
maximum slope is
(a) 2 x = (π + 4)r (b) (4 − π)x = πr
π π
(a) (b) (c) x = 2r (d) 2x = r
4 2
1 1
(c) π (d) None of these 11 Let f ( x ) = x 2 + and g ( x ) = x − , x ∈ R − {−1, 0, 1}. If
x2 x
f (x )
5 The total number of local maxima and local minima of the h( x ) = , then the local minimum value of h( x ) is
g( x ) j
JEE Mains 2018
( 2 + x )3 , − 3 < x ≤ − 1
function f ( x ) =  2 / 3 is (a) 3 (b) −3 (c) −2 2 (d) 2 2
 x , −1 < x < 2 2
n
(a) 0 (b) 1 (c) 2 (d) 3 12 The largest term in the sequence a n = is given by
n 3 + 200
6 If 20 m of wire is available for fencing off a flower-bed in 529 8
(a) (b)
the form of a circular sector, then the maximum area (in 49 89
sq m) of the flower-bed is j
JEE Mains 2017 49
(a) 12.5 (b) 10 (c) 25 (d) 30 543
b  13 All possible values of the parameter a so that the function
7 The cost of running a bus from A to B , is ` av +  ,
v  f ( x ) = x 3 − 3(7 − a )x 2 − 3( 9 − a 2 )x + 2 has a negative
where v km/h is the average speed of the bus. When the point of local minimum are
bus travels at 30 km/h, the cost comes out to be ` 75 (a) all real values (b) no real values
(c) (0, ∞) (d) (−∞,0)
14 The circle x 2 + y 2 = 1 cuts the R x2+y2=1 15 Given, P ( x ) = x 4 + ax 3 + bx 2 + cx + d such that x = 0 is

X -axis at P and Q. Another circle the only real root of P ′ ( x ) = 0. If P ( − 1) < P (1), then in the
with centre at Q and variable interval [ − 1, 1] . j AIEEE 2009
radius intersects the first circle at Q

T S P (a) P (− 1) is the minimum and P (1) is the maximum of P
R above the X -axis and the line O
(b) P (− 1) is not minimum but P (1) is the maximum of P
segment PQ at S. Then, the
(c) P (− 1) is the minimum and P (1) is not the maximum of P
maximum area of the ∆QSR is
(d) Neither P (− 1) is the minimum nor P (1) is the maximum
(a) 4 3 sq units (b) 14 3 sq units of P
4 3
(c) sq units (d) 15 3 sq units
9
ANSWERS
SESSION 1 1 (d) 2 (a) 3 (d) 4 (a) 5 (b) 6 (d) 7 (d) 8 (d) 9 (a) 10 (c)
11 (c) 12 (c) 13 (b) 14 (b) 15 (d) 16 (b) 17 (b) 18 (c) 19 (a) 20 (a)
21 (b) 22 (a) 23 (b) 24 (d) 25 (c) 26 (b) 27 (a) 28 (d) 29 (b) 30 (b)
31 (a) 32 (b) 33 (c) 34 (b) 35 (b) 36 (a) 37 (b) 38 (b) 39 (b) 40 (d)
SESSION 2 1 (b) 2 (d) 3 (c) 4 (b) 5 (c) 6 (c) 7 (c) 8 (b) 9 (a) 10 (c)
11 (d) 12 (c) 13 (b) 14 (c) 15 (b)

SESSION 1 At x = 3, ⇒ b = − 1, a = −
2
dy d 2P 3
1 Let y = x + 1 ⇒ 1
=1− 2
dx2
= 18 − 12 = 6 > 0 [minima]
x dx x 5 The given curve is 42 + 92 = 1
dy At x = 1, x y
Now, = 0 ⇒ x2 = 1 d 2P
dx = −6 < 0 Put x = r cos θ, y = r sin θ, we get
⇒ x=±1 dx2 r 2 = (2 sec θ)2 + (3 cosec θ)2
d2 y 2 So, P is maximum at x = 1. So, r 2 will have minimum value
⇒ = 3 , therefore
dx2 x ∴ Maximum value of P = 1 (3 − 1)2 = 4 ( 2 + 3)2 .
d2 y dy a
(at x = 1) > 0 3 Q = + 2bx + 1 or r have minimum value equal to 5.
dx2 dx x
d2 y 6 f ( x )= 4 x 3 − 18 x2 + 27 x − 7
(at x = − 1) < 0  dy 
and ⇒   = a + 2b + 1 = 0 f ′ ( x ) = 12 x2 − 36 x + 27
dx2  dx  x =1
Hence, local maximum value of y is at = 3(4 x2 − 12 x + 9) = 3(2 x − 3)2
⇒ a = − 2b − 1 3
x = − 1 and the local maximum value f ′ ( x ) = 0 ⇒ x = (critical point)
 dy  a
= − 2. and   = + 4b + 1 = 0 2
 dx  x =2 2 3
Local minimum value of y is at x = 1 Since, f ′ ( x ) > 0 for all x < and for all
and local minimum value = 2. − 2b − 1 2
⇒ + 4b + 1 = 0
Therefore, local maximum value − 2 is 2 3
x>
less than local minimum value 2. 1 −1 2
⇒ – b + 4b + = 0 ⇒ 3b =
2 2 3
2 Let two numbers be x and (3 − x). −2
Hence, x = is a point of inflection i.e.,
−1 1 2
Then, product P = x(3 − x )2 ⇒ b = and a = − 1 =
dP 6 3 3 neither a point of maxima nor a point
= −2 x(3 − x ) + (3 − x )2 of minima.
dx 4 f ′( x ) = − a sin x + b sec2 x + 1 3
dP d 2P x = is the only critical point and f
= (3 − x )(3 − 3 x ) and 2 = 6 x − 12 π
dx dx Now, f ′ (0) = 0 and f ′   = 0 2
 6 has neither maxima nor minima.
dP
For maxima or minima, put =0 a 4b x2 − 2 dy − 4x
dx ⇒ b + 1 = 0 and − + + 1= 0 7 For y = ⇒ =
⇒ (3 − x )(3 − 3 x ) = 0 ⇒x = 3, 1 2 3 x2 − 4 dx ( x2 − 4)2
⇒
dy
> 0, for x < 0 ( 4 c 2 + 4b 2 ) ∴ f ( x ) is maximum at x = 4.
and maximum of g ( x ) = −
dx 4 (− 1) and at x = − 4, f ′ ′ ( x ) > 0, f ( x ) is
dy = b2 + c 2 minimum.
and < 0, for x > 0
dx Since, min f ( x ) > max g ( x ) ∴ Least value of
−4 1
Thus, x = 0 is the point of local maxima ⇒ 2c 2 − b 2 > b 2 + c 2 f ( x) = =−
1 16 + 16 8
for y. Now, ( y ) x = 0 = (positive). Thus, ⇒ c 2 > 2b 2
2 ⇒ |c |> 2 |b |
x = 0 is also the point of local 15 Given, f ( x ) = ax + b
x
x2 − 2 12 Central Idea Any function have
maximum for y = 2 . On differentiating w.r.t. x, we get
x −4 extreme values (maximum or b
minimum) at its critical points, where f ′( x ) = a − 2
8 If f ( x ) has a local minimum at x = −1, x
f ′( x ) = 0.
then For maxima or minima, put f ′ ( x ) = 0
Since, the function have extreme values
lim f ( x ) = lim− f ( x ) at x = 1 and x = 2. b
x→ −1 + x→ −1
⇒ x=
∴ f ′( x ) = 0 at x = 1 and x = 2 a
⇒ lim+ 2 x + 3 = lim− 1 < −2 x
x→ −1 x→ −1 ⇒ f ′(1) = 0 and f ′(2) = 0 Again, differentiating w.r.t. x, we get
⇒ −2 + 3 = k + 2 ⇒ k = −1 2b
Also it is given that f ′ ′( x ) = 3
Y  f ( x ) f ( x) x
lim 1 + 2 = 3 ⇒ 1 + lim 2 = 3
x→ 0   b
 x  x→ 0 x
At x = , f ′ ′ ( x ) = positive
f ( x) a
f(x)=1<–2x f(x)=2x+3 ⇒ lim 2 = 2
x→ 0 x b
(–1,1) ⇒ f ( x ) is minimum at x = .
O ⇒ f ( x ) will be of the form a
X′ X ax 4 + bx3 + 2 x2 b
(–1,0) ∴ f ( x ) has the least value at x = .
[Q f ( x ) is of four degree polynomial] a
Y′ Let f ( x ) = ax 4 + bx3 + 2 x2 ⇒ f ′( x )
9 Let S = 9 x + 4 y  tan x
= 4ax3 + 3bx2 + 4 x 16 f ( x ) =  x , x ≠ 0
Since, xy = 16 is given. ⇒ f ′(1) = 4a + 3b + 4 = 0 ...(i) 1, x=0
16 64 and f ′(2) = 32a + 12b + 8 = 0
∴ y = or S = 9 x + tan x
x x ⇒ 8a + 3b + 2 = 0 ...(ii) As > 1, ∀ x ≠ 0
x
On differentiating both sides, we get On solving Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get ∴ f (0 + h ) > f (0) and f (0 − h ) > f (0)
dS 64 1
= 9− 2 ...(i) a = ,b = − 2 At x = 0, f ( x ) attains minima.
dx x 2 f (h ) − f (0)
dS 64 8 x4 Now, f ′ (0) = lim
Q = 0⇒ 2 = 9⇒ x = ± ∴ f ( x) = − 2 x3 + 2 x2 h→ 0 h
dx x 3 2 tan h
−1
Again, on differentiating Eq. (i) ⇒ f (2) = 8 − 16 + 8 = 0 tan h − h
= lim h = lim
d 2S 128 13 φ′( x ) = f ′( x ) + a
h→ 0 h h→ 0 h2
w.r.t. x, we get 2 = 3
dx x [using L’ Hospital’s rule]
Q φ′ (0) = 0 ⇒ f ′ (0) + a = 0
8 sec 2 h − 1
Hence, it is minimum at x = and ⇒ a= 0 [Q f ′ (0) = 0] = lim [Q tan2 θ = sec 2 θ − 1]
h→ 0 2h
minimum value of S is 3 Also, φ′ (0) > 0 [Q f ′ ′ (0) > 0]
tan2 h 1
= lim ⋅h= ⋅0 = 0
S min = 9   + 4(6) = 48 ⇒ φ( x ) has relative minimum at
8 h→ 0 2h2 2
 3 x = 0 for all b, if a = 0
10 We have, Therefore, Statement II is true.
14 Let the number be x, then Hence, both statements are true but
f ( x ) = 2 x3 − 9 ax2 + 12a2 x + 1 x
f (x ) = Statement II is not the correct
f ′( x ) = 6 x2 − 18 ax + 12a2
x2 + 16 explanation of Statement I.
f ′ ′( x ) = 12 x − 18 a
On differentiating w.r.t. x, we get 17 Given, f ( x ) = cos2 x + sin x, x ∈ [0, π]
For maximum and minimum,
( x2 + 16) ⋅ 1 − x (2 x )
6 x2 − 18 ax + 12a2 = 0 f ′( x ) = Now,
( x2 + 16)2 f ′ ( x ) = 2 cos x (− sin x ) + cos x
⇒ x2 − 3 ax + 2a2 = 0
⇒ x = a or x = 2a x + 16 − 2 x
2 2
16 − x2 = − 2sin x cos x + cos x
= = 2 …(i)
At x = a maximum and at x = 2a ( x + 16)
2 2
( x + 16)2 For maximum or minimum put
minimum. Put f ′ ( x ) = 0 for maxima or minima f ′( x ) = 0
Q p2 = q f ′ ( x ) = 0 ⇒ 16 − x2 = 0 ⇒ −2sin x cos x + cos x = 0
∴ a2 = 2a ⇒ a = 2 or a = 0 ⇒ x = 4, − 4 ⇒ cos x (− 2sin x + 1 ) = 0
But a > 0, therefore a = 2 Again, on differentiating w.r.t. x, we 1
⇒ cos x = 0 or sin x =
get 2
11 Minimum of f ( x ) = − D ( x2 + 16)2 (−2 x ) − (16 − x2 ) π π
4a ⇒ x= ,
− ( 4b 2 − 8 c 2 ) 2( x2 + 16) 2 x 6 2
= f ′ ′( x ) = At
4 ( x + 16)4
2
For absolute maximum and absolute
= 2c 2 − b 2 x = 4, f ′ ′ ( x ) < 0 minimum, we have to evaluate
π π π π π
f (0), f   , f   , f ( π ) and f   = sin( π) − = −
10
=1+
 6  2  2
1  2 2 2
3   x +  +
3
   π π
At x = 0,  2 12  Clearly, is the greatest value and −
f (0) = cos 2 0 + sin 0 = 12 + 0 = 1 2 2
So, the maximum value of f ( x ) at is the least.
π π π π π π
At x = , f   = cos 2   + sin
3
x = − is Therefore, difference = + = π
6  6  6 6 2 2 2
2 23 Given, y = x 5/ 2
f  −  = 1 +
 3 3 10
=
1 5
 + = = 125
. = 1 + 40 = 41 dy 5 d 2 y 15 1 /2
 2
3  
 ∴ = x 3 /2 , 2 =
1 x
 2  2 4
π  12  dx 2 dx 4
At x = , 2
dy d y
2 21 Given, f ( x ) = sec x + log cos2 x At x = 0, = 0, =0
π π π
f   = cos 2   + sin = 02 + 1 = 1 ⇒ f ( x ) = sec x + 2 log(cos x )
dx dx2
 2  2 2
3
d y
Therefore, and 3 is not defined,
At x = π, dx
f ′ ( x ) = sec x tan x − 2 tan x
f ( π ) = cos 2 π + sin π = (−1)2 + 0 = 1 when x = 0, y = 0
= tan x (sec x − 2)
Hence, the absolute maximum value of f ′( x ) = 0 ∴(0, 0) is a point of inflection.
π
f is 1.25 occurring at x = and the ⇒ tan x = 0 or sec x = 2 ⇒ cos x =
1 24 Area of triangle, ∆ = 1 x h2 − x2
6 2 2
absolute minimum value of f is 1 Therefore, possible values of x are d∆ 1  2 x ( −2 x ) 
π π 5π =  h − x2 + =0
occurring at x = 0, and π. x = 0, x = π and x = or x = . dx 2  2 h2 − x2 
2 3 3 
Note If close interval is given, to determine Again,f ′ ′ ( x ) = sec2 x (sec x − 2) ⇒ x=
h
global maximum (minimum), check the + tan x (sec x tan x ) 2
value at all critical points as well as end = sec3 x + sec x tan2 x − 2 sec2 x C
points of a given interval. = sec x (sec2 x + tan2 x − 2 sec x )
18 Q f ( x ) = x ⇒ f ′ ′ (0 ) = 1 (1 + 0 − 2) = − 1 < 0 h 
4 + x + x2 Therefore, x = 0 is a point of maxima. √h2 – x2
On differentiating w.r.t. x, we get f ′ ′ ( π ) = − 1 (1 + 0 + 2) = − 3 < 0
4 + x + x2 − x ( 1 + 2 x ) Therefore, x = π is a point of maxima.
f ′( x ) = x
(4 + x + x2 )2 π A B
f ′ ′   = 2 (4 + 3 − 4) = 6 > 0
For maximum, put f ′ ( x ) = 0  3 d ∆
2
h
π ⇒ < 0 at x =
4 − x2 Therefore, x = is a point of minima. dx2 2
⇒ = 0 ⇒ x = 2, − 2 3
(4 + x + x2 )2 5π  h2 h2
f ′ ′ 
1 h
 = 2 (4 + 3 − 4) = 6 > 0 ∴ ∆ = × h2 − =
Both the values of x are not in the  3  2 2 2 4
interval [−1, 1] . 5π
−1 −1 Therefore, x = is a point of minima. 25 Let the equation of drawn line be
∴ f ( −1 ) = = 3 x y
4−1+ 1 4 + = 1, where a > 3,
Maximum value of y at x = 0 is a b
1 1 1 + 0 = 1. b > 4, as the line passes through (3, 4)
f (1 ) = = (maximum)
4+ 1+1 6 Maximum value of y at x = π is and meets the positive direction of
− 1 + 0 = − 1. coordinate axes.
19 Given, f ( x ) = x2 log x π 3 4 4a
Minimum value of y at x = is We have, + = 1 ⇒ b =
On differentiating w.r.t. x, we get 1 3 a b (a − 3)
f ′ ( x ) = (2 log x + 1 ) x 2 + 2 log = 2 (1 − log 2).
2 Now, area of ∆AOB,
For a maximum, put f ′ ( x ) = 0 5π 1 2a2
Minimum value of y at x = is ∆ = ab =
⇒ (2 log x + 1 ) x = 0 1 3 2 (a − 3)
⇒ x = e −1 /2 , 0 2 + 2 log = 2 (1 − log 2).
2 d∆ 2a (a − 6)
Q 0 < e −1 / 2 < 1 =
22 Given, f ( x ) = sin 2 x − x da (a − 3)2
None of these critical points lies in the
⇒ f ′ ( x ) = 2 cos 2 x − 1 Clearly, a= 6 is the point of minima for ∆.
interval [1, e ] .
1 2 × 36
Put f ′ ( x ) = 0 ⇒ cos 2 x = Thus, ∆ min = = 24 sq units
So, we only compute the value of f ( x ) at 2 3
the end points 1 and e. π π π π
⇒ 2x = − or ⇒ x = − or 26 Let f ( x ) = x3 − px + q
We have, f (1 ) = 0, f (e ) = e 2 3 3 6 6
Hence, greatest value of f ( x ) = e 2  π π π Maxima
Now, f  −  = sin(− π ) + =
10  2 2 2
20 Let f (x ) = 1 +
3  x + 3 x + 
 7 π 2π  π π
f  −  = sin  −
2 3
 3  + =− +
 6  6 6 2 6 −√p/3
π 2π  π π
f   = sin 
3 Minima
 − = −
 6  6 6 2 6 √p/3
Then, f ′ ( x ) = 3 x2 − p d2 y OA = AC − OC = h − R
At (t = 1), <0
Put f ′( x ) = 0 dx2 In ∆OAB, R2 = r 2 + (h − R )2
p p ⇒ t = 1 is a point of local maxima. ⇒ r = 2Rh − h2
⇒ x= ,−
3 3 d2 y ∴ S = πrl = π ( 2Rh − h2 )( h2 + r 2 )
At (t = 4), 2 > 0
Now, f ′′ ( x ) = 6 x dx
⇒ t = 4 is a point of local minima. = ( π 2Rh − h2 )( 2Rh )
p p
At x = , f ′′ ( x ) = 6 >0 dy d2 y Let S = P
2
3 3 [minima] At (t = 3), and 2 are not defined
dx dx ∴ P = π2 2R ( 2 Rh2 − h3 )
p Since, S is maximum, if P is maximum,
and at x = − f ′′ ( x ) < 0 [maxima] and change its sign.
3 d2 y then
is unknown in the vicinity of t = 3, dP
27 We have, AF || DE and AE || FD dx2 = 2 π2 R (4Rh − 3h2 ) = 0
thus t = 3 is a point of neither maxima dh
4R
A nor minima. ∴ h = 0,
Finally, maximum and minimum values 3
y of expression y = f ( x ) are 46 and −6, dP
Again, on differentiating , we get
respectively. dh
2
d P
F E 29 Let α and β be the roots of the equation = 2 π2 R ( 4 R − 6 h )
dh2
x2 − (a − 2) x − a + 1 = 0 d 2P 4R
x < 0 at h =
Then, α + β = a − 2, αβ = − a + 1 dh2 3
Let z = α 2 + β2
B D C
= (α + β )2 − 2αβ 32 Let OC = x, CQ = r
Now, in ∆ABC and ∆EDC, = (a − 2)2 + 2 (a − 1) Now, OA = R [given]
∠DEC = ∠BAC , ∠ACB is common. = a2 − 2a + 2 Height of the cone = h = x + R
⇒ ∆ABC ≅ ∆EDC dz ∴ Volume of the cone
⇒ = 2a − 2 1
b − y x c da = V = π r 2h …(i)
Now, = ⇒ x = (b − y ) 3
b c b dz
Put = 0 , then A
Now, S = Area of parallelogram da
AFDE = 2 (area of ∆AEF ) ⇒ a=1
d 2z
S = 2  xy sin A 
1 ∴ = 2> 0
⇒ R
2  da2 h
O
c So, z has minima at a = 1.
= (b − y )y sin A x
b So, α2 + β2 has least value for a = 1.
dS  c
=  sin A  (b − 2 y )
This is because we have only one P r Q
dy b  stationary value at which we have C
dS minima.
Sign scheme of , Hence, a = 1.
dy Also, in right angled ∆OCQ,
30 Any tangent to the ellipse is OC 2 + CQ 2 = OQ 2
+ –
b/2 x y
cos t + sin t = 1, where the point of ⇒ x2 + r 2 = R2
b 4 3 ⇒ r 2 = R2 − x2 …(ii)
Hence, S is maximum when y = ⋅
2 contact is (4cos t , 3sin t ) From Eqs. (i) and (ii),
∴ S max =   × sin A
c b b x y 1
or + = 1, V = π (R2 − x2 )( x + R ) …(iii)
b  2 2 4 sec t 3 cosec t 3
[Q h = x + R ]
=  bc sin A  = (area of ∆ABC )
11 1 It means the axes Q (4sec t , 0) and
On differentiating Eq. (iii) w.r.t. x, we
22  2 R (0, 3 cosec t ).
get
∴The distance of the line segment QR is dV 1
28 We have, QR2 = D = 16 sec2 t + 9 cosec2 t = π [(R2 − x2 ) − 2 x( x + R )]
dy dx 3
= 6 t 2 − 30 t + 24 = 6 (t − 1) (t − 4)
dt So, the minimum value of D is (4 + 3)2 dV π
or QR = 7. ⇒ = (R2 − x2 − 2 x2 − 2 xR )
dx dx 3
and = 6 t − 18 = 6 (t − 3)
dt 31 Let S be the curved surface area of a dV π
⇒ = (R2 − 2 xR − 3 x2 )
dy (t − 1) (t − 4) cone. dx 3
Thus, = C
dx (t − 3) dV π
⇒ = (R − 3 x )(R + x ) …(iv)
which indicates that t = 1, 3 and 4 are dx 3
the critical points of y = f ( x ). dV
For maxima, put =0
d2 y d  dy  dt h dx
Now, =  ⋅ O π
dx2 dt  dx  dx R ⇒ (R − 3 x )(R + x ) = 0
3
t − 6 t + 11
2
1 ⇒ x=
R
or x = − R ⇒ x =
R
= × B
(t − 3)2 6 (t − 3) A 3 3
r
[since, x cannot be negative]
On differentiating Eq. (iv) w.r.t. x, we get Any point on parabola is (at 2 ,2at ), Let g ( x ) = f ′ ( x ) = − 3 x2 + 6 x + 9
d V 2
π i.e., (2t 2 , 4t ). On differentiating w.r.t. x, we get
= [(−3)(R + x ) + (R − 3 x )]
dx2 3 For its minimum distance from the
g ′( x ) = − 6 x + 6
π π circle means its distance from the centre
= (−2R − 6 x ) = − (2 R + 6 x ) For maxima or minima put g ′ ( x ) = 0
3 3 (0, − 6) of the circle.
R d 2V −π  6R  Let z = (2t 2 )2 + (4t + 6)2 ⇒ x=1
At x = , =  2R +  = 4(t 4 + 4t 2 + 12t + 9)
3 dx2 3  3  Now, g ′ ′ ( x ) = − 6 < 0 and hence, at
dz x = 1, g ( x ) (slope) will have maximum
4π ∴ = 4(4t 3 + 8t + 12)
=− R<0 dt value.
3
⇒ 16(t 3 + 2t + 3) = 0 ∴[g ( 1 )] max = − 3 × 1 + 6( 1 ) + 9 = 12
So, V has a local maxima at x = R / 3.
⇒ (t + 1 )(t 2 − t + 3) = 0
Now, on substituting the value of x in 39 Given,
⇒ t = −1
Eq. (iii), we get ab = 2 a + 3b ⇒ (a − 3) b = 2 a
d 2z
π R2   R ⇒ = 16(3t + 2)> 0, hence minimum.
2
2a
V =  R2 −  R +  dt 2 ⇒ b =
3 9  3 a−3
So, point is (2, − 4).
π 8 R2 4 R 8 4 3 2 a2
⋅ = ⋅ =  πR  37 We know that, volume of cylinder, Now, let z = ab =
3 9 3 27  3  a−3
V = πR 2 h
8 On differentiating w.r.t. x, we get
⇒ V = × Volume of sphere
27 B′ A′ dz 2 [(a − 3) 2 a − a2 ] 2 [a2 − 6a]
C′ = =
33 Y da (a − 3)2 (a − 3)2
h/2
(–a cos θ, b sin θ) (a cos θ, b sin θ) dz
For a minimum, put =0
B A O da
h/2 r ⇒ a − 6a = 0
2
X′ X
⇒ a = 0, 6
C d 2z
C D B A At a = 6, 2 = positive
(–a cos θ, –b sin θ) (a cos θ, –b sin θ) R da
Y′ 2 When a = 6, b = 4
In ∆OCA, r 2 =   + R2
h
Area of rectangle ABCD ∴ (ab )min = 6 × 4 = 24
 2
= (2a cos θ) (2b sin θ) = 2ab sin 2θ 40 Q Perimeter of a
h2 A
Hence, area of greatest rectangle is ⇒ R2 = r 2 − sector = p
equal to 2ab when sin 2θ = 1. 4 r
 h2  Let AOB be
34 Let f ( x) = x +
1 ∴ V = π  r2 − h the sector with O θ s
x  4
radius r. r
1 π
f ′( x ) = 1 − 2 ⇒ V = πr 2 h − h3 …(i) If angle of the B
x 4 sector be θ radians,
For maxima and minima, put f ′ ( x ) = 0 On differentiating Eq. (i) both sides then area of sector,
1 w.r.t. h, we get 1
⇒ 1 − 2 = 0⇒ x = ± 1 A = r 2θ …(i)
x dV 3 πh2 2
= πr 2 −
2 dh 4 s
Now, f ′ ′ ( x ) = 3 and length of arc, s = r θ ⇒ θ =
x d2 V −3 πh r
⇒ =
At x = 1, f ′ ′ ( x ) = + ve [minima] dh2 2 ∴Perimeter of the sector
and at x = − 1, f ′ ′ ( x ) = −ve [maxima] For maximum or minimum value of V , p = r + s + r = 2 r + s …(ii)
Thus, f ( x ) attains minimum value at dV 3 πh2 s
= 0 ⇒ πr 2 − =0 On substituting θ = in Eq. (i), we get
x = 1. dh 4 r
2
35 Given that, f ( x ) = ( x + 1)1 /3 − ( x − 1)1 /3 4r 2
A =  r 2    = rs ⇒ s =
⇒ h2 = ⇒ h= r 1 s 1 2A
3 3 2   r  2 r
d V 
2
1 1 1  Now,  2  = − 3 πr < 0 Now, on substituting the value of s in
f ′( x ) =  −  dh  h = 2 r
3  ( x + 1)2 /3 ( x − 1)2 /3  3
Eq. (ii), we get
2 A
( x − 1)2 /3 − ( x + 1)2 /3 2r p = 2r +   ⇒ 2 A = pr − 2 r
2
= Thus, V is maximum when h = , then  r 
3( x2 − 1)2 /3 3
2 On differentiating w.r.t. r, we get
Clearly, f ′( x ) does not exist at x = ± 1. h2 1  2r  2 2
R2 = r 2 − = r2 −   = r 2
dA
= p − 4r
Now, put f ′ ( x ) = 0, then 4 4 3 3 dr
( x − 1)2 /3 = ( x + 1)2 /3 ⇒ x = 0 4 π r 3
Max V = πR2 h = For the maximum area, put
At x = 0 3 3 dA
f ( x ) = (0 + 1)1 /3 − (0 − 1)1 /3 = 2 =0
38 Let f ( x ) = − x 3 + 3 x2 + 9 x − 27 dr
Hence, the greatest value of f ( x ) is 2.
⇒ p − 4r = 0
36 Q y 2 = 8 x. But y 2 = 4ax The slope of this curve
p
f ′ ( x ) = − 3 x2 + 6 x + 9 ⇒ r =
⇒ 4a= 8 ⇒ a= 2 4
Clearly, f ′( x ) changes its sign at x = − 1 b

SESSION 2 from positive to negative and so f ( x ) has
So, at v = the speed is most
a
1 Let radius vector is r. local maxima at x = − 1. economical.
∴ r 2 = x2 + y 2 Also, f ′(0) does not exist but f ′ (0− ) < 0 ∴Most economical speed is
a2 y 2  a2 b2  and f ′ (0+ ) > 0. It can only be inferred
⇒ r2 = 2 + y2 Q 2 + 2 = 1 b a
y − b2  x y  that f ( x ) has a possibility of a minimum c =a +b = 2 ab
at x = 0. Hence, it has one local maxima a b
For minimum value of r, at x = − 1 and one local minima at x = 0 1
d (r 2 ) −2 yb 2 a2 c =2 × 1800 = 2 × 30
=0 ⇒ + 2y = 0 So, total number of local maxima and 2
dy ( y 2 − b 2 )2 local minima is 2.
⇒ c = 60
⇒ y 2 = b( a + b ) 6 Total length = 2r + r θ = 20
∴ x2 = a(a + b )  | x2 − 2 |, − 1 ≤ x < 3

⇒ r 2 = (a + b )2 ⇒ r = a + b 8 f ( x ) =  x , 3 ≤ x < 2 3
2 Bold line represents the graph of θ  3
y = g ( x ) , clearly g ( x ) has neither a 3 − x, 2 3 ≤ x ≤ 4
point of local maxima nor a point of r r Y
local minima.
2 y = |x2 – 2|
y= x
3
y = x2 – 4|x| rθ
1
20 − 2r 4
⇒ θ= X′ X
–2 0 2 r
–1 O √2 √3 2√3
–6 –4 4 6 Now, area of flower-bed,
y=3 – x
1
A = r 2θ Y′
2
From the above graph,
1 2  20 − 2r 
⇒ A= r   Maximum occurs at x = 0 and
3 Clearly, f ( x ) in increasing just before 2  r 
minimum at x = 4.
x = 3 and decreasing after x = 3. For ⇒ A = 10r − r 2 | x + x + 3 x + sin x |
3 2
x = 3 to be the point of local maxima. ∴

dA
= 10 − 2r  x≠0
f (3) ≥ f (3 − 0) dr 9 f ( x ) =   3 + sin  1   ,
   x
⇒ − 15 ≥ 12 − 27 + log (a2 − 3 a + 3) For maxima or minima, put
dA
= 0.  0, x=0
⇒ 0 < a2 − 3 a + 3 ≤ 1 ⇒ 1 ≤ a ≤ 2 dr
⇒ 10 − 2r = 0 ⇒ r = 5 Let g ( x ) = x + x + 3 x + sin x
3 2
4 (Slope) f ′( x ) = e x cos x + sin xe x g ′ ( x ) = 3 x2 + 2 x + 3 + cos x

1 2  20 − 2 (5)
= e x 2 sin ( x + π/4) ∴ A max = (5)
= 3  x2 + + 1 + cos x
2x
2  5 
f ′ ′ ( x ) = 2e x {sin ( x + π/4)  3 
1
+ cos ( x + π/4)} = × 25 × 2 = 25sq m
 8
2
2
= 3   x +  +  + cos x > 0
1
= 2e x ⋅ sin ( x + π/ 2)
 
For maximum slope, put f ′ ′ ( x ) = 0 7 Let c = av + b …(i)  3 9
v
⇒ sin ( x + π/2 ) = 0 and 2 < 3 + sin   < 4
1
When v = 30 km/ h, then c = ` 75  x
⇒ cos x = 0
b
∴ x = π / 2, 3 π / 2 ∴ 75 = 30 a + …(ii) Hence, minimum value of f ( x ) is 0 at
30
f ′ ′ ′ ( x ) = 2e x cos ( x + π/ 2) x = 0.
When v = 40 km/h, then c = ` 65
f ′ ′ ′ ( π/2 ) = 2e x ⋅ cos π = − ve Hence, number of points = 1
b
∴ 65 = 40 a + …(iii)
Maximum slope is at x = π /2. 40 10 According to given information, we
3 (2 + x ) , − 3 < x ≤ − 1
2
On solving Eqs. (ii) and (iii), we get have
5 f ′( x ) =  2 −1 /3 a=
1
and b = 1800 Perimeter of square + Perimeter of circle
x , − 1< x < 2
 3 2 = 2 units
Y On differentiating w.r.t. v in Eq. (i), ⇒ 4 x + 2 πr = 2
dc
= a− 2
b 1 − 2x
⇒ r = ...(i)
A dv v π
For maximum or minimum c,3 Now, let A be the sum of the areas of
dc b the square and the circle. Then,
X′ X =0 ⇒ v =±
(–2, 0) (–1, 0) O dv a A = x2 + πr 2
d 2c 2b (1 − 2 x ) 2
⇒ = 3 at v =
b dx
, >0 = x2 + π
(–3, 0) dv 2 v a dv 2 π2
(1 − 2 x )2
Y′ ⇒ A( x ) = x2 +
π
Now, for minimum value of A( x ), 49

>
8 8r − 3 r 3
and =
dA 543 89 4 4 − r2
=0
dx 49
⇒ a7 = is the greatest term. dA
2 (1 − 2 x ) = 0, when r (8 − 3 r 2 ) = 0 giving
⇒ 2x + ⋅ (− 2) = 0 543 dr
π 8
2 − 4x 13 f ( x ) = x 3 − 3(7 − a)x2 − 3(9 − a2 )x + 2 r =
⇒ x= 3
π f ′ ( x ) = 3 x2 − 6(7 − a)x − 3(9 − a2 )
4 4 − r 2 (8 − 9r 2 )
⇒ πx + 4 x = 2 For real root D ≥ 0,
⇒ 49 + a2 − 14a + 9 − a2 ≥ 0 (−4r )
⇒ x=
2
...(ii) − (8r − 3 r 3 )
π+ 4 ⇒a≤
58 2
d A 4 − r2
⇒ =
Now, from Eq. (i), we get 14 dr 2 16 (4 − r )
2
2 For local minimum 8 d2 A

1 − 2⋅ When r = , then 2 < 0
π+ 4 f ′ ′ ( x ) = 6 x − 6(7 − a) > 0 3 dr
r =
π ⇒ 7− x 8
π + 4− 4 1 Hence, A is maximum when r = .
= = ...(iii) has x must be negative 3
π(π + 4) π+ 4 ⇒ 7 − a< 0 Then, maximum area
From Eqs. (ii) and (iii), we get ⇒ a> 7 8 8 4 3
= 4− = sq unit
x = 2r Thus constradictory, i.e., for real roots 4×3 3 9
58
11 We have, a≤ and for negative point of local
14 15 Given,
1 1
f ( x ) = x2 + and g ( x ) = x − minimum a > 7. P ( x ) = x 4 + a x3 + bx2 + cx + d
x2 x ⇒ P ′ ( x ) = 4 x3 + 3 ax2 + 2 bx + c
f ( x) No possible values of a.
⇒ h( x ) = Since, x = 0 is a solution for
g( x) 14 From the given figure coordinate of Q is P ′ ( x ) = 0, then
1  x − 1 + 2
2
(− 1, 0 ). c =0
x2 + 2  
x  x The equation of circle centre at Q with ∴ P ( x ) = x 4 + ax3 + bx2 + d …(i)
∴ h( x ) = = variable radius r is
1 1 Also, we have P (− 1) 0
⇒ h( x ) =  x −  +
 x 1 Since, P ′ ( x ) = 0, only when x = 0 and
x−
x P ( x ) is differentiable in (− 1, 1), we
1  1 2 should have the maximum and
x − > 0, x −  + ∈ [2 2, ∞ ) minimum at the points x = − 1, 0 and 1.
x  x 1 Q S P
x− T O
Also, we have P (− 1) < P (1)
x
1 ∴ Maximum of P ( x ) = Max {P (0), P (1)}
x − < 0, and minimum of P ( x ) = Min
x
 x − 1 + 2 {P (− 1), P (0)}
  ∈ (−∞, 2 2] In the interval [0, 1],
 x 1
x− ( x + 1 )2 + y 2 = r 2 …(i)
x P ′ ( x ) = 4 x3 + 3ax2 + 2 bx
This circle meets the line segment QP at
∴ Local minimum value is 2 2. = x (4 x2 + 3ax + 2 b )
S, where QS = r
Since, P ′( x ) has only one root x = 0,
12 Consider the function It meets the circle x2 + y 2 = 1 at …(ii)
x2 then 4 x2 + 3 ax + 2 b = 0 has no real
f (x ) =  r2 − 2 r 
R , 4 − r2  roots.
( x + 200)
3
 2 2 
∴ (3a)2 − 32 b < 0
(400 − x 3 )
f ′( x ) = x 3 =0 [on solving Eqs. (i) and (ii)
9 a2
( x + 200)2 A = Area of ∆QSR ⇒ 0
x = (400)1 /3 − h ⇒ f ′ ( x ) > 0 Thus, we have a > 0 and b > 0.
= r  . 4 − r 2 
1 r
x = (400)1 /3 + h ⇒ f ′ ( x ) < 0 2 2  ∴ P ′ ( x ) = 4 x3 + 3 ax2 + 2 bx > 0,
∴ f ( x ) has maxima at x = (400) 1 /3 [since, RT is the y-coordinate of R] ∀ x ∈ (0, 1)
1 Hence, P ( x ) is increasing in [0, 1].
Since, 7 < (400) < 8, either a7 or a8 is
1 /3 = [r 2 4 − r 2 ]
4 ∴ Maximum of P ( x ) = P (1)
the greatest term of the sequence.
dA 1  r 2 (− r )  Similarly, P ( x ) is decreasing in [−1 , 0].
Q a7 =
49 ∴ = 2r 4 − r 2 + 
dr 4 4 − r 2  Therefore, minimum P ( x ) does not
543 
occur at x = − 1.
8 {2r (4 − r 2 ) − r 3 }
and a8 = =
89 4 4 − r2
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DAY FIFTEEN
Indefinite
Integrals
u Integral as an u Fundamental Integration u Methods of Integration
Anti-derivative Formulae
Integral as an Anti-derivative
A function φ ( x) is called a primitive or anti-derivative of a function f ( x), if φ′ ( x) = f ( x). If f1 ( x)
and f2 ( x) are two anti-derivatives of f ( x), then f1 ( x) and f2 ( x) differ by a constant. The collection
of all its anti-derivatives is called indefinite integral of f ( x) and is denoted by ∫ f ( x) dx.
d
Thus, {φ ( x) + C} = f ( x) ⇒ ∫ f ( x) dx = φ ( x) + C
dx
where, φ ( x) is an anti-derivative of f ( x), f ( x) is the integrand and C is an arbitrary constant
known as the constant of integration. Anti-derivative of odd function is always even and of
even function is always odd.
Properties of Indefinite Integrals

l
∫ { f ( x) ± g( x)} dx = ∫ f ( x) dx ± ∫ g( x) dx PRED
l
∫ k ⋅ f ( x) dx = k ⋅ ∫ f ( x) dx, where k is any non-zero real number. MIRROR
l
∫ [k f ( x) + k f ( x) +...+ k f ( x)] dx = k ∫ f ( x) dx + k ∫ f ( x) dx + ... + k ∫ f ( x) dx,
1 1 2 2 n n 1 1 2 2 n n
where k1 , k2 ,... k n are non-zero real numbers. u No. of Questions in Exercises (x)—
Fundamental Integration Formulae u No. of Correct Questions (z)—
There are some important fundamental formulae, which are given below
1. Algebraic Formulae u Prep Level (z / x × 100)—
xn + 1
∫ x dx = + C, n ≠ − 1
n
(i) In order to expect good rank in JEE,
n+1 your Accuracy Level should be
+1 above 85 & Prep Level should be
1 (ax + b )n
(ii)∫ (ax + b )n dx = ⋅ + C, n ≠ − 1 above 75.
a n+1
DAY FIFTEEN INDEFINITE INTEGRALS 151
1
(iii) ∫ x
dx = log| x | + C 3. Exponential Formulae
∫ e dx = e +C
x x
(i)
1 1
(iv) ∫ ax + b
dx = (log| ax + b |) + C
a 1 ( ax
∫e
( ax + b ) + b)
(ii) dx = ⋅e +C
1 1 a+ x a
(v) ∫ a2 − x2
dx = log
a− x
+C ax
2a
∫a dx = + C, a > 0 and a ≠ 1
x
(iii)
loge a
1 1 x−a
(vi) ∫ dx = log +C 1 a (bx + c )
∫
+c)
x −a2
2
2a x+a (iv) a (bx dx = ⋅ + C, a > 0 and a ≠ 1
b loge a
1 1  x
(vii) ∫ 2 dx = tan −1   + C
a + x2 a  a
−1 1  x
Methods of Integration
(viii) ∫ 2 dx = cot −1   + C
a + x2 a  a Following methods are used for integration
1
(ix) ∫ x −a2 2
dx = log| x + x2 − a2 | + C 1. Integration by Substitutions
The method of reducing a given integral into one of the
1
(x) ∫ x2 + a2
dx = log| x + x2 + a2 | + C standard integrals, by a proper substitution, is called method
of substitution.
(xi) ∫
1  x
dx = sin −1   + C
To evaluate an integral of the form ∫ f {g( x)} ⋅ g′ ( x) dx, we
a −x2 2 a
substitute g( x) = t , so that g′ ( x)dx = dt and given integral
−1  x reduces to ∫ f (t ) dt .
(xii) ∫ a −x2
dx = cos −1   + C
2 a
[ f ( x )]n +1
1 1  x
NOTE • ∫ [ f ( x )]n ⋅ f ′( x ) = +C
(xiii) ∫ dx = sec −1   + C n+ 1
x x2 − a2 a  a 1
• If ∫ f ( x ) dx = φ( x ), then ∫ f ( ax + b) dx = φ( ax + b) + C
−1 1  x a
(xiv) ∫ dx = cosec −1   +C
x2 − a2 a  a
x (i) To evaluate integrals of the form
1 1  x dx dx
∫ a − x dx = x a2 − x2 + a2 sin −1   + C
∫ ax or ∫
2 2
(xv) or
2 2  a 2
+ bx + c ax 2 + bx + c
1 1 2
∫ x − a dx = x x − a − a log| x + x2 − a2 | + C
2 2 2 2
(xvi)
2
1
2
1
∫ ax 2 + bx + c dx
(xvii) ∫ x + a dx = x x + a + a2 log| x + x2 + a2 | + C
2 2 2 2
 b c
We write, ax2 + bx + c = a  x2 + x + 
2 2  a a
2. Trigonometric Formulae  b c b2
= a x +  + −
2
 2 a a 4c
(i) ∫ sin x dx = − cos x + C This process reduces the integral to one of following forms
(ii) ∫ cos x dx = sin x + C dX dX dX
=∫ 2 2 ∫
, or ∫ 2 ,
X −A X +A
2 2
A − X2
(iii) ∫ tan x dx = − log|cos x | + C = log|sec x | + C dX dX dX
∫ A 2 − X 2 , ∫ x2 − A 2 , ∫ X 2 + A 2
(iv) ∫ cot x dx = log|sin x | + C = − log| cosec x | + C
π x
(v) ∫ sec xdx = log| sec x + tan x |+ C = log tan  +  + C
or ∫ A2 − X 2 dX , ∫ X 2 − A2 dX , ∫ A2 + X 2 dX
 4 2
x (ii) To evaluate integrals of the form
(vi) ∫ cosec x dx = log| cosec x − cot x | + C = log tan + C
2
(px + q) (px + q)
(vii) ∫ sec x dx = tan x + C
2
∫ ax 2
+ bx + c
dx or ∫ ax 2 + bx + c
dx
(viii) ∫ cosec x dx = − cot x + C
2
(ix) ∫ sec x ⋅ tan x dx = sec x + C

or ∫ (px + q) ax 2 + bx + c dx
We put px + q = A {differentiation of (ax2 + bx + c)} + B,
(x) ∫ cosec x ⋅ cot x dx = − cosec x + C where A and B can be found by comparing the coefficients of
like powers of x on the two sides.
152 40 DAYS ~ JEE MAIN MATHEMATICS DAY FIFTEEN
2. Integration using Trigonometric ● To evaluate integrals of the form

1 1
Identities ∫ a sin x + b cos x dx or ∫ a + b sin x dx
In this method, we have to evaluate integrals of the form
1 1
or ∫ dx or ∫ dx
●
∫ sin mx ⋅ cos nx dx or ∫ sin mx ⋅ sinnx dx or a + b cos x a sin x + b cos x + c
∫ cos mx ⋅ cos nx dx or ∫ cos mx ⋅ sinnx dx 2 tan
x
2
x
1 − tan2
2
(i) Put sin x = and cos x =
In this method, we use the following trigonometrical identities x x
1 + tan2 1 + tan2
(i) 2 sin A ⋅ cos B = sin ( A + B) + sin ( A − B) 2 2
x x x
(ii) 2 cos A ⋅ sin B = sin ( A + B) − sin ( A − B) (ii) Replace 1 + tan2 by sec2 and put tan = t .
2 2 2
(iii) 2 cos A ⋅ cos B = cos ( A + B) + cos ( A − B)
a sin x + b cos x
(iv) 2 sin A ⋅ sin B = cos ( A − B) − cos ( A + B) ● To evaluate integral of form∫ dx,
(v) 2 sin A ⋅ cos A = sin 2 A c sin x + d cos x
 1 + cos 2 A  d
(vi) cos2 A =   we write a sin x + b cos x = A ( c sin x + d cos x)
 2  dx
 1 − cos 2 A  +B( c sin x + d cos x)
(vii) sin2 A =  
 2  Where A and B can be found by equating the coefficient of
(viii) cos A − sin A = cos 2 A
2 2 sin x and cos x on both sides.
(ix) sin2 A + cos2 A = 1 a sin x + b cos x + c

To evaluate integral of the form∫ dx.
p sin x + q cos x + r
3. Integration of Different Types d
We write a sin x + b cos x + c = A (p sin x + q cos x + r)
dx
of Functions + B (p sin x + q cos x + r) + C
● To evaluate integrals of the form ∫ sin p x cos q x dx Where A, B and C can be found by equating the coefficient of
sin x, cos x and the constant term.
Where p, q ∈ Q, we use the following rules : x2 + 1
(i) If p is odd, then put cos x = t ● To evaluate integrals of the form ∫ dx
x 4 + kx 2 + 1
(ii) If q is odd, then put sin x = t
x2 − 1
(iii) If both p, q are odd, then put either sin x = t or cos x = t or ∫ dx
(iv) If both p, q are even, then use trigonometric identities x 4 + kx 2 + 1
only. We divide the numerator and denominator by x2 and make
 p + q − 2
2
 1
(v) If p, q are rational numbers and   is a negative perfect square in denominator as  x ±  and then put
 2   x
integer, then put cot x = t or tan x = t as required. 1 1
x + = t or x – = t as required.
x x
dx
● To evaluate integrals of the form ∫ or
a + b cos 2 x ● Substitution for Some Irrational Integrand
dx dx a− x a+ x
∫ a + bsin 2
x
or ∫
a sin x + b cos 2 x
2
, (i)
a+ x
,
a− x
, x = a cos 2θ
dx dx x a+ x 1
∫ ( asin x + bcos x) 2 or ∫ a + bsin2 x + c cos 2 x (ii)
a+ x
,
x
, x (a + x),
x (a + x)
, x = a tan2 θ
or x = a cot2 θ
(i) Divide both the numerator and denominator by
cos2 x. x a− x 1
(iii) , , x (a − x), , x = a sin2 θ
(ii) Replace sec2 x by 1 + tan2 x in the denominator, if any. a− x x x (a − x)
(iii) Put tan x = t , so that sec2 x dx = dt or x = a cos2 θ
x x−a 1 e ax
, x ( x − a) , , x = a sec2 θ ∫e cos(bx + c)dx =
ax
(iv) , (iii)
x−a x x ( x − a) a + b2 2
{a cos (bx + c) + b sin (bx + c)} + k

dx  x − α Here, c and k are integration constant.
(v) ∫ ( x − α)(β − x) , ∫ 
β − x
 dx
∫ ( x − α )(β − x) dx, put x = α cos2 θ + β sin2 θ 5. Integration by Partial Fractions

P( x )
dx
To evaluate the integral of the form ∫ Q( x) dx, where P( x), Q( x)
(vi) ∫ ( px + q ) ax + b
, put ax + b = t 2
are polynomial in x with degree of P( x) < degree of Q( x) and
Q( x) ≠ 0, we use the method of partial fraction.
dx
(vii) ∫ (ax 2
+ bx + c) px + q
, put px + q = t 2 The partial fractions depend on the nature of the factors of
Q( x).
dx 1 (i) According to nature of factors of Q( x), corresponding
(viii) ∫ , put px + q = form of partial fraction is given below:
( px + q ) ax + bx + c
2 t
If Q ( x) = ( x − a1 ) ( x − a2 ) ( x − a3 ) .... ( x − an ), then
dx 1 we assume that
(ix) ∫ ( px 2
+ q ) (ax + b )2
first put x =
t P ( x) A1 A2 A3 An
= + + + ... + ,
and then a + bt 2 = z2 Q( x) ( x − a1 ) ( x − a 2 ) ( x − a3 ) ( x − an )
where the constants A1 , A2 , K , An can be determined
by equating the coefficients of like power of x or by
4. Integration by Parts substituting x = a1 , a2 , K , an .
(i) If u and v are two functions of x, then (ii) If Q ( x) = ( x − a)k ( x − a1 ) ( x − a2 ) K ( x − ar ), then we
 du  assume that
∫ uI vII dx = u ∫ v dx − ∫  dx ⋅ ∫ v dx dx P( x ) A1 A2 Ak
= + + ... +
We use the following preference in order to select the Q( x) ( x − a) ( x − a)2 ( x − a)k
first function B1 B2 Br
+ + + ... +
I → Inverse function ( x − a1 ) ( x − a2 ) ( x − ar )
L → Logarithmic function where the constants A1 , A2 ,..., Ak , B1 , B2 ..., Br can be
A → Algebraic function obtained by equating the coefficients of like power of
T → Trigonometric function x.
E → Exponential function (iii) If some of the factors in Q( x) are quadratic and
(ii) If one of the function is not directly integrable, then we non-repeating, corresponding to each quadratic factor
take it as the first function. ax2 + bx + c (non-factorisable), we assume the partial
Ax + B
(iii) If both the functions are directly integrable, then the fraction of the type 2 , where A and B are
ax + bx + c
first function is chosen in such a way that its derivative
vanishes easily or the function obtained in integral sign constants to be determined by comparing coefficients
of like powers of x.
is easily integrable.
(iv) If some of the factors in Q( x) are quadratic and
(iv) If only one which is not directly integrable, function is
repeating, for every quadratic repeating factor of the
there e.g. ∫ log x dx, then 1 (unity) is taken as second
type (ax2 + bx + c)k where ax2 + bx + c cannot be further
function. factorise, we assume
A1 x + A2 A3 x + A4 A2 k − 1 x + A2 k
+ + ... +
Some more Special Integrals Based on ax2 + bx + c (ax2 + bx + c)2 (ax2 + bx + c)k
Integration by Parts If degree of P ( x) > degree of Q( x), then we first divide P( x) by
∫ e { f ( x) + f ′ ( x)}dx = f ( x)e + C P( x ) P ( x)
x x
(i) Q( x) so that is expressed in the form of T ( x) + 1 , where
Q( x) Q( x)
e ax
∫ e sin (bx + c) dx = P1 ( x)
ax
(ii)
a + b2
2 T ( x) is a polynomial in x and is a proper rational function
Q( x)
{a sin (bx + c) − b cos (bx + c)} + k
(i.e. degree of P1 ( x) < degree of Q( x))

dx x6 8 If ∫ x + x 2 + 5 dx = P {x + x 2 + 5} 3 / 2
1 If ∫ = p( x ), then ∫ dx is equal to
x +x 7
x + x7 j JEE Mains 2013
Q
+ + C, then the value of 3PQ is
(a) log | x | − p (x) + C (b) log | x | + p (x) + C x x2 + 5
(c) x − p (x) + C (d) x + p (x) + C (a) −1 (b) −4 (c) −3 (d) −5
x −1
3
dx
2 ∫ ( x 4 + 1)( x + 1)
dx is equal to 9 ∫ cos x − sin x
is equal to
1 1
log(1 + x 4) + log(1 + x 3) + C x π
log tan  −  + C (b) log cot   + C
(a) 1 1 x
4 3 (a)
1 1 2 2 8 2  2
(b) log(1 + x 4) − log(1 + x 3) + C
4 3 x 3π x 3π
log tan  − log tan  +
1 1
1 (c)  + C (d)  +C
(c) log(1 + x 4) − log(1 + x) + C 2 2 8  2 2 8 
4
1
(d) log(1 + x 4) + log(1 + x) + C sin8 x − cos 8 x
4
10 ∫ 1 − 2 sin 2
x cos 2 x
dx is equal to
∫ ( x + 1)( x + 2) ( x + 3) dx is equal to
7
3 1
(a) sin2x + C (b) − sin 2 x + C
2
(x + 2)10 (x + 2)8 1
(a) − +C (c) sin 2 x + C (d) − sin2x + C
10 8 2
(x + 1) 2
(x + 2) 8
(x + 3)2
(b) − − +C ( 3 x + 2 − x 2 )( 6 1 − x 2 − x 2 )
2
(x + 2) 10
8 2 11 ∫ 3
1− x 2
dx ;x ∈( 0,1) equals
(c) +C
10 (a) 21/ 6 x + C (b) 21/12 x + C (c) 21/ 3 x + C (d) None of these
(x + 1) 2
(x + 2)8 (x + 3)2
(d) + + +C  cos 6x + 6 cos 4x + 15 cos 2x + 10 
2 8 2 12 ∫ 10 cos 2  dx = f ( x ) + C,
x + 5 cos x cos 3x + cos x cos 5x 
dx
4 The integral ∫ 3
equals then f (10) is equal to
x 2 ( x 4 + 1) 4 j
JEE Mains 2015 (a) 20 (b) 10 (c) 2 sin10 (d) 2 cos10
1
 x 4 + 1 4
1 2x + 5x
12 9
(a)   +C (b) (x 4 + 1) 4 + C 13 The integral ∫ dx is equal to

 x4  ( x 5 + x 3 + 1)3 j
JEE Mains 2016
1
− x5 x10
 x 4 + 1 4 +C +C
1
(a) (b)
(c) − (x 4 + 1) 4 + C (d) −   +C (x + x 3 + 1)2
5
2 (x + x 3 + 1)2
5
 x4 
x5 − x10
(c) +C (d) +C
sin x 2 (x + x 3 + 1)2
5
2 (x + x 3 + 1)2
5
5 If ∫ dx = Ax + B log sin ( x − α ) + C,
sin( x − α )
x 2 −1
then the value of ( A , B ) is 14 ∫x 3
2x 4 − 2x 2 + 1
dx is equal to
(a) (sinα,cosα) (b) (cosα,sinα )
(c) (− sinα,cosα) (d) (− cosα,sinα) 2x 4 − 2x 2 + 1 2x 4 − 2x 2 + 1
(a) +C (b) +C
f (x ) x2 x
6 If ∫ dx = log log sin x + C, then f ( x ) is equal to 2x 4 − 2x 2 + 1 2x 4 − 2x 2 + 1
log sin x (c) +C (d) +C
2x 2x 2
(a) sinx (b) cos x
dx
(c) logsinx
2
(d) cot x 15 ∫ (1 + x 2
) p + q 2 (tan−1 x )2
2
is equal to
 (log x − 1) 
7 ∫  2 
1 + (log x ) 
dx is eqal to
(a)
1
log[q tan−1 x + p 2 + q 2 (tan−1 x)2 ] + C
q
x xe x
(a) +C (b) +C (b) log[q tan−1 x + p 2 + q 2 (tan−1 x)2 ] + C
(log x)2 + 1 1+ x 2 2
x log x (c) (p 2 + q 2 tan−1 x)3 / 2 + C
(c) 2 +C (d) +C 3q
x +1 (log x)2 + 1
cos 8x + 1 x 2 −1
16 In the integral ∫ dx = A cos 8x + k , where 24 ∫x dx is equal to
cot 2x − tan 2x 4
+ x2 +1
k is an arbitrary constant, then A is equal to 1  x 2 + x + 1 1  x 2 − x − 1
j JEE Mains 2013 (a) log  2  +C (b) log  2  +C
2  x − x + 1 2  x + x + 1
1 1 1 1
(a) − (b) (c) (d) −
16 16 8 8  x 2 − x + 1 1  x 2 − x + 1
(c) log  2  +C (d) log  2  +C
(sin θ + cos θ )  x + x + 1 2  x + x + 1
17 ∫ sin 2 θ
dθ is equal to
x
j JEE Mains 2017
(a) log | cosθ − sinθ + sin 2 θ |
25 ∫ a3 − x 3
dx is equal to
(b) log | sinθ − cosθ + sin 2 θ| 3/ 2 3/ 2
(a) sin−1 
x 2 −1  x 
+C (b) sin   +C
(c) sin−1 (sinθ − cosθ) + C a 3 a
(d) sin−1 (sinθ + cosθ) + C 3/ 2 2/ 3
3 −1  x  3 −1  x 
 f ( x ) ⋅ g ' ( x ) − f ' ( x ) ⋅ g ( x ) (c) sin   +C (d) sin   +C
a a
18 ∫  f ( x ) ⋅ g( x )
 ((log g ( x ) − log f ( x )) dx is

2 2
26 If an anti-derivative of f ( x ) is e x and that of g ( x ) is cos x,
equal to
2 then ∫ f ( x ) cos x dx + ∫ g ( x ) e dx is equal to
x
 g (x)  1  g (x) 
(a) log  +C (b)   (a) f (x) ⋅ g (x) + C (b) f (x) + g (x) + C
 f (x)  2  f (x) 
2 2 (c) e x cos x + C (d) f (x) − g (x) + C
1   g (x)    g (x) 
(c)  log  + C (d) log  +C 27. If ∫ f ( x ) dx = Ψ( x ), then ∫ x 5f ( x 3 ) dx is equal to
2   f (x)    f (x) 
1 3
19 Let I n = ∫ tann x dx (n > 1). If (a) [x Ψ (x 3)] − ∫ x 2 Ψ (x 3)dx + C
3 j JEE Mains 2013
I 4 + I 6 = a tan5 x + bx 5 + C, where C is a constant of 1
(b) [x 3 Ψ (x 3)] − 3 ∫ x 3 Ψ (x 3)dx + C
integration, then the ordered pair (a, b ) is equal to 3
(a)  − , 1 (b)  , 0 (c)  , − 1 (d)  − , 0
1 1 1 1 1
(c) [x 3 Ψ (x 3) − ∫ x 2 Ψ (x 3)dx] + C
 5  5  5   5  3
1
tan x 2 (d) [x 3 Ψ (x 3)] − ∫ x 3 Ψ (x 3)dx + C
20 If ∫ dx = x − tan−1 3
1 + tan x + tan x
2
A
 2 tan x + 1 1 − 6 cos 2 x f (x )
  + C, then the value of A is
28 If ∫ dx = + C, then f ( x ) is equal to
 A  sin6 x cos 2 x (sin x )6
(a) 1 (b) 2 (a) sinx (b) cos x (c) tanx (d) cot x
∫ tan
−1
(c) 3 (d) None of these 29 xdx is equal to j
NCERT Exemplar
3 11
− −
21 ∫ cos 7
x sin 7
x dx is equal to (a) (x + 1) tan−1 x − x + C (b) x tan −1 x − x + C
4 4 (c) x − x tan−1 x + C (d) x − (x + 1) tan −1 x + C
4
(a) log | sin7 x | + C (b) tan7 x + C
7 30 If I n = ∫ (log x )n dx , then I n + n I n − 1 is equal to
4 3
−7 −
(c) tan 7 x + C (d) log| cos 7 x | + C (a) x (log x)n (b) (x log x)n (c) (log x)n −1 (d) n (log x)n
4
dx 31 If ∫ f ( x ) dx = g ( x ), then ∫ f −1( x ) dx is equal to
22 ∫ 2 + sin x + cos x
is equal to
j
NCERT Exemplar (a) g −1(x) (b) xf −1(x) − g (f −1(x))
(c) xf −1(x) − g −1(x) (d) f −1(x)
tan (x / 2) + 1 −1  tan (x / 2) + 1
(a) 2 tan−1  + C (b) tan   +C
    ( x + 3) e x
2 2 32 ∫ ( x + 4) 2
dx is equal to
(c) 2 tan−1
tan (x / 2) 
 +C (d) None of these
 2  (a)
1
+C (b)
ex
+C
(x + 4) 2 (x + 4) 2
23 If the integral
ex ex
5 tan x (c) +C (d) +C
∫ tan x − 2 dx = x + a ln | sin x − 2 cos x | + k , x+ 4 x+ 3
x 2 − x + 1 cot −1 x
33 If ∫
−1
then a is equal to e dx = A ( x ) e cot x + C, then A ( x ) is
x2 +1
(a) − 1 (b) − 2
(c) 1 (d) 2 equal to j
JEE Mains 2013
(a) − x (b) x (c) 1− x (d) 1+ x
34 If g ( x ) is a differentiable function satisfying dx 3

d
35 ∫x 3
( x n + 1)
is equal to
{ g ( x )} = g ( x ) and g( 0) = 1, then
dx 3  xn  1  xn 
 2 − sin 2x  (a) ln  +C (b) ln  +C
n  x n + 1 n  x n + 1
∫ g ( x ) 1 − cos 2x  dx is equal to
3  x n + 1  x n +1 
(a) g (x) cot x + C (b) − g (x) cot x + C
(c) ln  +C (d) 3n ln n  + C
n  xn   x 
g (x)
(c) +C (d) None of these
1 − cos 2 x

1 If ∫ f ( x ) dx = f ( x ), then ∫ {f ( x )} 2 dx is equal to 1 −1
(a) +C (b) +C
3 (1 + tan3 x) 3 (1 + tan3 x)
1 {f (x)}3 1 −1
(a) {f (x)}2 (b) {f (x)}3 (c) (d) {f (x)}2 (c) +C (d) +C
2 3 1 + cot 3 x 1 + cot 3 x
0 x 2 − sin x cos x − 2 (where C is a constant of integration)
2 If f ( x ) = sin x − x 2
0 1 − 2x ,  cos θ + sin θ 
2 − cos x 2x − 1 0 6 ∫ cos 2 θ log  cos θ − sin θ  dθ is equal to
then∫ f ( x ) dx is equal to  cosθ + sinθ 
(a) (cosθ − sinθ) 2 log   +C
(a)
x3
− x 2 sin x + sin 2 x + C  cosθ − sinθ 
3  cosθ + sinθ 
x3 (b) (cosθ + sinθ) 2 log   +C
(b) − x 2 sin x − cos 2 x + C  cosθ − sinθ 
3
x3 (cosθ − sin θ) 2  cosθ − sinθ 
(c) − x 2 cos x − cos 2 x + C (c) log   +C
3 2  cosθ + sinθ 
(d) None of the above π
sin 2 θ logtan  + θ − log sec 2 θ + C
1 1
(d)
1 − cos 2a x 2 4  2
∫e
2 ax
3 dx is equal to
1 + sin 2a x
x2
(a)
π
− e 2ax cos  + ax  + C
1 7 ∫ (x sin x + cos x ) 2
dx is equal to
a  4 
π sin x + cos x
(b) −
1 2ax 
e cot  + ax  + C (a) +C
2a 4  x sin x + cos x
π x sin x − cos x

e cos  + ax  + C +C
1 2ax (b)
(c) −
2a 4  x sin x + cos x
π sin x − x cos x

− e cosec  + ax  + C
1 2ax
(d) (c) +C
a 4  x sin x + cos x
4 If x 2 ≠ nπ − 1, n ∈ N. Then, the value of (d) None of the above
2 sin ( x + 1) − sin 2 ( x + 1)
2 2
x 2 dx
∫x 2 sin ( x 2 + 1) + sin 2 ( x 2 + 1)
dx is equal to 8 If f ( x ) = ∫
(1 + x 2 )(1 + 1 + x 2 )
and f ( 0) = 0, then the
1  x 2 + 1 value of f (1) is
(a) log sec (x 2 + 1) + C (b) log sec   +C π
2  2  (a) log (1 + 2) (b) log (1 + 2) −
1 4
(c) log | sec (x 2 + 1) | + C (d) None of these π
2 (c) log (1 + 2) + (d) None of these
2
5 The integral
sin2 x cos 2 x dx 1+ x
∫ (sin dx 9 If I = ∫ =k 3 + C, then k is equal to
5
x + cos x sin2 x + sin3 x cos 2 x + cos 5 x )2
3 3
( x + 1) ( x − 1)
2 4 1− x
is equal to j
JEE Mains 2018 (a) 2/3 (b) 3/2
(c) 1/3 (d) 1/2
dx
10 ∫ (sin x + 2)(sin x − 1) is equal to 1
 1 x+
12 The integral ∫ 1 + x −  e x
dx is equal to
  1   x
2 tan + 
x JEE Mains 2014
 
j
2 2 −1 2 2 
− +C
1 1
(a) tan  x+ x+
 x  3 3 3 (a) (x − 1) e x
+C (b) xe x
+C
3  tan − 1  
   
1 1
x+ x+
2 (c) (x + 1) e x
+C (d) − xe x
+C
2
(b) +C
 tan x + 1
∫ (sin(101 x ) ⋅ sin
99
  13 x ) dx is equal to
 2 
 2 tan x − 1
100
sin(100x) (sin x) cos(100 x) (sin x)100
(a) +C (b) +C
2 1 2 −1  2  100 100
(c) − + tan   +C
3  tan x − 1 3 3  3 
cos(100 x)(cos x) 100
cos(100 x)(cos x) 100
  (c) +C (d) +C
 2    100 100
 2 tan x − 1
2 2 2  2  ( 2018)2 x
(d) − + tan−1   +C ∫
−1 x
14 ( 2018)sin ( 2018 ) dx is equal to
3  tan x − 1 3 3  3  1 − ( 2018) 2x
 
 2    −1
( 2018 ) x
(a) (log2018 e)2 (2018)sin +C
2
x (b) (log2018 e)2 (2018)x + sin
−1
( 2018 ) x
+C
11 ∫ ( 2 + 3 x 2 )5 / 2
dx is equal to
−1
(c) (log2018 e)2 (2018)x − sin ( 2018 ) x
+C
3/ 2 −1
1 x2 
x
(2018)sin ( 2018)
(a) +C (d) +C
5  2 + 3 x 2  (log2018 e)2
1 x2 
3/ 2
 2 1
∫ (∫ e log x + − 2  ) dx is equal to
x
(b) +C 15
6  2 + 3 x 2   x x 
1
1 x2 
7/ 2
(a) e x log x + C1x + C2 (b) logx + + C1x + C2
(c)  +C x
6  2 + 3 x 2  (c)
logx
+ C1x + C2 (d) None of these
x
ANSWERS
SESSION 1 1 (a) 2 (c) 3 (a) 4 (d) 5 (b) 6 (d) 7 (a) 8 (d) 9 (d) 10 (b)
11 (a) 12 (a) 13 (b) 14 (d) 15 (a) 16 (a) 17 (c) 18 (c) 19 (b) 20 (c)
21 (c) 22 (a) 23 (d) 24 (d) 25 (b) 26 (c) 27 (a) 28 (c) 29 (a) 30 (a)
31 (b) 32 (c) 33 (b) 34 (b) 35 (a)
SESSION 2 1 (a) 2 (d) 3 (b) 4 (b) 5 (b) 6 (d) 7 (c) 8 (b) 9 (b) 10 (a)
11 (b) 12 (b) 13 (a) 14 (a) 15 (a)

x6 x6 6 We have, ∫
f ( x) = ∫ (sin 4 x − cos 4 x )dx
1 Let I = ∫x+ 7
x
dx = ∫ x (1 + x6 )
dx
log sin x
= log(log sin x ) + C
= ∫ (sin2 x − cos 2 x )dx
d
(1 + x 6 ) − 1 ∴ f ( x) = (log sin x )
=∫
x (1 + x 6 )
dx dx = ∫ − cos 2x dx
 f '( x ) 
Q ∫ f ( x ) dx = log( f ( x )) + C 
dx dx sin2 x
⇒ I =∫ −∫ =− +C
x x + x7   2
= log| x| − p( x ) + C = cot x ( x + 2 − x2 )( 1 − x 2 − x2 )
3 6
2 Let I = ∫ 4 x − 1
3
dx  (log x − 1) 
2 11 Let I = ∫ 3
1 − x2
dx
( x + 1)( x + 1) 7 ∫ 1 + (log x )2  dx  1 
  3
x + 2 − x 2  6 (2 − 2 x 2 − x 2 )
x3 + x 4 − x 4 − 1
= ∫ dx (log x ) + 1 − 2 log x
2
= ∫
 2 
( x 4 + 1)( x + 1) = ∫ [(log x ) 2 + 1] 2
dx 3
1 − x2
dx
x ( x + 1) − ( x + 1)
3 4
= ∫ ( x 4 + 1)( x + 1)
dx
(log x )2 + 1 − 2 x  log x ⋅ 
1 3
x + 2− x2
 x
 x 3
1  =∫ dx  [ x 2 + ( 2 − x2 )2 − 2 x 2 − x 2 ] 
= ∫  x 4
−
+ 1 x + 1 
dx [(log x ) 2 + 1]2 6



d  x   2 
=
1
log( x 4 + 1) − log( x + 1) + C
= ∫ dx  (log x ) 2
+ 1 
dx = ∫ dx
4  3
1− x2
x 3
x + 2− x2
3
2− x2 − x
3 Let I = ∫ ( x + 1)( x + 2) 7 ( x + 3)dx = +C
(log x ) 2 + 1 = ∫ 21 / 6 3
1 − x2
dx
Put x + 2 = t
⇒ x = t − 2 and dx = dt 8 Let I = ∫ x+ x2 + 5 dx 3
(2 − x 2 ) − x 2
∴ I = ∫ (t − 1)t 7 (t + 1)dx
Put x + x + 5=t
2
= ∫ 21 / 6 3 1 − x 2
dx
= ∫ (t 2 − 1)⋅ t 7 dx = ∫ (t 9 − t 7 )dx ⇒ x2 + 5 = t − x
= 21 / 6 ∫ dx = 21 / 6 x + C
t 10 t 8 ( x + 2)10 ( x + 2)8 ⇒ x2 + 5 = t 2 + x2 − 2 xt
= − +C= − +C
10 8 10 8 ⇒ 5 = t 2 − 2 xt  cos 6 x + 6cos 4 x 
⇒ 2 xt = t 2 − 5  
4 ∫ dx
=∫
dx  +15cos 2 x + 10  dx
12 Let I = ∫
x =  t − 
1 5
⇒  10cos 2 x + 5cos x cos 3 x 
3 3
x2 ( x 4 + 1)4 x 5  1 + 4 
1 4 2 t  
 x   + cos x cos 5x 
1 5
and dx = 1 + 2 
1 2 t  (cos 6 x + cos 4 x ) + 5 (cos 4 x
Put 1 + 4 = t 4
x + cos 2 x ) + 10(cos 2 x + 1)
I = ∫ t 1 / 2 ⋅  1 + 2  dt
1 5 =∫ dx
4 Now,
⇒ − 5 dx = 4t 3dt 2 t  10cos 2 x + 5cos x cos 3 x
x 1 1 /2 + cos x cos 5x
2∫
= (t + 5t −3 / 2 )dt
dx 2cos 5x ⋅ cos x + 10 ⋅ cos 3 x
⇒ = − t 3dt
x5 12 10  1 3 /2 5
=  t 3 /2 − +C= t − +C ⋅ cos x + 10 ⋅ (2cos 2 x )
Hence, the integral becomes 23 t 3 t = ∫ 10cos 2 x + 5cos x ⋅ cos 3 x
dx = 2∫ dx
− t 3dt Clearly, 3PQ = −5
∫ t 3 = − ∫ dt = − t + C + cos x cos 5x
1/4 1/4 9 Let I = 1 ∫ dx
= 2x + C
 x + 1
= −  1 + 4 
4
1
+ C = − +C 2  1 cos x − 1 sin x  Clearly, f (10) = 20
  
 x   x4   2 2 
2 x12 + 5x 9
5 Let I = ∫ sin x dx =
1  π
∫ sec  x + 4  dx
13 Let I = ∫ (x 5
+ x3 + 1) 3
dx
sin( x − α ) 2
2 x12 + 5x 9
Put x − α = t ⇒ dx = dt =
1 π
log tan  +
x π
+  + C
= ∫x 15
(1 + x − 2 + x − 5 ) 3
dx
sin (t + α ) 2 4 2 8
∴I =∫ dt 2 x − 3 + 5x − 6
sin t =
1 x 3π
log tan  +  +C
= ∫ (1 + x − 2 + x − 5)3
dx
cos t 2 2 8 
= ∫ cos α dt + ∫ sin α ⋅ sin t dt Now, put 1 + x − 2 + x − 5 = t
sin 8 x − cos 8 x ⇒ (− 2 x − 3 − 5x − 6 ) dx = dt
= cos α ⋅ t + sin α log sin t + C 10 Let I =∫ dx
1 − 2 sin2 x cos 2 x ⇒ (2 x − 3 + 5x − 6 ) dx = − dt
= x cos α + sin α dt
(sin 4 x + cos 4 x ) (sin 4 x − cos 4 x ) ∴ I = − ∫ 3 = − ∫ t − 3 dt
log {sin( x − α )} + C I = ∫ (sin2
x + cos 2 x )2 − 2sin2 x cos 2 x
dx t
∴ A = cos α, B = sin α
t −3 +1 1 g( x) cosec2 x cosec2 x
=−
−3+ 1
+C= 2 +C
2t
Put
f ( x)
=t = ∫  cos
3 /7
x
dx = ∫ cot
3 /7
x
dx
 
x10 f ( x )⋅ g '( x ) − g ( x )⋅ f '( x )  sin x 
3 /7
= +C ⇒ dx = dt
2( x 5 + x3 + 1) 2 ( f ( x )) 2 Put cot x = t ⇒ − cosec2 x dx = dt
x2 − 1 f ( x )⋅ g '( x ) − g ( x ) ⋅ f '( x ) dt −7 4 / 7
⇒ I = − ∫ 3 /7 =
14 Let I = ∫x
2x4 − 2x 2 + 1
3
dx
f ( x )⋅ g ( x )
∴
t 4
t +C
x −1
2 g( x) 7
=∫ dx ⋅ ⋅ dx = dt = − tan − 4 / 7 x + C
2 1 f ( x) 4
x5 2 − 2 + 4
 f ( x )⋅ g '( x ) − g ( x )⋅ f '( x ) dt dx
x x ⇒   dx = 22 Let I = ∫
1 1  f ( x )⋅ g ( x )  t 2 + sin x + cos x
−
=∫ x3 x 5 (log t )2 dx
dx 1 ⇒ I =∫
2
2− 2 + 4
1 Now, I = ∫ t ⋅ log t dt = 2
+C
2 tan
x
1 − tan2
x
x x 2
2+ 2 + 2
1  g ( x )  x x
2 1
Now, putting 2 − 2 + 4 = t, we get =  log   + C 1 + tan2 1 + tan2
x x 2  f ( x )  2 2
x
4 3 − 5  dx = dt
1 1 sec2 dx
19 We have, I n = ∫ tan n x dx
x x  =∫ 2
x x x
∫ tan ∫ tan
n +2
1 dt ∴ I n + I n +2 = n
x dx + x dx 2 + 2 tan2 + 2 tan + 1 − tan2
∴I = ∫ 2 2 2
4 t = ∫ tan n
x(1 + tan x ) dx
2
x
sec2 dx
1 2x4 − 2x 2 + 1
= ⋅2 t + C = +C = ∫ tan n
x sec2 x dx I =∫ 2
4 2x 2 x x
tan n + 1 x tan2 + 2 tan + 3
15 Put q tan −1 x = t = +C 2 2
n+1 x 1 x
q 1 dt Put tan = t ⇒ sec2 dx = dt
⇒ dx = dt ⇒ dx = tan 5 x 2 2 2
1 + x2 1 + x2 q Put n = 4, we get I 4 + I 6 = +C
2dt
5 ∴I = ∫ 2
∴∫
dt 1
= log [ t + p + t ] 1 t + 2t + 3
∴ a= and b = 0
2 2
q p2 + t 2 q 5 dt 2dt
= 2∫ 2 = 2∫
tan x t + 2t + 1 + 2 (t + 1)2 + ( 2 ) 2
=
1
log [q tan −1 x 20 Let I = ∫
q 1 + tan x + tan2 x 1  t + 1
= 2⋅ tan −1   +C
+ p2 + q 2 (tan −1 x ) 2 ] + C sin x 2  2 
dx = ∫ cos x dx  tan x + 1 
2cos 2 4 x sin2 x  
∫ cos
16 LHS = sin x
dx 1+ + ⇒ I = 2 tan −1  2  +C
2 x − sin2 2 x
2
cos 2 x cos x
 2 
cos 2 x sin 2 x sin 2 x  
=∫ dx
2cos 2 4 x × cos 2 x sin 2 x 2 + sin 2 x 5 tan x
= ∫ dx 23 Given, ∫ dx
cos 4 x = ∫ dx − 2 ∫
dx tan x − 2
1 2 + sin 2 x
= ∫ cos 4 x × sin 4 xdx = ∫ sin 8 xdx = x + a ln|sin x − 2 cos x | + k …(i)
2 sec2 x
−1 cos 8 x = x−2∫ dx Now, let us assume that
= + k 2 sec x + 2 tan x
2
5 tan x
2 8 I =∫ dx
−1 Let tan x = t tan x − 2
Hence, we get A =
16 ⇒ sec2 x dx = dt On multiplying by cos x in numerator
sin θ + cos θ 2
= x− ∫ 2
dt and denominator, we get
17 Let I = ∫ dθ 5 sin x
1 − (1 − 2sin θ cos θ ) 2 t +t +1 I =∫ dx
dt sin x − 2 cos x
sin θ + cos θ = x−∫
= ∫ 1 − (sin θ − cos θ) 2
dθ
t +  +  3 
1
2 2 Let 5 sin x = A (sin x − 2 cos x )
    + B (cos x + 2 sin x )
 2  2 
Put sin θ − cos θ = t ⇒ 0 ⋅ cos x + 5 sin x = ( A + 2B ) sin x
⇒ (cos θ + sin θ) dθ = dt 2  2 tan x + 1  + (B − 2 A ) cos x
⇒I = x− tan −1   +C
dt 3  3  On comparing the coefficients of sin x
∴ I =∫ = sin −1 ( t ) + C
1 − t2 Hence, we get A = 3. and cos x, we get
A + 2B = 5 and B − 2 A = 0
−1
= sin (sin θ – cos θ) + C − 3  −11 
21 Here, m + n = +   = −2 ⇒ A = 1 and B = 2
7  7 
 f ( x ) ⋅ g '( x ) − f '( x )⋅ g ( x ) ⇒ 5 sin x = (sin x − 2 cos x )
18 Let I = ∫   I = ∫ cos −3 /7 x(sin( − 2 + 3 / 7 ) x )dx
 f ( x )⋅ g ( x )  + 2 (cos x + 2 sin x )
= ∫ cos −3 / 7 x sin −2 x sin3 / 7 xdx
 g ( x )
log   dx
 f ( x )
5 sin x 1 − 6cos 2 x 1
⇒I = ∫ sin x − 2 cos x dx 28 Let I = ∫ sin 6
x cos 2 x
dx = ex ⋅
x+ 4
+C
(sin x − 2cos x ) + 2 (cos x + 2 sin x ) 1 dx [Q∫ e x ( f ( x ) + f '( x )dx = e x ⋅ f ( x ) + C ]

= ∫ dx =∫ dx − 6∫
(sin x − 2 cos x ) sin 6 x cos 2 x sin 6 x
= I1 − I2  x2 + 1
x 
33 LHS = ∫  2
−1
d (sin x − 2 cos x ) (say) − 2 e cot xdx
⇒ I = ∫ 1 dx + 2 ∫ x + 1 x + 1 
(sin x − 2 cos x ) sec2 x 
Here, I1 = ∫ dx
sin 6 x x
= ∫ 1 ⋅ e cot ∫x
−1 −1
I = x + 2 log|(sin x − 2 cos x )| + k x
dx − e cot x dx
1 1 2
+1
…(ii) =∫ ⋅ sec2 xdx = ⋅ tan x
sin 6 x sin 6 x 
where, k is the constant of integration. 1 
− ∫ x ⋅ e cot
−1 −1
(−6) = xe cot x x
−  dx
On comparing the value of I in Eqs. (i) −∫ ⋅ cos x tan xdx  1 + x2 
and (ii), we get a = 2 sin7 x
x
∫1+
−1 −1
tan x tan x − e cot x
dx + C = xe cot x
+C
1 − 1  = + I2 ⇒ I1 − I2 = +C
  sin 6 x sin 6 x x2
 x2 
24 ∫ 1
2
dx Thus, I =
tan x
+C ∴ A( x ) = x
sin 6 x
x +  −1 34 We have, d {g ( x )} = g ( x )
 x Hence, f ( x ) = tan x dx
Put x + = t ⇒  1 − 2  dx = dt
1 1 ⇒ g ′( x ) = g ( x )
29 Let I = ∫ tan −1 x (1) dx
x  x 
= tan −1 x ∫ 1dx g ′( x )
∴∫ 2
dt 1  t − 1
= log 
⇒ ∫ dx = ∫ 1 dx
 +C g( x)
t −1 2  t + 1 −  ∫ (tan −1 x )∫ (1) dx dx
d
 dx  ⇒ log e {g ( x )} = x + log C1
1  x − x + 1
2
= log  2  +C ⇒ g ( x ) = C1 e x
2  x + x + 1 = tan −1 x⋅x−∫
1
×
1
. xdx
1+ x 2 x Now, g(0) = 1 ⇒ C1 = 1
25 Let I = ∫ 3 x 3 dx ∴ g( x) = e x
1 x
2 ∫ (1 + x ) x
a −x = x tan −1 x− dx
 2 − sin 2 x 
Put x = a(sin θ) 2 / 3 ∴ ∫ g ( x )  1 − cos 2 x  dx
2 Put x = t ⇒ dx = 2t ⋅ dt
2
⇒ dx = a(sin θ)−1 / 3 cos θ dθ = ∫ e (cosec x − cot x ) dx

x 2
3 1 t2
2
∴ I = x tan −1 x− ∫
2 (1 + t 2 ) ⋅ t
2t dt
= − e x cot x + C
a1 / 2 (sin θ) 1 / 3 ⋅
3 = − g ( x ) cot x + C
t2
a(sin θ)−1 /3 ⋅ cos θ = x tan −1 x−∫ dt
∴ I =∫ dθ 1 + t2 dx3 3 x2 dx
a3 − a3 sin2 θ
35 Let I = ∫ x (x
n
+ 1)
3
dx = ∫ 3 n
x ( x + 1)
dx
= x tan −1 x − t + tan −1 t + C
2 a3 / 2 ⋅ cos θ 2 dx n −1
x dx
= ∫ 3 /2 dθ = ∫ dθ = x tan −1 x − x + tan −1 x + C = 3∫ = 3∫ n n
3 a cos θ 3 x( x n + 1) x ( x + 1)
2 −1  x 
3 /2 = ( x + 1)tan −1 x − x+C
2
= θ + C = sin   + C On putting x n = t , we get
3 3  a 30 I n = ∫ ( log x ) dx = x (log x ) 3 dt 3 1 1 
I = ∫
n t (t + 1) n ∫  t t + 1 
n n
= − dt
∫ f ( x ) cos x dx + ∫ g ( x ) e dx 1
x
26 − n ∫ ( log x ) n –1 ⋅ ⋅ x dx 3
ex x = [log t − log(t + 1)] + C
= (cos x + sin x ) ∴ I n + n I n − 1 = x (log x ) n n
2
= log 
3 t 
ex 31 Consider, ∫ f −1 ( x )dx = ∫ f −1 ( x )⋅1dx +C
− (sin x − cos x ) + C n  t + 1
2 d −1  xn 
= f −1 ( x )⋅ x − ∫ ( f ( x ))⋅ xdx =
3
ex dx
log  n +C
= (2cos x ) + C n  x + 1
2 Now, let f −1 ( x ) = t , then
= e x cos x + C d −1
( f ( x )) =
dt
dx dx
SESSION 2
27 Given, ∫ f ( x ) dx = Ψ( x )
⇒
d −1
( f ( x ))⋅ dx = dt 1 We have, ∫ f ( x ) dx = f ( x)
I = ∫ x f ( x ) dx
5 3
Let dx d
∴ ∫ f ( x )dx = x ⋅ f −1 ( x ) − ∫ f (t )dt
−1 ⇒ { f ( x )} = f ( x )
Put x3 = t dx
−1
⇒ x2dx =
dt
…(i) [Qf ( x ) = t ⇒ x = f (t )] ⇒
1
d [ f ( x ) ] = dx
3 = x ⋅ f −1 ( x ) − g (t ) f ( x)
1 1
∴ I = ∫ t f ( t ) dt = [t Ψ (t ) − ∫ Ψ (t ) dt ] = x ⋅ f −1 ( x ) − g ( f −1 ( x )) ⇒ log { f ( x )} = x + log C
3 3
1
= [ x3 Ψ ( x3 ) − 3 ∫ x2 Ψ( x3 ) dx] + C
32 Let I = ∫ e  x + 3 2  dx
x ⇒ f ( x ) = Ce x
 ( x + 4)  ⇒ { f ( x )}2 = C 2e 2 x
3
[from Eq. (i)]  x + 4 − 1
= ∫ex  dx
∴ ∫ { f ( x )}2 dx = ∫ C 2e 2 xdx
1  ( x + 4) 2  C 2e 2 x 1
= x3 Ψ ( x3 ) − ∫ x2 Ψ ( x3 ) dx + C = = { f ( x )}2
3  1 1  2 2
= ∫ex −  dx
 x + 4 ( x + 4) 2 
2 We have, 1 − cos ( x2 + 1) cos x − x (− sin x )

0 x2 − sin x cos x − 2
= ∫x 1 + cos ( x2 + 1)
dx
cos 2 x
dx
−x
f ( x ) = sin x − x2 0 1 − 2x  x2 + 1  = + tan x + C
2 − cos x 2x − 1 0
= ∫ x tan  2 
 dx ( x sin x + cos x )cos x
− x + x sin x + sin x ⋅ cos x
2
sin x − x2 2 − cos x = +C
0  x2 + 1   x2 + 1  ( x sin x + cos x ) ⋅ cos x
⇒ f ( x ) = x − sin x
2
0 2x − 1
∴ ∫ tan   d
2   2 

sin x − x cos x
= +C
cos x − 2 1 − 2x 0  x2 + 1  x sin x + cos x
= log sec   +C
 2  x 2 dx
[interchanging rows and columns]
⇒ f ( x ) = (− 1)3
8 f ( x) = ∫ (1 + x )(1 +
2
1 + x2 )
5 We have,
0 x2 − sin x cos x − 2 sin x ⋅ cos x
2 2
sin x − x2 0 1 − 2x
I = ∫ (sin 5
x + cos 3 x ⋅ sin2 x
dx Put x = tanθ ⇒ dx = sec2 θ dθ
= (1 + x2 ) dθ
2 − cos x 2x − 1 0 + sin3 x ⋅ cos 2 x + cos 5 x )2 tan2 θ sec 2 θ
[taking (−1) common from each column]
2
sin x cos x 2 ∴ f ( x) = ∫ sec θ(1 + sec θ)dθ
2
⇒ f ( x) = − f ( x) ⇒ f ( x) = 0
= ∫ {sin 3
x(sin2 x + cos 2 x ) +
dx
1 − cos 2 θ
∴ ∫ f ( x ) dx = ∫ 0 dx = C cos 3 x(sin2 x + cos 2 x )}2 = ∫ cos θ (1 + cos θ) dθ
1 − cos 2ax sin2 x cos 2 x = ∫ sec θ dθ – ∫ dθ
3 Let I = ∫ e 2 ax dx = ∫ (sin
3
x + cos 3 x )2
dx
1 + sin 2ax
sin2 x cos 2 x = log (sec θ + tan θ) – θ + C
1 2 t 1 − cos 2t =∫ dx
a∫
⇒I = e dt , [where, ax = t ] cos 6 x(1 + tan3 x )2 = log ( x + 1 + x2 ) − tan – 1 x + C
1 + sin 2t
tan2 x sec2 x ⇒ f (0) = log (0 + 1 + 0)
1 2t = ∫ (1 + dx
a∫
⇒ I = e tan3 x )2 − tan −1 (0) + C
π π Put tan x = t3 ⇒ C=0
1 − 2 sin  + t  ⋅ cos  + t  π
4  4  ⇒ 3 tan2 x sec2 xdx = dt ∴ f (1) = log (1 + 2) – +0
dt 1 dt −1 4
π
2 sin2  + t  ∴I = ∫ ⇒I = +C dx
4  3 (1 + t )2 3(1 + t ) 9 Let I = ∫ 2
−1  x + 1
1 ⇒ I = +C (1 − x )2
 
3
⇒ I = ∫ e2 t 1 − x
a 3(1 + tan3 x )
1+ x 2
 1 cosec2  π + t  − cot  π + t   dt 6 Since, Put =t ⇒ dx = dt
     1− x (1 − x ) 2
2 4  4   cos θ + sin θ  π 
log   = log tan  + θ 1 dt 3
1 2  π   cos θ − sin θ  4  ∴ I = ∫ 2 /3 = [ t 1 /3 ] + C
2a ∫ I
⇒ I = e cosec  + t  dt
2t
2 t 2
II 4   π + θ 3 1+ x 
π
and ∫ sec θ dθ = log tan  4 
2 =  + C
− ∫ e 2 t cot  + t  dt
1 2 1− x 
a 4  1  π + θ
π
⇒ ∫ sec 2θ dθ = 2 log tan  4 
 ∴ k =
3
e cot  + t  + ∫ e 2 t
1 2t 1
⇒ I =− 2
π
4  log tan  + θ
2a a d dx
2sec 2θ = 10 ∫
dθ 4  (sin x + 2) (sin x − 1)
π
cot  + t  dt − ∫ e 2 t
1
π
∴I = sin 2θ log tan  + θ − ∫ tan2θ dθ
4  a 1
1 dx 1 dx
3 ∫ (sin x − 1) 3 ∫ (sin x + 2)
2 4  = −
π
cot  + t  dt + C 1  π 
4  = sin 2θ log tan  + θ 1 dx
2 4  = ∫
π 3  x 
e cot  + t  + C
1 2t
⇒ I =− 1
− log sec 2θ + C  2 tan 
2a 4   2 − 1
2 2 x
π  1 + tan 
e cot  + ax  + C
1 2 ax
∴ I =− x2  2 
2a 4  7 Let I = ∫ ( x sin x + cos x ) 2
dx
1 dx
4 We have, − ∫
x cos x x 3  x 
2 sin ( x 2 + 1) − sin 2 ( x 2 + 1)
= ∫ ( x sin x + cos x ) 2
⋅
cos x
dx  2 tan
 2

+ 2
∫ x
2 sin ( x 2 + 1) + sin 2( x 2 + 1)
dx
 1 + tan2 x

Q d ( x sin x + cos x ) = x cos x  2 
2 sin ( x 2 + 1) − 2 sin ( x 2 + 1)  dx  x
Put tan = t
⋅ cos ( x2 + 1) −1 x 2
∴ I =
= ∫x 2 sin ( x2 + 1) + 2 sin ( x 2 + 1)
dx .
( x sin x + cos x ) cos x 1 2 x
⇒ sec dx = dt
⋅ cos ( x 2 + 1) 1
+ ∫ 2 2
( x sin x + cos x ) 1 2dt 1 2dt
3 ∫ 2t − 1 − t 2 3 ∫ 2t + 2t 2 + 2
∴ −
2 dt 1 dt  1  x+x
1
3 ∫ (t − 1)2 3 ∫ 
=− − (2018) 2 x
∫  1 + ∫
−1
x−
x
2 12 e dx 14 Let I = ⋅ (2018) sin (2018 ) dx
 3 x
2
1 1 − (2018) 2 x
t +  +   1 1
 2  2  x+
 1  x+x
= ∫e x
dx + ∫ x  1 − e dx (2018)x
∫
−1
(2018 )x
x2  = ⋅ (2018) sin
t + 1 1 − (2018) 2x
  1 1 1
2 1 1 2  2 = ∫e
x+
dx + x e
x+ d x+
− ∫ ( x ) e x dx
= − tan −1 +C x x
Put sin −1 (2018)x = t
3 (t − 1) 3 3 3 dx
1 1 1
x+ x+ x+ 1
2 = ∫e x
dx + xe x
− ∫e x
dx ⇒
=
2 1
−
2
tan −1 1 − (2018x ) 2
3  x  3 3   1  x+x x+ 
1 1
 tan − 1 Q ∫  1 − x2  e dx = e x  ⋅(2018)x l n(2018)dx = dt

 2    1
ln (2018) ∫
 tan x + 1  ∴I = (2018) t dt
  = ∫ e x +1 / xdx + xe x +1 / x − ∫ e x + 1 / xdx
 2 2
+C x+
1 1 (2018)t
3 = xe x
+C = ⋅ +C
ln (2018) ln 2018
2
2 13 Let I = ∫ (sin(101 x )⋅sin 99 x )dx (2018) t
= = +C
3  tan − 1 = ∫ sin(100 x + x )sin ln2 (2018)
x 99
xdx
 2  −1
(2018 ) x
= ∫ (sin(100 x ) ⋅ cos x + cos(100 x ) = (log 2018 e ) 2 ⋅ (2018) sin +C
  x 1 
2 tan + 
2 −1
  2 2  ⋅ sin x )sin 99
xdx 15 Let I = ∫ (∫ e x (log x + 2 − 12 )dx )dx
− tan  +C
3 3 3 = ∫ sin 100 x ⋅ (cos x ⋅ sin 99 x )dx x x
 
= ∫ (∫ e  log x + + − 2  dx )dx
x
I II
  1 1 1
+ ∫ cos(100 x ) ⋅ sin100 xdx
 x x x 
x2
11 ∫ dx  sin100 x
(2 + 3 x2 )5/ 2 = sin(100 x )⋅ − ∫ cos(100 x )   log x + 1  dx + e x  1 − 1   dx
 = ∫  ∫ e ∫  x x2  
x
 100  
On substituting 2 + 3 x2 = t 2 x2  x
sin100 x 
dx + ∫ cos(100 x ) ⋅ sin100 xdx = ∫  e x logx + e x + C1  dx
2 ⋅100 ⋅ 1
⇒ x2 = 2 
( t − 3) 100   x 
2t sin(100 x ) ⋅ sin100 x [Q∫ e ( f ( x ) + f '( x ))dx = e x ⋅ f ( x ) + C ]
x
∴ dx = − dt =
x ( t 2 − 3)2 100
= ∫ e x  logx +  dx + ∫ C1 dx
1
− ∫ sin100 x ⋅ cos(100 x )dx
x2  − 2t  dt  x
∴∫ ⋅  dt = − 2∫ 4 + ∫ cos(100 x ) ⋅ sin100 xdx
( tx )5  x( t 2 − 3)2  4t = e x log x + C1 x + C2
3 /2 sin(100 x ) ⋅ sin 100
x
1 dt 1 1  x2  = +C
=− ∫
2 t 4
= 3 +C= 
6t

6  2 + 3 x2 
+C 100
DAY SIXTEEN
Definite
Integrals
u Concept of Definite Integrals u Walli’s Formula u Definite Integration as the Limit
u Leibnitz Theorem u Inequalities in Definite Integrals of a sum
Concept of Definite Integrals

d
Let φ ( x) be an anti-derivative of a function f ( x) defined on [a, b ] i.e. [φ ( x)] = f ( x). Then,
dx
b
definite integral of f ( x) over [a, b ] is denoted by ∫ a
f ( x) dx and is defined as [φ (b ) − φ (a)] i.e.
b
∫ a
f ( x) dx = φ (b ) − φ (a). The numbers a and b are called the limits of integration, where a is
called lower limit and b is upper limit.
NOTE • Every definite integral has a unique value.

• The above definition is nothing but the statement of second fundamental theorem of integral PRED
calculus.
MIRROR
Geometrical Interpretation of Definite Integral
b u No. of Questions in Exercises (x)—
In general, ∫ f ( x)dx represents an algebraic sum of areas of the region bounded by the curve
a
y = f ( x), the X -axis, and the ordinates x = a and x = b as show in the following figure. (Without referring Explanations)

Y′
y=f(x) u Prep Level (z / x × 100)—

X′ X your Accuracy Level should be
Y a b above 85 & Prep Level should be
above 75.
164 40 DAYS ~ JEE MAIN MATHEMATICS DAY SIXTEEN
(xi) Some important integrals, which can be obtained with

Evaluation of Definite Integrals by the help of above properties.
Substitution π /2 π /2
π  1
When the variable in a definite integral is changed due to
(a) ∫ log sin xdx = ∫ log cos xdx =
0 0
2
log   .3
 2
π /4
substitution, then the limits of the integral will accordingly be π
changed. (b) ∫
0
log(1 + tan x)dx =
8
log 2.
For example, to evaluate definite integral of the form
b (xii) If a function f ( x) is discontinuous at points x1 , x2 ,..., x n
∫ a
f [ g ( x )] ⋅ g ′ ( x ) dx, we use the following steps in (a, b ), then we can define sub-intervals
(a, x1 ),( x1 , x2 ),...,( x n −1 , x n ), ( x n , b ) such that f ( x) is
Step I Substitute g( x) = t so that g ′ ( x) dx = dt
continuous in each of these sub-intervals and
b x1 x2 xn b
Step II Find the limits of integration in new system of
variable. Here, the lower limit is g(a), the upper limit
g (b )
∫a
f ( x)dx = ∫ f ( x)dx +
a
∫
x1
f ( x)dx + ... + ∫
xn−1
f ( x)dx + ∫ f ( x)dx.
xn
is g(b ) and the integral is now ∫ f (t ) dt .
g ( a)
StepIII Evaluate the integral, so obtained by usual method.

Leibnitz Theorem
Properties of Definite Integrals If function φ( x) and ψ ( x) are defined on [α , β] and differentiable
α on [ α , β ] and f (t ) is continuous on [ψ (α ), φ (β)], then
(i) ∫ f ( x)dx = 0 d  ψ (x ) d  d 
f (t ) dt  =  ψ ( x) f (ψ ( x))−  {φ ( x)} { f (φ( x)}
dx ∫ φ( x )
α
β β
 dt  dx 
(ii) ∫ α
f ( x) dx = ∫ f (t ) dt
α
(iii) ∫
β α
f ( x) dx = − ∫ f ( x) dx Walli’s Formula
α β
β c1 c2 β
This is a special type of integral formula whose limits from 0
(iv) ∫ α
f ( x) dx = ∫
α
f ( x) dx + ∫
c1
f ( x) dx + ... + ∫ cn
f ( x) dx to π /2 and integral is either integral power of cos x or sin x or
cos x sin x.
where, α < c1 < c2 < ... < c n < β π /2 π /2
(v) (a) ∫ f ( x) dx =
β β ∫ sin n x dx = ∫ cos n x dx
α ∫ α
f (α + β − x) dx 0 0
(n − 1) (n − 3)(n − 5) K 5 ⋅ 3 ⋅ 1 π
α α × , n = 2 m (even)
 n(n − 2)(n − 4)K 6 ⋅ 4 ⋅ 2
(b) ∫ 0
f ( x) dx = ∫ 0
f (α − x) dx

2
=
(n − 1) (n − 3) (n − 5) K 6 ⋅ 4 ⋅ 2 , n = 2 m + 1 (odd)
α
(vi) ∫ −α
f ( x) dx
 n(n − 2) (n − 4) K 5 ⋅ 3 ⋅ 1

2 α f ( x) dx, if f (− x) = f ( x)
 ∫0 where, n is positive integer.
 π /2
= i.e. f ( x) is an even function
∫ sin x ⋅ cos n x dx
m
0, if f (− x) = – f ( x)
 0
 i.e. f ( x) is an odd function (m − 1)(m − 3)...(2 or 1).(n − 1)(n − 3)...(2 or 1) π
,
2α α α  (m + n)(m + n − 2)...(2 or 1) 2

(vii) ∫ f ( x)dx = ∫ f ( x)dx + ∫ f (2α − x)dx when both m and n are even positive integers
0 0 0 
=  (m − 1)(m − 3)...(2 or 1) ⋅ (n − 1)(n − 3)...(2 or 1) ,
2
α
f ( x) dx, if f (2α − x) = f ( x)
f ( x) dx =  ∫ 0 
2α
(m + n)(m + n − 2)...(2 or 1)
(viii) ∫ 0
 0, if f (2α − x) = − f ( x) 
 when either m or n or both are odd
β
1  positive integers
(ix) ∫ α
f ( x) dx = (β − α )∫ f [(β − α ) x + α ]dx
0
(x) If f ( x) is a periodic function with period T, then Inequalities in Definite Integrals

α + nT T
∫ f ( x) dx = n ∫ f ( x) dx, n ∈ I
β β
(a)
α 0
(i) If f ( x) ≥ g( x) on [α , β], then ∫ f ( x) dx ≥ ∫ g( x) dx
α α
βT T
(b) ∫ αT
f ( x) dx = ( β – α) ∫ f ( x) dx, α, β ∈ I
0 (ii) If f ( x) ≥ 0 in the interval [α , β], then ∫ f ( x) dx ≥ 0
α
β
β + nT β
(c) ∫ α + nT
f ( x) dx = ∫ α
f ( x) dx, n ∈ I (iii) If f ( x), g( x) and h( x) are continuous on [a, b ] such that
b b b
g( x) ≤ f ( x) ≤ h( x), then ∫ g( x) dx ≤ ∫ f ( x)dx ≤ ∫ h( x)dx
a a a
DAY SIXTEEN DEFINITE INTEGRALS 165
(iv) If f is continuous on [α , β] and l ≤ f ( x) ≤ M , ∀ where, h =

b–a
→0 as n → ∞
β n
x ∈[α , β], then l (β − α ) ≤ ∫ f ( x) dx ≤ M (β − α )
α
The converse is also true, i.e. if we have an infinite series of
(v) If f is continuous on [α , β], the above form, it can be expressed as definite integral.
β β
then ∫ α
f ( x) dx ≤ ∫ | f ( x)| dx
α
Some Particular Cases
(vi) If f is continuous on [α , β] and| f ( x)| ≤ k , ∀ x ∈ [α , β], n
1  r 1  r
n −1
1
then ∫
β
f ( x) dx ≤ k (β − α )
(i) lim
n→ ∞ ∑r =1
f   or lim ∑
n  n n→ ∞
r =1 n
f   = ∫ f ( x) dx
 n 0
α
pn
1  r β
Definite Integration as the (ii) lim
n→ ∞ ∑r =1 n
f   = ∫ f ( x) dx
 n α
Limit of a Sum r
where, α = lim =0 (Qr = 1)
Let f ( x) be a continuous function defined on the closed n→ ∞ h
n –1
b
interval [a, b ], then ∫ f ( x) dx = lim h ∑ f (a + rh) and
r
β = lim = p (Qr = pn)
a n→ ∞ n→ ∞ h
r=0

3π /4 2
dx
1 ∫ π /4 1 + cos x
is equal to 7 ∫ 0
[ x 2 ] dx is equal to
j
JEE Mains 2017
(a) 2 − 2 (b) 2 + 2
(a) − 2 (b) 2 (c) 4 (d) − 1
(c) 2 − 1 (d) − 2 − 3 + 5
2 If f ( x ) is continuous function, then x
2 2
8 If ∫ | 2 t | dt = f ( x ), then for any x ≥ 0 , f ( x ) is equal to
(a) ∫ −2
f (x) dx = ∫ 0
[f (x) − f (− x)] dx −2
5 10 (a) 4 + x 2 (b) 4 − x 2
(b) ∫ −3
2 f (x) dx = ∫ 6
f (x − 1) dx 1
(c) (4 + x 2 )
1
(d) (4 − x 2 )
5 4 2 4
(c) ∫ −3
f (x) dx = ∫ −4
f (x − 1) dx
π /2 cos x
5 6 9 ∫ 1 + ex
dx is equal to
(d) ∫ −3
f (x) dx = ∫ −2
f (x − 1) dx −π / 2
π /4 (a) 1 (b) 0
3 ∫ 0
[ tan x + cot x ] dx is equal to (c) −1 (d) None of these
π π 10 Let a, b and c be non-zero real numbers such that
(a) 2π (b) (c) (d) 2 π
3 3
2 2
1  1+ x
∫ 0
( 3 ax 2 + 2bx + c ) dx = ∫ ( 3 ax 2 + 2 bx + c ) dx , then
1
4 ∫ 0
sin  2 tan−1

 dx is equal to
1− x  (a) a + b + c = 3 (b) a + b + c = 1
(c) a + b + c = 0 (d) a + b + c = 2
(a) π / 6 (b) π /4 (c) π / 2 (d) π a
π
sin( 2n − 1) sin nx
π 2 11 The value of ∫ [ x ] f ′ ( x ) dx , a > 1, where [ x ] denotes the
5 If I1( n ) = ∫ dx and I 2 ( n ) = ∫
2 2 1
dx ,
0 sin x 0 sin2 x greatest integer not exceeding x, is
n ∈ N, then (a) [a]f (a ) − {f (1) + f (2) + . . . + f ([a])}
(a) I 2 ( n + 1) − I 2 ( n ) = I1 ( n ) (b) I 2 ( n + 1) − I 2 ( n ) = I1 ( n + 1) (b) [a]f ([a]) − {f (1) + f (2) + . . . + f (a )}
(c) I 2 ( n + 1) + I1( n ) = I 2 ( n ) (d) I 2 ( n + 1) + I1 ( n + 1) = I 2 ( n ) (c) af ([a]) − {f (1) + f (2) + . . . + f (a )}
1 (d) af (a ) − {f (1) + f (2) + . . . + f ([a])}
∫ {x + x − 3} dx, where {x } denotes the fractional part
2
6
−1
 sin  x − π  

π /2
12 The correct evaluation of ∫ dx is
of x, is equal to  4 
0

1 1
(a) (1 + 3 5 ) (b) (1 + 3 5 ) (a) 2 + 2 (b) 2 − 2
3 6
1 1 (c) − 2 + 2 (d) 0
(c) (3 5 − 1) (d) (3 5 − 1)
3 6
3π /2   2x  1  1 2 3n 
13 ∫ 0
sin   dx, where [ ⋅ ] denotes the greatest
  π 
23 The value of lim
n→ ∞ n

n + 1
+
n + 2
+ ...+  is
4n 
integer function is equal to (a) 5 − 2 ln 2 (b) 4 − 2 ln 2
π π (c) 3 − 2 ln 2 (d) 2 − 2 ln 2
(a) (sin1 + cos1) (b) (sin1 − sin 2)
2 2
π π 24 If f and g are continuous functions in [0, 1] satisfying
(c) (sin1 − cos1) (d) ( sin1 + sin 2)
f ( x ) = f (a − x ) and g ( x ) + g (a − x ) = a, then
2 2 a
14 If [. ] denotes the greatest integer function, then the value ∫ 0

f ( x ) ⋅ g ( x ) d x is equal to j
NCERT Exemplar
1.5
of ∫ x [ x 2 ] dx is a a a
2 ∫0
0
(a) (b) f (x)d x
2
a a
(a)
5
(b) 0 (c)
3
(d)
3 (c) ∫ f (x)d x
0
(d) a ∫ f (x)d x
0
4 2 4
π /2 2
8 log (1 + x ) sin x
15 The value of ∫
1
dx is 25 The value of ∫ dx is
0 1+ x2
−π / 2 1 + 2x j JEE Mains 2018, 13
π π π π
(a) log 2 (b) log 2 (c) log2 (d) π log2 (a) π (b) (c) 4 π (d)
8 2 2 4
π
16 ∫
π /2
0
1 − sin 2x is equal to j NCERT Exemplar
26 ∫ 0
[cot x ] dx , where [] denotes the greatest integer
(a) 2 2 (b) 2 ( 2 + 1) (c) 2 (d) 2 ( 2 − 1) function, is equal to

π π
e2 loge x (a) (b) 1 (c) − 1 (d) −
17 The value of ∫ dx is 2 2
e −1 x
4 log x 2
(a) 3/2 (b) 5/2 (c) 3 (d) 5 27 The integral ∫ dx is equal to
2 log x + log( 36 − 12x + x 2 )
2
n
1
18 The value of ∑ ∫ f (k − 1 + x ) dx is j
JEE Mains 2015
0
k =1 (a) 2 (b) 4 (c) 1 (d) 6
1 2 n 1 −π /2
(a) ∫ 0
f (x) dx (b) ∫ 0
f (x) dx (c) ∫ 0
f (x) dx (d) n ∫ 0
f (x) dx 28 ∫ −3π /2
[( x + π )3 + cos 2 ( x + 3π )] dx is equal to
 π4  π π π π4
(c)   − 1(d)
19 f ( x ) is a continuous function for all real values of x and
(a)   + (b)
n +1 n2 5
 32  2 2  4 32
satisfies ∫ f ( x ) dx = , ∀ n ∈ I, then ∫ f (| x | ) dx is
n 2 −3
equal to 29 If f : R → R and g : R → R are one to one, real valued

19 35 function, then the value of the integral
(a) (b) π
2 2 ∫ −π
[f ( x ) + f ( − x )] [g ( x ) − g ( − x )] dx is
17
(c) (d) None of these (a) 0 (b) π (c) 1 (d) None of these
2
1 1 2  n n
20 If I1 = ∫ 2 x dx ,I 2 = ∫ 2 x dx ,I 3 = ∫
2 3 2
2 x dx and 30 The value of lim  +
0 0 1 n→ ∞
 (n + 1) 2n + 1 (n + 2) 2 ( 2n + 2)
2
I4 = ∫
3
2 x dx , then n 1 
1 + + ... +  is
(n + 3) 3 ( 2n + 3) 2n 3 
(a) I 3 > I 4 (b) I 3 = I 4
(c) I1 > I 2 (d) I 2 > I1 π π
(a) (b)
7π / 3 3 2
21 The value of ∫ 2
tan x dx is π
7π / 4 j
JEE Mains 2013 (c) (d) None of these
3 4
(a) log 2 2 (b) log 2 3π π
2 31 If P = ∫ f (cos 2 x ) dx and Q = ∫ f ( cos 2 x ) dx , then
0 0
(c) 2 log 2 (d) log 2
π /2 sin x 2 (a) P − Q = 0 (b) P − 2 Q = 0
22 ∫ 0 sin x +cos x
dx is equal to j NCERT Exemplar (c) P − 3 Q = 0 (d) P − 5 Q = 0
π 2x (1 + sin x )
(a)
1
log( 2 + 1) (b)
1
log( 2 + 1) 32 ∫ −π 1 + cos 2 x
dx is equal to
2 2
(c) − log( 2 + 1) (d) None of these π2 π
(a) (b) π 2 (c) 0 (d)
4 2
t2 2 5 2 2
33 If f ( x ) is differentiable and ∫ x f ( x ) dx = t , then (a) I > and J < 2 (b) I > and J > 2
0 5 3 3
 4 2 2
f   is equal to (c) I < and J < 2 (d) I < and J > 2
 25 3 3
2 4 ( 2 − 1)
(a)
2
(b) −
5
(c) 1 (d)
5 42 Statement I ∫ 0
f ( x ) dx =
3
,
5 2 2
x 2 , for 0 ≤ x < 1
1 x
where, f ( x ) = 
34 If f ( x ) = 2 ∫ [ 4 t − 2f ′ ( t )] dt , then f ′ ( 4) is equal to
2
x 4  x , for 1 ≤ x ≤ 2
32 Statement II f ( x ) is continuous in [0, 2].
(a) 32 (b)
3
32 (a) Statement I is true, Statement II is true; Statement II is a
(c) (d) None of these correct explanation for statement I
9
x2
35 The value of lim

∫ 0
sin t dt
is
not a correct explanation for statement I
x→ 0 x3 (d)Statement I is false; Statement II is true
(a) 0 (b) 2 / 9 π /3 dx π
(c) 1 / 3 (d) 2 / 3 43 Statement I The value of the integral ∫ is .
π /6 1 + tan x 6
b b
2 dx 2 dx Statement II ∫ f ( x ) dx = ∫ f (a + b − x ) dx
36 If I1 = ∫ and I 2 = ∫ , then a a
1
1+ x2 1 x j JEE Mains 2013
(a) I1 > I 2 (b) I 2 > I1 (c) I1 = I 2 (d) I1 > 2 I 2 (a) Statement I is true; Statement II is true; Statement II is a
y dt d 2y correct explanation for Statement I
37 If x = ∫ , then is equal to (b) Statement I is true; Statement II is true; Statement II is
0
1 + t2 dx 2 j
JEE Mains 2013 not a correct explanation for Statement I
(a) y (b) 1+ y 2
y (d)Statement I is false; Statement II is true
(c) (d) y 2
1+ y 2 1
44 Statement I If ∫ e sin x dx = λ , then ∫
200
e sin x dx = 200λ
0 0
38 Let f : R → R be a differentiable function having f ( 2) = 6, na a
 1 f (x ) 4t3 Statement II If ∫ f ( x ) dx = n ∫ f ( x ) dx , n ∈I and

f ′ ( 2) =   . Then, lim ∫
0 0
dt is equal to
 48 x→ 2 6 x −2 f (a + x ) = f ( x )
(a) 18 (b) 12 (c) 36 (d) 24 (a) Statement I is true; Statement II is true; Statement II is a
[1 + 2 + 3 + K + n ] [1 + 2 + 3 + K + n ]
4 4 4 3 3 3 correct explanation for Statement I
39 lim − is (b) Statement I is true; Statement II is true, Statement II is
n→ ∞ n5 n5
equal to
1 1 1
(a) (b) 0 (c) (d) (d)Statement I is false; Statement II is true
30 4 5
1 1
45 Statement I ∫ e − x cos 2 x dx < ∫ e − x cos 2 x dx
2
π /2 dx
40 If I = ∫ dx , then 0 0
0
1 + sin3 x b b
Statement II ∫ f ( x ) dx < ∫ g ( x ) dx , ∀ f ( x ) < g ( x )
π a a
(a) 0 
2 2 (a) Statement I is true; Statement II is true; Statement II is a
(c) I < 2 π (d) I < 2 π correct explanation for Statement I
sin x
1 1 cos x (b) Statement I is true; Statement II is true, Statement II is
41 If I = ∫ dx and J = ∫ dx . Then, which one not a correct explanation for Statement I
0 x 0 x
of the following is true?
(d)Statement I is false; Statement II is true

π
 1
1 If f ( x ) is a function satisfying f   + x 2f ( x ) = 0 for all
x
10 ∫ 0
x f (sin x ) dx is equal to
cosec θ π π π /2
(a) π ∫
2 ∫0
non-zero x, then ∫ f ( x ) dx is equal to 0
f (sin x ) dx (b) f (sin x ) dx
sin θ
π /2 π
(a) sinθ + cosec θ (b) sin2 θ (c) π ∫ 0
f (cos x ) dx (d) π ∫ f (cos x ) dx
0
(c) cosec2 θ (d) None of these
x 2
+1
11 If f ( x ) = ∫ e − t dt , then f ( x ) increases in
2
d e sin x 4 3
; x > 0. If ∫
3
2 If f (x ) = e sin x dx = f (k ) − f (1), then x2
dx x 1 x
(a) (2, 2) (b) no value of x
the possible value of k, is (c) (0, ∞) (d) (− ∞, 0)
(a) 15 (b) 16 (c) 63 (d) 64 1/ n
 (n + 1)(n + 2) K 3n 
12 lim   is equal to
 
2
3 If g (1) = g ( 2), then ∫ [ f {g ( x )}] f ′ {g ( x )} g ′ ( x ) dx is
−1 n→ ∞ n2n j JEE Mains 2016
1
18 27
equal to (a) 4 (b) 2
(a) 1 (b) 2 (c) 0 (d) None of these e e
9
π (c) 2 (d) 3 log 3 − 2
4 For 0 ≤ x ≤ , the value of e
2
sin2 x cos 2 x 13 The least value of the function
∫ sin ( t ) dt + ∫
−1
cos −1( t ) dt is x  5π 4π 
f (x ) = ∫ ( 3 sin u + 4 cos u ) du on the interval
0 0 j
JEE Mains 2013 ,
5π /4  4 3 
π π
(a) (b) 0 (c) 1 (d) −
4 4 is
3 3 1
 1 x log t (a) 3 + (b) − 2 3 + +
5 If F ( x ) = f ( x ) + f   , where f ( x ) = ∫ dt . Then, F (e ) 2 2 2
x 1 1+ t 3 1
is equal to (c) + (d) None of these
2 2
(a) 1/2 (b) 0 (c) 1 (d) 2
n
∫
x 1
0
[ x ] dx 14 If g ( x ) = ∫ f (t ) dt , where f is such that, ≤ f ( t ) ≤ 1, for
6 The expression n
, where [ x ] and {x } are integral 0 2
∫ 0
{x } dx 1
t ∈[ 0, 1] and 0 ≤ f ( t ) ≤ , for t ∈[1, 2]. Then, g( 2) satisfies
2
and fractional part of x and n ∈ N, is equal to
the inequality
1 1
(a) (b) (c) n (d) n − 1 3 1 1 3
n −1 n (a) − ≤ g (z) < (b) ≤ g(2) ≤
2 2 2 2
ex 3 5
7 If f ( x ) = , I1 = ∫
f (a )
x g [ x (1 − x )] dx and (c) < g(2) ≤ (d) 2 < g(2) < 4
1 + ex f (− a ) 2 2
f (a ) I 15 Let n ≥ 1,n ∈ z . The real number a ∈( 0, 1) that minimizes
I2 = ∫ g [ x (1 − x )] dx , then the value of 2 is 1
f (− a ) I1
the integral ∫ | x n − a n | dx is
(a) 2 (b) – 3 (c) –1 (d) 1 0
x
{∫ et dt } 2
2
1
0
(a) (b) 2
8 The value of lim x
is 2
∫
x→ ∞ 2t 2
e dt 1
0 (c) 1 (d)
3
(a) 1 / 3 (b) 2 / 3 (c) 1 (d) None of these
π
16 The value of
x x
9 The integral ∫ 1 + 4 sin2
1/ n
− 4 sin dx is equal to   π  2π   3π   nπ  
2 2 lim tan   tan   tan  K tan    is
0 j
JEE Mains 2014 n→ ∞
  2n   2n   2n   2n  
2π
(a) π − 4 (b) −4−4 3 (a) 1 (b) 2
3
π (c) 3 (d) Not defined
(c) 4 3 − 4 (d) 4 3 − 4 −
3
x −1 2 +1 (a) Statement I is true, Statement II is true; Statement II is a

17 If f ( x ) = , f ( x ) = f ( x ), ..., f k ( x ) = f {f k ( x )},
x +1 correct explanation for Statement I
1 (b) Statement I is true, Statement II is true; Statement II is
k = 1, 2, 3,K and g ( x ) = f 1998 ( x ), then ∫ g ( x ) dx is equal
1 /e not a correct explanation for Statement I
to (c) Statement I is true; Statement II is false
(a) 0 (b) 1 (c) −1 (d) e (d)Statement I is false; Statement II is true
18 If f ( x ) is a function satisfying f ′ ( x ) = f ( x ) with 20 Consider sin6 x and cos 6 x is a periodic function with π.
π /2
f ( 0) = 1 and g ( x ) is a function that satisfies
1
Statement I ∫ ( sin6 x + cos 6 x ) dx lie in the interval
f ( x ) + g ( x ) = x . Then, the value of ∫ f ( x ) g ( x ) dx , is
2 0
0  π π
 , .
e2 5 e2 3  8 2
(a) e − − (b) e + −
2 2 2 2 Statement II sin6 x + cos 6 x is periodic with period π / 2.
e2 3 e2 5
(c) e − − (d) e + + (a) Statement I is true, Statement II is true; Statement II is a
2 2 2 2 correct explanation for Statement I
19 If n > 1, then (b) Statement I is true, Statement II is true; Statement II is
∞ dx 1 dx not a correct explanation for Statement I
Statement I ∫ =∫
0 1 +x n 0 (1 − x n )1/ n (c) Statement I is true; Statement II is false
b b (d)Statement I is false; Statement II is true
Statement II ∫ f ( x ) dx = ∫ f (a + b − x ) dx
a a
ANSWERS
SESSION 1 1 (b) 2 (d) 3 (c) 4 (b) 5 (b) 6 (b) 7 (d) 8 (a) 9 (a) 10 (c)
11 (a) 12 (b) 13 (d) 14 (d) 15 (d) 16 (d) 17 (b) 18 (c) 19 (b) 20 (c)
21 (b) 22 (a) 23 (c) 24 (b) 25 (d) 26 (d) 27 (c) 28 (b) 29 (a) 30 (a)
31 (c) 32 (b) 33 (a) 34 (c) 35 (d) 36 (b) 37 (a) 38 (a) 39 (d) 40 (b)
41 (c) 42 (d) 43 (d) 44 (d) 45 (a)
SESSION 2 1 (d) 2 (d) 3 (c) 4 (a) 5 (a) 6 (d) 7 (a) 8 (d) 9 (d) 10 (c)
11 (d) 12 (b) 13 (b) 14 (b) 15 (a) 16 (a) 17 (c) 18 (c) 19 (b) 20 (b)

SESSION 1 5 I2 ( n ) − I2 ( n − 1 ) On putting x = − x in 1st integral, we get
x
dx 3π / 4 0 cos x π / 2 e cos x
1 Let I = ∫π / 4 π /2 [sin2 nx − sin2 (n − 1) x] ∫ − π /2 1 + e x dx = ∫ 0 1 + e x dx
1 + cos x = ∫ 0 sin2 x
dx
3 π / 4 1 − cos x
=∫ dx sin( 2n − 1) x ⋅ sin x π /2 e x cos x π / 2 cos x
∫ dx + ∫
π /2
1 − cos 2 x ∴ I =
∫ dx
π/4
= dx
0
sin2 x
0 1 + ex 0 1 + ex
3 π / 4 1 − cos x
=∫ dx (1 + e x ) cos x
sin (2n − 1) x π /2
∫
π /2
π/4
sin2 x =
3π / 4
= ∫ dx = I1( n) 0
(1 + e x )
dx
∫ sin x
0
= (cosec2 x − cosec x cot x )dx
π/4 π /2
∫
π /2
⇒ I2 ( n + 1 ) − I2 ( n ) = I1 ( n + 1 ) = cos x dx = [sin x] =1
= [− cot x + cosec x]3ππ/ /44 0
0
1 1
= [(1 + 2 ) − (− 1 + 2 )] = 2 6 ∫ −1
{ x2 + x − 3} dx = ∫ −1
{ x2 + x} dx
10 ∫
3
0
(3 ax2 + 2bx + c ) dx
1
= ∫ ( x + x − [ x + x]) dx
2 2
2 Since, f is continuous function. 3
Let x = t −1
−1
1
= ∫ 1
(3 ax2 + 2bx + c ) dx
 x3 x2  1
∫
0
∴ dx = dt =
 3
+  −
2  −1 ∫ −1
[ x2 + x] dx ⇒
0
(3 ax2 + 2bx + c ) dx
When x tends to − 3 and 5, then 3
t tends to − 2 , 6.
5 −1 + ∫ (3 ax2 + 2bx + c ) dx
∫
1
5 6 − 2 [ x2 + x] dx
Therefore, ∫ ∫
f ( x ) dx = f (t − 1) dt
3
∫
0
−3 −2 1
= (3 ax2 + 2bx + c ) dx
∫
1
6 − [ x + x] dx
2
=∫ f ( x − 1) dx ( 5 − 1 )/ 2 1
−2

⇒ ∫ (3 ax2 + 2bx + c ) dx = 0
5 − 1
0
2
π /4 = + 1 − 0 − 1 1 −   3 ax3 
1
3 Let I = ∫ 0
[ tan x + cot x ] dx 3  2  ⇒
2bx2
 3 + 2 + cx  = 0
π /4 sin x + cos x  0
5−1 1
= ∫ 0
sin x cos x
dx =
2
+ = (1 + 3 5) ∴ a+ b + c = 0
3 2 6
a 2
π /4 sin x + cos x 11 Since, ∫ 1 [ x] f ′( x ) dx = ∫ f ′ ( x ) dx
∫
2 1
= 2
0
1 − (sin x − cos x ) 2
dx 7 ∫ 0
[ x2 ] dx = ∫ 0
[ x2 ] dx
3
1
a
2 3 + ∫ 2f ′ ( x ) dx + . . . + ∫ [a] f ′ ( x ) dx
Put sin x − cos x = t + ∫ [ x ] dx + ∫
2 2 2 [ a]
[ x ] dx
1 2
⇒ (cos x + sin x ) dx = dt 2 = [ f ( x )]21 + 2 [ f ( x )]32 + . . . + [a][ f ( x )][aa ]
∴ I= 2∫
0 dt
⇒ I = 2 [sin −1 t ] −01
+ ∫ 3
[ x2 ] dx
= f (2) − f (1) + 2 f (3) − 2 f (2) + . . .
−1
1 − t2 1 2
+ [a] f (a) − [a] f ([a])
= 2 [0 − (− π / 2)] =
π
= ∫ 0
0 dx + ∫ 1
1 dx = [a] f (a) − { f (1) + f (2) + . . . + f ([a])}
2  sin  x − π  
π /2 
 ∫
3 2
1  1 + x
+ ∫ 2
2 dx + ∫ 3
3 dx 12 Let I =



0
 dx
4 
4 ∫ 0 sin 2 tan −1
dx
 1 − x  = [ x]1 2 + [2 x] 3
2
+ [3 x]2 3 =−∫
π /4 π
sin  x −  dx
0  4
Put x = cos θ, then
= 2−1+ 2 3−2 2+ 6−3 3 π
sin  x −  dx
π /2
 1 + cos θ 
sin 2 tan −1
+ ∫  4
1 − cos θ  = 5− 3 − 2 π/4
 π/4 π /2
 π   π 
= cos  x −  − cos  x − 
x
 θ 
= sin 2 tan −1  cot 
8 ∫ −2
|2t | dt = f ( x )
  4   0   4   π / 4
  2   0 x
 π θ 
= ∫ |2t|dt + ∫ 2t dt
= 1−
1
−
 1 
− 1 = 2 − 2
= sin 2 tan –1  tan  −   
−2 0
 2  
0 x 2  2 
  2 t  t 2  2
= −2 +2
2 2
sin   dx = ∫ sin   dx
  π θ
3 π /2 2x π /2 2x
= sin 2  − 
  2 2  
  −2  0 13 ∫ 0  π  0  π 
 x2 
= − 2 [0 − 2] + 2 − 0 = 4 + x2
+ ∫ sin   dx + ∫ sin   dx
2  π 2x 3π / 2 2x
= sin ( π − θ) = sin θ   π /2
 π  π
 π 
= 1 − cos 2 θ = 1 − x2 π /2 cos x π 3π / 2
1 1 + x
9 Let I = ∫ −π / 2
1 + ex
dx = 0 + sin 1 ∫
π /2
dx + sin 2 ∫
π
dx
∴ ∫ sin 2 tan −1 dx
0
 1 − x  0 cos x =
π
(sin 1 + sin 2)
1
= ∫ − π /2 1 + e x
dx 2
= ∫ 0
1 − x2 dx
14 Here, ∫ 0
1. 5
x [ x2 ] dx
π /2 cos x
∫
1
π +
=  x 1 − x2  + [sin −1 x]
1 1 dx …(i)
1
= 1 + ex
1 2 1. 5
I = ∫ x ⋅ 0 dx + ∫ x ⋅ 1 dx + ∫ x ⋅ 2dx
0
 2  0 2 0
4 0 1 2
0 2
 x2 
2
 z2   z2  π /2 sin2 x
= 0+ + [ x2 ] 1 .25 ∴I = − +
1
= + 2=
5 22 We have, l = ∫0 dx
2  2 2 sin x + cos x
 1   −1  0 2 2
π
1 1
sin2  − x 
2
=
{2 − 1} + {(1.5) 2 − 2} 18 Let I = ∫ 0
f (k − 1 + x ) dx
=∫
π /2 2 
dx
π π
sin  − x  + cos  − x 
k 0
1
= + 2. 25 − 2 = + =
2
1 1 3
2 4 4
⇒ I = ∫ k −1
f ( t ) dt , where
2  2 
1 8 log (1 + x )
t = k −1+ x π /2 cos 2 x
15 Let I = ∫ 0 dx l =∫ dx
(1 + x2 ) ⇒ dt = dx 0 sin x + cos x
k
Put x = tan θ ⇒ dx = sec2 θd θ

⇒ I = ∫ k −1
f ( x ) dx
Thus, 2l =
1 π /2
∫
dx
2 0 cos  x − π 
n
 
∑ ∫
k
When x = 0 ⇒ tan θ = 0 ∴ f ( x ) dx  4
k −1
k =1
∴ θ=0 1 π /2  π
π
1 2 n = ∫ sec  x − 4  dx
When x = 1 = tanθ ⇒ θ = = ∫ 0
f ( x ) dx + ∫ 1
f ( x ) dx + ...+ ∫
n −1
f ( x ) dx 2 0
π /2
4
1   π π 
= log sec  x −  + tan  x −   
n
8 log (1 + tan θ)
∴I = ∫
π/4
⋅ sec2 θd θ = ∫ 0
f ( x ) dx
2    4  4   0
0
1 + tan2 θ
5 3 5 1   π π
∫ ∫ ∫ = log  sec + tan 
π/4
= 8∫ log (1 + tan θ) d θ 19 f (| x |) dx = f (|x|) dx + f (|x|)dx
0 −3 −3 3 2   4 4
3 5
I = 8∫
π/4
= 2∫ f ( x ) dx + ∫ π π 
− log sec  −  + tan  −   
log (1 + tan θ) d θ …(i) f ( x ) dx
0 3
0
  4   4  
= 2  ∫ f ( x )dx + f ( x ) dx + ∫ f ( x ) dx 
1 2 3
π
= 8 ⋅  ⋅ log 2  0 ∫ 1 2  1
2  = [log ( 2 + 1) − log ( 2 − 1 )]
2
+  ∫ f ( x ) dx + f ( x ) dx 
4 5
Q π / 4 log (1 + tan θ)dθ = π log 2  3 ∫ 
 ∫0
4
1 2 +1 1  ( 2 + 1)2 
8  = log = log  
 1 2 
= 2  0 + +  +  +
9 16  35 2
2 2−1 2 1 
= 
= π log 2  2 2  2 2 2 2
π /2 = log ( 2 + 1 )]
16 Let l = ∫ 0
1 − sin2 xdx
20 Given that, I1 = ∫
1 2
2 x dx 2
π /4 0 1
=∫ (cos x − sin x ) 2 dx 1 ∴ l= log ( 2 + 1)
∫
x3
0
I2 = 2 dx, 2
π /2
+∫
0
(sin x − cos x ) 2 dx 2
1  1 3n 
∫ 2
π /4 2
I3 = 2 x dx 23 nlim  + + ...+ 
π
[Qcos x − sin x > 0 when x ∈  0,  and n n + 1 n+ 2 n + 3n
1 →∞
2
 4
∫
3
and I 4 = 2 x dx 3n
1  r 
∑
1
cos x − sin x < 0 when x ∈ ( π / 4, π / 2)] = lim  
π /4 Since, 2 x3
<2 x2
for 0 < x < 1 n→ ∞
r =1 n n + r
= ∫ (cos x − sin x ) dx 3
2 x > 2 x for x > 1
2
3 x
and = ∫
0
π /2 dx
+∫ (sin x − cos x ) dx 1 1
0 1+ x
∫ ∫
3 2
π /4 ∴ 2 x dx < 2 x dx
0 0 3  1 
= [sin x + cos x] π0 / 4 2 2 = ∫ 1 −  dx
∫ ∫ 1 + x
3 2
+ [− cos x − sin x] ππ // 24 and 2 x dx > 2 x dx 0


1 1
 π π  = [ x − ln (1 + x )] 30 = 3 − ln 4
=  sin + cos  − (sin 0 + cos 0) ⇒ I2 < I1 and I 4 > I3
  4 4  7 π /3
= 3 − 2 ln 2
21 I = ∫ tan2 x dx a
 π π 
+  − cos − sin  −  − cos − sin 
 
π π  7π / 4 24 Ql = ∫ f ( x )⋅ g ( x ) dx
4  
0
2  2π 7π / 3
 1
2 4 = ∫ 7π / 4
|tan x |dx + ∫2π
|tan x |dx =∫
a
f (a − x ) g ( a − x )dx
1    1 1  0
=  + − 1 + −1 −  − − 
2π 7π / 3
 2
 2     2 2  
=− ∫ 7π / 4
tan x dx + ∫2π
tan x dx
=∫
a
0
f ( x ){ a − g ( x )} dx
 2  = − [log sec x] 27 ππ / 4 + [log sec x] 72 ππ /3 a a
= − 1 + [−1 + 2] = a ∫ f ( x )d x− ∫ f ( x ) ⋅ g ( x )dx
 2 
7π 
= −  log sec 2 π − log sec
0 0
a
= ( 2 − 1) + (−1 + 2 ) = 2( 2 − 1)  4  = a ∫ f ( x)d x − I
0
 7π
− log sec 2 π 
a a
2 ∫0
e2 log e x log e x
1
+ log sec ∴ l =
17 ∫ e −1
x
dx = ∫ e −1 x
dx
 3 
f ( x ) dx
e 2 log x  log 1 log sec π  π /2 sin2 x

=− −
+ ∫
1
e
x
dx  4 
25 Let I = ∫ − π /2
1 + 2x
dx
− log e x π
+  log sec − log 1 −π π
2
log e x
sin2  + − x  dx
1 e
= ∫ e −1
x
dx + ∫
1
x
dx
 3  π /2  2 2 
0 2 ⇒ I = ∫ dx
∫ ∫ 1 −π π
= − z dz + z dz = log 2 + log 2 = log 2 + log 2
− π /2 + −x
−1 0
2 1+ 22 2
Q b f ( x ) dx = b
f (a + b − x ) dx 
 ∫a ∫
[put log e x = z ⇒ (1 / x ) dx = dz) 3
= log 2 a 
2
sin2 x − π /2
π sin x
∫
π /2 π
⇒ I = [ − ( x + π ) 3 + cos 2 x] dx ⇒ I = 4∫
⇒ I = ∫ − π /2 1 + 2− x
dx −3 π / 2 0
1 + cos 2 x
dx
− π /2
π /22x ⋅ sin2 x ⇒ 2I = ∫ 2cos 2 x dx
−4 ∫
π x sin x
⇒ I = ∫ − π /2 1 + 2x dx −3 π / 2
− π /2
0
1 + cos 2 x
dx
= ∫ −3 π / 2
(1 + cos 2 x ) dx π sin x
I =∫
2x ⋅ sin2 x
π /2
dx − π /2
⇒ I = 4π ∫ 0
1 + cos 2 x
dx − I
− π / 2 1 + 2x  sin 2 x 
= x+
π /2 π /2  2  −3 π /2 [from Eq. (i)]
⇒ 2I = ∫ sin x dx = ∫
2 2
2sin x dx
− π /2 0
π sin (− π )
π sin x
π /2 = − + ⇒I = 2π ∫ dx
= ∫ (1 − cos 2 x ) dx  2 1 + cos 2 x
0
0 2
π /2 Put cos x = t
π  3 π sin (−3 π ) 
⇒ 2I =  x −
sin 2 x 
= − − +  = π ⇒ − sin x dx = dt
 2  0 2  2 2 
π
−1 1
∴ I = ∴ I =
π ∴ I = − 2π ∫ 1
1 + t2
dt
4 2
π π
= 2 π[tan −1 t ]1−1 = 2 π  + 
π
26 Let I = ∫ 0
[cot x] dx …(i) 29 Let φ ( x ) = [ f ( x ) + f (− x )] [g ( x ) − g (− x )]  4 4 
π
∴ φ (− x ) = [ f (− x ) + f ( x )] [g (− x )
⇒ I = ∫ 0
[cot ( π − x )] dx = π2
π
− g ( x )] = − φ ( x )
= ∫ 0
[− cot x] dx …(ii)
∴ ∫
π
φ ( x ) dx = 0 33 Using Newton-Leibnitz’s formula, we get
t 2 { f (t 2 )}  (t )2  − 0
−π d
On adding Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get
π π
(Qφ( x ) is an odd function)  dt 
2I = ∫ [cot x] dx + ∫ [− cot x] dx n
n
⋅ f (0)  (0) = 2t 4
d
→∞∑
0 0
30 S = nlim
π
(n + r ) r (2n + r )  dt 
= ∫ 0
(− 1) dx r =1
n
1 ⇒ t 2 { f (t 2 )} 2t = 2t 4
  − 1 if x ∉ Z  = lim ∑
⇒ f (t 2 ) = t
Q[ x] + [− x] =  0, if x ∈ Z 
n→ ∞
n  1 + 
r =1 r r  r
   2 + 
f   = ±  put t = ± 2 
4 2
 n n n ⇒
= [− x] π0 = − π  25 5  5
π 1 dx
∴I =− S = ∫ 0
(1 + x ) 2 x + x2
∴ f   =
4 2
2  25 5
log x 2 1 dx [neglecting negative sign]
∫
4
27 l = ∫
2 log x + log(36 − 12 x + x2 )
2
dx =
0
(1 + x ) (1 + x )2 − 1 34 We have,
1 x
x2 ∫ 4
4 2 log x S = [sec −1 (1 + x )] 10 f ( x) = [4t 2 − 2 f ′(t )] dt
= ∫ 2
2 log x + log(6 − x ) 2
dx
π
= sec −1 2 − sec −1 1 = 1
4 2 log x dx 3 ∴ f ′ ( x ) = 2 [4 x2 − 2 f ′ ( x )]
= ∫ 2[log x + log (6 − x )]
3π
x
31 P = ∫
2
f (cos 2 x ) dx and 2 x
− 3 ∫ [4 t 2 − 2 f ′(t )] dt
0
log xdx 4 π x 4
⇒ l = ∫
[log x + log(6 − x )]
2
...(i) Q =∫
0
f (cos 2 x ) dx
⇒ f ′ (4) =
1
[64 − 2 f ′ (4)] − 0
π 16
4 log(6 − x ) Also, P = 3∫ f (cos 2 x )dx = 3Q
⇒ l =∫ dx ...(ii) 0 32
2
log (6 − x ) + log x ∴ f ′ (4) =
∴ P − 3Q = 0 9
Q b f ( x ) dx = b f (a + b − x ) dx 
 ∫a ∫a π 2 x(1 + sin x ) x2
 32 Let I = ∫ − π
1 + cos 2 x
dx
35 lim
∫ 0
sin t dt
 form 0 
On adding Eqs.(i) and (ii),we get x→ 0 x3  0 
π 2x
2l = ∫
4 log x + log (6 − x )
dx
= ∫ −π
1 + cos 2 x
dx
= lim
sin x ⋅ 2 x
2
log x + log(6 − x ) x→ 0 3 x2
π 2 x sin x 2 sin x
∫
4
⇒ 2l = ∫2
dx = [ x]24 +
−π 1 + cos 2 x
dx = lim
3 x→ 0 x
⇒ 2l = 2 ⇒ l = 1 2 2
− π /2 ⇒ I = 0+ 4∫
π x sin x
dx …(i) = ⋅1 =
28 Let I = ∫ −3 π / 2
[( x + π )3 + cos 2 x] dx 0 1 + cos 2 x 3 3
 π 3 π 3
 2x 36 We have, (1 + x2 ) > x2 , ∀ x
− x + π 
−π / 2
⇒ I =∫   − − Q 1 + cos 2 x is an odd function ⇒ 1 + x2 > x, ∀ x ∈ (1, 2)
−3 π / 2  
 2 2 
1 1
π 3π   ⇒ < , ∀ x ∈ (1, 2)
+ cos 2  − − x  dx
2 x sin x
− and is an even function  1 + x2 x
 2 2   1 + cos 2 x 
2 dx 2 dx
Q b f ( x ) dx = b f (a + b − x ) dx 
 ∫a ∫a  ⇒ I = 4∫
π ( π − x ) sin ( π − x )
dx
∴ ∫ 1
1 + x2
< ∫ 1 x
⇒ I1 < I2
0
1 + cos 2 ( π − x )
⇒ I2 > I1
⇒ 2I = 0 ⇒ I = 0
1
y dt
∫
−
37 We have, x = 1
0
1 + t2
= ∫ 0
x 2
dx = 2 [ x1 /2 ]10 = 2
sin x
∴ J<2 2 d f ( x) = e
By Leibnitz rule, we get dx x
2
1 dy 3 sin x3 4 4 3x
42 Since, f ( x ) is continuous in [0, 2].
∫ 1 x e dx = ∫ 1 x3 e dx
sin x3
1= ⋅ ∴
1 + y 2 dx 2
∴ ∫ f ( x ) dx =
1 2
0 ∫ 0
f ( x ) dx + ∫ 1
f ( x ) dx
Put x3 = t
dy
⇒ = 1 + y2 1 2
⇒ 3 x2 dx = dt
= ∫ x dx + ∫
2
dx x dx sin t
0 1 64 e
d2 y y dy 1 2
∴ f (t ) = ∫ dt
⇒ = ⋅  x3   x3 /2  t
1
dx2 1 + y 2 dx = + = [ f (t )]164
3  
  0 3 / 2  1
d2 y y = f (64) − f (1)
∴ = ⋅ 1 + y2 = y =
1 2 3 /2
+ (2 − 1) On comparing, we get
dx2 1 + y2 3 3
k = 64
1 4 2 2  4 2 − 1
f( x )
= + − = 
f( x ) 4t 3 ∫ 4t 3 dt
3 3 3  3  3 Let I = ∫
2
[ f {g ( x )}] −1 f ′ {g ( x )} {g ′ ( x )} dx
x→2 ∫ 6
38 lim dt = lim 6
1
x−2 x→2 ( x − 2) π /3 dx Put f {g ( x )} = z
 form 0  43 Let l = ∫ π /6
1 + tan x
...(i)
⇒ f ′ {g ( x )} g ′ ( x ) dx = dz
 0  When x = 1, then z = f {g (1)}
π /3 dx
[by Leibnitz’s rule] ∴ l = ∫ π /6
π
When x = 2, then z = f {g (2)}
1 + tan  − x 
3
4 { f ( x )} f { g(2 )} 1
= lim f ′ ( x ) = 4 { f (2)}3 f ′ (2) ∴ I =∫ dz = [log z] ff {{ gg((21 )})}
x→2 1 2  f { g(1 )}
z
1 ⇒ I = log f {g (2)} − log f {g (1)} = 0
= 4 × (6)3 × π /3 tan x dx
48 ⇒l = ∫ π /6
1 + tan x
...(ii) [Q g (2) = g (1)]
Q f (2) = 6 and f ′ (2) = 1 , given  4 Put t = sin2 z in 1st integral and
On adding Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get
 48  π /3
t = cos 2 u in 2nd integral, we get
= 18
2l = ∫ π /6
dx
dt = 2sin z cos z and
1 + 24 + 34  1 + 23 + 33  ⇒ 2l = [ x] ππ //36 dt = − 2cos u sin udu
   3 1 π π π x
 + . . . + n  − lim  + . . . + n  ∴I = ∫
4
39 nlim ⇒ l =  −  = z(2sin z cos z ) dz
→∞ n5 n→ ∞ n5 2  3 6  12 0
x
4 3
Hence, Statement I is false but ∫ f ( x )dx
b
+ ∫ − u (2cos u sin udu )
= lim ∑   − lim × lim r
1 n r 1 1 n π /2
r =1  n 
∑  
 n
a
x x
= ∫ z sin 2z dz − ∫
b
∫
n→ ∞ n n→ ∞ n n→ ∞ n
r =1 = f (a + b − x ) dx is a true statement by 0 I II π /2
u sin 2u du
a
1 1 1
= ∫ x dx − lim × ∫
4 3 x
x dx property of definite integrals.  cos 2z sin 2z 
0 n→ ∞ n 0 = − z⋅ +
1 44 Since, period of e sin x is 2 π.  2 4  0
 x5  1
= − 0=
x
200
 − u cos 2u sin 2u 
 5
 0 5 ∴ ∫ 0
e sin x dx ≠ 200λ
 2
+ −
4  π / 2
 
40 Since, x ∈  0, π  ⇒ 1 ≤ 1 + sin3 x ≤ 2 45 For 0 < x < 1,x > x2 cos 2 x sin 2 x
= −x⋅ + − { 0 + 0}
 2  ⇒ − x < − x2 ⇒ e − x < e − x
2
 2 4 
 cos 2 x sin 2 x  π 
−  + 0
1 1
⇒ ≤ ≤1
1
⇒ ∫ e − x cos 2 x dx<
1
− −x⋅ +
∫ e − x cos 2 xdx
2
 4  
2 1 + sin3 x 0 0 2 4
If f ( x ) ≥ g ( x ), then ∫ f ( x ) dx ≥
b b
π
π /2 1 π /2 dx ∫ g ( x ) dx =
⇒ ∫ 0
2
dx ≤ ∫ 0
1 + sin x 3
a a
4
x log t
π /2 SESSION 2 5 Since, f ( x ) = ∫ 1 dt
≤ ∫ dx 1+ t
1 We have, f  1  + x2 f ( x ) = 0
0
and f ( x ) = f ( x ) + f  
π π 1
∴ ≤I≤  x
 x
2 2 2
⇒ f ( x ) = − 2 f  
1 1
∴ F (e ) = f (e ) + f  
1
x sin x x  x
1 1
e 
41 Since, I = ∫
dx < ∫ dx, cosec θ
∫
0 0
x x I = f ( x ) dx e log t 1 /e log t
sinθ ⇒ F (e ) = ∫ dt + ∫ dt
because in x ∈ (0, 1), x > sin x 1 1 + t 1 1+ t
I<∫
1 2 cosec θ  − 1 f  1   dx
⇒
0
x dx = [ x3 /2 ]10
3
= ∫ sinθ
 2  
 x  x
Put t =
1
in second integration
t
2 e − log t
⇒ I< d  
sin θ 1 e log t 1
3
= ∫ cosec θ
f (t ) dt, where t =
x
∴ F (e ) = ∫
11 + t
dt + ∫
1 1 t 
1 cos x
1+
1 1
and J = ∫ dx < ∫ cosec θ t
0
x 0
x
⇒ I =− ∫ sin θ
f (t ) dt = − I
t log t  − dt  2
= e −(x + 1 )2
⋅ 2 x − e −(x
2 2 2
e log t e
 x e t2 dt 
)
⋅ 2x
= ∫
1
1+ t
dt − ∫1
× 
(1 + t )  t 2  ∫0  − ( x 4 + 2 x2 + 1 ) 2
+1
8 xlim x
= 2 xe (1 − e 2 x )
∫
→∞ 2
log t log t e2 t d t
e e
For f ′ ( x ) > 0,
= ∫ 1+ t
dt + ∫ t (1 + t )
dt 0
 2 x e t2 dt  (e x2 ) then 2 x (1 − e 2 x
2
+1
)> 0
1 1
 ∫0   form 0 
e log t e log t e log t = lim ⇒ 2x < 0
= ∫ 1 1+ t
dt + ∫ 1
t
dt − ∫
( + t)
1 1
dt x→ ∞
e 2x
2
 0 
⇒ x< 0
x
2∫ e t2
dt
e log t  1 1 1  = lim  form 0  1
∫  (n + 1) ⋅ (n + 2) K (3n ) n
0
= dt Qt (1 + t ) = t − t + 1 
1
t  
x→ ∞
e  0  x2 12 Let l = nlim 
→∞ 


2 n2 n
2e x 1
= lim = lim = 0
e 1
 (log t )2  (n + 1) ⋅ (n + 2) ... (n + 2n ) n
= = lim 
2
x→ ∞ x→ ∞ x
 2 xe x 
n→ ∞  n2 n 
 2 1
9 Use the formula, 1
1 x − a, x≥ a   n + 1  n + 2  n + 2n   n
= [(log e)2 − (log 1)2 ] | x − a|=  to break given = lim  
n→ ∞  
  K 
2
 −( x − a ) x <a n   n   n 
1
= integral in two parts and then integrate On taking log on both sides, we get
2 separately.   1 + 1   1 + 2  
n
1     
n 

n   
6 We have, ∫ 0 [ x] dx
2
π  1 − 2sin x  dx = π |1 − 2sin x | dx log l = lim  log  
1 2 3
∫ 0

 2
 ∫0 2
n→ ∞ n
  ...  1 + 2n   
= ∫ 0 dx + ∫ 1 dx + ∫ 2 dx + K π
 1 − 2sin x  dx − π  1 − 2sin x  dx
   n   
∫ ∫ π 
0 1 2
= 3
  
n
 2 2 1
+ ∫ (n − 1) dx
0
3 ⇒ log l = lim
n −1 n→ ∞
π /3 π n
=  x + 4cos  −  x + 4cos 
x x
= 1 (2 − 1) + 2 (3 − 2) + 3 (4 − 3) + 
log  1 +  + log  1 +  + ...
1 2
 20  2 π
  n  n
K + (n − 1) {n − (n − 1)} 3
π
= 1 + 2 + 3 + K + (n − 1) = 4 3 − 4− 2n  
3 + log  1 + 
n (n − 1)  n  
= π
2 10 Let I =∫ 0
x f (sin x ) dx …(i)
⇒ log l = lim ∑ log  1 + 
1 2n
r
n π n→ ∞ n  n
I =∫
n n
and ∫ { x} dx = ∫ ( x − [ x] ) dx = ⇒ ( π − x )f [sin ( π − x )] dx r =1
0 2
2
∫
0 0
π ⇒ log l = log (1 + x ) dx
n ⇒ I =∫ ( π − x ) f (sin x ) dx …(ii) 0
∴
∫ 0
[x] dx
=n −1
0

⇒ log l = log (1 + x )
On adding Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get 
n

∫ 0
{x } dx
2I = ∫
π
0
π f (sin x ) dx
1 
2
e x
π π ⋅ x− ∫1+ ⋅ x dx 
2 ∫0
7 Given that, f ( x ) = ⇒I = f (sin x ) dx …(iii) x n
1 + ex
⇒ log l = [log (1 + x ) ⋅ x]20
 2a
 ∫0
∴ f (a) =
ea
…(i) Q f ( x ) dx = 2 x+ 1−1
1 + ea  − ∫ 0
1+ x
dx
2 f ( x ) dx, if f (2a − x ) = f ( x )
a
and f (− a) =
e −a
=
1
…(ii)  ∫0  2  1 
1 + e −a 1 + e a  0 ,if f (2a − x ) = − f ( x )  ⇒ log l = 2 ⋅ log 3 − ∫ 0
1 −

 dx
1 + x
π /2
On adding Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get ⇒ I = π ∫ 0
f (sin x ) dx
⇒ log l = 2 ⋅ log 3 − [ x − log 1 + x ] 20
f (a) + f (− a) = 1 π π
Put − x=t ⇒ x= −t ⇒ log l = 2 ⋅ log 3 − [2 − log 3]
⇒ f (a) = 1 − f (− a) 2 2
Put dx = − dt in Eq. (iii), we get ⇒ log l = 3 ⋅ log 3 − 2
Let f (− a) = t
π π /2 ⇒ log l = log 27 − 2
2 ∫ −π / 2
⇒ f (a) = 1 − t I = f (cos t ) dt
27
1 −t
π π /2 ⇒ l = e log 27 − 2 = 27 ⋅ e − 2 =
Now, I1 = ∫ xg [ x(1 − x )] dx
2 ∫ −π / 2
…(iii) = f (cos x ) dx e2
t
Q I = b b
f (a + b − x ) dx 
π /2
13 We have, f ′( x ) = 3 sin x + 4 cos x
 ∫ a
f ( x ) dx = ∫ a 
= π ∫ 0
f (cos x ) dx
5π 4 π 
1 −t
Since, in  , , f ′ ( x ) < 0, so assume
⇒ I1 = ∫ t
(1 − x )g [ x(1 − x )] dx …(iv) [Q f (cos x ) is an even function]
 4 3 
11 On differentiate the given interval by 4π
On adding Eqs. (iii) and (iv), we get the least value at the point x = .
1 −t
using Newton-Leibnitz formula,
3
2 I1 = ∫ t
g [ x(1 − x )] dx = I2 [given]
we get f ′( x ) = e − ( x
2
+ 1 )2
⋅  ( x 2 + 1)
d
Thus,
I  dx 
∴ 2 =2 4π 
f
4 π /3
I1
− e −(x
2 2
)
⋅  ( x ) 2 
d  3 
= ∫ 5π / 4
(3 sin u + 4cos u ) du
 dx 
= [– 3cos u + 4 sin u] 45 ππ //34 f ( x ) + g ( x ) = x2

1/n
rπ 
n
 Also,
16 Let P = nlim  rΠ tan   
⇒ g ( x ) = x2 − e x
=
3
−2 3+
1 →∞ =1
  2n   …(ii)
1
2 2 1 rπ
ln tan  
n Now, ∫ f ( x )g ( x ) dx
x
∴ ln P = lim
n→ ∞ ∑  2n 
0
14 We have, g ( x ) = ∫ 0
f ( t ) dt n r =1
= ∫
1
e ( x2 − e x ) dx
x
πx 
= ∫ ln tan 
1 0
 dx
2
 2 
⇒ g (2) = ∫ [from Eqs. (i) and (ii)]
0
f ( t ) dt
0 1 1
2
∫ ∫
π
= dx −
/ 2
π ∫0
1 2 ⇒ ln P = ln tan x dx …(i) x2e x
e 2 x dx
⇒ g (2) = ∫ 0
f ( t )dt + ∫ 1
f ( t ) dt 0
1 2x 1
0
2 π /2 = [x e − ∫ dx]10 −
2 x x
π ∫0
and ln P = 2 xe
[e ] 0
We know that, m ≤ f ( x ) ≤ M for x ∈ [a, b] ln cot x dx …(ii) 2
b
⇒ m (b − a) ≤ ∫ a
f ( x ) dx ≤ M (b − a) On adding Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get
1
= [ x2e x − 2 xe x + 2e x ]10 − (e 2 − 1)
2
1 2 π /2
∴ ≤ f ( t ) ≤ 1, for t ∈[0, 1]
π ∫0
2 ln P = ( ln tan x + lncot x )dx 1 2 1
= [( x − 2 x + 2)e ] 0 − e +
2 x 1
2
2 2
1 2 π /2
and 0 ≤ f ( t ) ≤ , for t ∈ [1, 2]
π ∫0
= ln 1 dx = 0 = [(1 − 2 + 2)e 1 − (0 − 0 + 2)e 0 ]
2 1 1
1 − e2 +
⇒ ln P = 0
1
⇒ (1 − 0) ≤ ∫ f ( t ) dt ≤ 1 (1 − 0) 2 2
2 0
∴ P =1 e2 1 e2 3
2 1 =e −2− + =e − −
and 0 (2 − 1) ≤ ∫ f ( t ) dt ≤ (2 − 1) 2 2 2 2
1
2
x−1
1 1 2
⇒ ≤ ∫ f ( t ) dt ≤ 1 and 0 ≤ ∫ f ( t ) dt ≤
1 17 We have, f ( x ) = 19 In LHS, put x n = tan2 θ
2 0 1
2 x+1
⇒ nx n − 1 dx = 2 tan θ sec2 θ dθ
1 1 2 3 x − 1
2 ∫0
⇒ ≤ f ( t ) dt + ∫ f ( t ) dt ≤ ⇒ f 2 ( x ) = f [ f ( x )] = f   ∞ dx 2 π /2
x + 1 ∴∫
2 = ∫ tan1 − 2 + 2 / n θ d θ
1
1 3 x−1
0
1 + xn n 0
∴ ≤ g(2) ≤ −1
2 2 x+1 1 2 π /2
= =−
x−1 x
=
n ∫ 0
tan (2 / n) −1 θ d θ
1
+1
15 Let f (a) = ∫ | x − a |dx
n n
0 x+1
a 1 In RHS, put x n = sin2 θ
= ∫ 0
(an − x n ) dx + ∫ a
( x n − an ) dx ⇒ f 4 ( x ) = f 2 [ f 2 ( x )] = f 2  − 
1
 x ⇒ nx n − 1 dx = 2 sin θ cos θ dθ
a 1
 x   x
n +1 n +1
 −1 ∴∫
1dx
= ∫
2 π /2 1
= an x − + − an ⋅ x = = x
 +  n + 1  0
(1 – x )n 1 /n
n 0 cos 2/n θ
 n 1 0  a −
1
2
 an +1  x −1 2 π /2
= an +1 −

+ ∴ g ( x ) = f 1998 ( x ) = f 2of 1996 ( x )
sin n θ cos θ dθ = ∫ tan (2 / n) − 1 θ dθ
n + 1  n 0

⇒ g ( x ) = f 2 [ f 1996 ( x )]
 1 an +1  20 sin 6 x + cos 6 x = (sin2 x ) 3 + (cos2 x ) 3
− an − + an +1 ⇒ g ( x ) = f 2 ( x ) [Q f 1996 ( x )
n + 1 +  = (sin2 x + cos 2 x ) 3 − 3 sin2
 n 1  = {( f 4of 4of 4o K f 4 )} ( x ) = x]
14243 x cos 2 x (sin2 x + cos 2 x )
2an +1 1
= 2an +1 − − an + 499 times = 1 − 3 sin2 x cos 2 x
n+1 n+1 ⇒ g( x) = −
1
3
= 1 − sin2 2 x Q period = π 
= 2an +1 
n  1 x 
− an + 4 2 
 n + 1  n+1 1 1  − 1  dx
⇒ f ′(a) = n (2a − 1) a n −1
∴ ∫ 1 /e
g ( x ) dx = ∫ 1 /e

 x
 So, the least and greatest value of
1
sin 6 x + cos 6 x are and 1.
Thus, only critical point in (0, 1) is = − [log e x] 11 /e 4
a = 1/2  π  1
g ( x ) dx = −  log e 1 − log e  Hence,  − 0 ×
1 1
⇒ ∫  e  2  4
Also, f ′(a) < 0 for a ∈  0, 
1 1 /e
 2 π
< ∫ (sin 6 x + cos 6 x )dx <  − 0 × 1
π /2
= − [0 + 1] = − 1
0 2 
and f ′(a) > 0 for a ∈  , 1 .
1 18 Given, f ′( x ) = f ( x )
2  π π /2 π
and f (0) = 1 ∴ < ∫ (sin x + cos x ) dx <
6 6
1 8 0
2
∴ f (a) is minimum for a = . Let f ( x) = e x …(i)
2
DAY SEVENTEEN
Area Bounded
by the Curves
u Curve Area u Area between a Curve and Lines u Area between Two Curves
Curve Area
The space occupied by a continuous curve, which is bounded under the certain
conditions, is called curve area or the area of bounded by the curve.
Area between a Curve and Lines

1. The area of region shown in the following figure, bounded by the curve y = f ( x)
β β
defined on [α , β], X-axis and the lines x = α and x = β is given by ∫ y dx or ∫ f ( x) dx.
α α
Y y = f (x) R
Q
y
P S
X′ x=α dx x=β X
O
Y′ PRED
2. If the curve y = f ( x) lies below X-axis, then area of region bounded by the curve
y = f ( x), X-axis and the lines x = α and x = β will be negative as shown in the
MIRROR
β β
following figure. So, we consider the area as ∫α y dx or ∫α f ( x) dx
Y u No. of Questions Attempted (y)—
x=α dx x=β u Accuracy Level (z / y × 100)—

X′ X
O Prep Level (z / x × 100)—
y u
y = f (x)
In order to expect good rank in
JEE, your Accuracy Level should be
Y′ above 85 & Prep Level should be
above 75.
DAY SEVENTEEN AREA BOUNDED BY THE CURVES 177
3. Area of region shown in the following figure, bounded by

the curve x = f ( y), Y-axis and the lines y = c and y = d is
Area between Two Curves
d d 1. (i) Area of region shown in the following figure,
given by ∫ c f ( y) dy or ∫ c x dy
bounded between the curves y = f ( x), y = g( x), where
Y f ( x) ≤ g( x), and the lines x = a, x = b (a < b ) is given by
Y
S R
y=d )
g (x
x y=
dy x = f (y) y = f (x)
y=c Q X
P O x=a x=b
X′ X b
O
Area = ∫ [ g( x) − f ( x)] dx
a
Y′
(ii) If f ( x) ≥ g( x) in [a, c] and f ( x) ≤ g( x) in [c, b ] where
If the position of the curve under consideration is on the a < c < b , then Area
c b
d
= ∫ [ f ( x) − g( x)] dx + ∫ c [g( x) − f ( x)] dx
left side of Y-axis, then area is given by ∫c f ( y) dy . a
4. If the curve crosses the X-axis number of times, the area of 2. Area of region shown in the following figure, bounded
region shown in the following figure, enclosed between by the curves y = f ( x), y = g( x), X -axis and lines x = a,
the curve y = f ( x), X-axis and the lines x = α and x = β is x = b is given by
c b
given by Area = ∫ f ( x) dx + ∫ c g( x) dx
a
Y
Y
y=
y = g(x)
f(x
)
α1 X
O α2 x = β
x =α
X′ x=a x=c X
α1 α2 β O x=b
∫α f ( x) dx + ∫ α1 f ( x) dx + ∫ α2 f ( x) dx
Y′
Area and the shape of some important curves

S.No. Curves Point of intersection Area of shaded region
Y
2 2
(i) x y x y B (0, b)
f ( x , y) : + ≤ 1, + ≥ 1
a 2 b2 a b (–a, 0) A′
(π – 2) A (a, 0)
A (a , 0), B(0 , b ) Area = ab sq units X′ X
4 (0, 0)
x2 y2 x y
⇒ or 2
+ 2 ≤1≤ +
a b a b
Y′
Y )
, 2a y2=4ax
(a
A
(ii) Parabola y2 = 4ax and 8 2

A (a , 2 a), B(a , − 2 a) Area = a sq units X′
O (a, 0)
X
its latusrectum x = a 3
Y′ B (a, –2a)
178 40 DAYS ~ JEE MAIN MATHEMATICS DAY SEVENTEEN
A
 4a 4a 8a 2
(iii) f ( x, y) : y2 = 4ax and y = mx O(0, 0), A  2 ,  Area = sq units X′ X
 m m 3 m3
O (0, 0)
Y′
x2=4ay Y (4a2/3 b1/3,4a1/3 b2/3)

A
(iv) f ( x, y) : x2 = 4ay O(0, 0), 16

Area = (ab ) sq units X′ X
y = 4 bx
2
A (4a2 /3
b 1 /3 1 /3 2 /3
, 4a b ) 3 (0, 0) O
y2=4bx
Y′
A (b – a, 2√ab)
(v) Area bounded by
A(b − a , 2 ab ) (0, 0) A′ (b, 0)
y2 = 4a ( x + a) 8 X′ X
B(b − a , − 2 ab ) Area = ab (a + b ) sq units B′(–a, 0) O
and y2 = 4 b (b − x) 3
B (b – a, – 2√ab)
Y′
(vi) Y
Common area bounded
by the ellipses 1
x=y= Area = Area of region PQRS
m Q
x 2
y 2
1 a + b2
2
= 4 × Area of OLQM
P
2
+ 2 = 2 2 and L
b a a b 1 4  a X′ X
x=y=− = tan −1   sq units
x2 y2 1 a 2 + b2 ab b O R S
2
+ 2 = 2 2, 0 < a 0, α > β the area

between the hyperbola α X′ X
— Area = p2 log   (0, 0) O
xy = p2 , the X-axis and  β
the ordinates x = α, x = β
Y′

1 Let f : [ − 1, 2] → [ 0, ∞ ) be a continuous function such that 10 The area of the region (in sq units), in the first quadrant,
f ( x ) = f (1 − x ) for all x ∈ [ − 1, 2]. Let R1 = ∫
2
x f ( x ) dx, and bounded by the parabola y = 9x 2 and the lines x = 0,
−1 y = 1 and y = 4, is j JEE Mains 2013
R 2 be the area of region bounded by y = f ( x ),x = − 1, (a)

12
(b)
14
(c)
7
(d)
14
x = 2 and the X -axis. Then 9 3 3 9
(a) R1 = 2R 2 (b) R1 = 3R 2 (c) 2R1 = R 2 (d) 3R1 = R 2 11 The area bounded by the curve y = ln ( x ) and the lines
2 Let A1 be the area of the parabola y = 4ax lying between
2 y = 0, y = ln ( 3) and x = 0 is equal to j JEE Mains 2013
the vertex and the latus rectum and A2 be the area (a) 3 (b) 3 ln (3) −2 (c) 3 ln (3)+2 (d) 2
between the latus rectum and the double ordinate x = 2a. 12 The area of the region bounded by the curve ay 2 = x 3,
Then A1 / A2 is the Y -axis and the lines y = a and y = 2a, is
(a) (2 2 − 1) /7 (b) (2 2 + 1) /7 j NCERT Exemplar
(c) (2 2 + 1) (d) (2 2 − 1) 3 2
(a) a 2 (2 ⋅ 2 2 / 3 − 1) sq unit (b) a (2 2 / 3 − 1) sq unit
3 The area of smaller segment cut off from the circle 5 5
x 2 + y 2 = 9 by x = 1 is 3
(c) a 2 (2 2 / 3 + 1) sq unit (d) None of these
1 5
(a) (9 sec−1 3 − 8 ) (b) 9 sec −1
(3) − 8
2 13 The area of the region bounded by
(c) 8 − 9 sec−1 (3) (d) None of these y = | x − 3 | and y = 2, is
4 The ratio of the area bounded by the curves y = cos x (a) 4.5 sq units (b) 6.3 sq units
and y = cos 2 x between x = 0, π / 3 and X -axis, is (c) 3.5 sq units (d) None of these
(a) 2 :1 (b) 1 : 1 (c) 1 : 2 (d) 2 : 1 14 The area between the curve y = 4 − | x | and X -axis is
5 The area bounded by the curve y = f ( x ), X -axis and the (a) 16 sq units (b) 20 sq units
lines x = 1, x = b is ( b 2 + 1 − 2 ) for all b > 1, then f ( x ) (c) 12 sq units (d) 18 sq units
π
equals to 15 The area under the curve y = | cos x − sin x | , 0 ≤ x ≤
2
(a) x 2 + 1 (b) x + 1 (c) x / x 2 + 1 (d) None of these
and above X-axis is j
JEE Mains 2013
6 If the ordinate x = a divides the area bounded by the (a) 2 2 (b) 2 2 − 2 (c) 2 2 + 2 (d) 0
 8
curve y = 1 + 2  , X -axis and the ordinates x = 2, 4 into 16 The area of the region enclosed by the curves y = x ,
 x  1
x = e, y = and the positive X-axis is
two equal parts, then a is equal to x
(a) 8 (b) 2 2 (c) 2 (d) 2 3 5 1
(a) 1 sq unit (b) sq units (c) sq units (d) sq unit
7 Let the straight line x = b divide the area enclosed by 2 2 2
y = (1 − x )2, y = 0 and x = 0 into two parts R1 ( 0 ≤ x ≤ b ) 17 The area bounded by y = sin x , X -axis and the lines
and R 2 (b ≤ x ≤ 1) such that R1 − R 2 = 1/ 4. Then b equals x = π is
(a) 3/4 (b) 1/2 (c) 1/3 (d) 1/4 (a) 2 sq units (b) 3 sq units
8 The curve y = a x + bx passes through the point (1, 2) (c) 4 sq units (d) None of these
and the area enclosed by the curve, the X -axis and the 18 For 0 ≤ x ≤ π, the area bounded by y = x and
line x = 4 is 8 square units. Then a − b is equal to y = x + sin x , is
(a) 2 (b) − 1 (c) − 2 (d) 4 (a) 2 (b) 4
(c) 2 π (d) 4 π
9 If y = f ( x ) makes positive intercepts of 2 and 1 unit on
x and y-coordinates axes and encloses an area of 19 The area (in sq unit) of the region described by
3 2 {( x , y ): y 2 ≤ 2x and y ≥ 4x − 1} is j
JEE Mains 2015
sq unit with the axes, then ∫ xf ′ ( x ) dx , is
4 0 7 5
(a) (b)
3 5 3 32 34
(a) (b) 1 (c) (d) − 15 9
2 4 4 (c) (d)
64 32
20 The area bounded by the curves y 2 = 4x and x 2 = 4y , is 28 The area bounded by the curves y = | x | − 1 and
(a) 0 (b)
32
(c)
16
(d)
8 y = − | x | + 1, is
3 3 3 (a) 1 sq unit (b) 2 sq units
21 If the area bounded by y = ax 2 and x = ay 2, a > 0 is 1, (c) 2 2 sq units (d) 4 sq units
then a is equal to 29 The area of the smaller region bounded by the circle
(a) 1 (b)
1 x 2 + y 2 = 1 and the lines | y | = x + 1 is
3 (a) (π − 2)/ 4 (b) (π − 2)/ 2
1 (c) (π + 2)/ 2 (d) None of these
3
30 The area (in sq units) bounded by the curves
y
22 The area bounded between the parabolas x 2 = and y = x , 2y − x + 3 = 0, X-axis and lying in the first
4 quadrant is j JEE Mains 2013
x 2 = 9 y and the straight line y = 2, is

(a) 9 (b) 36
10 2 20 2 27
(a) 20 2 (b) (c) (d) 10 2 (c) 18 (d)
3 3 4
23 The area enclosed the curves y = x 3 and y = x is 31 The area bounded by the curves y = x 2 and
5 5 y = 2 /(1 + x 2 ) is
(a) sq units (b) sq units
3 4 (a) (3 π + 2)/ 3 (b) (3 π − 2)/ 3
5 12 (c) (3 π − 2)/ 6 (d) None of these
(c) sq unit (d) sq units
12 5
32 The area bounded by y = tan x , y = cot x , X -axis in
24 The area (in sq units) of the region {( x , y ) : y 2 ≥ 2x and π
0≤x ≤ is
x 2 + y 2 ≤ 4x , x ≥ 0, y ≥ 0 } is j JEE Mains 2016 2
4 8
(a) π − (b) π − (a) 3 log 2 (b) log2
3 3 (c) 2 log 2 (d) None of these
4 2 π 2 2
(c) π − (d) − 33 Area of the region bounded by curves x = 1/ 2, x = 2,
3 2 3
y = loge x and y = 2x is equal to
25 The area of the region described by
( 4 − 2 )/log 2 + b − c log 2. Then, b + c equals
A = {( x , y ): x 2 + y 2 ≤ 1and y 2 ≤ 1 − x } is j
JEE Mains 2014
π 4 π 4 π 2 π 2 (a) 2 (b) − 1
(a) + (b) − (c) − (d) + (c) 4 (d) None of these
2 3 2 3 2 3 2 3
26 The parabola y 2 = 2x divides the circle x 2 + y 2 = 8 in 34 The area bounded by the curve y = ( x + 1)2, y = ( x − 1)2
1
two parts. Then, the ratio of the areas of these parts is and the line y = is
3π − 2 3π + 2 4
(a) (b) 1 2
10 π + 2 9π − 2 (a) sq unit (b) sq unit
6π − 3 2π − 9 6 3
(c) (d) 1 1
11π − 5 9π + 2 (c) sq unit (d) sq unit
4 3
27 The area bounded by the curves y = 2 − | 2 − x | and 35 The area of bounded region by the curve y = loge x and
| x | y = 3 is y = (loge x )2, is
(a)(5 − 4 ln 2)/ 3 (b) (2 − ln 3)/ 2 (a) 3 − e (b) e − 3
(c)(4 − 3 ln 3)/ 2 (d) None of these 1 1
(c) (3 − e) (d) (e − 3)
2 2

1 Let f ( x ) = x 2, g ( x ) = cos x and h( x ) = f (g ( x )). Then area 9 The area enclosed between the curves y = loge ( x + e ),
bounded by the curve y = h( x ), and X -axis between x = log(1/ y ) and the X -axis is equal to
x = x1 and x = x 2, where x1, x 2 are roots of the equation (a) 2e (b) 2 (c) 2/e (d) None of these
18x 2 − 9πx + π 2 = 0, is
10 Let f ( x ) be a real valued function satisfying the relation
(a) π/12 (b) π/ 6 (c) π/ 3 (d) None of these f (1 + x )
f ( x / y ) = f ( x ) − f ( y ) and lim = 3. The area
2 The area bounded by f ( x ) = min(| x | ,| x − 1| ,| x + 1| ) in x x→0
[ −1, 1] and X-axis, is (in sq unit) bounded by the curve y = f ( x ), y-axis and the line y = 3
1 1 1 1 is equal to
(a) (b) (c) (d)
5 4 3 2 (a) e (b) 2e (c) 3e (d) None of these
3 A point P ( x , y ) moves in such a way that [| x | ] + [| y | ] = 1, 11 The area bounded by the lines y = 2, x = 1, x = a and the
[⋅] = G.I.F. Area of the region representing all possible curve y = f ( x ), which cuts the last two lines above the
positions of the point P is equal to 2
first line for all a ≥ 1, is equal to [( 2a )3/ 2 − 3a + 3 − 2 2 ].
(a) 8 (b) 4 (c) 16 (d) None of these 3
4 The area bounded by the curve xy = 4 ( 2 − x )and Y-axis is
2 Then f ( x ) =
(a) 2 π (b) 4 π (c) 12 π (d) 6π (a) 2 2 x , x ≥ 1 (b) 2 x , x ≥ 1
(c) 2 x , x ≥ 1 (d) None of these
5 The area of the region R = {( x , y ) : | x | ≤ | y | and
x 2 + y 2 ≤ 1 } is 12 The area bounded by the curve
3π 5π π π y = cos −1 (sin x ) − sin−1 (cos x ) and the lines y = 0,
(a) sq units (b) sq units (c) sq units (d) sq unit 3π
8 8 2 8 x = , x = 2π is
2
6 Area of the region bounded by the parabola ( y − 2)2
π2 π2
= x − 1, the tangent to it at the point with the ordinate 3, (a) (b) (c) π 2 (d) 2 π 2
4 2
and the X -axis is given by
(a)9/2 sq units (b) 9 sq units 13 Let f ( x ) be continuous function such that f ( 0) = 1,
(c)18 sq units (d) None of these f ( x ) − f ( x /7) = x /7 ∀x ∈ R . The area bounded by the
curve y = f ( x ) and the coordinate axes is
7 Let the circle x 2 + y 2 = 4 divide the area bounded by (a) 2 (b) 3 (c) 6 (d) 9
tangent and normal at (1, 3 ) and X -axis in A1 and A2.
A 14 If area bounded by the curves y = x − bx and by = x 2 is 2
Then 1 equals to maximum, then b is equal to
A2
(a) 1 (b) − 1 (c) b = ± 1 (d) None of these
(a) π / (3 3 − π) (b) π / (3 3 + π)
(c) π / (3 − π 3 ) (d) None of these 15 Let An be the area bounded by the curve y = (tan x )n and
the lines x = 0 and x = π / 4. Then, for n > 2
8 The area (in sq units) of the region 1 1 1 1
{( x , y ) : x ≥ 0, x + y ≤ 3, x 2 ≤ 4y and y ≤ 1 + x } is (a) < An < (b) < An <
2n 2n − 2 2n + 1 2n − 1
j
JEE Mains 2017 1 1 1 1
(c) < An < (d) < An <
(a)
7
(b)
5
(c)
59
(d)
3 2n + 2 2n − 2 2n + 2 2n
3 2 12 2
ANSWERS
SESSION 1
1 (c) 2 (b) 3 (b) 4 (d) 5 (c) 6 (b) 7 (b) 8 (d) 9 (d) 10 (d)
11 (d) 12 (a) 13 (d) 14 (a) 15 (b) 16 (b) 17 (c) 18 (a) 19 (d) 20 (c)
21 (b) 22 (c) 23 (c) 24 (b) 25 (a) 26 (b) 27 (c) 28 (b) 29 (b) 30 (a)
31 (b) 32 (b) 33 (c) 34 (d) 35 (a)
1 (a) 2 (d) 3 (a) 4 (b) 5 (c) 6 (b) 7 (a) 8 (b) 9 (b) 10 (c)
SESSION 2 11 (a) 12 (a) 13 (b) 14 (c) 15 (c)

SESSION 1 5
b
∫1 f ( x ) dx = b 2 + 1 − 2 9 Clearly, y = f ( x ) passes through
2
1 Given, R1 = ∫− 1 x f ( x ) dx, Now, on differentiating both sides w.r.t.
(2, 0) and (0, 1).
∴ 0 = f (2) and 1 = f (0)
2 b, we get
and R2 = ∫− 1 f ( x ) dx and f (1 − x) = f ( x)
⇒ f (b ) =
2b
∀b > 1
2
Also, ∫ f ( x ) dx =
0
3
[given]
4
2 2 b2 + 1
Consider, R1 = ∫− 1 x f ( x ) dx 2
Now, ∫ x f ′ ( x ) dx = [ xf ( x )]20 −
2
∫ 0 f ( x ) dx
2 ⇒ f ( x ) = x / x2 + 1. 0
= ∫− 1 (1 − x ) f (1 − x ) dx
⇒
2 3
∫ 0 x f ′( x ) dx = [2 f (2) − 0 f (0)] −
2
6 Area of region AMNB 4
= ∫− 1 (1 − x ) f ( x ) dx
=∫
4  1 + 8  dx =  x − 8 = 4
4
2 3
= R2 − R1
2



x2   x 2
⇒ ∫0 x f ′ ( x ) dx = 2 × 0 − 0 × 1 −
4
∴ R2 = 2R1 3
Y =−
a 4
2 A 1 = 2 ∫ 2 a x dx (2, 3) 4
0 A 4 y 1  y 3 /2 
2
= 4 a × [ x3 /2 ] a0 = 8a2 / 3 C B (4, 3/2) 10 Required area = ∫1 3
dy =
3  3 / 2  1
3
2a
A2 = 2 ∫ 2 a x dx y=9x2
Y
a
2
2 3 /2 2 a 8a y=4
=4 a× [ x ]a = (2 2 − 1) O M D N
X
3 3 x=a y=1
1 (2 2 + 1)
∴ A 1 / A2 = = Area of region, ACDM
2 2−1 7 a X′ X
a 8  8
3 Required area, A = 2 ∫
3
9 − x2 dx
= ∫ 2  1 +  dx ⇒  x –  = 2
x2   x 2 Y′
1
⇒ a = ± 2 2⇒ a =2 2 [Q a > 0] 2 2 14
Y = (43 /2 − 13 /2 ) = × 7 =
b 9 9 9
7 We have, R1 − R2 = ∫0 (1 − x )
2
dx
1 1 11 Required area
− ∫ (1 − x )2 dx = log 3 log 3
(1, 0) (3, 0)
b 4 = ∫0 xdy = ∫0 e ydy
X′ X = [e y] log 3
= [e log3 − e 0] = 3 − 1 = 2
(0, 0) 0
x=1
12 We have,
R1
Y
Y′ C y=2a
2a N
3
= 2 ⋅  x 9 − x2 + 9 sin −1 
1 x R2
2  3 1 a M
By=a
 π 1 
= 9 − 8 − 9 sin −1  
 2  3  
O (b,0) (1,0) X′ O X
 π 1  
=  9  − sin −1    − 8 y=(1 – x)2 Y′
 2  3  
1 2 (1 − b )3 1 1 Required area =
  ⇒ − = ⇒ (1 − b )3 =
= 9 cos −1   − 8
1 2a
  3 
3
1
3 4 8 Area BMNC = ∫a xdy
∴ b = 1
= [ 9 sec −1 (3) − 8] 2 2 a 1 /3 3 a3
π /3
8 y = a x + bx ( x ≥ 0).
= ∫a a y 2 /3 dy = [ y 5/3 ]2aa
4 Here, A 1 = ∫0 cos x dx
1
5
At x = 1, y = 2, we get 2 = a + b …(i)  5 5
3 3 a3  (2a)3 − a3 
= [sin x] π0 / 3 =
4 =
2 ∫0 ( a x + bx ) dx = 8 5 



π /3 16a
and A2 = ∫0 cos 2 x dx ⇒ + 8b = 8 …(ii)
3 3 3  3
1 5 5 
3 = a a (2) − 1
 sin 2 x 
π /3
On solving Eqs. (i) and (ii), 5  
= =
3  
 2  0 4 we get a = 3 and b = −1
3  
2
∴ A1 : A2 = 2:1 ∴ a−b = 4 = a2  2⋅ 23 − 1 sq unit

5  

13 The curve y = | x − 3| meets the line 1 e1 1 Hence, required area

= (1 × 1) + ∫ dx = + [log | x |] e1
2 1 x 2
y = 2, when x = 1 and x = 5 1  y + 1 y2 
Y
1 1 3
= + [log| x|] 1 = + 1 = sq units
e = ∫−1  4
−  dy
2 
y=|x – 3| 2 2 2 2
1
y=2 17 We have, 1  y2  1
=  + y − ( y 3 )1−1 /2
sin x, if x ≥ 0 4 2  −1 /2 6
X¢ X y = sin x = 
01 3 5  − sin x, if x < 0 1  1   1 1  1  1
=   + 1 −  −   − 1 + 
and| x|= π ⇒ x = ± π 4  2   8 2  6  8
Y 1 3 3  1  9 
Y¢ =  + −  
4 2 8  6  8 
The area of the shaded region
1 1 15 3 9
1 y=|sin x| = × − =
= × 2 × 4 = 4 sq units 4 8 16 32
2 X¢ X
–p O p
14 y = 4 − | x|represents two curves as, 20 For the point of intersection of
4 + x, x < 0 y 2 = 4 x and x2 = 4 y
y = 
 4 − x, x > 0 x=–p Y¢ x=p Y
Y π x2=4y y2=4x
A (0, 4) Now, required area = 2∫ sin xdx
2
(4, 4)
= 2[− cos x] π0
x
4+
y=4–x
= −2[cos π − cos 0]
y=
B C = −2[−1 − 1] = 4 sq units X¢ X
X¢ X (0, 0)D (4, 0)
(– 4, 0) (0, 0) (4, 0)
18 Given, curves y = x and y = x + sin x,
which intersect at (0, 0) and ( π, π ).
π π
∴ Area, A = ∫ 0 ( x + sin x ) dx − ∫ 0 xdx
Y¢ π Y¢
The area of the shaded portion = ∫0 sin x dx = [− cos x] π0
x2
1 Substitute y = in y 2 = 4 x
= × 8 × 4 = 16 sq units = − cos π + cos 0 4
2 = − (−1) + 1 = 2 2
 x2 
15 Required area ⇒   = 4 x ⇒ x 4 = 43 x ⇒ x = 0, 4
19 Given region is  4
π /2
= ∫0 |cos x − sin x|dx {( x, y ): y 2 ≤ 2 x and y ≥ 4 x − 1} ∴ Area bounded between curves
π /4
y 2 ≤ 2 x represents a region inside the 4  x2 
= ∫0 (cos x − sin x )dx = ∫  4x −
0
 4
 dx
parabola y 2 = 2 x …(i)
π /2
+ ∫π /4 (sin x − cos x )dx and y ≥ 4 x − 1 represents a region to the  
4
π /4 left of the line y = 4 x − 1 …(ii)  x3 /2 x3 

= [sin x + cos x] = 2 ⋅ −
0
The point of intersection of the curves 3 12 
+ [− cos x − sin x] ππ //24  
(i) and (ii) is given by  2 0
= ( 2 − 1) − (1 − 2 ) = 2 2 − 2 (4 x − 1)2 = 2 x ⇒ 16 x2 + 1 − 8 x = 2 x 4 (4 )3
= ⋅ (4 ) −
3 /2
⇒ 16 x2 − 10 x + 1 = 0 3 12
16 Given, y = x, x = e and y = 1 , x ≥ 0 1 1 32 16 16
x ⇒ x= , = − =
Since, y = x and x ≥ 0 ⇒ y ≥ 0 2 8 3 3 3
∴ Area to be calculated in 1st quadrant So, the points where these curves
21 The intersection point of two curves is
intersect are  ,1 and  ,− 
1 1 1
shown in figure  1, 1
2   8 2  .
Y a a
Y y=4x–1 Y y=ax2
y=x
y2=2x
y2=x/a
1
(1 ,1) 1/2 (1/2,1)

X¢ X
A O
X¢ X
–1 –1/2 1/4 1/2 1
B –1/2 1, – 1
O y=1/x
X¢ X 8 2
D (1, 0) C (e, 0) –1 Y¢
Y¢ x=e
1/a  x 
∴Required area = Area of ∆ODA
Y¢ ∴ Area, A = ∫0 
 a
− ax2  dx

+ Area of DABCD
1 2 3 /2 1 / a a 3 1 / a 2
 2 
∫0 ( y 1
2 2
Required area = − y 2 ) dx
 ∫ 0 ∫2
⇒ 1= ⋅ [x ] 0 − [x ] 0 ⇒ A1 = 2 2 xdx + 8 − x2 dx
a 3 3 
2 2
1 1 = ∫0 Ycircle − ∫0 Yparabola dx 2
⇒ a = ⇒a= ⇒ A 1 = 2  2 ⋅ ⋅ x3 /2 
2 2
3 3 πr 2 2  3  0
=
4
− ∫0 2( x )1 /2 dx
2 2
22 Y x 8 x 
  3
2
+ 2 8 − x2 + sin −1
y=4x2 1 2
=
π×4 2
− 2   x2  2 2 2 2 2
y= x
9 4 3 
 0  π 
+ 2 2 π −  2 + 4 × 
y=2 16
=
2 2 3 /2 8 3   4  
= π− (2 − 0) = π −
=  + 2π  sq units
3 3 4
3 
X¢ X
25 Given,
A = {( x, y ): x2 + y 2 ≤ 1and y 2 ≤ 1 − x} Clearly, area of the circle = π (2 2 )2
Y = 8π sq units
Y¢ 4
2  y Now, A2 = 8 π − A1 = 6 π −
Required area = 2 ∫  3 y −  dy 3
0
 2  A1
X¢ X and the required ratio, is
y=2 (–1, 0) (1,0) A2
 
3 /2
= 2∫
2  5 y  dy = 5 y  4
   3  + 2π
0 2  2 + 3π
  = 3 =
 2  y=0 Y¢
6π −
4 9π − 2
1 2 1
10 3 /2 20 2 Required area = πr + 2∫ (1 − y 2 )dy 3
= (2 − 0) = 2 0
: x<2
27 y = 2 − |2 − x| = 
3 3 1 x
1  y3  π 4
23 Clearly, the intersection of two curves = π(1)2 + 2 y −  = + 4 − x : x ≥ 2
2  3 0 2 3 − 3/ x : x < 0
y = x3 and y = x are given by x = 0 ⇒ y = 
3
and y =
and x = 1 . 26 Y 8
| x| 3/ x : x > 0
y =
2
Y 2+
y=–3/x Y
x y 2 =2x
B 4 y=x
y= x
A (2Ö2, 0) 3
X¢ X
X¢ X O C 2
1 y=3/x
X¢ O X
1Ö3 2 3 4
Y¢ Y¢
1
1  x 4 2 x3 / 2  Let the area of the smaller part be A 1 Y¢ y=4–x
∴A = ∫ 0(x − x ) dx =  −
3
3  0
and that of the bigger
 4
A1 ⇒ x = 3/ x ⇒ x = 3
part be A 2 . We have to find .
=  −  =
1 2 5 A2 and 4 − x = 3 / x ⇒ x = 3 ( x > 2).
sq unit
 4 3  12 ∴ Required area
The point B is a point of intersection
= ∫  x −  dx + ∫  4 − x −  dx
(lying in the first quadrant) of the given 2 3 3 3
24 We have, x2 + y 2 ≤ 4 x and y 2 ≥ 2 x
parabola and the circle, whose 3  x 2  x
To find point of intersection, substitute
coordinates can be obtained by solving = (4 − 3 log 3)/2
y 2 = 2 x in x2 + y 2 = 4 x
the two equations y 2 = 2 x and
x2 + y 2 = 4 x ⇒ x2 + 2 x = 4 x 28 The region is clearly square with
x2 + y 2 = 8. vertices at the points (1, 0), (0, 1), (−1, 0)
⇒ x − 2x = 0
2
⇒ x( x − 2) = 0
⇒ x2 + 2 x = 8 ⇒ ( x − 2) ( x + 4) = 0 and (0, − 1).
⇒ x = 0 or x = 2
⇒ x = 2, − 4 Y
⇒ y = 0 or y = 2
x = − 4 is not possible as both the points
Y of intersection have the same positive (0,1)
(2,2) x-coordinate. Thus, C ≡ (2, 0). y=|x| –1
Now, A 1 = 2 [Area (OBCO ) X¢ X
+ Area (CBAC )]
X¢ X (–1,0) (1,0)
O  2 2 2 
(2,0) (4,0) = 2 ∫ y 1 dx + ∫ y 2 dx ,
 0 2  y=–|x|+1 (0,–1)
where, y 1 and y 2 are respectively the Y¢
values of y from the equations of the So, its area = 2 × 2 = 2 sq units
Y¢
parabola and that of the circle.
29 Due to symmetry, required area  2 x3 

1
3π − 2 ∴ Required area
=  4 tan −1 x −  = π − 2/3 = 3 = 2∫ ( x − 1)2 −  dx
1 /2 1
Y  3 0 0   4 
1 /2
32 Clearly, the two curves will intersect at  ( x − 1)3 x 
−  = 2 −
B (0,1) 1 1 1
y=x+1
 π ,1 . = 2 − +
   24 8 3 
4   3 4 0
1
A
Y
= sq unit
(–1,0) X 3
y=cot x
y=cot x
O
35 Required area, A
e
–y=x+1
= ∫ 1 [ log x − (log x ) 2 ] dx
(0,–1)
Y
0
= 2∫ [ 1 − x − ( x + 1)] dx
2 y=(logex)2
−1 1
or Area = 2 [area of sector X¢ X
O
AOBA − ∆AOB ] p/4 p/2 y=logex
 π 1  ( π − 2) (e, 1)
=2 − =
 4 2  2 Y¢
Now, required area X¢ X
O (1, 0)
30 Given curves are π /4 π /2
y = x ...(i)
= ∫0 tan xdx + ∫π / 4 cot x dx Y¢
= [log sec x] π0 / 4 + [log sin x] ππ // 24 e e
and 2 y − x + 3 = 0 ...(ii) A= ∫ 1 log x dx − ∫ 1 ( log x ) 2 dx
= [log 2 − 0] + [0 + log 2]
= [ x log x − x] e1 − [ x (log x )2
= 2 log 2 = log 2 sq units
−2( x log x − x )] 1e
33 Required area = [e − e − (− 1)] − [e (1) 2
y=2x − 2e + 2e − (2)]
= 1 − (e − 2) = 3 − e
SESSION 2
1
y=logex 1 h( x ) = f (cos x ) = cos2 x
18 x2 − 9 πx + π2 = 0
On solving Eqs. (i) and (ii) , we get ½ 1 2 ⇒ (6 x − π ) (3 x − π ) = 0
2 x − ( x )2 + 3 = 0 ⇒ x1 = π / 6, x2 = π / 3
π /3
∴ Required area = ∫π / 6 cos x dx = π / 12
2
⇒ ( x )2 − 2 x − 3 = 0 2
⇒ ( x − 3)( x + 1 ) = 0
= ∫1 /2 (2x − log e x ) dx
2
 2x  2 Graph of
⇒ x = 3, = − x log x + x  f ( x ) = min (| x |, | x − 1 |, | x + 1 |) is
[Q x = − 1 is not possible]  log 2 1 /2
Y
∴ y =3 4− 2 5 3
= − log 2 +
3 log 2 2 2
∴ Required area = ∫0 ( x2 − x1 ) dy
1/2
4− 2
3
= ∫ {( 2 y + 3 ) − y 2 } dy = + b − c log 2
0 log 2
3
 y3  ⇒ b = 3 / 2, c = 5/ 2 ⇒ b + c = 4 X¢
–1 –1/2 O 1/2 1
X
=  y2 + 3 y − = 9+ 9− 9= 9
 3  34 Y¢
0 Required area
= 2 ×  × 1 ×  = sq unit
31 Curves x2 = y and y = 2 / (1 + x2 ) are y=(x+1)2 y=(x–1)2 1 1 1
symmetrical about Y-axis.  2 2  2
Y
Y 3 Y
2
1
y= 4
O
X¢ X –2 X
–1 –1/2 1/2 1 O 2
X
O 1
1 2 
Area = 2 ∫  − x2  dx Y¢
–2
0 1 + x2
  [| x |] + [| y |] = 1
⇒ [| x |] = 1, [| y |] = 0 6 ( y − 2) 2 = x − 1 …(i) 8 On solving x2 = 4 y and x + y = 3

or [| x |] = 0, [| y |] = 1 Curve (i) is a parabola with vertex at the x2
we get, + x=3
⇒ 1 ≤ | x | < 2, 0 ≤ | y | < 1 point A(1, 2), axis y − 2 = 0 i.e. y = 2 4
or 0 ≤ | x | < 1 or 1 ≤ | y | < 2 and concavity towards positive X -axis. ⇒ x2 + 4 x − 12 = 0
⇒ x ∈ (− 2, − 1] ∪ [1, 2), y ∈ (− 1, 1) For the point, say P, at which ordinate
⇒ ( x + 6) ( x − 2) = 0 ⇒ x = 2, y = 1
y = 3 and x = 2
or x ∈ (− 1, 1), y ∈ (− 2, − 1] ∪ [1, 2) Solving y = 1 + x and y = 3 − x,
Equation of tangent at P (2, 3) is
∴ Required area = 8 × 1 × 1 = 8 we get 1 + x = 3 − x ⇒ x = 1, y = 2
 dy 
y −3= ( x − 2)
4 In the equation of curve xy = 4(2 − x ) , 2  dx (2, 3 ) 4y=x2
the degree of y is even. Therefore, the Y
1
curve is symmetrical about X-axis and or y − 3 = ( x − 2) i.e. (0,3) (1,2) y=1+Öx
2
lies in 0 < x ≤ 2. x − 2y + 4 = 0 …(ii)
The area bounded by the curve and the (2,1)
2 Y
Y-axis is 2∫ y dx 3) X¢ X
0
P (2, O1 2 (3,0)
2− x
2 2 2 − x x+
= 2∫ 2 dx = 4∫ dx y=
0
x 0 x 3
(1,2)
Put x = 2sin θ ⇒ dx = 4sin θ ⋅ cos θ dθ
2
Y¢
π /2 2 − 2sin2 θ X
∴Required area = 4∫ O 1 Required Area
0 2sin2 θ 1 2 2 x2
π /2
⋅ 4 sin θ ⋅ cos θ dθ ∴ Area =
3
∫0 [ y
2
− 4 y + 5 − (2 y − 4)] dy ∫0 (1 + x ) dx + ∫ (3 − x )dx − ∫
1 0 4
dx
= 8∫ 2cos 2 θ dθ 1 2 2
 x + 2 x3 /2  + 3 x − x  −  x 
0 3 2 3
y 3 
π /2 = − 3 y2 + 9 y   2 1  12  0
= 8∫ (1 + cos 2θ)dθ 3  3  0 
0  0
 1 
=  1 +  + (6 − 2) −  3 −  −  
π 2 8
2 θ 2 = 9 − 27 + 27 − 0 = 9.

= 8 θ + sin  3    2    12 
 2  0 7 Y 5
=
π
= 8  + 0 − 0 = 4π Tangent 2
 2 
9 y = log e ( x + e ) …(i)
Normal
5 Required area = Area of the shaded B(1, Ö3) y = e− x …(ii)
region 2 A2
O A1 Required area
= 4 (Area of the shaded region in X 0 ∞
first quadrant)
p A C(4, 0) = ∫1 − e log( x + e ) dx + ∫0 e − x dx
1/ 2 3
= 4∫ ( y 1 − y 2 ) dx Y
0
1/ 2
= 4∫ ( 1 − x2 − x ) dx Let area of portion OAB = A 1
0
1/ 2 and area of portion ABC = A 2
1 1 x2  1
= 4  x 1 − x2 + sin −1 x − The equation of tangent at (1, 3 ) is
2 2 2  0 x+ 3y = 4 –e (1– e)
X
Y [Q xx1 + yy 1 = a2 is the tangent for O
the circle x2 + y 2 = a2 at ( x1 , y 1 )]
y=–x y=x
P(x1, y1) Now, the area of the = [ x log ( x + e )]10−e
1
(–1/Ö2, 1/Ö2) (1/Ö2, 1/Ö2) ∆OBC = × OB × BC −∫
0 x
dx + [− e − x ] ∞0
2 1 −e x + e
1
Q (x 2, y 2) = × 2× 2 3 = 2 3 = 0 + 1 − [ x − e log ( x + e )]10 − e
X¢ X 2
O
r θ
2
=1+ 1=2
The area of portion OAB i.e. A 1 =
(–1/Ö2, –1/Ö2) (1/Ö2, –1/Ö2) 2 10 f ( x / y ) = f ( x ) − f ( y ) …(i)
4 ⋅ π /3 2 π
= = . x = y = 1 ⇒ f (1) = 0
2 3
f ( x + h) − f ( x)
Now,A2 = ∆OBC − OAB = 2 3 − 2 π / 3 f ′ ( x ) = lim
Y¢ h→ 0 h
A1 2 π /3  x + h
 1 1 1 π 1 =
=4 × + × − 6 3 − 2π
f 
 2 2 2 2 4 4 
A2  x 
= lim [using Eq. (i)]
π 3 h→ 0 h
= sq units 2π π f (1 + h / x ) 1 3
2 = = . = lim ⋅ =
6 3 − 2π 3 3 − π h→ 0 h/ x x x
⇒ f ( x ) = 3 ln x + c π
cos −1 (sin x ) = cos −1 cos  2 π + − x  =
1 b2
f (1) = 0 ⇒ c = 0.  2  6 (b + 1)2
2
∴ y = f ( x ) = 3 log e x π
= 2π + − x 2b (b 2 + 1)2
2
3 −1
and sin (− cos x ) 1 − 2b 2 (b 2 + 1) × 2b
∆ ′ (b ) = ⋅
3π 3π
6 (b 2 + 1)4
= sin −1 sin  − x  = − x 2b (1 − b ) (1 + b )
 2  2 =
O 1 (b 2 + 1)3
∴ y = 2 π + π /2 − x + 3 π /2 − x
= 4π − 2x ⇒ ∆(b ) is max. for b = 1, − 1.
2π π2 + – + –
Required area = ∫
3
(4 π − 2 x )dx = ∆′(b) =
Required area = ∫− ∞ e
y/3
dy 3 π /2 –1 0 1
4
= 3 [e y/3 ]3− ∞ = 3e 13 f ( x ) − f ( x /7) = x /7 15 In (0, π / 4), tan x > 0
f ( x / 7) − f ( x / 72 ) = x / 72 π /4
11 According to given condition, we have ∴ An = ∫0 tan n x dx
Y f ( x /7 ) − f ( x /7 ) = x /7
2 3 3
π /4
= ∫0 tan n − 2 x(sec2 x − 1) dx
M M M M M M
π /4
f ( x / 7n − 1 ) − f ( x / 7n ) = x / 7n .  tan n − 1 x  π /4
=  −∫ tan n − 2 x dx
y=f(x) y=2 Adding, we get  n − 1 0
0
x 1 1 
f ( x ) − f ( x / 7n ) = 1 + + K+ n − 1  1
7 7 7  ⇒ An = − An − 2
n−1
x 1
= 1 − n  1
X′ 1 a X 6 7  ⇒ An + An − 2 =
n−1
Taking limit as n → ∞, we get
x x For n > 2, 0 < x < π / 4
Y′ f ( x ) − f (0) = ⇒ f ( x ) = 1 + ⇒ 0 < tan x < 1 ⇒ tan n − 2 x > tan n x
6 6
a
2 [Q f (0) = 1] ⇒ A n − 2 > An
∫ [ f ( x ) − 2]dx = 3 [(2a) − 3a + 3 − 2 2]
3 /2
1
Required area = ∫  1 +  = 3
0 x ⇒ 2 An <
1
−6  6 n−1
On differentiating both sides w.r.t. a, we
1
get 14 Given curves are ⇒ An <
2n − 2
f (a) − 2 =  (2a)1 /2 ⋅ 2 − 3
2 3
y = x − bx2 and by = x2
3  2  Also, A n + An =
1
Solving these, we get x = 0, b /(1 + b 2 ) +2
n+1
⇒ f (a) − 2 = 2 2a − 2
b /b + 1  x2  1
⇒ f (a) = 2 2a ∴ ∆(b ) = ∫0 
 b
− x + bx2  dx

⇒ 2A n >
n+1
⇒ f ( x ) = 2 2 x, x ≥ 1
b /(b2 + 1 ) 1 1
  b 2 + 1  x3 ∴ < An <
12 3 π ≤ x ≤ 2 π ⇒ − 2 π ≤ − x ≤ − 3 π x2  2n + 2 2n − 2
=   − 
2 2
 b  3 2 
0
DAY EIGHTEEN
Differential
Equations
u Solution of Differential Equation u Solutions of Differential u Linear Differential Equation
Equations of First Order and u Inspection Method
First Degree
An equation involving independent variables, a dependent variable and the derivatives of

dependent variable w.r.t. independent variables, is called differential equation.
A differential equation which contains only one independent variable, is called an ordinary
differential equation.
Order and Degree of a Differential Equation

l
The order of a differential equation is the order of the highest derivative occurring in the
differential equation.
l
The degree of differential equation is the degree of the highest order derivative, when
differential coefficients are made free from radicals and fractions.
Solution of Differential Equation PRED

A solution of the differential equation is a relation between the dependent and independent
variables of the equation not containing the derivatives, but satisfying the given differential
MIRROR
equation.
General Solution
u

A general solution of a differential equation is a relation between the variables (not (Without referring Explanations)
involving the derivatives) which contains the same number of the arbitrary constants as the
order of the differential equation.
Particular Solution In order to expect good rank in JEE,

Particular solution of the differential equation is obtained from the general solution by above 85 & Prep Level should be
assigning particular values to the arbitrary constant in the general solution. above 75.
DAY EIGHTEEN DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS 189
NOTE • Sometimes given equation becomes a linear differential

Solutions of Differential equation of the form
dx
+ Rx = S, where R and S are
Equations of the First Order and dy
function of y (or constants).
First Degree • The integrating factor in this case is IF = e ∫
R dy
A differential equation of first order and first degree may be of and the solution is given by x ⋅ (IF ) = ∫ ( S × IF ) dy + C.
the following types:
Bernoulli’s Differential Equation

Differential Equation with
(Reducible to Linear Form)
Variable Separable Let the differential equation be of the form
‘Variable separable method’ is used to solve such an equation dy dy
in which variable can be separated completely, e.g. the term + P y = Q yn ⇒ y−n + P y−n +1
=Q
dx dx
f ( x) with dx and the term g( y) with dy
dy dz
i.e. g( y)dy = f ( x)dx Here, put y − n + 1 = z ⇒(− n + 1) y − n =
dx dx
Reducible to Variable Separable Form dz
⇒ + (1 − n) Pz = (1 − n) Q
dy dx
Differential equations of the form = f (ax + by + c) can be
dx which is a linear differential equation in z.
reduced to variable separable form by the substitution The solution of this equation is given by
ax + by + c = z.
= ∫ ( 1 − n ) ⋅ Q ⋅ e ∫
( 1 − n ) Pdx 
ze ∫
(1 − n )P dx
dx + C
⇒ a+b
dy dz
= ⇒ 
 dz  1
− a = f (z) ⇒
dz
= a + bf (z)  
dx dx  dx  b dx
Inspection Method
Homogeneous Differential Equation If we can write the differential equation in the form
A function f ( x, y) is said to be a homogeneous function of f { f1 ( x, y)} d{ f1 ( x, y)} + φ { f2 ( x, y)} d{ f2 ( x, y)} + ... = 0, then
degree n if f (λx, λy) = λn f ( x, y) for some non-zero constant λ. each term can be easily integrated separately.
l
Let f ( x, y) and g( x, y) be two homogeneous functions of For this use the following results.
same degree, then a differential equation expressible in the (i) d ( x ± y) = dx ± dy (ii) d ( xy) = x dy + ydx
form  x  ydx − x dy
dy f ( x, y) (iii) d   =
=  y y2
dx g( x, y)
 x  y dx − x dy
is called a homogeneous differential equation. (iv) d  tan −1  =
 y x 2 + y2
l
To solve a homogeneous differential equation of the type
x dy + y dx
dy f ( x, y)  y (v) d [log( xy)] =
= = h  , we put y = vx and to solve a xy
dx g( x, y)  x
  x   y dx − x dy
homogeneous differential equation of type (vi) d log    =
dx f ( x, y)  x   y  xy
= = h  , we put x = vy.
dy g( x, y)  y 1  x dx + y dy
(vii) d log ( x2 + y2 ) =
2  x 2 + y2
Linear Differential Equation  1  x dy + y dx
(viii) d  −  =
dy  xy  x 2 y2
A differential equation of the form + Py = Q,
dx  e x  ye x dx − e x dy
(ix) d   =
where, P and Q are the functions of x (or constants), is called a  y y2
linear differential equation. x dx + y dy
To solve such an equation, first find integrating Factor, (x) d( x2 + y2 ) =
x 2 + y2
IF = e ∫ . Then, the solution of the differential equation is
P dx
1 x + y  x dy − y dx
given by y (IF) = ∫ Q(IF) dx + C. (xi) d  log  =
2 x − y x 2 − y2
190 40 DAYS ~ JEE MAIN MATHEMATICS DAY EIGHTEEN

1 The order of the differential equation whose general (a) 3 y1 y 2 − (1 + y12 )y 3 = 0 (b) 3 y12 y 2 − (1 + y12 )y 3 = 0
solution is given by (c) 3 y1 y 22 + (1 + y12 )y 3 = 0 (d) 3 y1 y 22 − (1 + y12 )y 3 = 0
y = c1 e 2 x + c 2 + c 3 e x + c 4 sin( x + c 5 ), is 9 If x dy = y (dx + ydy ), y (1) = 1 and y ( x ) > 0.
(a) 5 (b) 4 (c) 3 (d) 2 Then, y( −3) is equal to
2 The degree of the differential equation (a) 3 (b) 2
(c) 1 (d) 0
d 2 y 
2
d 2y dy 
+3 = x 2 log 2 , is dy
dx 2  
dx   dx  10 If = y + 3 > 0 and y( 0) = 2, then y(log 2) is equal to
dx
(a) 1 (b) 2 (a) 5 (b) 13 (c) − 2 (d) 7
dy 1− y 2
3 Order and degree of the differential equation, 11 The differential equation = determines family
dx y
representing the family of curves y = 2c( x + c ), where
2
of circles with,
c is a positive parameter, are respectively equal to
(a) variable radii and a fixed centre at (0, 1)
(a) 1, 3 (b) 2, 3 (b) variable radii and a fixed centre at (0, − 1)
(c) 2, 4 (d) 1, 2 (c) fixed radius 1 and variable centre along the X-axis
4 The differential equation of all circles in the first quadrant (d) fixed radius 1 and variables centre along the Y-axis
which touch the coordinate axes is of order dy ax + 3
12 If the solution of the differential equation =
(a) 1 (b) 2 dx 2y + f
represents a circle, then the value of a is
A
5 The differential equation of the family of curves v = + B, (a) 2 (b) − 2 (c) 3 (d) − 4
r
dy dy
where A and B are arbitrary constants, is 13 Solution of the differential equation y − x = y2 + is
d 2 v 1 dv d 2 v 2 dv dx dx
(a) + =0 (b) − =0
dr 2 r dr dr 2 r dr (a) Cy = (1 − x)(1 − y) (b) Cx = (1 + x)(1 − y)
2
d v 2 dv (c) Cy = (1 + x)(1 − y) (d) Cx = (1 − x)(1 + y)
(c) + =0 (d) None of these
dr 2 r dr  dy 
14 Solution of the equation ln   = ax + by , is
6 The solution of the differential equation  dx 
x dy − y dx (a) ae −by + be ax + C = 0
x dx + y dy + = 0, is
x2 + y2 (b) aeby + be ax + C = 0
 x2 + y2 + C (c) aeby + be − ax + C = 0
(a) y = x tan   (d) None of the above
 2 
 x2 + y2 + C 15 The solution of the differential equation
(b) x = y tan   dy
 2  = e x − y + x 2e − y is
dx
C − x − y 
2 2
(c) y = x tan   x3
 2  (a) e y = e x + +C (b) e y = e x + 2 x + C
3
(d) None of the above (c) e y = e x + x 3 + C (d) y = e x + C
7 The differential equation of the family of parabolas with dy  π
16 If ( 2 + sin x ) + ( y + 1) cos x = 0 and y( 0) = 1, then y  
focus at the origin and the X -axis as axis, is dx  2
2 2
(a) y   + 4 x (b) y   = 2 x
dy dy dy dy is equal to JEE Mains 2017
= 4y −y
j
 dx  dx  dx  dx 1 4 1
2 2 (a) − (b) (c) (d) −2 / 3
(c) y   + y = 2 xy (d) y   + 2 xy
dy dy dy dy 3 3 3
+ y=0
 dx  dx  dx  dx  7
17 If a curve passes through the point  2,  and has slope
8 The differential equation whose solution is  2
x 2 + y 2 + 2ax + 2by + c = 0, where a, b, c are arbitrary  1
1 − 2  at any point ( x , y ) on it, then the ordinate of the
constants, is  x 
point on the curve, whose abscissa is − 2, is (a) (1 + x 2 )y = x 3 (b) 3 (1 + x 2 )y = 2 x 3

j JEE Mains 2013 (c) (1 + x 2 )y = 3 x 3 (d) 3 (1 + x 2 ) y = 4 x 3
3 3 5 5
(a) − (b) (c) (d) − 27 The solution of the differential equation
2 2 2 2 dy 3x 2 sin2 x
dy + y = , is
18 Solution of the equation ( x + y )2 = 4, y ( 0) = 0 is dx 1 + x 3 1+ x3
dx 1
x + y x + y (a) y (1 + x 3 ) = x + sin 2 x + C
(a) y = 2 tan−1   (b) y = 4 tan−1   2
 2   4  1
(b) y (1 + x 3 ) = Cx + sin 2 x
x + y
(c) y = 4 tan−1   (d) None of these 2
 2  1
(c) y (1 + x 3 ) = Cx − sin 2 x
dy 2
19 The solution of + 1 = e x + y is x 1
(d) y (1 + x 3 ) = − sin 2 x + C
dx 2 4
(a) e − ( x + y ) + x + C = 0 (b) e − ( x + y ) − x + C = 0
(c) e x + y + x + C = 0 (d) e x + y − x + C = 0 28 If y ( x ) satisfies the differential equation
y ′ − y tan x = 2x sec x and y( 0) = 0, then j IIT 2012
20 Solution of the equation xdy = ( y + xf ( y / x ) / f ′( y / x )) dx π π π π
(a) y   = (b) y ′  =
2 2
is  4 8 2  4  18
(a) f (y / x) = C x , C ∈R (b) f (y / x) = x + C, C > 0 π π2 π 4π π2
(c) y   = (d) y ′  = +
(c) f (y / x) = C x , C > 0 (d) None of these  3 9  3 3 3 3
dy
21 If x = y (log y − log x + 1), then the solution of the 29 The solution of the equation
dx dy
equation is + y tan x = x m cos x , is
dx
x
(b) log   = Cx
y (m + 1) y = x m + 1 cos x + C (m + 1) cos x
(a) log   = Cy (a)
y x (b) my = (x m + C ) cos x
x y = (x m + 1 + C ) cos x
(c) x log   = Cy
y (c)
(d) y log   = Cx
x y (d) None of the above
22 The general solution of y 2 dx + ( x 2 − xy + y 2 ) dy = 0, is 30 Let the population of rabbits surviving at a time t be

dP (t ) 1
x governed by the differential equation = P (t ) − 200.
(a) tan−1   + log y + C = 0 dt 2
y
If P( 0) = 100, then P (t ) is equal to j
JEE Mains 2014
x
(b) 2 tan−1   + log x + C = 0 t
−
t
y (a) 400 − 300 e 2
(b) 300 − 200 e 2
t t
(c) log(y + x 2 + y 2 ) + log y + C = 0 (c) 600 − 500 e 2 (d) 400 − 300 e
−
2
x
(d) sin−1   + log y + C = 0 31 The solution of differential equation
y
( xy 5 + 2y ) dx − xdy = 0, is
23 Solution of the differential equation x dy + y ( x + y )dx = 0
2
(a) 9x 8 + 4 x 9 y 4 = 9y 4 C (b) 9x 8 − 4 x 9 y 4 − 9y 4 C = 0
is (c) x 8 (9 + 4 y 4 ) = 10y 4 C (d) None of these
(a) y + 2 x = c 2 x 2 y (b) y − 2 x = c 2 x 2 / y
32 Let Y = y ( x ) be the solution of the differential equation
(c) y + 2 x = c 2 x 2 / y (d) None of these
dy  π
sin x + y cos x = 4x , x ∈( 0, π ). If y   = 0, then
24 If ( x 2 + y 2 )dy = xydx and y ( x 0 ) = e, y (1) = 1, then x 0 is dx  2
(a) e 3 (b) 2e 2 − 1 / 2 y( π / 6) is equal to j
JEE Mains 2018
(c) e −1/ 2
2
(d) e2 + 1/ 2 (a) −
8 8
π 2 (b) − π 2 (c) −
4 2
π (d)
4
π2
9 3 9 9 9 3
25 If a curve y = f ( x ) passes through the point (1,−1) and
satisfies the differential equation y (1 + xy )dx = xdy , then 33 Statement I The slope of the tangent at any point P on a
 1 parabola, whose axis is the axis of x and vertex is at the
f  −  is equal to
 2 j
JEE Mains 2016
origin, is inversely proportional to the ordinate of the point
2 4 2 4 P.
(a) − (b) − (c) (d)
5 5 5 5 Statement II The system of parabolas y 2 = 4ax satisfies
a differential equation of degree 1 and order 1.
26 The equation of the curve passing through the origin and j
JEE Mains 2013
satisfying the differential equation
dy
(1 + x 2 ) + 2xy = 4x 2 is correct explanation for Statement I
dx j
JEE Mains 2013
(b) Statement I is true, Statement II is true; Statement II is Statement II Elimination of n independent arbitrary
not a correct explanation for Statement I constants results in a differential equation of the nth order.
(d) Statement I is false; Statement II is true correct explanation for Statement I
34 Statement I The elimination of four arbitrary constants in (b) Statement I is true, Statement II is true; Statement II is not
a correct explanation for Statement I
y = (c1 + c 2 + c 3 ec 4 )x results into a differential equation
dy
of the first order x = y. (d) Statement I is false; Statement II is true
dx

1 The differential equation which represents the family of 1 1
curves y = c1e c2x 1 ey 2 ey
where c1 and c 2 are arbitrary constant, is (a) 1 − + (b) 4 − −
y e y e
(a) y ′′ = y ′y (b) yy ′′ = y ′
1 1
(c) yy ′′ = (y ′)2 (d) y ′ = y 2 1 ey 1 ey
(c) 3 − + (d) 1 + −
2 The population p ( t ) at time t of a certain mouse species y e y e
dp(t ) 6 The equation of the curve y = f ( x ) passing through the
satisfies the differential equation = 0.5 (t ) − 450. If
dt origin which satisfies the differential equation
p( 0) = 850, then the time at which the population dy
= sin(10x + 6y ) is
becomes zero is dx
1  −1 5 tan 4 x
− 5 x 
(a) 2 log18 (b) log9
(a) y = tan
1
(c) log18 (d) log 18 3 4 − 3 tan 4 x 
2 1  −1 5 tan 4 x
(b) y = tan + 5 x 
 π 3 4 − 3 tan 4 x 
3 A curve passes through the point 1,  . Let the slope of
 6 1  −1 5 tan 4 x
(c) y = tan − 5 x 
y y 3 4 + 3 tan 4 x 
the curve at each point (x, y) be + sec   , x > 0.
x x (d) None of the above
Then the equation of the curve is j
JEE Advanced 2013 7 Let I be the purchase value of an equipment andV (t ) be
(a) sin  = log x +
y 1 the value after it has been used for t yr. The value V (t )
x 2 depreciates at a rate given by differential equation
(b) cosec  = log x + 2
y dV (t )
= − k (T − t ), where k > 0 is a constant and T is the
x dt
(c) sec
2y  total life in years of the equipment. Then, the scrap value
 = log x + 2
 x  V (T ) of the equipment is
(d) cos
2y  1 kT 2 k (T − t )2
 = log x + (a) I − (b) I −
 x  2 2 2
1
4 Let y ′( x ) + y ( x )g ′( x ) = g ( x )g ′( x ), y( 0) = 0, x ∈ R , where (c) e − kT (d) T 2 −
df ( x ) k
f ′( x ) denotes and g ( x ) is a given non-constant
dx 8 The degree of the differential equation satisfying the
differentiable function on R with g ( 0) = g ( 2) = 0. Then relation 1 + x 2 + 1 + y 2 = λ ( x 1 + y 2 − y 1 + x 2 ), is
the value of y( 2) is
(a) 2 (b) 4 (a) 1 (b) 2
(c) 5 (d) 0 (c) 3 (d) None of these
5 Consider the differential equation 9 If length of tangent at any point on the curve y = f ( x )
 1 intercepted between the point of contact and X -axis is of
y dx +  x −  dy = 0. If y(1) = 1, then x is given by
2
 y length 1, the equation of the curve is
(a) 1 − y 2 + ln (1 − 1 − y 2 ) / y = ± x + C 14 Let f be a real-valued differentiable function on R (the set

of all real numbers) such that f (1) = 1 . If the y-intercept of
(b) 1 − y 2 − ln (1 − 1 − y 2 ) / y = ± x + C the tangent at any point P ( x , y ) on the curve y = f ( x ) is
equal to the cube of the abscissa of P, then the value of
(c) 1 − y 2 + ln (1 + 1 − y 2 ) / y = ± x + C
f ( −3) is equal to
(d) None of the above (a) 3 (b) 6 (c) 9 (d) 1
10 The solution of differential equation 15 Let f ( x ) be differentiable in the interval ( 0, π ) such that
π t 2f ( x ) − x 2f (t )
cos x dy = y (sin x − y ) dx , where, 0 < x < , is f (1) = 1 and lim = 1 for each x > 0. Then f ( x )
2 t→x t −x
(a) sec x = (tan x + C ) y (b) y sec x = tan x + C is
(c) y tan x = sec x + C (d) tan x = (sec x + C ) y 1 2x 2 1 4x 2
(a) + (b) − +
11 The curves satisfying the differential equation 3x 3 3x 3
1 2 1
(1 − x 2 )y ′ + xy = ax are (c) − + 2 (d)
2x x x
(a) ellipse and parabola (b) ellipse and circles
(c) ellipse and hyperbola (d) None of these 16 Let a solution y = y ( x ) of the differential equation
2
12 A curve passes through (2, 0) and the slope of tangent at x x 2 − 1 dy − y y 2 − 1 dx = 0 satisfy y( 2) = .
a point P ( x , y ) is equal to (( x + 1) + y − 3) / ( x + 1). Then
2 3
equation of the curve is j IIT 2004  π
Statement I y ( x ) = sec  sec−1 x −  .
(a) y = x 2 + 2 x (b) y = x 2 − 2 x  6
(c) y = 2 x 2 − x (d) None of these 1 2 3 1
Statement II y ( x ) is given by = − 1− 2 .
13 The solution of the differential equation y x x
x3 x5
x+ + + ... (a) Statement I is true, Statement II is true; Statement II is a
3! 5! dx − dy
= is correct explanation for Statement I
x 2
x 4
dx + dy (b) Statement I is true, Statement II is true; Statement II is
1+ + + ...
2! 4! not a correct explanation for Statement I
(a) 2 ye 2 x = Ce 2 x + 1 (b) 2 ye 2 x = Ce 2 x − 1 (c) Statement I is true; Statement II is false
(c) ye 2 x = Ce 2 x + 2 (d) None of these (d) Statement I is false; Statement II is true
ANSWERS
SESSION 1 1. (b) 2. (d) 3. (a) 4. (a) 5. (c) 6. (c) 7. (b) 8. (d) 9. (a) 10. (d)
11. (c) 12. (b) 13. (c) 14. (a) 15. (a) 16. (c) 17. (a) 18. (a) 19. (a) 20. (c)
21. (b) 22. (a) 23. (a) 24. (a) 25. (d) 26. (d) 27. (d) 28. (a) 29. (a) 30. (a)
31. (a) 32. (b) 33. (b) 34. (a)
SESSION 2 1. (c) 2. (a) 3. (a) 4. (d) 5. (d) 6. (a) 7. (a) 8. (a) 9. (a) 10. (a)
11. (c) 12. (b) 13. (b) 14. (c) 15. (a) 16. (c)

SESSION 1 On integrating, we get y
1 2  y C
11 Clearly, ∫ 1 − y2
dy = ∫ dx
1 Given, ( x + y 2 ) + tan −1   =
y = c 1 ⋅ e 2 x + c 2 + c 3 e x + c 4 sin( x + c 5 ) 2  x 2
⇒ − 1 − y2 = x + C
= c 1 ⋅ e c 2 e 2x + c 3 e x C − x2 − y 2 −1  y 
⇒ = tan  
+ c 4 (sin x cos c 5 + cos x sin c 5 ) 2  x ⇒ ( x + C )2 + y 2 = 1
Hence, the centre is (− C , 0) and radius
= Ae 2 x + c 3 e x + B sin x + D cos x C − x − y 
2 2
∴ y = x tan   is 1.
Here, A = c 1 e c 2 , B = c 4 cos c 5 and  2 
dy ax + 3
D = c 4 sin c 5 12 We have, =
Since, equation consists four arbitrary
7 Equation of family of parabolas with dx 2 y + f
focus at (0, 0) and axis as X -axis is
constants. ⇒ (ax + 3) dx = (2 y + f ) dy
y 2 = 4 a( x − a) …(i)
So, the order of differential equation On integrating, we obtain
is 4. On differentiating Eq. (i) w.r.t. x, we get x2
a⋅ + 3 x = y 2 + fy + C
2 yy 1 = 4 a 2
2 Since, the equation is not a polynomial a
in all differential coefficients, so its  yy 1  ⇒ − x2 + y 2 − 3 x + fy + C = 0
∴ y 2 = 2 yy 1  x − 
degree is not defined.  2  2
a
⇒ y = 2 x y 1 − y y 12 This will represent a circle, if − = 1
3 Given, y 2 = 2c ( x + c ) ...(i) 2
⇒ y y 12 = 2 x y 1 − y
On differentiating both side w.r.t. x, we [Qcoefficient of x2 = coefficient of y 2 ]
get 8 x2 + y 2 + 2ax + 2by + c = 0 ...(i) ⇒ a = −2
dy dy
2y = 2c ⇒ c = y On differentiating Eq. (i) three times, we dy
13 ( x + 1) = y − y 2
dx dx get dx
On putting in Eq. (i), 2 x + 2 yy 1 + 2a + 2by 1 = 0 dy dx
3 /2 ⇒ =
dy  dy  ⇒ x + yy 1 + a + by 1 = 0 ...(ii) y (1 − y ) x + 1
y 2 = 2 xy + 2 y 3 /2  
dx  dx  1 + y 12 + yy 2 + by 2 = 0 ...(iii)
1 1  dx
3 2
3 y 1 y 2 + yy 3 + by 3 = 0 ...(iv) ⇒  +  dy =
⇒ 8 y 3   =  y 2 − 2 xy
dy dy   y 1− y x+1
 On eliminating b from Eqs. (iii) and (iv),
 dx   dx 
we get ⇒ log y − log(1 − y )
Which is the differential equation of = log( x + 1) + log C
3 y 1 y 22 − y 3 − y 12 y 3 = 0
order one and degree 3. y
9 We have, x dy = y (dx + y dy ), y > 0 ⇒ = C ( x + 1)
4 Clearly, the equation of family of circle 1− y
x dy − y dx
which touch both the axes is ∴ = dy ⇒ ( x + 1)(1 − y ) = Cy .
( x − a)2 + ( y − a)2 = a2 , where a is a y2
dy
parameter. x 14 We have, = e ax .e by
⇒ =− y +C [integrating] dx
Since, there is only one parameter, y ⇒ e −by dy = e axdx
therefore order of differential equation
Now, y(1) = 1 ⇒ C = 2 ⇒
1 1
− e −by = e ax + C
representing this family is 1.
x b a
∴ + y =2
5 We have, v = A + B , where A and B are y ⇒ be ax + ae −by + C ′ = 0 [C ′ = abC ]
r
parameters For x = − 3, − 3 + y 2 = 2 y 15 We have,
⇒ y2 − 2 y − 3 = 0 dy
On differentiating twice w.r.t. r, we get = e x − y + x2e − y = e − y ( x2 + e x )
dv −A ⇒ ( y + 1) ( y − 3) = 0 dx
⇒ = 2 ... (i)
dr r On separating the variables, we get
∴ y =3 [Q y > 0]
2
d v 2A e y dy = ( x2 + e x )dx
and = 3 ... (ii) dy
dr 2 r 10 Here, = y + 3 > 0 and y(0) = 2 On integrating both sides, we get
dx x3
Now, on substituting the value of A dy ey = + ex + C
from Eq. (i) in Eq. (ii), we get ⇒ ∫ y + 3 = ∫dx 3
dv  −2 dv
= 3  − r 2
d 2v 2
 = ⇒ log e | y + 3 | = x + C
16 We have,
dr 2 r  dr  r dr dy
But y(0) = 2 (2 + sin x ) + ( y + 1)cos x = 0
d 2 v 2 dv dx
⇒ + = 0, which is the
dr 2 r dr ∴ log e |2 + 3 | = 0 + C dy cos x
⇒ =− dx
required differential equation. ⇒ C = log e 5 y+1 2 + sin x
xdy − y dx ⇒ log e | y + 3 | = x + log e 5 dy cos x
6 We have, x dx + y dy + =0
∫ y + 1 ∫ 2 + sin x
⇒ = − dx
x2 + y 2 When x = log e 2, then
1  y ⇒ log e | y + 3 | = log e 2 + log e 5 ⇒ ln( y + 1) = − ln(2 + sin x ) + ln C
⇒ d ( x2 + y 2 ) + d  tan −1  = 0
2  x = log e 10 ⇒ ( y + 1)(2 + sin x ) = C
∴ y + 3 = 10 ⇒ y = 7 Now, y(0) = 1
⇒ (2)(2 + 0) = C f ′(v ) dx 1
dv = ⇒− + log v = − log x + C
⇒ C =4 f (v ) x 2v 2
Thus, ( y + 1) (2 + sin x ) = 4 ⇒ log f (v ) = log x + log C ,C > 0 x2 y
⇒ 2 + C = log + log x = log y .
π π
( y + 1) 2 + sin  = 4 ⇒ f ( y / x ) = C x ,C > 0. 2y x
Now, at x = ,
2  2 Now, x = 1, y = 1
dy  y   
=   log   + 1
y
( y + 1)(2 + 1) = 4 21 Given, ⇒ C = −1 / 2
dx  x    x 

4
y = −1 =
1 and x = x0, y = e
Put y = tx,
3 3 x 02 1
dy dt ⇒ − =1
dy 1 and =t + x 2e 2 2
17 Given, =1− 2 dx dx
dx x dt ⇒ x 02 = 3e 2 .
Then, we get t + x = t log t + t
⇒ dy =  1 − 2  dx
1 dx 25 We have,
 x  dt dx y (1 + xy ) dx = xdy
⇒ =
1 t log t x dy y (1 + xy ) y
⇒ y = x+ +C [integrating] ⇒ = = + y2
x ⇒ log log t = log x + log C dx x x
dy dv
log   = Cx
Since, the curve passing through the y On putting y = vx and =v+ x ,
∴
point  2,  .
7  x dx dx
 2 we get
x2 − xy + y 2
i.e.
7 1
=2+ + C ⇒ C =1 22 Given, dx + =0 v+ x
dv
= v + v2 x 2
2 2 dy y2 dx
1  x
2
 x dv
∴ y = x+ +1 …(i) dx ⇒ = xdx
⇒ +   −   + 1= 0 v2
x dy  y  y
Now, at x = − 2 dv
1 Put
x
v = or x = v y
⇒ ∫ v 2 = ∫ xdx
Ordinate, y = − 2 − + 1 = − 3 / 2 y
2 1 x2
dx dv ⇒ − = +C
dy and =v + y v 2
18 We have, ( x + y ) 2 =4 dy dy x x 2
dx ⇒ − = +C
dv y 2
dy dv Then, we get v + y + v2 − v + 1 = 0
On putting x + y = v and 1 + = , dy
dx dx Put (1, −1 ), then
we get dv dy 1
⇒ + =0 C =
v2 + 1
v 2  − 1 = 4
dv y 2
⇒
 dx  ⇒ tan −1 (v ) + log y + C = 0 x x2 1
∴ − = +
2 dv [integrating] y 2 2
⇒ v = v 2 + 4.
dx −1  x  1 4
∴ tan   + log y + C = 0 Now, put x = − ,y =
v2 + 4 − 4  y 2 5
∴ dv = dx
v2 + 4
f  − 
1 4
dy y( x + y ) ∴ =
−1
⇒ v − 2 tan (v / 2) = x + C 23 We have + =0  2 5
dx x2
 x+ y x C
⇒ x + y − 2 tan −1   = + On putting y = vx, we get dy
26 Given, (1 + x 2 ) + 2 xy = 4 x 2
 2 
dv dx
v+ x + v (1 + v ) = 0
Now, y(0) = 0 ⇒ C = 0. dx dy 2x 4x 2
x+ y ⇒ + y =
y = 2 tan −1  dx dv dx 1 + x 1 + x2
2
∴  or + =0
 2  x v (v + 2) 2x
∫ dx
∴ IF = e 1 + x = e log (1 + x ) = 1 + x 2
2 2
dy dx 1  1 1 
19 We have, + 1 = e x + y or +  −  dv = 0
dx x 2  v v + 2 and the solution is
dy dz On integrating, we get y ⋅ (1 + x 2 ) = ∫ 4 x 2 dx + C
On putting x + y = z and 1 + = ,
dx dx 1 4 x3
log x + [log v − log(v + 2)] + log C = 0 y (1 + x 2 ) = +C
we get 2 3
dz or log(v + 2) = log x2 vC 2
∴ = ez Now, x = 0, y = 0
dx or y + 2 x = C 2 x2 y . ⇒ C =0
⇒ e − zdz = dx dy xy 4 x3
On integrating both sides, we get 24 Given, = 2 ∴ y (1 + x 2 ) =
dx x + y2 3
e −z
= x+C dy dv ⇒ 3 y (1 + x 2 ) = 4 x3
−1 Put y = vx ⇒ = v + x , we get
dx dx dy 3 x2 sin2 x
⇒ x + e −( x + y ) + C = 0 xdv v 27 We have, + y =
⇒ v+ = dx 1 + x3 1 + x3
dy y f ( y / x) 1 + v2
20 = + dx
Since, it is a linear equation with
dx x f ′( y / x ) dv v v3
⇒ x = −v = − 3 x2
dy dv dx 1 + v 2 1 + v2 P =
On putting y / x = v and =v+ x , 1 + x3
dx dx 1 + v2 dx
⇒ dv = −
∴IF = e ∫
P dx
= e log (1 + x
3
we get v3 x )
= 1 + x3
and the solution is If P(0) = 100, then K = − 300 Statement II y 2 = 4 ax …(i)

sin2 x t
dy
y (1 + x3 ) = ∫ (1 + x3 ) dx ⇒ P (t ) = 400 − 300 e 2 ⇒ 2y = 4a
1 + x3 dx
1 − cos 2 x 31 We have, ( xy 5 + 2 y )dx = xdy y dy
=∫ dx ⇒ a= ⋅ [from Eq. (i)]
2 dy 2 dx
1 sin 2 x ⇒ x − 2 y = xy 5 y dy
∴ y (1 + x3 ) = x − +C dx ⇒ y2 = 4 x ⋅ ⋅
2 4 dy 2 y 2 dx
⇒ − = y5 dy
dy dx x ⇒ y 2 = 2 xy
28 Given, − y tan x = 2 x sec x, y (0) = 0
dx dy 2 y −4 dx
⇒ y −5 − =1 …(i) dy
IF = e ∫
− tan xdx
= e − log sec x dx x ⇒ y = 2x ⋅ ,
Put, −4
y =t dx
IF = cos x
−5 dy dt which has order = 1 and degree = 1
∴ cos x ⋅ y = ∫ 2 x sec x ⋅ cos xdx ⇒ −4 y =
dx dx 34 Let c 1 + c 2 + c 3 e c = A 4
[constant]
⇒ cos x ⋅ y = x2 + C dy −1 dt
⇒ y −5 = …(ii) Then, y = Ax
⇒ y (0) = 0 ⇒ C = 0 dx 4 dx dy
∴ y = x2 sec x From Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get ⇒ = A
dx
and y ' = 2 x ⋅ sec x + x2 sec x ⋅ tan x 1 dt 2t
− − =1 dy
π π2 π2 ⇒ y = x
y   = ⋅ 2= 4 dx x
dx
 4  16 8 2 dt 8t
⇒ + = −4 dy
 π π π2 dx x ∴ x = y
y ′  = ⋅ 2 + ⋅ 2 dx
 4 8
Now, IF = e ∫ x
2 16 dx
= e 8 log x = x 8
π π2 2 π2
y   = ⋅2 = and the solution is
SESSION 2
 3 9 9
t ⋅ x 8 = ∫ (−4)x 8dx + C 1 Given, y = c 1 e c 2 x
 π π π2
y ′  = 2 ⋅ 2 + ⋅2⋅ 3 8
4⋅ x 9 y′
 3 3 9 ⇒
x
=− +C ⇒ y ′ = c 1 c 2e c 2 x ⇒ c 2 =
y4 9 y
4π 2π 3 2
= +  y ′
2
⇒ 9 x 8 + 4 x 9 ⋅ y 4 = 9 y 4C
3 9 and y ′′ = c 1 c 22e c 2 x ⇒ y ′′ = y .  
dy  y
29 This is the linear equation of the form 32 We have, sin x + y cos x = 4 x
dy dx ⇒ yy ′′ = ( y ′) 2
+ Py = Q . ⇒ sin xdy + y cos xdx = 4 xdx
dx 2 Given,
where, P = tan x and Q = x m cos x ⇒ d ( y sin x ) = 4 xdx dp ( t )
On integrating both sides, we get p ′ (t ) = = 0.5 p (t ) − 450
Now, integrating factor (IF) dt
y sin x = 2 x2 + C
= e∫ = e∫ 2dp ( t )
P dx tan x dx
π ⇒ = dt
= e log s ec x = sec x Since, it is passes through  ,0 p ( t ) − 900
2 
2dp ( t )
⇒ ∫
p ( t ) − 900 ∫
and the solution is given by, = dt
π2
∴ 0= + C ⇒ C = − π2 / 2
y ⋅e ∫ = Q ⋅e ∫ ∫
P dx P dx
dx + C 2
⇒ 2 log | p (t ) − 900 | = t + C
⇒ y sin x = 2 x2 − π2 / 2
⇒ y ⋅ sec x = ∫x ⋅ cos x ⋅ sec xdx + C
m
π2 To find the value of C, let’s substitute

xm +1 ⇒ y = 2 x2cosec x − cosec x t = 0 and p(0) = 850
⇒ y sec x = +C 2
m+1 ⇒ 2 log | p (0) − 900 | = 0 + C
π 
2
π π2
∴ (m + 1)y = x m + 1 cos x ⇒ y( π / 6) = 2  cosec − cosec π/6 ⇒ C = 2 log |850 − 900 |
 36  6 2
+ C (m + 1) cos x ⇒ C = 2 log 50
 π2  π2
= 2  2 − ⋅2 Now, 2 log | p (t ) − 900 | = t + 2 log 50
30 Given differential equation is  36  2
dP 1 Now, put p (t ) = 0, then
− P (t ) = − 200, which is a linear 8 π2
dt 2 =− 2 log |0 − 900 | = t + 2 log 50
differential equation. 9
900
−1 ⇒ t = 2 log = 2 log 18
Here, P ( t ) = and Q ( t ) = − 200 33 Statement I Let the equation of parabola 50
2 whose axis is the axis of x and vertex at
1 
∫ −   dt −
t
the origin is 3 Given slope at ( x, y ) is
Now, IF = e  2  = e 2
y 2 = 4 ax dy y
and the solution is = + sec( y / x )
dy dx x
P ( t ). IF = ∫ Q (t ) IF dt + K ⇒ 2y = 4a
dx y
Let = t ⇒ y = xt
−
t
−
t dy 2a x
P ( t )⋅ e 2
= − ∫ 200 e 2
dt + K ⇒ =
dx y dy dt
t t and =t+ x
− −
dy 1 dx dx
P ( t )⋅ e 2 = 400 e 2 + K ⇒ ∝ dt
t dx y Now, t + x = t + sec(t )
⇒ P (t ) = 400 + Ke 2 [where, a → parameter]
dx
1 dz = ∫ (cosecθ − sin θ)dθ

∫ cos t dt = ∫ x dx ⇒
5z2 + 6z + 5
= dx [z = tan(t / 2)]
⇒ C ± x = log cosecθ − cot θ + cos θ
sin t = ln x + C 1 dz
5∫ 
⇒ = ∫ dx 1 − 1 − y2
sin( y / x ) = ln x + C 3
2
⇒ C ± x = log + 1 − y2 .
 z +  + (4 / 5)
2
QThis curve passes through (1, π / 6)  5
y
1
sin( π / 6) = ln(1) + C ⇒ C = 1 5z + 3
2 ⇒ tan −1 = x+C 10 Given, cos x dy = y sin x dx − y 2 dx
4 4
 y
Thus, sin   = ln x +
1 ⇒
1 dy 1
− tan x = − sec x
 x ⇒ 5tan t / 2 + 3 = 4 tan 4( x + C ) y 2 dx y
2
⇒ 5tan(5x + 3 y ) + 3 = 4 tan 4( x + C ) 1 1 dy dz
4 We have, y ′( x ) + y ( x )g ′( x ) = g ( x )g ′( x ) Put − =z ⇒ 2 =
1 y y dx dx
Now, x = 0, y = 0 ⇒ C = tan −1 (3 / 4)
Linear differential equation with 4 dz
integrating factor e g( x ) ∴ + (tan x ) z = − sec x
Hence, equation of the curve is dx
⇒ y ( x ) ⋅ e g( x ) = ∫ g ( x ) ⋅ g ′( x ) ⋅ e g( x )dx 25tan 4 x
5tan(5x + 3 y ) = This is a linear differential equation.
⇒ y ( x ) ⋅ e g( x ) = e g( x )(g ( x ) − 1) + C 4 − 3 tan 4 x Now, IF = e ∫
tan x dx
= e log sec x = sec x
Since, y(0) = 0 and g(0) = 0, therefore
⇒ y =  tan −1 − 5x .
1 5tan 4 x Hence, the solution is
C =1 3 4 − 3 tan 4 x  z ⋅ (sec x ) = ∫ − sec x ⋅ sec x dx + C1
⇒ y ( x ) = (g ( x ) − 1) + e − g( x ) 1
⇒ y (2) = (g (2) − 1) + e − g(2 ) = 0, 7 Given, d {V (t )} = − k (T − t ) ⇒ − sec x = − tan x + C1
dt y
as g(2) = 0.
∴ d {V (t )} = − k (T − t ) dt …(i) ∴ sec x = y (tan x + C )
5 Here, dx + 12 ⋅ x = 13 T T
where C = − C1 .
dy y y
⇒ ∫ 0
d {V (t )} = ∫ 0
− k (T − t )dt
dy
[linear differential equation in x] (t − T )2 
T
11 We have, (1 − x2 ) + xy = ax
⇒ V (T ) − V (0) = k  
dx
∫y
1
dy −
1
 2 0 dy x ax
Clearly, IF = e
2
=e y ⇒ + y = [L. D. E.]
k dx 1 − x2 1 − x2
Now, complete solution is, ⇒ V (T ) − I = [(T − T ) − (0 − T )2 ]
2
1
IF = e ∫
( x / 1 − x2 )dx − log 1 − x2
1 1
2 =e 2
− −
1 [Qwhen t = 0, then V (t ) = I]
x ⋅e = ∫y ⋅e  1
y y
3
dy , if − 1 < x < 1
k 
=  1− x
2
∴ V (T ) = I − T 2
−
1
−
1
2 1
1 1  , if x < −1or x > 1.
⇒ x ⋅e = ∫ ⋅ 2 ⋅ e y dy
y
 x −1
2
y y 8 On putting x = tan A, and y = tan B in
1 1 the given relation, we get If −1 < x < 1, then solution is
Put − =t ⇒ dy = dt 1 x
y y2 cos A + cos B = λ (sin A − sin B ) y⋅ = a∫ dx + C
A − B 1 1− x 2 (1 − x2 )3 /2
−
1
⇒ tan   =
⇒ = ∫ − t ⋅ e dt  2  λ 1 a
y t
xe y⋅ = +C
1 − x2 1 − x2
⇒ tan −1 x − tan −1 y = 2 tan −1  
−
1 1
⇒ xe y
= − {t ⋅ e t − ∫ 1 ⋅ e tdt } + C  λ ⇒ y = a + C 1 − x2
−1 On differentiating w.r.t. x, we get ⇒ ( y − a) 2 = C 2 (1 − x2 )
⇒ xe y
= − te t + e t + C 1
−
1
⋅
dy
=0 ⇒ C 2 x2 + ( y − a)2 = C 2
1 1 1
−
1 −y −
1 + x2 1 + y 2 dx which is an ellipse.
⇒ xe y
= ⋅e +e y +C
y dy 1 + y 2 If x < −1 or x > 1, solution is
⇒ = 1 x
⇒ e −1
=e −1
+ e + C [Q y (1) = 1] −1
dx 1 + x2 y⋅ = C + a∫ dx
1 x2 − 1 (1 − x2 ) x2 − 1
⇒ C =− Clearly, it is a differential equation of
x a
e degree 1. = C − a∫ 2 dx = C +
−
1 1 1 ( x − 1)3 /2 x2 − 1
1 −y −
1 9 y 1 + (dx / dy ) 2 = 1
⇒ xe y
= ⋅e +e y −
y e ⇒ y = a + C x2 − 1
1   dx 
2
 ⇒ ( y − a)2 = C 2 x2 − c 2
∴ x=
1 1
+ 1 − ⋅e y ⇒ y2 1 +    =1
  dy   ⇒ C x − ( y − a)2 = C 2
2 2
y e  
which represents a hyperbola.
dy y
6 On putting 10 x + 6 y = t and ∴ =±
dx 1 − y2
12 Given,
dy dt dy ( x + 1) 2 + y − 3 y −3
10 + 6 = , we get = = ( x + 1) +
1 − y2 dx x+1 x+1
dx dx ⇒∫ dy = ± x + C.
dt  2 tan t / 2  y Putting x + 1 = X , y − 3 = Y ,
dy dY
= ,
= 6sin t + 10 = 6  + 10
dx  1 + tan t / 2 
2
On putting y = sinθ and dy = cos θ dθ, we dx dX
2 get the equation becomes
sec t /2 cos θ ⋅ cos θ dθ dY Y
⇒ dt =dx C± x=∫ = X+
10 tan2 t /2 + 12 tant / 2 + 10 sin θ dX X
dY 1 ex dx dy
or − ⋅Y = X [L. D. E.] ⇒ =− x2 − 2 xy
dX X −e − x dx 1
dy ⇒ = − 4,
x4
IF = e ∫
( −1 / X )dX 1 x
= e − log X = X −1 = ⇒ dy = e −2 xdx
X where y = f ( x )
On integrating both sides, we get
∴ The solution is d  y 1
e −2 x   =− 4
y = + C1
Y ⋅   = C + ∫ X ⋅   dx = C + X dx  x2 
1 1 x
−2
X X 1
⇒ 2 ye = −1 + 2C1 e 2 x
2x
⇒ x −2 y = 3 + C
( y − 3) 3x
or =C + x+1 ⇒ 2 ye 2 x = Ce 2 X − 1, where C = 2C1
( x + 1) ⇒ x −2 y = 3 +
1 2
[Q f (1) = 1]
dy
Now, x = 2, y = 0 14 Equation of tangent is Y − y = ( X − x ) 3x 3
dx
0−3 1 2 x2
⇒ = C + 2+ 1 dy ⇒ y = + .
2+ 1 Y-intercept of tangent is y − x 3x 3
dx
⇒ C = −4 dy y y2 − 1
From given condition, y − x = x3 , dy
∴ The equation of the curve is 16 Given, =
dx dx x x2 − 1
y −3
= x − 3 or y = x2 − 2 x. ⇒
dy 1
− ⋅ y = − x2 ...(i)
x+1 dy dx
3 5
dx x
1
⇒ ∫y y2 − 1
= ∫x x2 − 1
IF = e ∫ x = e − loge x =
x x − dx 1
x+
+ +K Now,
3! 5! dx − dy x ⇒ sec −1 y = sec −1 x + C
13 We have, =
x 2
x 4
dx + dy and solution is 2
1+ + +K Now, x = 2, y =
2! 4! 1 x2 3
⋅ y = − ∫ xdx = − +C
On applying componendo and x 2 π π π
⇒ = + C ⇒C = −
dividendo, we get −x 3
6 3 6
⇒ f ( x) = + Cx
 x3 x5   x2 x4  2  π
x+ + + K +  1 + + + K −1
∴ y = sec  sec x − 
 3! 5!   2! 4!  Now, f (1) = 1 ⇒ C = 1 + =
1 3  6
 x3 x4   x2 x4  2 2
 3
x+ + + K −  1 + + + K − x3 3 ⇒
1 1
= cos  cos −1 − cos −1 
 3! 4!   2! 4!  ∴ f ( x) = + x y  x 2 
2 2
27 9 
(dx − dy ) + (dx + dy ) ⇒ f (−3) = − =9 1  3 1
= 2 2 ⇒ = cos cos −1  + 1−
(dx − dy ) − (dx − dy ) y   2x x2
t 2 f ( x ) − x2 f ( x ) + x2 f ( x ) − x2 f (t )
 x2 x3  15 lim =1
1 + x + + + K t→ x t−x 3
 2! 3!  2dx dx ⋅ 1− 
⇒ = =− 
lim (t + x )f ( x ) + x2 
f ( x ) − f (t )  4  
 x x 2 3
−2dy dy t→ x 
 =1
− 1 − x + − + K   t − x  
 2! 3!  ∴
1
=
3 1
+
1
1− 2
2 xf ( x ) + x2 (− f ′( x )) = 1 y 2x 2 x
DAY NINTEEN UNIT TEST 2 (CALCULUS) 199
DAY NINTEEN
Unit Test 2
(Calculus)
1 Let f : ( 2, 3) → ( 0, 1) be defined by f ( x ) = x − [ x ], then (b) increasing for every value of x
f −1( x ) is equal to (c) decreasing for every value of x
(a) x − 2 (b) x + 1 (c) x − 1 (d) x + 2 (d) None of the above
dx x2 x3 xn dy
9 If y = 1 + x + + + ... +
2 ∫ sin x − cos x + 2
is equal to
2! 3! n!
, then
dx
is equal to
π π xn xn xn
tan  +  + C tan  +  + C (b) y + (c) y − (d) y − 1 −
1 x 1 x (a) y
(a) − (b) n! n! n!
2 2 8 2 2 8
π π x 1/ 4 − x 1/ 5
cot  +  + C cot  +  + C
1 x 1 x
(c) (d) − 10 The value of lim is
2 2 8 2 2 8 x →1 x 3 −1
n ( n − 1) 1 1 1 3
 n 2 − n + 1 (a) (b) (c) (d)
3 lim   is equal to 20 40 60 20
n→ ∞  n 2 − n − 1
11 The differential coefficient of the function
(a) e (b) e 2 (c) e −1 (d) 1
| x − 1| + | x − 3| at the point x = 2 is
4 If the normal to the curve y = f ( x ) at the point ( 3, 4) (a) −2 (b) 0
makes an angle 3 π / 4 with the positive X -axis, then f ′ ( 3) (c) 2 (d) not defined
is equal to
3 4 12 The difference between the greatest and least values of
(a) − 1 (b) − (c) (d) 1 1 1
4 3 the function f ( x ) = cos x + cos 2x − cos 3x is
−1 2 3
5 The area bounded by y = sin x , x = 1/ 2 and X-axis is
2 8 9 3
(a)  + 1 sq units (b)  1 −
1 1  (a) (b) (c) (d)
 sq units 3 7 4 8
 2   2 f (b ) − f (a )
π π 13 In the mean value theorem = f ′ (c ), if
(d)  − 1 sq units
1
(c) sq units + b −a
4 2 4 2 2 
1
a = 0, b = and f ( x ) = x ( x − 1)( x − 2), then value of c is
 2 − sin θ 
π /2
2
6 The value of ∫ log   d θ is
−π /2  2 + sin θ  15 21
(a) 1 − (b) 1 + 15 (c) 1 − (d) 1 + 21
(a) 0 (b) 1 (c) 2 (d) None of these 6 6
7 The general solution of the differential equation 14 If the sides and angles of a plane triangle vary in such a
( 2x − y + 1) dx + ( 2y − x + 1) dy = 0 is way that its circumradius remains constant. Then,
da db dc
(a) x 2
+ y2
+ xy − x + y = C + + is equal to (where, da, db and dc
cos A cos B cos C
(b) x2 + y2 − xy + x + y = C
(c) x2 − y2 + 2 xy − x + y = C are small increments in the sides a, b and c,
(d) x2 − y2 − 2 xy + x − y = C respectively).
(a) 1 (b) 2 (c) 0 (d) 3
x3
8 The function f ( x ) = x 4 − is 1.5
∫
2
3 15 [ x ] dx , where [.] denotes the greatest integer
0
1 1
(a) increasing for x > and decreasing for x < function, is equal to
4 4
(a) 2 + 2 (b) 2 − 2 (c) −2 + 2 (d) −2 − 2
200 40 DAYS ~ JEE MAIN MATHEMATICS DAY NINTEEN
16 The integrating factor of the differential equation 25 If u = ∫ e ax cos bx dx and v = ∫ e ax sin bx dx , then
dy
= y tan x − y 2 sec x , is (a 2 + b 2 ) (u 2 + v 2 ) is equal to
dx
(a) 2e ax (b) (a 2 + b 2 ) e 2 ax
(a) tanx (b) sec x (c) − sec x (d) cot x (c) e 2 ax (d) (a 2 − b 2 ) e 2 ax
17 The area bounded by the straight lines x = 0 , x = 2 and d [f ( x )] b
the curve y = 2x , y = 2x − x 2 is 26 If = g ( x ) for a ≤ x ≤ b, then ∫ f ( x ) ⋅ g ( x ) dx is
dx a
4 1 3 4
(a) − (b) + equal to
3 log 2 log 2 3
(a) f (b) − f (a) (b) g (b) − g (a)
4 3 4
(c) −1 (d) − [f (b)]2 − [f (a)]2 [g (b)]2 − [g (a)]2
log 2 log 2 3 (c) (d)
2 2
18 The area of the region bounded by y = | x − 1| and y = 1 is
27 If y be the function which passes through (1 , 2) having
(a) 2 sq units (b) 1 sq unit
(c) 1 / 2 sq unit (d) None of these slope ( 2x + 1). Then, the area bounded between the
k curve and X-axis is
19 If I1 = ∫ x sin {x (1 − x )} dx and
(a) 6 sq units (b)
5
sq unit
1− k
6
k
I2 = ∫ sin {x (1 − x )} dx , then (c)
1
sq unit (d) None of these
1− k
6
(a) I1 = 2 I 2 (b) 2 I1 = I 2
28 If h ( x ) = min{x , x 2 }, for every real number of x. Then,
(c) I1 = I 2 (d) None of these (a) h is continuous for all x (b) h is differentiable for all x
2 − tan2 z (c) h ′ (x) = 2 for all x > 1 (d) None of these
20 If I1 = ∫ x f {x ( 3 − x )} dx
sec 2 z
e 2 x − 1 , x <0

and I 2 = ∫
2 − tan2 z
f {x ( 3 − x )} dx , where f is a continuous
29 The function f ( x ) =  bx 2 is continuous
sec 2 z ax + 2 − 1, x ≥ 0
I1
function and z is any real number, then is equal to and differentiable for
I2
(a) a = 1, b = 2 (b) a = 2, b = 4
3 1 (c) a = 2, any b (d) any a, b = 4
(a) (b)
2 2 x
(c) 1 (d) None of these ∫ π
2
t dt
30 The value of limπ is
21 If f and g are continuous functions on [ 0, π ] satisfying x→ sin( 2x − π )
f ( x ) + f ( π − x ) = g ( x ) + g ( π − x ) = 1, then 2
π π π π
(a) ∞
∫ [f ( x ) + g ( x )] dx is equal to
0
(b)
2
(c)
4
(d)
8
π 3π  π 
(a) π (b) 2 π (c) (d) 31 Let f ( x ) =  2 cos  x +   , 0 < x ≤ 2π (where, [.]
2 2  4 
 2x − 3 ⋅ [ x ], x ≥ 1 denotes the greatest integer ≤ x ). The number of points

22 The function f ( x ) =   πx  of discontinuity of f ( x ) are
sin   , x < 1
  2  (a) 3 (b) 4 (c) 5 (d) 6
 sin x  π 
(where, [x] denotes the greatest integer ≤ x ) is 32 If f ( x ) = tan−1   , then f ′ is equal to
 3 
1 + cos x 
1 1
(a) continuous at x = 2 (a) (b)
2 (1 + cos x) 2
(b) differentiable at x = 1
1
(c) continuous but not differentiable at x = 1 (c) (d) None of these
(d) None of the above 4
dy 33 Let f ( x ) be a polynomial function of the second degree. If
23 If y = f ( x ) + f ( x ) + f ( x ) + ... ∞ , then is equal to
dx f (1) = f ( −1) and a1, a 2 , a 3 are in AP, then
f ′ (x) f ′ (x) f ′ (x) f ′ (x) f ′ (a1 ), f ′ (a 2 ) and f ′ (a 3 ) are in
(a) (b) (c) (d)
2y − 1 2y + 1 1− 2 y 4 + 2y (a) AP (b) GP
24 If h( x ) = f ( x ) − (f ( x ))2 + (f ( x ))3 for every real numbers
x, then 34 If y = cos −1(cos x ), then y ′ ( x ) is equal to
(a) h is increasing whenever f is increasing (a) 1 for all x
(b) h is increasing whenever f is decreasing (b) −1 for all x
(c) h is decreasing whenever f is increasing (c) 1in 2nd and 3rd quadrants
(d) Nothing can be said in general (d) −1in 3rd and 4th quadrants
x
35 In ( −4 , 4) the function f ( x ) = ∫ (t 4 − 4) e −4t dt has 44 I1 = ∫ sin−1x dx and I 2 = ∫ sin−1 1 − x 2 dx , then
−10
π
(a) no extreme (b) one extreme (a) I1 = I 2 (b) I 2 =
(c) two extreme (d) four extreme 2I1
πx π
(c) I1 + I 2 = (d) I1 + I 2 =
36 If f ( x ) = kx 3 − 9x 2 + 9x + 3 is monotonically 2 2
increasing in each interval, then π /4 dx
(a) k < 3 (b) k ≤ 3 45 ∫ 0 cos 4 x − cos 2 x sin2 x + sin4 x
is equal to
(c) k > 3 (d) None of these
π π
(a) (b)
37 The integral 2 4
3  x x 2 + 1 π
∫ 
−1 
tan−1 2
x +1
+ tan−1
x 
 dx is equal to 3
46 If f ( x ) = | x − 1| + | x − 3 | + | 5 − x | , ∀ x ∈ R . If f ( x ) is
(a) π (b) 2 π
(c) 3 π (d) None of these increases, then x belongs to
(a) (1, ∞) (b) (3, ∞) (c) (5, ∞) (d) (1, 3)
199
+2 99
+ 3 + ... + n
99 99
38 lim is equal to dx
n→ ∞ n100 47 The value of ∫ is
9 1 1 1 (1 + x )1/ 2 − (1 + x )1/ 3
(a) (b) (c) (d)
100 100 99 101 (a) 2 λ1 / 2 + 3 λ1 / 3 + 6λ1 / 6 + 6 ln | λ1 / 6 − 1| + C
1 (b) 2 λ1 / 2 − 3 λ1 / 3 + 6λ1 / 6 + 6 ln | λ1 / 6 − 1| + C
39 If ∫ ( sin 2x + cos 2x ) dx = sin( 2x − c ) + a, then the
2
(c) 2 λ1 / 2 + 3 λ1 / 3 − 6λ1 / 6 + 6 ln | λ1 / 6 − 1| + C
value of a and c is
π (d) 2 λ1 / 2 + 3 λ1 / 3 + 6λ1 / 6 − 6 ln | λ1 / 6 − 1| + C
(a) c = and a = k
4 (where, λ = 1 + x)
π π
(b) c = − and a = 4
x
4 2 48 The value of ∫ dx is
π x −1
(c) c = and a is an arbitrary constant
2 4 3/4 x1/ 4 − 1
(a) − x + 4 x1 / 4 + 2 ln 1 / 4 +C
(d) None of the above 3 x +1
cos 2x
40 ∫ (cos x + sin x ) 2
dx is equal to (b)
4 3/4
x
x1/ 4 − 1
+ 4 x1 / 4 + 2 ln 1 / 4 +C
3 x +1
(a) log cos x + sin x + C (b) log(cos x − sin x) + C
4 3/4 x1/ 4 − 1
1 (c) − x − 4 x1 / 4 + 2 ln 1 / 4 +C
(c) log(cos x + sin x) + C (d) − +C 3 x +1
cos x + sin x
cos 4x + 1 4 3/4 x1/ 4 − 1
41 If ∫ dx = k cos 4x + C, then (d) x − 4 x1 / 4 + 2 ln 1 / 4 +C
cot x − tan x 3 x +1
1 1
(a) k = − (b) k = − 49 The value of n for which the function
2 8
1  (( 5)x − 1)3
(c) k = − (d) None of these  , x ≠0
4 x  x2
f ( x ) =  sin   ⋅ log 1 + 
dx n  3
42 ∫ sin( x − a ) sin( x − b ) is equal to 
15 (log 5)3 , x =0
1 sin(x − a)
(a) log +C may be continuous at x = 0, is
sin(a − b) sin(x − b)
(a) 5 (b) 3 (c) 4 (d) 2
−1 sin(x − a)
(b) log +C 50 The longest distance of the point (4, 0) from the curve
sin(a − b) sin(x − b)
2x (1 − x ) = y 2 is equal to
(c) log sin(x − a) ⋅ sin(x − b) + C
(a) 3 units (b) 4.5 units
sin(x − a)
(d) log +C (c) 5 units (d) None of these
sin(x − b)
51 The normal to the curve 5x 5 − 10x 3 + x + 2y + 4 = 0 at
( x 2 + 1)
43 ∫ e x
dx is equal to P ( 0, − 2) meets the curve again at two points at which
( x + 1) 2
equation of tangents to the curve is equal to
 x − 1 x  x + 1
(a)  e + C (b) e x   +C (a) y = 3 x + 2 (b) y = 2 (x − 1)
 x + 1  x − 1 (c) 3 y + 2 x + 7 = 0 (d) None of these
(c) e x (x + 1) (x − 1) + C (d) None of these
58 Statement I The tangents to curve y = 7x 3 + 11 at the

2
52 ∫ −1
{|x − 1| + [ x ]} dx , where [ x ] is greatest integer is equal
points, where x = 2 and x = − 2 are parallel.
to Statement II The slope of the tangents at the points,
5
(a) 8 (b) 9 (c) (d) 4 where x = 2 and x = − 2, are equal.
2
59 Statement I The derivative of
53 The equation of the curve passing through the point x  3
 1 π  and having slope of tangent at any point ( x , y ) as f (x ) = ∫ cos t 2dt , ( x > 0) at x = 1 is   cos 1.
 ,  1/ x  2
 2 8
d φ (x )
dx ∫ ψ ( x )
( y / x ) − cos 2 ( y / x ) is equal to Statement II f (t ) dt = f ( φ ( x )) − f ( ψ ( x ))
(a) y = x tan−1  log  (b) x = y tan−1  2 

e e
60 Statement I The solution of the equation
 2x  x 
dy 1
+ 6y = 3xy 4 / 3 is y ( x ) =
(c) y = x 2 tan−1 
2x  x .
 (d) None of these dx ( x + cx 2 ) 3
 e 
Statement II The solution of a linear equation is obtained
54 If x dy = y (dx + y dy ), y (1) = 1 and y ( x ) > 0, then y ( − 3)
by multiplying with its integrating factor.
is equal to
x 2 −1 x2 +1
(a) 3 (b) 2 (c) 1 (d) 0 61 Statement I ∫ 2 dx = sec −1 +C
π /4 sin x + cos x ( x + 1) x 4 + 1 x 2
55 ∫ 9 + 16 sin 2x
dx is equal to
dt 1 t
Statement II ∫
0
= sec −1 +C
(a)
1
log 3 (b) log 3 t t2 − a a a
20
1 62 Statement I The absolute minimum value of
(c) log 5 (d) None of these | x − 1| + | x − 2 | + | x − 3 | is 2.
20
Statement II The function | x − 1| + | x − 2 | + | x − 3 | is
e cos x sin x , | x | ≤ 2 3
56 If f ( x ) =  , then ∫ f ( x ) dx is equal differentiable on R ~ {1, 2}.
−2
 2 , otherwise
63 Statement I If f ( x ) = max {x 2 − 2x + 2,| x − 1| }, then the
to greatest value of f ( x ) on the interval [0, 3] is 5.
(a) 0 (b) 1 (c) 2 (d) 3
Statement II Greatest value, f ( 3) = max {5 , 2) = 5
57 The area bounded by curves y = cos x and y = sin x and
π 64 Statement I The point of contact of the vertical tangents
ordinates x = 0 and x = is to x = 2 − 3 sin θ, y = 3 + 2 cos θ are ( − 1, 3) and ( 5 , 3).
4
(a) 2 (b) 2 +1 (c) 2 −1 (d) 2 ( 2 − 1)
Statement II For vertical tangent, dx /d θ = 0
Direction (Q. Nos. 58-66) Each of these questions 65 Let f : R → R be differentiable and strictly increasing
contains two statements : Statement I (Assertion) and function throughout its domain.
Statement II (Reason). Each of these questions also has Statement I If | f ( x ) | is also strictly increasing function,
four alternative choices, only one of which is the correct then f ( x ) = 0 has no real roots.
answer. You have to select one of the codes ( a), (b), (c) Statement II At ∞ or − ∞ f ( x ) may approach to 0, but
and (d) given below. cannot be equal to zero.
(a) Statement I is true, Statement II is true; Statement II is a 66 Statement I The area by region | x + y | + | x − y | ≤ 2 is
correct explanation for Statement I 4 sq units.
(b) Statement I is true, Statement II is true; Statement II is Statement II Area enclosed by region
not a correct explanation for Statement I | x + y | + | x − y | ≤ 2 is symmetric about X-axis.
ANSWERS
1 (d) 2 (d) 3 (b) 4 (d) 5 (d) 6 (a) 7 (b) 8 (a) 9 (c) 10 (c)
11 (b) 12 (c) 13 (c) 14 (c) 15 (b) 16 (b) 17 (d) 18 (b) 19 (b) 20 (a)
21 (a) 22 (c) 23 (a) 24 (a) 25 (c) 26 (c) 27 (c) 28 (a) 29 (c) 30 (c)
31 (d) 32 (b) 33 (a) 34 (d) 35 (c) 36 (c) 37 (b) 38 (b) 39 (a) 40 (c)
41 (b) 42 (a) 43 (a) 44 (c) 45 (a) 46 (b) 47 (a) 48 (b) 49 (a) 50 (c)
51 (b) 52 (c) 53 (a) 54 (a) 55 (a) 56 (c) 57 (c) 58 (a) 59 (c) 60 (b)
61 (d) 62 (c) 63 (b) 64 (a) 65 (b) 66 (b)

1 Given, f : (2, 3) → (0, 1) π π /4
⇒ ( y + 1) 2 − ( y + 1) ( x + 1) + ( x + 1) 2
=
4 2
− ∫ sin y dy
=C
and f ( x) = x − [ x]
0
∴ f ( x) = y = x − 2 π ⇒ y2 + x2 − xy + x + y = C − 1
= + [cos y] π0 / 4
⇒ x = y + 2 = f −1 ( y ) 4 2 ⇒ x2 + y2 − xy + x + y = C
−1
⇒ f ( x) = x + 2  π 1  x3
= + − 1 sq units 8 f ( x) = x 4 −
2 Let 4 2 2  3
I =∫
dx −1 ⇒ f ′ ( x) = 4 x 3 − x 2
 π π   2 − sin θ 
2  sin x ⋅ sin − cos x ⋅ cos + 1 6 f (− θ) = log   For increasing,
 4 4   2 + sin θ  4 x3 − x2 > 0 ⇒ x2 (4 x − 1) > 0
1 dx  2 − sin θ  Therefore, the function is increasing
=
2
∫  x π
= − log   = − f (θ)
 2 + sin θ  for x > 1 / 4.
1 − cos 2  + 
2 8 1
f (θ) is an odd function of θ . Similarly, decreasing for x < .
π 4
1 2  x 
=
2 2
∫ cosec  2 + 8  dx ∴ I =∫
π /2  2 − sin θ 
log   dθ = 0 9 Given,
−π /2  2 + sin θ  x2 x3 xn
 x π y =1 + x +
+ +K+
− cot  +  2! 3! n!
1 2 8 7. Given,
= +C dy x2 xn −1
2 2 1/2 (2 x − y + 1) dx + (2 y − x + 1) dy = 0 ⇒ =0+1+ x+ + ... +
dy 2 x − y + 1 dx 2! (n − 1) !
1  x π ⇒ = ,
=− cot  +  + C dx x − 2y − 1 dy x n x2
2 2 8 ⇒ + =1+ x+ +K
n (n − 1 )
Put x = X + h, y = Y + k dx n ! 2!
 n2 − n + 1  dY 2 X − Y + 2 h − k + 1 xn −1 xn
3 lim   ⇒ = + +
n→ ∞  n2 − n − 1  dX X − 2 Y + h − 2k − 1 (n − 1) ! n !
n (n − 1 )
 n (n − 1) + 1  Again, put 2 h − k + 1 = 0 dy xn
= lim   ⇒ = y−
n → ∞  n (n − 1) − 1  and h − 2k − 1 = 0 dx n!
n( n − 1 ) On solving, 1 −3 / 4 1 −4 / 5
  x − x
1 h = − 1, k = − 1 x1 / 4 − x1 / 5
1 +  10 lim = lim 4 5
n (n − 1)  dY 2 X − Y x −1
= lim 
3
e x →1 x →1
3x 2
n( n − 1 )
= −1 = e 2 ∴ =
n→ ∞
 1  e dX X − 2Y 1 1
−
1 −  4 5 1
 n (n − 1)  On putting Y = vX , we get = =
dv 2 X − vX 2−v 3 60
−1 ⇒ v+ X = =
4 Slope of the normal = dX X − 2 vX 1 − 2 v 11 Given, f ( x) = | x − 1| + | x − 3|
dy
dx dv 2 − 2 v + 2 v2 2 (v2 − v + 1) −( x − 1) − ( x − 3), x <1
⇒X = = 
3π −1  dy  dX 1 − 2v 1 − 2v f ( x) =  ( x − 1) − ( x − 3), 1 ≤ x < 3
⇒ tan = ⇒   =1  ( x − 1) + ( x − 3),
4  dy   dx  (3, 4 ) dX (1 − 2 v)  x >3
  ∴ = dv
 dx  (3, 4 ) X 2 (v2 − v + 1) 4 − 2 x , x < 1

∴ f ′ (3) = 1 Put v2 − v + 1 = t =  2, 1 < x < 3
2 x − 4 , x ≥ 3
5 Required area ⇒ (2 v − 1) dv = dt 
= Area of rectangle OABC − Area dX dt In the neighbourhood of x = 2,
∴ =−
of curve OBCO X 2t f ( x) = 2
Y On integrating, Hence, f ′ ( x) = 0
p log X = log t −1 /2 + log C1 /2 12 The given function is periodic with
0, ∴ X = t −1 / 2 C 1 / 2
2 period 2π . So, the difference
⇒ X = (v2 − v + 1)−1 /2 C1 /2 between the greatest and least values
p
0,
4 C B ⇒ X (v2 − v + 1) = C
2
of the function is the difference
 ( y + 1) 2 ( y + 1)  between these values on the interval
X ⇒ ( x + 1) 2  − + 1 [0, 2π ].
O A
 ( x + 1) 2
( x + 1) 
1 Now,
x= =C
Ö2 f ′ ( x) = − (sin x + sin 2 x − sin 3 x)
= − 4 sin x sin(3 x/ 2) sin( x/2)
Hence, x = 0, 2 π /3, π and 2π are the da db dc k k
critical points.
∴ + +
cos A cos B cos C
= ∫ 1−k
sin x (1 − x) dx − ∫ 1−k
x
1 1 7 sin x (1 − x) dx
Also, f (0) = 1 + − = = 2 R (dA + dB + dC) = 0
2 3 6 1.5 = I2 − I1 or 2 I1 = I2
 2π  13 1 15 ∴ ∫ [x2 ] dx 2 − tan 2 z
f   =− , f (π ) = – 0
20 I1 = ∫ (3 − x) f ( x(3 − x)) dx
 3 12 6 1 2 1. 5 sec 2 z
7
= ∫ 0
[x2 ] dx + ∫ 1
[x2 ] dx + ∫ 2
[ x2 ] dx
[by property]
and f (2 π ) = 1 2 1. 5 2 − tan 2 z
6 = ∫ 0
0 dx + ∫
1
1 dx + ∫ 2
2 dx I1 = 3 ∫ sec 2 z
f ( x (3 − x)) dx
∴Required difference
= 0 + ( x)1 + 2 ( x)2 1. 5 2 − tan 2 z
7  13  27 9
= − −  = =
2 − ∫
sec 2 z
x f ( x (3 − x)) dx
6  12  12 4 = 2 −1 + 3 −2 2 =2 − 2
I1 3
I1 = 3 I2 − I1 ⇒ =
13 From mean value theorem, 16 The differential equation is I2 2
f (b ) − f (a) dy
f ′ (c ) = − y tan x = − y2 sec x π
21 Let I = ∫ [ f ( x) + g( x)] dx
b −a dx 0
Given, a = 0 ⇒ f (a) = 0 This is Bernoulli’s equation, which π
1 3 can be reducible to linear equation. ∫

I =
0
[ f (π − x) + g(π − x)] dx
and b = ⇒ f (b ) = On dividing the equation by y2 , we π
2 8 =∫ [1 − f ( x) + 1 − g( x)] dx
0
f ′ ( x) = ( x − 1)( x − 2) + x( x − 2) get
π π
1 dy 1
+ x( x − 1)
y2 dx y
− tan x = − sec x …(i) =2 ∫ 0
dx − ∫ 0
[f ( x) + g( x)] dx
f ′ (c ) = (c − 1)(c − 2) + c (c − 2)
+ c (c − 1) 1 1 dy dY ⇒ 2I = 2 π
Put = Y ⇒− 2 = ∴ I =π
= c 2 − 3 c + 2 + c 2 − 2c + c 2 − c y y dx dx
⇒ f ′ (c ) = 3 c 2 − 6 c + 2 Eq. (i) reduces to 22 At x = 1, f ( x) = 1,
According to mean value theorem, dY
− − Y tan x = − sec x lim f ( x) = lim+ 2 x − 3 [ x] = 1
f (b ) − f (a) x → 1+ x→1
f ′ (c ) = dx πx
b −a dY and lim− f ( x) = lim− sin =1
⇒ + Y tan x = sec x, which is a x→1 x→1 2
(3 /8) − 0 3 dx
⇒ 3c − 6c + 2 =
2
= Hence, f ( x) is continuous at x = 1.
(1 / 2) − 0 4 linear equation.
Now,
Hence, IF = e ∫
tan x dx
5 = sec x f (1 + h) − 1 2h − 1 − 1
⇒ 3 c2 − 6 c + = 0 lim = lim+
4 2
17 A = ∫ [2 x − (2 x − x2 )] dx h → 0+ h h→ 0 h
6 ± 36 − 15 6 ± 21 0 1 − 2h − 1
⇒ c= = 2 = lim+ = −2
2 ×3 6  2x x3  3 4 h→ 0 h
= − x2 +  = log 2 − 3
21 21  log 2 3 0 f (1 + h) − 1
=1 ± =1 − and lim−
6 6
h→ 0 h
18 y = x − 1, if x > 1 and y = − ( x − 1) ; if
   π π h
21   1   x <1 sin  +  −1
Q  1 +  ∉  0,   2 2
  6   2  = lim−
Y h→ 0 h
x=1
14 We know that, in a triangle C D y=1 πh
cos −1
∠A + ∠ B + ∠ C = π B 2
x=2 = lim− =0
∴ dA + dB + dC = 0 h→ 0 h
X¢ X Hence, f ( x) is not differentiable at
If R is circumradius, then O
a b c A x = 1.
= = =2 R x+y=1
sin A sin B sin C 23 Given that,
a = 2 R sin A Y¢
y=x –1 y = f ( x) + f (x ) + f ( x) + ... ∞
On differentiating, we get
da = 2 R cos A dA Area of bounded region, y = f ( x) + y
da A = Area of ∆ ABC On squaring both sides, we get
= 2 R dA
cos A 1 1 y2 − y = f ( x)
= × BC × AD = × 2 × 1
db 2 2 On differentiating w.r.t. x, we get
Similarly, = 2 R dB dy
cos B = 1 sq unit (2 y − 1) = f ′ ( x)
dc k
dx
and = 2 RdC 19 I1 = ∫ (1 − x) sin [ x(1 − x)] dx dy f ′ ( x)
cos C 1−k ∴ =
[by property] dx 2 y − 1
24 We have, ⇒ x( x − 1) ≥ 0 ⇒ x ≤ 0 or x ≥ 1, 31 Using the fact that [ x] is

h( x) = f ( x) − [ f ( x)] 2 + [ f ( x)]3 x , x ≤0 discontinuous at all integer numbers.
h′ ( x) = f ′ ( x) − 2 f ( x) f ′ ( x) ∴ h( x) =  x2 , 0 < x <1  π
+ 3 [ f ( x)] 2 ⋅ f ′ ( x)  ∴ f ( x) = 2 cos  x +  is an
x , x ≥1  4
= f ′ ( x) [1 − 2 f ( x) + 3 [ f ( x)]2 ] integer for
h( x) is continuous for everywhere but
 1
2
2 π π 3π 5π 3π 7π 9π
= 3 f ′ ( x )  f ( x ) −  +  not differentiable at x = 0 and 1. x+ = , , , , ,
 3  9 4 2 4 4 2 4 4
 i.e.
 1, x < 0 π π 5π 3π
Hence, h′ ( x) and f ′ ( x) have same ⇒ x = , , π, , , 2π
sign.  2 x, 0 < x < 1  4 2 4 2
   sin x 
25 We have, h′ ( x) =  not exist , x = 0 32 f ( x) = tan −1  
u = ∫ e ax cos bx dx = e ax ⋅
sin bx  1, x > 1  1 + cos x 
b    x x 1
 not exist , x = 1 = tan −1 tan = ⇒ f ′ ( x) =
a  2  2 2
b ∫
− e ax ⋅ sin bx dx ∴ h′ ( x) = 1, ∀ x > 1
e ax ⋅ sin bx a
29 Since, f is continuous at x = 0.
 π 1
= − v ∴ f (0 − ) = f (0 + ) = f (0) = − 1 Hence, f′   =
b b  3 2
Also, f is differentiable at x = 0,
⇒ bu + av = e ax ⋅sin bx …(i) 33 Let f ( x) = ax2 + bx + c
therefore Lf ′ (0) = Rf ′ (0)
Similarly, bv − au = − e ax ⋅cos bx …(ii) f (0 − h) − f (0)
⇒ lim Then, f ′( x) = 2ax + b
On squaring and adding Eqs. (i) and h→ 0 −h
(ii), we get Also, f (1) = f (−1)
f (0 + h) − f (0)
(a2 + b 2 ) (u2 + v2 ) = e2 ax = lim ⇒ a+ b + c = a−b + c
h→ 0 h
b
26 Let I = ∫ f ( x) ⋅ g( x) dx  e −2 h − 1 + 1  ⇒ b =0
a ⇒ lim  
h→ 0  −h  ∴ f ′ ( x) = 2 ax ;
Put f ( x) = t ⇒ f ′ ( x) dx = dt
⇒ g( x) dx = dt  bh2  ⇒ f ′ (a1 ) = 2 aa1 , f ′ (a2 ) = 2 aa2 ,
 ah + − 1 + 1 f ′ (a3 ) = 2 aa3
 
f (b )
f (b ) t2 [ f (b )] 2 − [ f (a)] 2 2
I = ∫ t dt = = = lim
h→ 0 As a1 , a2 , a3 are in AP,
f ( a) 2 f ( a) 2 h
 −2e −2 h  f ′ (a1 ), f ′ (a2 ), f ′ (a3 ) are in AP.
dy
= 2 x + 1 ⇒ y = x2 + x + C
⇒ lim 
h→ 0 
 = lim ( a + bh)
27 Given, −1  h → 0 34 Given, y = cos −1 (cos x)
dx
⇒ y = x 2 + x, [L′ Hospital’s rule] 1 sin x
⇒ 2 = a + 0 ⇒ a = 2, b any number ⇒ y′ ( x ) = sin x =
[QC = 0 by putting x = 1, y = 2] 1 − cos x 2 |sin x|
x
∫
2
 1 1 t dt  1 , 1st and 2nd quadrants
⇒  x +  = y + , which is an 30 y = lim π /2
=
 2 4 x→ π / 2 sin(2 x − π ) −1 , 3rd and 4th quadrants
equation of parabola whose vertex is x
t 2  x
 −1 −1 
V  , . 2 
35 f ( x) = ∫ − 10
(t 4 − 4) e −4 tdt
 2 4   π /2
⇒ y = lim ⇒ f ′ ( x) = ( x 4 − 4) e −4 x
x → π /2 sin( 2 x − π )
Y Now, f ′ ( x) = 0 ⇒ x = ± 2
 x2 π 2 
 −  Now,
 2 8
⇒ y = lim f ′ ′ ( x) = − 4 ( x 4 − 4) e −4 x + 4 x3e −4 x
x → π /2 sin(2 x − π )
X¢ X At x = 2 and x = − 2 , the given

(–1, 0) (0, 0) 1 (4 x 2 − π 2 )
⇒ y = lim function has extreme value.
x → π /2 8 sin(2 x − π )
V 36 f ′ ( x) = 3 kx2 − 18 x + 9
(–1/2, –1/4) Y¢ 1 (2 x − π )(2 x + π )
⇒ y = lim = 3 [ kx2 − 6 x + 3] > 0, ∀x ∈ R
x → π /2 8 sin(2 x − π )
∴Required area ∴ ∆ = b 2 − 4 ac < 0, k > 0
 x3 x2 
0 1 x → π /2 x + π )
lim (2
i.e. 36 − 12 k < 0 or k > 3 .
0
⇒ y=
= ∫ −1 ( x + x) dx =  3 + 2 
2
8 sin(2 x − π )
lim 3   x 
−1 x → π /2 2x − π 37 Let I = ∫ tan −1  
−1 1 1 −1
  x2 + 1 
= + = sq unit  sin θ 
3 2 6 Q lim =1
 θ → 0 θ   x2 + 1  
+ tan −1   dx
28 If x ∈ R − (0, 1), then 1 1  x 
⇒ y= × 2π = π
x≤ x 2
⇒ x(1 − x) ≤ 0 8 4
 x  = ∫ e x [ f ( x) + f ′ ( x)] dx − 3 , x <1
∫ {tan
3
−1
=  2  − 1 ,
−1  x + 1 1 < x <3
 x −1 2  ⇒ f ′ ( x) = 
 x  ∴ f ( x) = x + 1 , f ′ ( x) = ( x + 1) 2   1, 3 < x <5
+ cot −1  2  dx  
 x + 1   3 , x >5
 x − 1
3 π = ex   +C It is clear that f ′ ( x) > 0, when
= ∫ −1 2
dx = 2 π  x + 1
x ∈ (3 , ∞).
 π  44 I1 = ∫ sin −1 x dx. dx
Q tan −1 x + cot −1 x = , ∀ x ∈ R 47 Let I = ∫
 2  (1 + x)1 /2 − (1 + x)1 /3
Let sin −1 x = θ ⇒ x = sin θ
n
 r 99  Put 1 + x = t 6 ⇒ dx = 6 t 5 dt
∑
1
 100  = ∫ ⇒ dx = cos θ dθ
99
38 lim x dx
n→ ∞ n  0 6 t 5dt t3
r =1
∴ I1 = ∫ θ cos θ dθ Then, I = ∫ 3 =6 ∫ dt
 x100  1
1
(t − t ) 2
( t − 1)
= = = θ sin θ − ∫ sin θ dθ = θ sin θ + cos θ
 ( t 3 − 1) + 1
 100  0 100 = 6∫ dt
= x sin −1 x + 1 − x 2 ( t − 1)
− cos 2 x sin 2 x
39 I = + + k  1 
I2 = ∫ sin −1 1 − x2 dx
2 2 and =6 ∫ t +t +1+
2
 dt
1  π π t − 1
=  sin 2 x cos − cos 2 x sin  + k = ∫ cos −1 x dx
2 4 4 t3 t2 
Let cos φ = x =6  + + t + ln|t − 1 | + C
1  π 3 2 
= sin  2 x −  + k ⇒ − sin φ dφ = dx
2  4 = 2 (1 + x)1 /2 + 3 (1 + x)1 /3
∴
π
c = ;a=k
∴ I2 = − ∫ φ sin φ dφ = φ cos φ + 6 (1 + x)1 / 6+ 6 ln|
4 + ∫ − cos φ dφ (1 + x)1 / 6 − 1 | + C
(cos x − sin x)(cos x + sin x) = 2 λ + 3 λ + 6 λ1 / 6 + 6
1 /2 1 /3
40 ∫ dx = φ cos φ − sin φ
(cos x + sin x) 2 ln| λ1 / 6 − 1| + C [where, λ = 1 + x ]
= x cos −1 x − 1 − x2
cos x − sin x x1 / 4
=∫
cos x + sin x
dx ∴ I1 + I2 = x (cos −1 x + sin −1 x) 48 Let I = ∫x 1 /2
−1
dt
π x
Put sin x + cos x = t = Put x = t 4 ⇒ dx = 4 t 3dt
2
⇒ (cos x − sin x) dx = dt t ⋅ 4 t 3dt  t 4 − 1 + 1
45 Divide numerator and denominator ∴I = ∫ 2 = 4∫  2  dt
1 by cos 4 x, (t − 1)  t −1 
∴ ∫ dt = log t + C
t π /4 sec2 x sec2 x dx  1 
= log (sin x + cos x) + C ∴ I = ∫ 0 1 − tan2 x + tan 4 x
= 4∫  t 2 + 1 + 2

 dt
t − 1
2 cos2 2 x
41 ∫ ⋅ sin x cos x dx Put tan x = t ⇒ sec2 x dx = dt t 3 1 t −1
cos2 x − sin2 x 1 1 + t2 = 4  + t + ln +C
∴ I =∫ 4 dt  3 2 t +1
= ∫ cos 2 x ⋅ sin 2 x dx 0 t − t2 + 1
4 x1 / 4 − 1
1 1 1  1 = x3 / 4 + 4 x1 / 4 + 2 ln 1 / 4 +C
2∫
= sin 4 x dx = − cos 4 x + C 1+ 2 1 + 2  3 x +1
8 1 1  t 
=∫ t dt = ∫ 2
dt
1 0 2 1 0
 1 49 Clearly,
∴ k =− t −1 + 2 t −  + 1
8 t  t (5 x − 1)3
= lim
dx 1 x→ 0
 x  x2 
z=t − sin   ⋅ log  1 +
42 ∫ sin( x − a) sin( x − b ) Put
t  n  3

 1 (5 x − 1)3 1
1 sin{( x − b ) − ( x − a)} and dz =  1 + 2  dt = lim ⋅ lim
sin(a − b ) ∫ sin( x − a) sin( x − b )
= dx  t  x→ 0 x  x2  x → 0 sin x / n
dz  + ...
n 3 
0
I =∫ dz = [tan −1 z] 0− ∞ x/n
1
sin(a − b ) ∫
= [ cot( x − a) dx − ∞ 1 + z2 3
(5 x − 1) 
π = lim  ⋅3 n
− ∫ cot ( x − b ) dx ] = tan −1 (0) − tan −1 (−∞) =
2
x→ 0
 x 
= 3 n (log 5)3
1 sin( x − a) 46 Given,
= log +C …(i)
sin(a − b ) sin( x − b ) f ( x) = | x − 1| + | x − 3| + |5 − x|,
∀ x ∈R Since, the value of the function at
e ( x − 1 + 2)
x 2
x = 0 is 15 (log 5)3 .
43 ∫ dx 9 − 3 x , x <1
( x + 1) 2  7 − x , 1 ≤ x < 3 ∴ 3 n(log 5)3 = 15 (log 5)3
∴ f ( x) = 
x −1  ⇒ n=5
 x + 1, 3 ≤ x < 5
2
= ∫ ex  + 2 
dx
 x + 1 ( x + 1)  3 x − 9 , x ≥5
I = I1 + I2 π /4 sin x + cos x
50 Let the distance of point (4 , 0) from 55 Let I = ∫ dx
the point ( x, y) lying on the curve be where, 0 9 + 16 sin 2 x
D2 = ( x − 4)2 + y2 1 1 Put sin x − cos x = t
I1 = − [( x − 1)2 ]1−1 + [( x − 1)2 ]21
⇒ D2 = ( x − 4)2 + 2 x − 2 x2 2 2 Then, (sin x + cos x) dx = dt
1
= x2 + 16 − 8 x + 2 x − 2 x2 = {[( x − 1)2 ]21 − [( x − 1)2 ]1−1 } 0 dt
= − x2 − 6 x + 16 …(i) 2 ∴I = ∫
− 1 9 + 16 (1 − t 2 )
1 5
On differentiating Eq. (i), we get = {1 + 4} = …(i) 0 dt
2D
dD
= − 2x − 6 …(ii)
2
0
2
1 2
= ∫ −1 25 − 16 t 2
dx and I2 = ∫ −1
− dx + ∫ 0
0 ⋅ dx + ∫ 1
dx
1 0  1 1 
= − 2( x + 3)
= −1 + 0 + 1=0 …(ii) =
10 ∫ −1
 +  dt
 5 − 4t 5 + 4t 
For maximum or minimum value,
From Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get 0
dD
=0 5 5 1 1 
put
I = I1 + I2 = + 0 = = ⋅ [log (5 + 4 t ) − log (5 − 4 t )]
dx  10 4  −1
2 2
∴ x = −3 1 1
53 According to the question, = (log 9 − log 1) = log 3
Again, on differentiating Eq. (ii), we 40 20
dy y  y
get = − cos2   3 2 3
d2 D
= negative on putting x = − 3
dx x  x 56. ∫ −2
f ( x) dx = ∫ −2
f ( x) dx + ∫ 2
f ( x) dx
dx2 xdy − ydx  y
⇒ = − cos2 dx Since, ecos x sin x is an odd function.
∴The longest distance is x  x 
y ( xdx − ydx) 3
D2 = − 9 − 6 (−3) + 16 ⇒ sec2 =−
dx ∴ ∫ −2
f ( x) dx = 0 + 2 (3 − 2) = 2
= − 9 + 18 + 16 = 25 x x2 x
 y
x2
∴ D = 5 units sec 2 y
d  =−
dx
…(i) 57. Required area, A = ∫ y dx
x  x
x1
x
51 The given curve is
5 x 5 − 10 x3 + x + 2 y + 4 = 0 …(i) On integrating both sides of Eq. (i),
On differentiating Eq. (i), we get we get
 y
dy tan   = − log x + C y=sin x
25 x 4 − 30 x2 + 1 + 2 =0  x
dx
dy −25 x 4 + 30 x2 − 1 When x = 1 / 2 and y = π / 8, then
⇒ = 1
dx 2 1 = − log + C = − [− log 2] + C O p/4 p/2
dy 1 2
⇒ = − at P 1 − log 2 = C –1 y=cos x
dx 2
y
∴ Slope of normal is 2. ∴ tan = − log x + 1 − log 2
x
Therefore, its equation is  e 
( y + 2) = 2( x − 0) = − log 2 x + log e = log  
2 x π /4 π /4
⇒ y = 2x − 2 …(ii) y  e 
= ∫ 0
cos x dx − ∫ 0
sin x dx
⇒ = tan −1  log 
On solving Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get x  2 x = [sin x] π0 / 4 − [− cos x] π0 / 4
5 x 5 − 10 x3 + x + 4 x − 4 + 4 = 0  e   1   1 
⇒ 5 x[ x 4 − 2 x2 + 1] = 0 ⇒ y = x tan −1  log  = − 0 +  − 1 = 2 − 1
 2 x  2   2 
⇒ 5 x( x2 − 1)2 = 0
xdy − y dx 58 The equation of the given curve is
⇒ x =0 54. Given, = dy
y2 y = 7 x3 + 11 …(i)
or x2 = 1 or x = 0, 1, − 1
dy
∴ y = − 2, 0, − 4  x ⇒ = 7 × 3 x = 21 x
2 2
⇒ d   = − dy dx
Since, the other two points are  y
[differentiating w.r.t. x ]
(1, 0), (−1, − 4) . x
⇒ =− y+C [integrating] ∴Slope of tangent at x = 2 is
The tangents at these points are
y  dy 
( y − 0) = 2 ( x − 1)   = 21 (2)2 = 84
As y (1) = 1 ⇒ C = 2  dx  x = 2
and ( y + 4) = 2 ( x + 1) or y = 2 ( x − 1)
x Slope of tangent at x = − 2 is
2 ∴ + y =2
52 Let I = ∫ {| x − 1| + [ x]} dx y  dy 
−1
  = 21 (−2)2 = 84
2 2
Again, for x = − 3,  dx  x = − 2
=∫ −1
(| x − 1|) dx + ∫ −1
[ x] dx
− 3 + y2 = 2 y
1 2 It is observed that the slopes of the
=∫ − ( x − 1) dx + ∫ ( x − 1) dx ⇒ ( y + 1)( y − 3) = 0 tangents at the points where, x = 2
−1 1
2
Also, y > 0 and x = − 2 are equal. Hence, the two
+ ∫ −1
[ x] dx ⇒ y =3 [neglecting y = − 1 ] tangents are parallel.
Hence, both the statements are true 62 Let f ( x) = | x − 1 | + | x − 2| + | x − 3 | π

At θ = , x =2 −3
and Statement II is correct 2
6 − 3 x , x ≤1
explanation of Statement I.  4 − x , 1 < x ≤ 2 = − 1, y = 3 + 0 = 3
d = i.e. (− 1, 3) and
59 f ′ ( x) = cos ( x ) 2 ( x) 2 < x ≤3
dx  x, 3π
3 x − 6 , x >3 At θ = , x =2 + 3 =5
2 2
 1 d  1
− cos     y
and y = 3 + 0 = 3
 x  dx  x  y=3x–6
6 i.e. (5 , 3).
1 cos x  1 1
= + cos  2  2 5 y=x
65 Suppose f ( x) = 0 has a real root say
2 x x  x 4
1 3 x = a, then f ( x) < 0 for all x < a.
⇒ f ′ (1) = cos 1 + cos 1 2 Thus,| f ( x)| becomes strictly
2
3
1 decreasing on (− ∞, a).
= cos 1 X¢
–6 –5 –4 –3 –2 –1 O 1 2 3 4 5 6
x
So, Statement I is true.
2 –1
–2 66 As the area enclosed by | x | + | y | ≤ a
60 Given equation can be rewritten as y=4–x
x dy
–3
y=6–3x is the area of square i.e. 2 a2 .
4 /3
+ 6 y −1 / 3 = 3 x –4
∴ Area enclosed by
y dx –5
–6 | x + y| +| x − y| ≤ 2
Put y −1 /3 = v
Y¢ is area of square shown as
dy dv
⇒ y −4 / 3 = −3 Clearly, the function has absolute Y
dx dx
minimum at x = 2.
dv 2 y=x
∴ − v = −1 So, the absolute minimum is equal to
dx x 1
2.
2
Here, IF = e ∫
− dx –1
= x −2 x Also, the curve is taking sharp turn
at x = 1, 2 and 3. X
1 1
∴Solution is x −2 v = + C ∴ f is not differentiable at x = 1, 2
x
and 3.
⇒ v = x + Cx2 1
1 63 Given, y=–x
⇒ y( x ) = f ( x) = max {( x − 1) 2 + 1,| x − 1|}
( x + Cx2 ) 3
= ( x − 1) 2 + 1
x2 − 1 ∴ Required area
∴ f ′ ( x) = 2 ( x − 1) = 0
61 ∫ (x 2
+ 1) x +1
4
dx
⇒ x = 1 ∈ [0, 3]
[say]
1 
= 4  × 2 × 1 = 4 sq units
2 
1 Now, f (0) = 2, f (1) = 1, f (3) = 5
1− ∴Greatest value of Also, the area enclosed by
x2
= ∫ 1 1
dx f ( x) = max { f (0), f (1), f (3)} = 5 | x + y| +| x − y| ≤ 2
x +  x + 2
2
 dx is symmetric about X-axis, Y-axis,
x x 64 For vertical tangent, =0
dt  1 dθ y = x and y = − x .
=∫ put t = x + ∴ − 3 cos θ = 0 ⇒ cos θ = 0
t t 2 − 2  x 
π 3π
Hence, both the statements are true
1 x +1
2 ⇒ θ= , but Statement II is not the correct
= sec −1 +C 2 2 explanation of Statement I.
2 x 2
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DAY TWENTY
Trigonometric
Functions and
Equations
u Angle on Circular System u Trigonometric Ratios of u Maximum and Minimum
u Trigonometric Functions Compound and Multiple Values
Angles u Trigonometric Equations
u Trigonometric Identities
u Transformation Formulae u Summation of Some
u Trigonometric
Ratios/Functions of Acute u Conditional Identities Trigonometric Series
Angles
Angle on Circular System

If the angle subtended by an arc of length l at the centre of a circle of radius r is θ,
l
then θ =
r A
l
PRED
If the length of arc is equal to the radius of the circle, then the angle
subtended at the centre of the circle will be one radian. One radian is
q
B
MIRROR
O
denoted by 1c and 1c = 57 °16′ 22′′ approximately.
(Figure shows the angle whose measure are one radian.) u No. of Questions in Exercises (x)—
C
180 °  π 
2 π = 360 °, 1 =
C C
, 1° =   u No. of Correct Questions (z)—
π  180 (Without referring Explanations)
Y
B Accuracy Level (z / y × 100)—
Trigonometric Functions
u
P(x, y)
1 q
Let X ′ OX and YOY′ be the coordinate axes. Taking O as the q y A In order to expect good rank in JEE,
centre and a unit radius, draw a circle, cutting the coordinate X¢
A¢ O x M X your Accuracy Level should be
axes at A, B, A′ and B′ as shown in the figure above 85 & Prep Level should be
above 75.
Also, let P( x, y) be any on the circle with ∠AOP = θ radian,
i.e. length of arc AP = θ B¢
Y¢
210 40 DAYS ~ JEE MAIN MATHEMATICS DAY TWENTY
Then, the six trigonometric functions, can be defined

as
Trigonometric Ratios/Functions of
OM Acute Angles
(i) cos θ = =x
OP The ratios of the sides of a triangles with respect to its acute angles are
PM called trigonometric ratios or T-ratios.
(ii) sinθ = =y
OP In a right angled ∆ ABC, if ∠CAB = θ, then
OP 1 BC Perpendicular
(iii) sec θ = = , x ≠0 1. sin θ = =
OM x AC Hypotenuse C
OP 1 AB Base
(iv) cosec θ = = , y ≠0 2. cos θ = =
PM y
Perpendicular
AC Hypotenuse
e
us
te n
PM y BC Perpendicular
(v) tan θ = = , x ≠0 3. tan θ = =
po
OM x AB Base
Hy
OM x 1 AC Hypotenuse
(vi) cot θ = = , y ≠0 4. cosec θ = = =
PM y sin θ BC Perpendicular q 90°
A B
1 AC Hypotenuse Base
5. sec θ = = =
Trigonometric Identities cos θ AB Base
1 AB Base
An equation involving trigonometric functions 6. cot θ = = =
tan θ BC Perpendicular
which is true for all those angles for which the
functions which is true for all those angles for which Sign for Trigonometric Ratios in four Quadrants
the functions are defined is called trigonometric
identity. Quadrant sin θ cos θ tan θ cot θ sec θ cosec θ
Some identities are given below I. (0, 90° ) + + + + + +
(i) sin2 θ + cos2 θ = 1 II. (90 ° , 180 ° ) + − − − − +
(ii) sec2 θ − tan2 θ = 1
III. (180 ° , 270 ° ) − − + + − −
(iii) cosec2 θ − cot2 θ = 1
IV. (270 ° , 360 ° ) − + − − + −
Trigonometric ratios of some useful angles between 0°and 90°
π π π π π π 3π π 3π 2π 5π π
Angle
0°/0 15°/ 18°/ 22.5°/ 30°/ 36°/ 45°/ 54°/ 60°/ 67.5°/ 72°/ 75°/ 90°/
12 10 8 6 5 4 10 3 8 5 12 2
3−1 5−1 2− 2 1 10 − 2 5 1 5+ 1 3 2+ 2 10 + 2 5 3+1

sin θ 0 1
2 2 4 2 2 4 2 4 2 2 4 2 2
3+1 10 + 2 5 2+ 2 3 5+ 1 1 10 − 2 5 1 2− 2 5−1 3−1

cos θ 1 0
2 2 4 2 2 4 2 4 2 2 4 2 2
3−1 5−1 1 10 − 2 5 5+ 1 10 + 2 5 3+1

tan θ 0 2−1 1 3 2+1 ∞
3+1 10 + 2 5 3 5+1 10 − 2 5 5−1 3−1
3+1 10 + 2 5 5+ 1 10 − 2 5 1 5−1 3−1

cot θ ∞ 2+1 3 1 2−1 0
3−1 5−1 10 − 2 5 5+ 1 3 10 + 2 5 3+1
2 2 4 2 4 2 2
sec θ 1 4−2 2 5−1 2 2 4+ 2 2 5+ 1 ∞
3+1 10 + 2 5 3 10 − 2 5 3−1
2 2 4 2 4 2 2
cosec θ ∞ 5+ 1 4+ 2 2 2 2 5−1 4−2 2 1
3−1 10 − 2 5 3 10 + 2 5 3+1
DAY TWENTY TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS AND EQUATIONS 211
Trigonometric ratios of allied angles

θ sin θ cosec θ cos θ sec θ tan θ cot θ
−θ − sin θ − cosec θ cos θ secθ − tan θ − cot θ
90° − θ cos θ sec θ sin θ cosec θ cot θ tan θ
90° + θ cos θ sec θ − sin θ − cosec θ − cot θ − tan θ
180° − θ sin θ cosec θ − cos θ − sec θ − tan θ − cot θ
180° + θ − sin θ − cosec θ − cos θ − sec θ tan θ cot θ
270° − θ − cos θ − sec θ − sin θ − cosec θ cot θ tan θ
270° + θ − cos θ − sec θ sin θ cosec θ − cot θ − tan θ
360° − θ − sin θ − cosec θ cos θ sec θ − tan θ − cot θ
Trigonometric Ratios of Transformation Formulae

Compound and Multiple Angles (i) 2 sin A cos B = sin( A + B) + sin ( A − B)
(ii) 2 cos A sin B = sin ( A + B) − sin ( A − B)
Compound Angles (iii) 2 cos A cos B = cos ( A + B) + cos ( A − B)
(i) sin ( A + B) = sin A cos B + cos A sin B (iv) 2 sin A sin B = cos ( A − B) − cos ( A + B)
(ii) sin ( A − B) = sin A cos B − cos A sin B C+D C−D
(v) sin C + sin D = 2 sin cos
(iii) cos ( A + B) = cos A cos B − sin A sin B 2 2
(iv) cos ( A − B) = cos A cos B + sin A sin B C+D C−D
(vi) sin C − sin D = 2 cos sin
tan A + tan B 2 2
(v) tan ( A + B) = C+D C−D
1 − tan A tan B (vii) cos C + cos D = 2 cos cos
2 2
tan A − tan B
(vi) tan ( A − B) = C+D C−D
1 + tan A tan B (viii)cos C − cos D = − 2 sin sin
2 2
cot A cot B − 1
(vii) cot ( A + B) = (ix) sin ( A + B)sin ( A − B) = sin2 A − sin2 B
cot A + cot B
(x) cos ( A + B)cos ( A − B) = cos2 A − sin2 B
cot A cot B + 1
(viii) cot ( A − B) = (xi) cos A cos 2 A cos 4 A cos 8 A … cos 2 n − 1 A
cot B − cot A
1
1 + tan A = sin (2 n A)
π  2 n sin A
(ix) (a) = tan  + A
1 − tan A 4 
Conditional Identities
1 − tan A π 
(b) = tan  − A If A + B + C = 180 °, then
1 + tan A 4 
(i) sin 2 A + sin 2 B + sin 2 C = 4sin A sin B sin C
(ii) cos 2 A + cos 2 B + cos 2 C = − 1 − 4cos A cos B cos C
Multiple Angles
A B C
2 tan A (iii) sin A + sin B + sin C = 4 cos cos cos
(i) sin 2 A = 2 sin A cos A = 2 2 2
1 + tan2 A
A B C
1 − tan2 A (iv) cos A + cos B + cos C = 1 + 4 sin sin sin
(ii) cos 2 A = cos2 A − sin2 A = 2 2 2
1 + tan2 A
(v) tan A + tan B + tan C = tan A tan B tan C
= 2 cos2 A − 1 = 1 − 2 sin2 A
A B B C C A
2 tan A (vi) tan tan + tan tan + tan tan = 1
(iii) tan 2 A = 2 2 2 2 2 2
1 − tan2 A
(iv) sin 3 A = 3 sin A − 4 sin3 A Maximum and Minimum Values
(v) cos 3 A = 4 cos3 A − 3 cos A
1. −1 ≤ sin x ≤ 1,|sin x| ≤ 1 2. −1 ≤ cos x ≤ 1,|cos x| ≤ 1
3 tan A − tan3 A
(vi) tan 3 A = 3. |sec x| ≥ 1,|cosec x| ≥ 1
1 − 3 tan2 A
4. tan x,cot x take all real values
NOTE • Maximum value of a cos θ ± b sin θ = a2 + b2

Principal Solution
• Minimum value of a cos θ ± b sin θ = − a2 + b2 The value of the unknown angle (say θ) which satisfies the
• Maximum value of a cos θ ± b sin θ + c = c + a2 + b2 trigonometric equation is known as principal solution, if
0 ≤ θ < 2 π.
• Minimum value of a cos θ ± b sin θ + c = c − a2 + b2
General Solution
Trigonometric Equations Since, trigonometrical functions are periodic function,
An equation involving one or more trigonometrical ratios of solution of trigonometric equation can be generalised with
unknown angle is called a trigonometrical equation. the help of the periodicity of the trigonometrical functions.
e.g. sin θ + cos2 θ = 0 The solution consisting of all possible solutions of a
trigonometric equation is called its general solution.
Some general trigonometric equations and their solutions

Equations Solutions Equations Solutions
 π π x = nπ + (− 1) α n
sin x = sin α  − ≤ α ≤  sin2 x = sin2 α 
 2 2 n ∈I 

x = 2 nπ ± α 
cos x = cos α (0 ≤ α ≤ π ) cos2 x = cos2 α  x = nπ ± α, n ∈ I
n ∈I 
 π π 
tan x = tan α  − < α <  x = nπ + α, n ∈ I tan2 x = tan2 α 
 2 2 
sin x = 0 x = n π, n ∈ I sin x = 1 x = (4n + 1) π / 2, n ∈ I

cos x = 0 x = (2 n + 1) π / 2, n ∈ I cos x = 1 x = 2 nπ, n ∈ I
tan x = 0 x = nπ, n ∈ I cos x = − 1 x = (2 n + 1) π, n ∈ I
sin x = sin α and cos x = cos α x = 2 nπ + α, n ∈ I
Summation of Some Trigonometric Series

(i) sin α + sin (α + β) + sin (α + 2 β) + K to n terms (ii) cos α + cos (α + β) + cos (α + 2 β) + … to n terms
 n β  n β
sin   sin  
 2   β   2    β 
= ⋅ sin α + (n − 1)    = ⋅ cos α + (n − 1)   
 β   2   β   2 
sin   sin  
 2  2

2 sin θ 1 − cos θ + sin θ 3
1 If = x , then is equal to 12 If 0 < A < B < π, sin A + sin B = and
1 + cos θ + sin θ 1 + sin θ 2
1 1
(a) x (b) (c) 1 − x (d) 1 + x cos A + cos B = , then A is equal to
x 2
3π (a) 15° (b) 30° (c) 45° (d) 22
1
°
2 If < α < π , then cosec2 α + 2 cot α is equal to 2
4
(a) 1 + cotα (b) 1 − cotα π P  Q
13 In a ∆ PQR , ∠R = . If tan   and tan   are the roots
(c) −1 − cotα (d) −1 + cotα 2  2  2
3 The least value of cosec2 x + 25 sec2 x is of ax + bx + c = 0, where a ≠ 0, then
2
(a) 0 (b) 26 (c) 28 (d) 36 (a) b = a + c (b) b = c

(c) c = a + b (d) a = b + c
(m − n )
2 2 2
4 If tan A + sin A = m and tan A − sin A = n, then 4 5 π
mn 14 If cos (α + β) = and sin (α − β ) = , where 0 ≤ α , β ≤ .
is equal to 5 13 4
Then, tan 2α is equal to AIEEE 2010
(a) 4 (b) 3 (c) 16 (d) 9
25 56 19 20
5 If a cos α + 3a cos α sin α = m and
3 2 (a) (b) (c) (d)
16 33 12 7
a sin3 α + 3a cos 2 α sin α = n, then
(m + n )2 / 3 + (m − n )2 / 3 is equal to 15 If sin α = x , sin β = y , sin(α + β) = z , then cos(α + β) as a
(a) 2 a 2 (b) 2 a1 / 3 (c) 2 a 2 / 3 (d) 2 a 3 rational function is
z2 − x2 − y2 z2 − x2 − y2
 π  3π   5π   7π  (a) (b)
6 1 + cos  1 + cos  1 + cos  1 + cos  is xy 2 xy
 8  8  8  8 z2 + x2 + y2 z2 + x2 + y2
equal to (c) (d)
xy 2 xy
π 1 1+ 2
(a) 1 (b) cos (c) (d)
8 8 2 2 16 Let α and β be such that π < α − β < 3π. If
21 27
4 θ sin α + sin β = − and cos α + cos β = − , then the
7 If sin θ = − and θ lies in the third quadrant, then cos is 65 65
5 2
 α − β
equal to NCERT Exemplar value of cos   is AIEEE 2004
 2 
1 1 2 2
(a) (b) − (c) (d) − 3 3 6 6
5 5 5 5 (a) − (b) (c) (d) −
130 130 65 65
tan A cot A
8 The expression + can be written as 17 If A + B + C = π and cos A = cos B cos C, then
1 − cot A 1 − tan A JEE Mains 2013
tan B tan C is equal to
(a) sin A cos A + 1 (b) secA cosec A + 1 1 1
(c) tan A + cot A (d) secA + cosec A (a) (b) 2 (c) 1 (d) −
2 2
9 If tan θ, 2 tan θ + 2 and 3 tan θ + 3 are in GP, then the 18 If tan α = (1 + 2− x )−1, tan β = (1 + 2x +1 )−1, then α + β equals
7 − 5 cot θ π π π π
value of is (a) (b) (c) (d)
9 − 4 sec2 θ − 1 6 4 3 2
12 33 33 12 1
(a) (b) − (c) (d) 19 If 0 < x < π and cos x + sin x = , then tan x is equal to
5 28 100 13 2
1 − (4 + 7 ) 1+ 7 1− 7 4− 7
10 If sin (α + β) = 1 and sin (α − β) = , then (a) (b) (c) (d)
2 3 4 4 3
tan (α + 2 β ) tan ( 2 α + β ) is equal to
20 cosec10° − 3 sec10° is equal to
(a) 1 (b) –1 (a) 1 (b) 1/2 (c) 2 (d) 4
(c) zero (d) None of these
21 The value of sin12° sin 48° sin 54° is equal to
11 In an acute angled triangle, the least value of 1 1 1 1
sec A + sec B + sec C is (a) (b) (c) (d)
16 32 8 4
(a) 3 (b) 4 (c) 5 (d) 6
22 The value of1 + cos 56° + cos 58° − cos 66° is equal to 33 cos 2 θ + 2 cos θ is always
(a) 2 cos 28 ° cos 29° cos 33 ° (b) 4 cos 28 ° cos 29° sin 33 ° 3 3
(a) greater than − (b) less than or equal to
(c) 4 cos 28 ° cos 29° cos 33 ° (d) 2 cos 28 ° cos 29° sin 33 ° 2 2
3
23 Let n be a positive integer such that (c) greater than or equal to − and less than or equal to 3
2
π π n (d) None of the above
sin + cos = . Then,
2n 2n 2
34 If f : R → S , defined by f ( x ) = sin x − 3 cos x + 1, is onto,
(a) n = 6 (b) n = 1, 2 , 3, . . . , 8 then the interval of S is
(c) n = 5 (d) None of these (a) [0, 3] (b) [−11
,] (c) [0,1] (d) [−1, 3]
24 The value of tan A + 2 tan 2A + 4 tan 4A + 8 cot 8A is  5π 5π 
35 If x ∈ − , , then the greatest positive solution of
(a) cot A (b) tanA (c) cos A (d) sinA  2 2 
 π  π 1 + sin4 x = cos 2 3x is
25 The maximum value of sin  x +  + cos  x +  in the 5π
 6  6 (a) π (b) 2 π (c) (d) None of these
 π 2
interval  0,  is attained at
 2 36 The number of solution of cos x = |1 + sin x |, 0 ≤ x ≤ 3π is
π π π π (a) 2 (b) 3 (c) 4 (d) 5
(a) x = (b) x = (c) x = (d) x =
12 6 3 2
37 If sin 2x + cos x = 0, then which among the following
A+B B−A is/are true?
26 If cos A = m cos B and cot = λ tan , then λ is
2 2 1
m m+1 I. cos x = 0 II. sin x = −
(a) (b) 2
m−1 m π 7π
m+1 III. x = ( 2n + 1) ,n ∈ Z IV. x = nπ + (– 1)n ,n ∈ Z
(c) (d) None of these 2 6
m−1 (a) I is true (b) I and II are true
 2π   4π  (c) I,II and III are true (d) All are true
27 If x cos θ = y cos θ +  = z cos θ +  , then the
 3   3 38 The number of solutions of the equation sin 2x − 2 cos x
1 1 1 + 4 sin x = 4 in the interval [ 0 , 5π ] is JEE Mains 2013
value of + + is equal to
x y z (a) 3 (b) 5 (c) 4 (d) 6
(a) 1 (b) 2 (c) 0 (d) 3 cosθ 39 The possible values of θ ∈( 0, π ) such that
π  π  sin (θ ) + sin ( 4θ ) + sin (7θ ) = 0 are
28 The maximum value of cos 2  − x  − cos 2  + x  is 2π π 4π π 3π 8π π 5π π 2π 3π 8π
3  3  (a) , , , , , (b) , , , , ,
9 4 9 2 4 9 4 12 2 3 4 9
3 1 3 3 2π π π 2π 3π 35 π 2π π π 2π 3π 8π
(a) − (b) (c) (d) (c) , , , , , (d) , , , , ,
2 2 2 2 9 4 2 3 4 36 9 4 2 3 4 9
29 If sum of all the solution of the equation 40 The number of values of x in the interval [ 0, 3π ] satisfying
 π  π  1 the equation 2 sin2 x + 5 sin x − 3 = 0 is
8 cos x ⋅  cos  + x  ⋅ cos  − x  − 
 6  6  2
(a) 6 (b) 1 (c) 2 (d) 4
= 1 in [ 0, π ] is kπ, then k is equal to π
2 13 8 20 41 If α is a root of 25 cos 2 θ + 5 cos θ − 12 = 0, < α < π,
(a) (b) (c) (d) 2
3 9 9 9
then sin 2 α is equal to
4xy 24 24 13 13
30 sin2 θ = is true, if and only if AIEEE 2002 (a) (b) − (c) (d) −
( x + y )2 25 25 18 18
(a) x − y ≠ 0 (b) x = − y π 2π 4π
42 Statement I cos ⋅ cos ⋅ cos = − 1/ 8
(c) x + y ≠ 0 (d) x ≠ 0, y ≠ 0 7 7 7
31 The smallest positive integral value of p for which the Statement II cos θ cos 2 θ cos 4 θ . . .
equation cos( p sin x ) = sin( p cos x ) in x has a solution in 1 π
[ 0, 2π ] is cos 2 n − 1θ = − n for θ = n
2 2 −1
(a) 2 (b) 1 (c) 3 (d) 5
(a) Statement I is true, Statement II is true; Statement II is
32 If A = sin x + cos x , then for all real x
2 4
the correct explanation for Statement I
13
(a) ≤ A≤1 (b) 1 ≤ A ≤ 2 (b) Statement I is true, Statement II is true; Statement II is
16 not the correct explanation for Statement I
3 13 3
(c) ≤ A ≤ (d) ≤ A≤1 (c) Statement I is true, Statement II is false
4 16 4

1 If fk ( x ) =
1
(sink x + cos k x ), where x ∈ R , k ≥ 1, then 9 If x sin a + y sin 2 a + z sin 3 a = sin 4 a
k x sin b + y sin 2 b + z sin 3 b = sin 4 b
f4 ( x ) − f6 ( x ) is equal to JEE Mains 2014
1 1 1 1 x sin c + y sin 2 c + z sin 3 c = sin 4 c
(a) (b) (c) (d)
6 3 4 12 Then, the roots of the equation
 y + 2 z − x
t 3 −   t 2 − 
2 If tan α , tan β and tan γ are the roots of the equation z
t +  = 0, a , b , c ≠ nπ, are
x 3 − px 2 − r = 0, then the value of 2  4   8 
(1 + tan2 α ) (1 + tan2 β ) (1 + tan2 γ ) is equal to (a) sina , sinb, sinc (b) cosa , cosb , cosc
(a) (p − r ) 2 (b) 1 + (p − r ) 2 (c) sin 2 a , sin 2 b, sin 2 c (d) cos 2 a , cos 2 b,cos 2 c
(c) 1 − (p − r ) 2 (d) None of these
10 The number of solutions of the equation
∞ ∞
π | sin θ ⋅ cos θ | + 2 + tan2 θ + cot 2 θ = 3,θ ∈[ 0, 4π] is/are
3 For 0 < φ < , if x = ∑ cos 2 n φ, y = ∑ sin2 n φ and
2 n = 0 n = 0
(a) 0 (b) 1 (c) 2 (d) 3
∞
z= ∑ cos 2n
φ sin 2n
φ , then 11 The number of values of θ in the interval  −
π π

, 
n= 0 
2 2
2
θ
(a) xyz = xz + y (b) xyz = xy − z satisfying the equation ( 3 )sec = tan4 θ + 2 tan2 θ is
(c) xyz = x + y + z (d) xyz = yz + x (a) 1 (b) 2 (c) 3 (d) None of
π these
4 If sin x + cos y + 2 = 4 sin x cos y and 0 ≤ x , y ≤ ,
4 4
2 12 The equation e sin x − e − sin x − 4 = 0 has AIEEE 2012

then sin x + cos y is equal to (a) infinite number of real roots
(a) –2 (b) 0 (c) 2 (d) 3/2 (b) no real roots
5 If 0 ≤ x < 2π, then the number of real values of x, which (c) exactly one real root
satisfy the equation (d) exactly four real roots
cos x + cos 2x + cos 3x + cos 4x = 0, is 13 Find the general solution of the equation
(a) 3 (b) 5 ( 3 − 1 ) cos θ + ( 3 + 1 ) sin θ = 2.
(c) 7 (d) 9
π 5π π 5π
(a) 2n π ± − (b) 2n π ± +
6 If sin (θ + α ) = a and sin (θ + β) = b, then 4 12 4 12
cos 2 (α − β ) − 4ab cos(α − β ) is equal to 3π
(c) 2n π ± π − (d) None of these
(a) 1 − a 2 − b 2 (b) 1 − 2a 2 − 2b 2 12
(c) 2 + a 2 − b 2 (d) 2 − a 2 − b 2 2 2
14 At how many points the curve y = 81sin + 81cos x x
− 30
7 If α = sin8 θ + cos14 θ, then which of the following is true?
will intersect X-axis in the region − π ≤ x ≤ π ?
(a) α > 1 (b) α ≤ 1 (c) α = 0 (d) α < 0
(a) 4 (b) 6 (c) 8 (d) None of
n
these
8 Let n be an odd integer. If sin nθ = ∑ br sinr θ for all real
r=0 15 In a ∆PQR, if 3 sin P + 4 cos Q = 6 and
θ, then 4 sin Q + 3 cos P = 1, then the angle R is equal to
(a) b0 = 1, b1 = 3 (b) b0 = 0, b1 = n AIEEE 2012
(c) b0 = − 1, b1 = n (d) b0 = 0, b1 = n 2 − 3n − 3 5π π π 3π
(a) (b) (c) (d)
6 6 4 4
ANSWERS
SESSION 1 1. (a) 2. (c) 3. (d) 4. (c) 5. (c) 6. (c) 7. (b) 8. (b) 9. (c) 10. (a)
11. (d) 12. (a) 13. (c) 14. (b) 15. (b) 16. (a) 17. (b) 18. (b) 19. (a) 20. (d)
21. (c) 22. (b) 23. (a) 24. (a) 25. (a) 26. (c) 27. (c) 28. (c) 29. (b) 30. (c)
31. (a) 32. (d) 33. (c) 34. (d) 35. (b) 36. (b) 37. (d) 38. (a) 39. (a) 40. (d)
41. (b) 42. (a)
SESSION 2 1. (d) 2. (b) 3. (c) 4. (c) 5. (c) 6. (b) 7. (b) 8. (b) 9. (b) 10. (a)
11. (b) 12. (b) 13. (b) 14. (c) 15. (b)

SESSION 1 =
(2 tan A )2 (2 sin A )2 θ 1 + cos θ
Now, cos =±
2 sin θ tan2 A − sin2 A 2 2
1 Given, = x
1 + cos θ + sin θ 16 tan2 A sin2 A 3
= = 16 1−
2 sin θ (1 + sin θ − cos θ) sin2 A tan2 A 5 =± 1
∴ x= =±
(1 + sin θ)2 − cos2 θ 2 5
5 Given,
θ 1
2 sin θ (1 + sin θ − cos θ) a cos3 α + 3 a cos α sin2 α = m But we take cos =− . Since, if θ
= 2 2 5
1 + sin2 θ + 2 sin θ − (1 − sin2 θ) and a sin3 α + 3 a cos2 α sin α = n
θ
1 + sin θ − cos θ ∴(m + n) = a cos3 α + 3 a cos α sin2 α lies in 3rd quadrant, then will be
= 2
1 + sin θ + 3 a cos2 α sin α + a sin3 α
in 2nd quadrant.
= a (cos α + sin α )3 θ 1
2 We have, cosec2 α + 2 cot α and similarly, Hence, cos = −
2 5
= 1 + cot2 α + 2 cot α (m − n) = a(cos α − sin α )3
∴ (m + n)2 /3 + (m − n)2 /3 8 Given expression is
= |1 + cot α | = a2 /3 {(cos α + sin α )2 tan A cot A sin A
+ =
3π + (cos α − sin α )2 } 1 − cot A 1 − tan A cos A
But <α < π
4 = a {2 (cos2 α + sin2 α )}
2 /3 sin A cos A
× +
⇒ cot α < − 1 = 2 a2 /3 sin A − cos A sin A
⇒ 1 + cot α < 0 6 Given expression ×
cos A
Hence, |1 + cot α | = − (1 + cot α )  π  3π  cos A − sin A
=  1 + cos   1 + cos 
3 cosec2 x + 25 sec2 x  8  8 1 sin3 A − cos3 A 
=  
= 1 + cot2 x + 25 (1 + tan2 x)  3π   π sin A − cos A  cos A sin A 
 1 − cos   1 − cos 
= 26 + cot2 x + 25 tan2 x  8  8 sin2 A + sin A cos A + cos2 A
=
= 26 + 10 + (cot x − 5 tan x)2 ≥ 36  π  3π  sin A cos A
=  1 − cos2   1 − cos2 
4 Since, tan A + sin A = m  8   8 1 + sin A cos A
=
and tan A − sin A = n π 3π π π sin A cos A
= sin2 sin2 = sin2 cos2
∴ m + n = 2 tan A 8 8 8 8 = 1 + sec A cosec A
m − n = 2 sin A 1 2 π 1
and = sin = 9 We have,
4 4 8
Also, mn = (tan A + sin A ) (2 tan θ + 2)2 = tan θ (3 tan θ + 3)
(tan A − sin A ) 4
7 Given that, sin θ = − and θ lies in ⇒ 4 tan2 θ + 8 tan θ + 4
5 = 3 tan2 θ + 3 tan θ
= tan2 A − sin2 A
the 3rd quadrant.
(m2 − n2 )2 (m + n)2 (m − n)2 ⇒ tan θ + 5 tan θ + 4 = 0
2
Now, = 16 3 ⇒ (tan θ + 4) (tan θ + 1 ) = 0

mn mn ∴ cos θ = − 1 − =−
25 5 ⇒ tan θ = − 4 (Q tan θ ≠ − 1 )
5
7+
P Q R π  α − β 3
7 − 5 cot θ Also, + + = ∴ cos   =−
∴ = 4 = 33 2 2 2 2  2  130
9 − 4 tan2 θ 9 − 4 (− 4) 100 P+Q π  π  π α − β 3π 
⇒ = Q∠ R = Q π < α − β < 3π ⇒ < <
2 4  2   2 2 2 
10 Since, sin (α + β) = 1
P Q b
π tan + tan − 17 Since, A + B + C = π
∴ α +β= …(i) 2 2 =1 ⇒ a =1
2 ⇒ ∴ A = π − (B + C)
P Q c
1 1 − tan tan 1−
and sin (α − β) = 2 2 a We have, cos A = cos B cos C
2 ⇒ cos [π − (B + C)] = cos B cos C
⇒ c=a+b
π
⇒ α −β = …(ii) 4 ⇒ − cos (B + C) = cos B cos C
6 14 cos (α + β) =
5 ⇒ − [cos B cos C − sin B sin C]
On solving Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get
⇒ α + β ∈1st quadrant = cos B cos C
π π
α = and β = 5 ⇒ sin B sin C = 2 cos B cos C
3 6 sin (α − β) =
13 ⇒ tan B tan C = 2
Now, tan (α + 2 β) tan (2 α + β)
⇒ (α − β) ∈1st quadrant 18 We know,
2 π 5 π
= tan   tan   Now, as 2α = (α + β) + (α − β) tan α + tan β
 3   6  tan (α + β) =
tan (α + β) + tan (α − β) 1 − tan α tan β
 π  π ∴ tan 2α =
= tan  π −  tan  π −  1 − tan (α + β) tan (α − β) 1
 3  6 Q tan α =
3
+
5 1 + 2− x
 π  π 56
=  − cot   − cot  = 4 12 = 1
 3  6 3 5 33 and tan β =
1− ⋅ 1 + 2x + 1
1 4 12
= × 3 =1 1 1
3 15 We have, +
1 1 + 2x + 1
11 sec A , sec B and sec C are positive in 1+ x
z = sin(α + β) = x 1 − y2 + y 1 − x2 ∴ tan (α + β) = 2
an acute angled triangle. 1 1
⇒ z2 = x2 + y2 − 2 x2 y2 1− ⋅
Also, arithmetic mean ≥ harmonic 1 1 + 2x + 1
+ 2 xy 1 − x2 1 − y2 1+ x
mean 2
sec A + sec B + sec C
⇒ Now, ⇒ tan (α + β)
3 2 x + 2 ⋅ 22 x + 2 x + 1
3 cos(α + β) = 1 − x2 1 − y2 − xy =
≥ 1 + 2 x + 2 ⋅ 2 x + 2 ⋅ 22 x − 2 x
cos A + cos B + cos C z2 − x2 − y2 + 2 x2 y2
= − xy ⇒ tan (α + β) = 1
We have, in ∆ABC, 2 xy
π
3 z2 − x2 − y2 ⇒ α +β=
cos A + cos B + cos C ≤ = 4
2 2 xy
 π 1
1 2 21 19 We have, cos  x −  =
⇒ ≥ 16 Given that, sin α + sin β = − …(i)  4 2 2
cos A + cos B + cos C 3 65
 π
27 ⇒ tan  x −  = 7
sec A + sec B + sec C and cos α + cos β = − …(ii)  4
∴ ≥2 65
3 tan x − 1
On squaring and adding Eqs. (i) and ⇒ = 7
⇒ sec A + sec B + sec C ≥ 6 tan x + 1
(ii), we get
12 Clearly, (sin A + sin B)2 sin2 α + sin2 β + 2 sin α sin β 7+1 − (4 + 7 )
+ (cos A + cos B) 2 = 2 ∴ tan x = =
+ cos2 α + cos2 β + 2 cos α cos β 1− 7 3
∴ 2 + 2 (sin A sin B  21 
2
 27 
2
+ cos A cos B) = 2 = −  + −  20 cosec 10 ° − 3 sec 10 °

 65   65 
⇒ cos(B − A ) = 0 ⇒ B = A + 90 ° 1 3
⇒ 2 + 2 (cos α cos β + sin α sin β) = −
Second equation gives, 441 729 sin 10 ° cos 10 °
1 = +
cos A − sin A = 4225 4225  cos 10 ° 3  4
2 = − sin 10 °
⇒ 2 [1 + cos (α − β)] =
1170  2 2  sin 20 °
⇒ cos( A + 45 ° ) = cos 60 ° 4225 4 sin(30 ° − 10 ° )
∴ A = 15 ° = =4
2  α − β 1170
⇒ cos   = sin 20 °
13 Since, tan
P Q
+ tan = −
b  2  4 × 4225
2 2 a 21 Now, sin 12 ° sin 48 ° sin 54°
 α − β 9
P Q c ⇒ cos2   = 1
and tan tan =  2  130 = (cos 36 ° − cos 60 ° ) cos 36 °
2 2 a 2
1  5 + 1 1  5 + 1  π 29 Key idea Apply the identify

= −  = 2 cos  x − 
2  4 2   4   12  cos( x + y) cos( x − y) = cos2 x − sin2 y
Hence, maximum value will be at and cos 3 x = 4 cos3 x − 3 cos x
1  5 − 1  5 + 1 π
= We have,
2  4   4  x= .
12  π  
5 −1 4 1 26 We have, cos A = m cos B  cos  + x 
= = = 6
8 cos x   =1
32 32 8 cos A m  π  1
⇒ =  cos  − x − 
22 1 + cos 56 ° + cos 58 ° − cos 66 ° cos B 1  6  2
cos A + cos B m + 1
= 2 cos2 28 ° + 2 sin 62 ° sin 4° ⇒ =  π 1
cos A − cos B m − 1 ⇒ 8 cos x  cos2 − sin2 x −  = 1
= 2 cos2 28 ° + 2 cos 28 ° cos 86 °  6 2
= 2 cos 28 ° (cos 28 ° + cos 86 ° ) A+ B B− A
2 cos cos  3 1
2 2 m+1 ⇒ 8 cos x  − sin2 x −  = 1
= 2 cos 28 ° (2 cos 57 ° cos 29 ° ) ⇒ = 4 2
A+ B B− A m −1
= 4 cos 28 ° cos 29 ° sin 33 ° 2 sin sin 3 1 
2 2 ⇒ 8 cos x  − − 1 + cos2 x = 1
23 We have, 4 2 
A + B  m + 1 B− A
 π   π  n ⇒ cot =  tan  −3 + 4 cos2 x 
sin   + cos   = 2  m − 1 2 ⇒ 8 cos x   =1
 2 n  2 n 2  4 
A+ B B− A
But cot = λ tan
On squaring both sides, we get 2 2 ⇒ 2(4 cos3 x − 3 cos x) = 1
 π   π   π n m+1 ⇒ 2 cos 3 x = 1 ⇒ cos 3 x =
1
sin2   + cos2   + sin   = ∴ λ =
 2 n  2 n  n 4 m −1 2
 2π  π 5π 7π
 π n 27 We have, x cos θ = y cos  θ +  ⇒ 3x = , , [0 ≤ 3 x ≤ 3 π ]
⇒ sin   = − 1  3 3 3 3
 n 4
π 5π 7π
 π n − 4  4π  ⇒ x= , ,
⇒ sin   = = z cos  θ +  = k (say) 9 9 9
 n  3
4 π 5 π 7 π 13 π
k  2π  k Now, Sum = + + =
⇒ n = 6 only ⇒ cos θ = , cos  θ +  = 9 9 9 9
x  3 y 13 π
24 tan A + 2 tan 2 A + 4 tan 4 A ⇒ kπ =
 4π  k 9
 1 − tan2 4 A  and cos  θ +  =
+ 8   3 z 13
 2 tan 4 A  Hence, k =
k k k  2π  9
= tan A + 2 tan 2 A ∴ + + = cos θ + cos  θ + 
x y z  3 30 Q sin2 θ ≤ 1
 4 tan2 4 A + 4 − 4 tan2 4 A   4π 
+   + cos  θ +  4 xy
 tan 4 A   3 ∴ ≤1
( x + y)2
= tan A + 2 tan 2 A + 4 cot 4 A π  π 
= cos θ − cos  − θ − cos  + θ ⇒ x2 + y2 + 2 xy − 4 xy ≥ 0
 1 − tan2 2 A  3  3 
= tan A + 2 tan 2 A + 4   ⇒ ( x − y)2 ≥ 0
 2 tan 2 A  π
= cos θ − 2 cos cos θ which is true for all real values of
 2 tan2 2 A + 2 − 2 tan2 2 A  3
= tan A +  1 x and y provided x + y ≠ 0,
 ⇒ cos θ − 2 × cos θ = 0 4 xy
 tan 2 A  2 otherwise will be
= tan A + 2 cot 2 A ( x + y)2
1 1 1
 1 − tan2 A  ⇒ + + =0 meaningless.
= tan A + 2   x y z
 2 tan A  π
π  π  31 Clearly, p sin x = ± p cos x
28 cos2  − x − cos2  + x 2
tan2 A + 1 − tan2 A 3  3 
= = cot A π
tan A  π  π  ⇒ sin x ± cos x =
= cos  − x + cos  + x  2p
 π  π
25 We have, sin  x +  + cos  x +   3  3 
 6  6  π  π   π π π
⇒ sin  x ±  = ⇒ ≤1
 1 π cos  3 − x − cos  3 + x   4 2 2 p 2 2p
  
= 2 sin  x +  π π
 2  6  π   π 
=  2 cos cos x  2 sin sin x For positive p, p ≥ but 1 < <2
 3   3  2 2 2 2
1  π 
+ cos  x +   2π 3 Hence, the smallest positive integral
2  6  = sin sin 2 x = sin 2 x
3 2 value of p for which equation has
 π π  solution is p = 2.
= 2 cos x + − Hence, maximum value of given
 6 4 
3 32 A = sin2 x + cos 4 x
expression is .
2 ⇒ A = 1 − cos2 x + cos 4 x
1 3  π π
= cos 4 x − cos2 x + + sin x = sin  π +  But < α < π i.e. in second quadrant.
4 4  6 2
 1
2
3 [Qsin (π + θ) = − sin θ] 4
=  cos2 x −  + ... (i) ∴ cos α = −
 2 4 7π 5
sin x = sin 3
 1
2
1 6 ⇒ sin α =
where, 0 ≤  cos2 x −  ≤ ... (ii) 7π 5
 2 4 ⇒ x = nπ + (−1)n [Q n ∈ Z ]
6 Now, sin 2 α = 2 sin α cos α
3 3  4 24
∴ ≤ A ≤1 38 sin 2 x − 2 cos x + 4 sin x = 4 = 2 × × −  = −
4 5  5 25
33 cos 2 θ + 2 cos θ = 2 cos θ2 ⇒ (sin x − 1 ) (2 cos x + 4) = 0
π 2π 4π
⇒ sin x = 1, cos x ≠ − 2 42 cos ⋅ cos ⋅ cos
− 1 + 2 cos θ 7 7 7
π
 1
2
3 3 ∴ x = nπ + (−1 )n ,  π π 2π 4π 
= 2  cos θ +  − ≥ − 2  2 sin ⋅ cos ⋅ cos ⋅ cos 
 2 2 2  7 7 7 7
where n ∈ z =
 2
 π
 1 Hence, the required value of 2 sin
Q2  cos θ +  ≥ 0, ∀ θ  7
 2  π 5π 9π
  x= , , in interval [0, 5π ] .  π
2 2 2 8π sin  π + 
and the maximum value of sin  
1 7 = 1 7 1
cos 2 θ + 2 cos θ is 3. 39 We have, = =−
8 π 8 π 8
sin θ + sin 4 θ + sin 7 θ = 0 sin sin
34 Given that, f ( x) = sin x − 3 cos x + 1 7 7
⇒ sin 4 θ + (sin θ + sin 7 θ) = 0 (Q2 sin x cos x = sin 2 x)
Q −2 ≤ sin x − 3 cos x ≤ 2
⇒ sin 4 θ + 2 sin 4 θ ⋅ cos 3 θ = 0 π
[Q a2 + b 2 ≤ a sin x + b cos x Again, θ = n ⇒ 2n θ = π + θ
⇒ sin 4 θ {1 + 2 cos 3 θ} = 0 2 −1
≤ a2 + b 2 ] 1
⇒ sin 4 θ = 0, cos 3 θ = − ∴ sin (2 n θ) = − sin θ
⇒ −1 ≤ sin x − 3 cos x + 1 ≤ 3 2
We know,
∴ Range of f ( x) = [−1, 3] As, 0 < θ < π cos θ ⋅ cos 2θ ⋅ K ⋅ cos 2 n − 1 θ
∴ 0 < 4θ < 4 π 1 sin (2 n θ)
35 We have, sin 3 x + sin x = 0
2 4
∴ 4 θ = π, 2π, 3π = n
⇒ sin2 x {(3 − 4 sin2 x)2 + sin2 x} = 0 2 sin θ
Also, 0 < 3 θ < 3 π
∴ sin x = 0 ⇒ x = nπ 1 sin θ 1
2 π 4π 8 π =− n =− n
Hence, greatest positive solution ⇒ 3θ = , , 2 sin θ 2
3 3 3
is 2π . π π 3 π 2 π 4π 8 π So, Statements I and II both are true
⇒ θ= , , , , ,
36 Clearly, 1 + sin x ≥ 0 4 2 4 9 9 9 and Statement II is a correct
explanation for Statement I.
∴ The given equation becomes 40 Given equation is
 π 1 2 sin2 x + 5 sin x − 3 = 0.
cos x − sin x = 1 ⇒ cos  x +  = SESSION 2
 4 2 ⇒ (2 sin x − 1)(sin x + 3) = 0 1
π π 7 π 9 π 15 π 1 1 Given, fk ( x) = (sin k x + cos k x),
⇒ x+ = , , , ,… ⇒ sin x = [Q sin x ≠ − 3] k
4 4 4 4 4 2 where x ∈ R and k ≥ 1
3π 7π Y
⇒ x = 0, , 2π, , ... Now, f4 ( x) − f6 ( x)
2 2
1
Q 0 ≤ x ≤ 3π = (sin 4 x + cos 4 x)
y=sin x 4
3π
∴ x = 0, , 2π y=1/2 1
2 p − (sin 6 x + cos 6 x)
X 6
O p/6 2p 3p
37 sin 2 x + cos x = 0 1
= (1 − 2 sin x ⋅ cos2 x)
2
⇒ 2 sin x cos x + cos x = 0 4

[Qsin 2 x = 2 sin x cos x] It is clear from figure that the curve 1
intersect the line at four points in − (1 − 3 sin2 x ⋅ cos2 x)
⇒ cos x (2 sin x + 1) = 0 6
1 the given interval. 1 1 1
⇒ cos x = 0 or sin x = − Hence, number of solutions are 4. = − =
2 4 6 12
π 41 Since, α is a root of 2 From the given equations, we have
When cos x = 0, then x = (2 n + 1)
2 25 cos2 θ + 5 cos θ − 12 = 0 Σ tan α = p
1 ∴ 25 cos2 α + 5 cos α − 12 = 0 Σ tan α tan β = 0
When sin x = − ,
2 ⇒ (5 cos α − 3)(5 cos α + 4) = 0 and tan α tan β tan γ = r
π 4 3
then sin x = − sin ⇒ cos α = − and Now,
6 5 5 (1 + tan2 α ) (1 + tan2 β) (1 + tan2 γ)
= 1 + Σ tan2 α + Σ tan2 α tan2 β 5 x π 3 π 5 π 7 π 9 π 11 π Putting θ = 0 in Eq. (i), we get 0 = b 0

⇒ = , , , , , ,...,
+ tan2 α tan2 β tan2 γ 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 Again, Eq. (i) can be written as
= 1 + (Σ tan α )2 − 2 Σ tan α tan β π 3π 7π 9π n
⇒ x= ,
5 5
, π,
5 5
, sin n θ = ∑ b r sin r θ
+ (Σ tan α tan β)2 r =1
− 2 tan α tan β tan γ Σ tan α [Q0 ≤ x < 2 x ] sin n θ n
+ tan2 α tan2 β tan2 γ and

x
cos = 0 sin θ
= ∑ b r sin r − 1 θ
r =1
2
= 1 + p − 2 pr + r 2 = 1 + ( p − r )2
2
On taking limit as θ → 0, we get
x π 3π 5π
1 1 1 ⇒ = , , ,... sin n θ
3 x= = ,y= 2 2 2 2 lim = b1
1 − cos2 φ sin2 φ cos2 φ θ → 0 sin θ
⇒ x=π [Q0 ≤ x < 2 π ]
z=
1 π 3π π 3π 7π 9π  sin nθ   θ 
and Hence, x = , , π, , , , ⇒ lim n     = b1
1 − sin2 φ ⋅ cos2 φ 2 2 5 5 5 5 θ→ 0  nθ   sin θ 
1 1 6 We have, sin (θ + α ) = a ⇒ n = b1
Clearly, + =1
x y Hence, b 0 = 0; b1 = n
and sin (θ + β) = b
1 1
⇒ xy = x + y and = 1 − ⇒ θ + α = sin −1 a and θ + β = sin −1 b 9 Equation first can be written as
z xy ∴ α − β = sin −1 a − sin −1 b x sin a + y × 2 sin a cos a + z
⇒ xy = x + y π π × sin a (3 − 4 sin2 a)
= − cos −1 a − + cos −1 b
and xy = xyz − z 2 2 = 2 × 2 sin a cos a cos 2 a
∴ xyz = xy + z = x + y + z = cos −1 b − cos −1 a ⇒ x + 2 y cos a + z (3 + 4 cos2 a − 4)
4 The given equation is = cos −1 {ab + 1 − b 2 1 − a2 } = 4 cos a (2 cos2 a − 1 ) as sin a ≠ 0
sin x + cos y + 2 = 4 sin x cos y
4 4 ⇒ 8 cos3 a − 4z cos2 a − (2 y + 4)
⇒ cos (α − β) = ab
⇒ (sin2 x − 1 )2 + (cos2 y − 1 )2 cos a + (z − x) = 0
+ (1 − a2 − b 2 + a2b 2 )
+ 2 sin2 x + 2 cos2 y − 4 sin x  z
⇒ cos a −   cos2 a
3
cos y = 0 ⇒ cos2 (α − β) = a2b 2  2

+ 1 − a2 − b 2 + a2b 2
⇒ (sin2 x − 1 )2 + (cos2 y − 1 )2  y + 2 z − x
−  cos a +   =0
+ 2 (sin x − cos y)2 = 0 + 2 ab (1 − a2 − b 2 + a2b 2 )  4   8 
which is possible only when Now, cos 2 (α − β) − 4 ab cos (α − β) which shows that cos a is a root of
sin2 x − 1 = 0, cos2 y − 1 = 0, = 2 cos2 (α − β) − 1 − 4 ab cos (α − β) the equation
sin x − cos y = 0 = 4 a2b 2 + 2 − 2 a2 − 2b 2
 z  y + 2  z − x
⇒ sin2 x = 1, cos2 y = 1, sin x = cos y + 4 ab 1 − a2 − b 2 + a2b 2 − 1 t3 −   t2 −  t +   =0
 2  4   8 
π
As 0 ≤ x, y ≤ − 4 a2b 2 − 4 ab 1 − a2 − b 2 + a2b 2 Similarly, from second and third
2
∴We get sin x = cos y = 1 and so = 1 − 2 a2 − 2b 2 equation we can verify that cos b and
sin x + cos y = 1 + 1 = 2 cos c are the roots of the given
7 Given, α = sin 8 θ + cos14 θ
equation.
5 Given equation is Since, sin 8 θ ≥ 0 and cos14 θ ≥ 0.
cos x + cos 2 x + cos 3 x + cos 4 x = 0 So, α ≥0 10 Given,|sin θ.cos θ|
⇒ (cos x + cos 3 x) Also, sin 8 θ + cos14 θ = 0 is not
+ 2 + tan2 θ + cot2 θ = 3
+ (cos 2 x + cos 4 x) = 0 possible.
⇒ 2 cos 2 x cos x + 2 cos 3 x cos x = 0 Since, sin θ = 0 ⇒ cos θ ≠ 0 ⇒ |sin θ ⋅ cos θ |
and cos θ = 0 ⇒ sin θ ≠ 0 + (tan θ + cot θ)2 = 3
⇒ 2 cos x(cos 2 x + cos 3 x) = 0
So, α > 0
 5x x
⇒ | sin θ ⋅ cos θ |
⇒ 2 cos x  2 cos cos  = 0 Again, sin2 θ ≤ 1 ⇒ (sin2 θ )4 ≤ sin2 θ
 2 2
⇒ sin 8 θ ≤ sin2 θ + | tan θ + cot θ| = 3
5x x
⇒ cos x ⋅ cos ⋅ cos = 0 Also, cos2 θ ≤ 1
2 2 ⇒
⇒ (cos2 θ )7 ≤ cos2 θ
5x sin 2 θ + cos2 θ
⇒ cos x = 0 or cos =0 ⇒ cos14 θ ≤ cos2 θ | sin θ ⋅ cos θ | + = 3
2 sin θ ⋅ cos θ
So, α = sin 8 θ + cos14 θ
x
or cos = 0 ≤ sin2 θ + cos2 θ = 1 ⇒ |sin θ ⋅ cos θ| +
1
= 3
2 | sin θ ⋅ cos θ |
α ≤ 1 and α > 0
Now, cos x = 0 n
We know that,
⇒ x= ,
π 3π
[Q0 ≤ x < 2 π ] 8 Given, sin n θ = ∑ b r sin r θ = b 0
1
2 2 r=0
|sin θ ⋅ cos θ | + ≥2
5x + b1 sin θ + b2 sin θ 2 | sin θ ⋅ cos θ |
cos =0
2 + K + b n sin n θ …(i) Hence, there is no solution of this
equation.
So, esin x = 2 + 5 is not possible for

2 2
θ
⇒ [(3)4 ]sin = (3)1 or [(3 4 )]sin = (3)3
2
11 ( 3 )sec = (tan2 θ + 1 )2 − 1 x x
= (sec θ ) − 1
2 2 any x ∈ R 1 3
and esin x = 2 − 5 is also not possible ⇒ sin x = ± or sin x = ±
Put sec2 θ = x (x ≥ 1 ) 2 2
Then, ( 3 )x = x2 − 1 for any x ∈ R π 5π π 2π
Hence, we can say that the given ⇒ x =± ,± or x = ± , ±
Let y = ( 3 )x = ( x 2 − 1 ) (x > 1 ) 6 6 3 3
equation has no solution. Clearly, the graph of
Now, graphs of y = ( 3 ) and x
13 Given, ( 3 − 1) cos θ + ( 3 + 1) 2 2
y = 81sin x + 81cos x − 30 intersects
y = x2 − 1 intersect at one point
sin θ = 2 ...(i) the X-axis at eight points in
y
y=( 3) x Let ( 3 − 1) = r cos α − π ≤ x ≤ π.
and ( 3 + 1) = r sin α 15 Given A ∆PQR such that
Then, r 2 (cos2 α + sin2 α ) 3 sin P + 4 cos Q = 6 ... (i)
1 y=x2–1
= ( 3 − 1)2 + ( 3 + 1)2 4 sin Q + 3 cos P = 1 ... (ii)
x¢ x ⇒ r2 = 3 + 1 − 2 3 + 3 + 1 + 2 3 On squaring and adding the Eqs. (i)
O 1
and (ii), we get
⇒ r2 = 8 ⇒ r = 2 2
_1 (3 sin P + 4 cos Q)2
r sin α 3 +1 1+1/ 3 + (4 sin Q + 3 cos P)2 = 36 + 1
y¢ and = =−
r cos α 3 −1 1 −1 / 3 ⇒ 9(sin P + cos2 P)
2
i.e. x = 2, then y = 3
 π π + 16(sin2 Q + cos2 Q)
Thus, sec2 θ = 2 ⇒ sec θ = ± 2 = tan  + 
 4 6 + 2 × 3 × 4(sin P cos Q
Therefore, there are two values of θ + sin Q cos P) = 37
 5π  5π
 π π ⇒ tan α = tan   ⇒ α =
in  − ,  .  12  12 ⇒ 24[sin(P + Q)] = 37 − 25
 2 2 1
Also, Eq. (i) we have, ⇒ sin(P + Q) =
12 Given equation is 2
r (cos α cos θ + sin α sin θ) = 2
1 Since, P and Q are angles of ∆PQR,
esin x − e − sin x = 4 ⇒ esin x − =4 ⇒ 2 2 cos(α − θ) = 2
esin x therefore,
1 0 ° < P, Q < 180 °
Now, let y = esin x ⇒ cos(θ − α ) =
Then, we get 2 ⇒ P + Q = 30 ° or 150°
π ⇒ R = 150 ° or 30°
1
y− =4 ⇒ y2 − 4 y − 1 = 0 ⇒ θ − α = 2n π ±
y 4 Hence, two cases aries here.
π 5π Case I When, R = 150 °
4 ± 16 + 4 ∴ θ = 2n π ± +
∴ y= ⇒ y =2 ± 5 4 12 R = 150 ° ⇒ P + Q = 30 °
2
⇒ 0 < P, Q < 30 °
2 2
14 Given, y = 81sin x
+ 81cos x
− 30
⇒ esin x =2 ± 5 1
[For intersection X −axis, put ⇒ sin P < , cos Q < 1
Since, sine is a bounded function i.e. 2
y = 0]
− 1 ≤ sin x ≤ 1. Therefore, we get 3
+ 811 − sin
2 2
e −1 ≤ esin x ≤ e ⇒ 81sin x x
− 30 = 0 ⇒ 3 sin P + 4 cos Q < + 4
2
2
sin 2 x
1  ⇒ 81 2 sin x
+ 81 − 30 ⋅ 81 =0 11
⇒ esin x ∈ , e ⇒ 3 sin P + 4 cos Q < <6
 e  [multiplying by 81 sin2 x ] 2
Also, it is obvious that 2 + 5 > e ⇒ 812 (sin
2
x)
− 3 ⋅ 81sin
2
x ⇒ 3 sin P + 4 cos Q < 6 not possible
1 1  − 27 ⋅ 81sin
2
x
+ 81 = 0 Case II R = 30 °
and 2 − 5 < ⇒ 2 ± 5 ∉ ,e
e  e  2 2
Hence, R = 30 ° is the only possibility.
⇒ (81 sin x
− 3) (81 sin x
− 27) = 0
DAY TWENTY ONE
Properties of
Triangle, Height
and Distances
u Properties Related to Triangle u Circles Connected with Triangle u Angle of Elevation and Depression
u Some Important Theorems
Properties Related to Triangle

In any ∆ABC,
(i) perimeter, 2s = a + b + c
(ii) sum of all angles of a triangle is 180°, i.e. ∠A + ∠B + ∠C = 180 °
(iii) a + b > c, b + c > a, c + a > b PRED
(iv) a − b < c, b − c < a, c − a 0, b > 0, c > 0
MIRROR
Relations between the Sides and Angles of Triangle u
u
No. of Questions in Exercises (x)—
For a triangle ∆ABC with sides a, b , c and opposite angles are respectively A, B and C, then u No. of Correct Questions (z)—
a b c (Without referring Explanations)
(i) Sine Rule In any ∆ ABC, = =
sin A sin B sin C
(ii) Cosine Rule
b 2 + c2 − a2 c2 + a2 − b 2
(a) cos A = (b) cos B =
2 bc 2ca In order to expect good rank in JEE,
a + b −c
2 2 2
(c) cos C = above 75.
2 ab
DAY TWENTY ONE PROPERTIES OF TRIANGLE, HEIGHT AND DISTANCE 223
(iii) Projection Rule The length of medians AD, BE and CF of a ∆ABC are (shown as
(a) a = b cos C + c cos B (b) b = c cos A + a cos C in given figure)
(c) c = a cos B + b cos A A
(iv) Napier’s Analogy
B −C b −c A C−A c−a B
(a) tan = cot (b) tan = cot F E
2 b +c 2 2 c+a 2
A − B a −b C
(c) tan = cot
2 a+b 2 B D C
(v) Half Angle of Triangle
1 1
A (s − b ) (s − c) B (s − c) (s − a) AD = 2 b 2 + 2 c2 − a2 , BE = 2 c2 + 2 a2 − b 2
(a) sin = (b) sin = 2 2
2 bc 2 ca 1
and CF = 2 a2 + 2 b 2 − c2
C (s − a) (s − b ) A s(s − a) 2
(c) sin = (d) cos =
2 ab 2 bc
(e) cos
B
=
s(s − b )
(f) cos
C
=
s(s − c) Circles Connected with Triangle
2 ca 2 ab
(g) tan
A
=
(s − b ) (s − c)
(h) tan
B
=
(s − a) (s − c) 1. Circumcircle
2 s(s − a) 2 s(s − b ) The circle passing through the vertices of the ∆ABC is called
the circumcircle. (shown as in given figure)
C (s − a) (s − b )
(i) tan = A
2 s(s − c)
1 1 1
(vi) Area of a Triangle ∆ = bc sin A = ca sin B = a b sin C
2 2 2 O R
= s (s − a) (s − b ) (s − c) B C
Some Important Theorems Its radius R is called the circumradius,

a b c abc
1. m-n Theorem (Trigonometric Theorem) and R= = = =
2 sin A 2 sin B 2 sin C 4 ∆
If in a ∆ABC, D divides AB in the ratio m : n, then
(shown as in given figure) NOTE • The mid-point of the hypotenuse of a right angled triangle
is equidistant from the three vertices of the triangle.
C • The mid-point of the hypotenuse of a right angled triangle
is the circumcentre of the triangle.
a b
• Distance of circumcentre from the side AC is R cos B.
• Radius of circumcircle of a n-sided regular polygon with
a π
A q B each side a is R = cosec .
A B 2 n
m D n
(i) (m + n) cot θ = n cot A − m cot B

2. Incircle
The circle touching the three sides of the triangle internally is
(ii) (m + n) cot θ = m cot α − n cot β called the inscribed circle or the incircle of the triangle. Its
A
2. Appolonius Theorem
If in ∆ABC, AD is median, then
A
B C
radius r is called inradius of the circle.
∆
C D B (i) r =
s
AB + AC = 2 ( AD + BD 2 )
2 2 2 A B
(ii) r = (s − a) tan = (s − b ) tan = (s − c) tan
C
2 2 2
224 40 DAYS ~ JEE MAIN MATHEMATICS DAY TWENTY ONE
A B C Similarly, r2 and r3 denote the radii of the escribed circles

(iii) r = 4R sin sin sin
2 2 2 opposite to angles B and C, respectively.
B C C A A B r1 , r2 and r3 are called the exradius of ∆ABC.
a sin sin b sin sin c sin sin
2 2 2 2 2 2 B C
(iv) r = = = a cos cos
A B C ∆ A A B C 2 2
cos cos cos (i) r1 = = s tan = 4R sin cos cos =
2 2 2 s−a 2 2 2 2 cos
A
2
NOTE Radius of incircle of a n-sided regular polygon with each side
a π C A
a is r = cot . (shown as in given figure) ∆ B B C A
b cos cos
2 n (ii) r2 = = s tan = 4R sin cos cos = 2 2
s −b 2 2 2 2 cos
B
2
A B
O c cos cos
∆ C C A B 2 2
(iii) r3 = = s tan = 4R sin cos cos =
s −c 2 2 2 2 cos
C
p/n p/n 2
r NOTE • r1 + r2 + r3 = 4 R + r r1 r2 r3
• r1 r2 + r2 r3 + r3 r1 =
a r
1 1 1 1
• ( r1 − r ) ( r2 − r ) ( r3 − r ) = 4 Rr 2 • + + =
r1 r2 r3 r
3. Orthocentre and Pedal Triangle
l
The point of intersection of perpendiculars drawn from the Angle of Elevation and Depression
vertices on the opposite sides of a triangle is called Let O be the observer’s eye and OX be the horizontal line
orthocentre. (shown as in given figure) through O. (shown as in following figures)
A If a object P is at a higher level than eye, then ∠POX is called
the angle of elevation.
P Horizontal line
F E O X
q
ig ht
O o fs Lin
eo
Line fs
B D C igh
q t
O X
l
The ∆DEF formed by joining the feet of the altitudes is Horizontal line P
called the pedal triangle.
l
Orthocentre of the triangle is the incentre of the pedal If a object P is at a lower level than eye, then ∠POX is called
triangle. the angle of depression.
l
Distance of the orthocentre of the triangle from the angular
points are 2R cos A, 2R cos B, 2R cos C and its distances Important Results on Heights and
from the sides are 2 R cos B cos C, 2 R cos C cos A,
2 R cos A cos B.
Distances
Results shown by the following figures.
4. Escribed Circle (i) a = h (cot α − cot β)
The circle touching BC and the two sides AB and AC produced D

of ∆ABC, is called the escribed circle opposite to A. Its radius
is denoted by r1 . (shown as in given figure)
h
B a b
A C
r1 B
a r
A
C
 α + β
(ii) If AB = CD, then x = y tan   h cot β
 2  (iv) H =
A cot α
D
y
B
D
E H
b h
a
C E
B a
x b
A C
H sin (β − α ) h cot α
(iii) h = and H = (v) a = h (cot α + cot β), h = a sin α sin β cosec (α + β)
cos α sin β cot α − cot β
and d = h cot β = asin α cos β cosec (α + β)
A
A
a H h
E B
a b
h B D
b C
D C d
a

1 If a , b and c are sides of a triangle, then 6 In a ∆ABC, (c + a + b ) (a + b − c ) = ab. The measure of ∠C
(a) a + b > c is
(b) a − b > c (if c is smallest) π π
(a) (b)
(c) a + b < c 3 6
2π
(d) None of the above (c) (d) None of these
3
2 If in a ∆ABC, A = 30 °, B = 45 ° and a = 1, then the A C 1
values of b and c are respectively 7 In ∆ ABC, if tan tan = , then a , b and c are in
2 2 2
3 +1 3 −1
(a) 2, (b) 2, (a) AP (b) GP
2 2
3 −1 3 + 2
(c) 3, (d) 2,
2 2 8 In a ∆ABC, a : b : c = 4 : 5 : 6 . The ratio of the radius of the
circumcircle to that of the incircle is
3 If A = 75 °, B = 45 °, then b + c 2 is equal to 16 16 11 7
(a) (b) (c) (d)
(a) 2a (b) 2a + 1 (c) 3a (d) 2 a − 1 9 7 7 16
sin 3B s  s  s 
4 If in a ∆ ABC, 2 b 2 = a 2 + c 2 , then is equal to 9 In any ∆ ABC, 4  − 1  − 1  − 1 is equal to
sin B a  b  c 
c2 −a2 c2 −a2 r 2r
(a) (b) (a) (b)
2 ca ca R R
3r
c 2 − a 2 
2
c 2 − a 2 
2
(c)   (d)   R
 ca   2 ca 
10 In a ∆ ABC,R = circumradius and r = inradius.
5 The sides of a triangle are sin α , cos α and a cos A + b cos B + c cos C
π The value of is
1 + sin α cos α for some 0 < α < . Then, the greatest a+b+c
2
angle of the triangle is R R r 2r
(a) (b) (c) (d)
(a) 60° (b) 90° (c) 120° (d) 150° r 2r R R
11 Let the orthocentre and centroid of a triangle be A( −3, 5) 20 If the angles of elevation of the top of a tower from three
and B( 3, 3), respectively. If C is the circumcentre of this collinear points A , B and C on a line leading to the foot of
triangle, then the radius of the circle having line segment the tower are 30°,45° and 60° respectively, then the ratio
AC as diameter, is AB : BC is j JEE Mains 2015
5 3 5 (a) 3 :1 (b) 3 : 2 (c) 1: 3 (d) 2 : 3

(a) 10 (b) 2 10 (c) 3 (d)
2 2 21 From the top of a tower 100 m height, the angles of
 r  r depression of two objects 200 m apart on the horizontal
12 In a triangle 1 − 1  1 − 1  = 2 , then the triangle is
 r2   r3  plane and in a line passing through the foot of the tower
and on the same side of the tower are 45 ° − A and
(a) right angled (b) equilateral
45 ° + A. Then, the angle A is equal to
(c) isosceles (d) None of these
1°
(a) 25° (b) 30° (c) 22 (d) 45°
13 There are two stations A and B due North, due South of a 2
tower of height 15 m. The angle of depression of A and B
22 Two vertical poles 20 m and 80 m stands apart on a
12  3
as seen from top of the tower are cot −1   , sin−1   , horizontal plane. The height of the point of intersection of
 5  5
the lines joining the top of each pole to the foot of the
then the distance between A and B is other is
(a) 48 m (b) 56 m (c) 25 m (d) None of these (a) 15 m (b) 16 m (c) 18 m (d) 50 m
14 A house of height 100 m subtends a right angle at the 23 Let a vertical tower AB have its end A on the level
window of an opposite house. If the height of the window ground. Let C be the mid-point of AB and P be a point on
be 64 m, then the distance between the two houses is the ground such that AP = 2AB. If ∠BPC = β, then tan β is
(a) 48 m (b) 36 m (c) 54 m (d) 72 m equal to j
JEE Mains 2017
6 1 2 4
15 The angle of elevation of the top of a tower from the top (a) (b) (c) (d)
7 4 9 9
and bottom of a building of height ‘a’ are 30° and 45°,
respectively. If the tower and the building stand at the 24 From the tower 60 m high angles of depression of the top
same level, then the height of the tower is and bottom of a house are α and β, respectively. If the
60 sin(β − α )
a (3 + 3) height of the house is , then x is equal to
(a) (b) a ( 3 + 1) (c) a 3 (d) a ( 3 − 1) x
2
(a) sin α sin β (b) cos α cos β
16 A person walking along a straight road observes that at
(c) sin α cos β (d) cos α sin β
two points 1 km apart, the angles of elevation of a pole in
front of line are 30° and 75°. The height of the pole is 25 A vertical tower stands on a declivity which is inclined at
(a) 250 ( 3 + 1) m (b) 250 ( 3 − 1) m 15° to the horizon. From the foot of the tower a man
ascends the declivity for 80 ft and then, finds that the
(c) 225 ( 2 − 1) m (d) 225 ( 2 + 1) m
tower subtends an angle of 30°. The height of tower is
17 A man is walking towards a vertical pillar in a straight (a) 20( 6 − 2 ) ft (b) 40( 6 − 2 ) ft
path, at a uniform speed. At a certain point A on the path, (c) 40( 6 + 2 ) ft (d) None of these
he observes that the angle of elevation of the top of the
pillar is 30°. After walking for 10 min from A in the same 26 A ladder rest against a wall at an ∠α to the horizontal. Its
direction, at a point B, he observes that the angle of foot is pulled away through a distance a1, so that it slides
elevation of the top of the pillar is 60°. Then, the time a distance b1 down the wall and rests inclined at ∠β with
taken (in minutes) by him, from B to reach the pillar, is the horizontal. It foot is further pulled aways through a 2 ,
j
JEE Mains 2016
so that it slides a further distance b 2 down the wall and is
now, inclined at an ∠γ. If a1 a 2 = b1b 2 , then
(a) 6 (b) 10 (c) 20 (d) 5
(a) α + β + γ is greater than π
18 A bird is sitting on the top of a vertical pole 20 m high (b) α + β + γ is equal to π
and its elevation from a point O on the ground is 45°. It (c) α + β + γ is less than π
flies off horizontally straight away from the point O. After (d) nothing can be said about α + β + γ
1s, the elevation of the bird from O is reduced to
27 ABCD is a trapezium such that AB and CD are parallel
30°.Then, the speed (in m/s)of the bird is j JEE Mains 2014
and BC⊥CD. If ∠ADB = θ, BC = p and CD = q , then AB is
(a) 40 ( 2 − 1) (b) 40 ( 3 − 2 ) (c) 20 2 (d) 20 ( 3 − 1) equal to j
JEE Mains 2013
19 The shadow of a pole of height ( 3 + 1) m standing on (p 2 + q 2 ) sinθ p 2 + q 2 cosθ
the ground is found to be 2 m longer, when the elevation (a) (b)
p cosθ + q sinθ p cosθ + q sinθ
is 30° than when elevation was α , then α is equal to
p2 + q2 (p 2 + q 2 ) sinθ
(a) 15° (b) 30° (c) 45° (d) 75° (c) (d)
p 2 cosθ + q 2 sinθ (p cosθ + q sinθ)2
28 The angle of elevation of the top of the tower observed and the angle of elevation of the top of the tower from A
from each of the three points A, B, C on the ground or B is 30°. The height of the tower is
forming a triangle is the same ∠α. If R is the (a)
2a
(b) 2a 3 (c)
a
(d) 3
circumradius of the ∆ABC, then the height of the tower is 3 3
(a) R sin α (b) R cos α 30 ABCD is a square plot. The angle of elevation of the top
(c) R cot α (d) R tan α of a pole standing at D from A or C is 30° and that from B
29 A tower stands at the centre of a circular park. A and B is θ, then tan θ is equal to
are two points on the boundary of the park such that (a) 6 (b) 1/ 6 (c) 3/ 2 (d) 2 /3
AB( = a ) subtends an angle of 60° at the foot of the tower

1 For a regular polygon, let r and R be the radii of the 6 PQR is a triangular park with PQ = PR = 200 m. A TV
inscribed and the circumscribed circles. A false tower stands at the mid-point of QR. If the angles of
statement among the following is elevation of the top of the tower at P, Q and R are
r 1 respectively 45°, 30° and 30°, then the height of the
(a) there is a regular polygon with =
R 2 tower (in m) is j
JEE Mains 2018
r 1 (a) 100 (b) 50
(b) there is a regular polygon with =
R 2 (c) 100 3 (d) 50 2
r 2
(c) there is a regular polygon with = 7 At the foot of a mountain the elevation of its summit is
R 3 45°. After ascending 2 km towards the mountain up an
r 3
(d) there is a regular polygon with = incline of 30°, the elevation changes to 60°. The height of
R 2 mountain is
2 If cos A + cos B + 2 cos C = 2, then the sides of the (a) 2.732 km (b) 1.732 km
∆ABC are in (c) 2.03 km (d) 1.045 km
(a) AP (b) GP 8 In a cubical hall ABCDPQRS with each side 10 m, G is
(c) HP (d) None of these the centre of the wall BCRQ and T is the mid-point of the
3 If A0 , A1, A2 , A3 , A4 and A5 are the consecutive vertices of side AB. The angle of elevation of G at the point T is
a regular hexagon inscribed in a unit circle. Then, the (a) sin−1 (1/ 3 ) (b) cos−1 (1/ 3 )
product of length of A0 A1 × A0 A2 is (c) cot −1 (1/ 3 ) (d) None of these
(a) 3 (b) 2 3 (c) 2 (d) 3 3 9 A tree stands vertically on a hill side which makes an angle
4 Two ships leave a port at the same time.One goes of 15° with the horizontal.From a point on the ground 35 m
24 km/h in the direction North 45° East and other travels down the hill from the base of the tree, the angle of eleva-
32 km/h in the direction South 75° East. The distance tion of the top of the tree is 60°.The height of the tree is
between the ships at the end of 3 h is approximately (a) 31 2 m (b) 33 2 m
(a) 81.4 km (b) 82 km (c) 85 km (d) 86.4 km (c) 35 2 m (d) 34 2 m
5 A round balloon of radius r subtends an angle α at the 10 A flag staff stands in the centre of a rectangular field
observer, while the angle of elevation of its centre is β. whose diagonal is 1200 m, and subtends angles 15° and
The height of the centre of balloon is 45° at the mid-points of the sides of the field. The height
β α of the flag staff is
(a) r cosec α sin (b) r sin β cosec
2 2 (a) 200 m (b) 300 ( 2 + 3) m
α α
(c) r sin cosec β (d) r cosec sin β (c) 300 ( 2 − 3) m (d) 400 m
2 2
ANSWERS
SESSION 1 1. (a) 2. (a) 3. (a) 4. (d) 5. (c) 6. (c) 7. (d) 8. (b) 9. (a) 10. (c)
11. (c) 12. (a) 13. (b) 14. (a) 15. (a) 16. (a) 17. (d) 18. (d) 19. (c) 20. (a)
21. (c) 22. (b) 23. (c) 24. (d) 25. (b) 26. (c) 27. (a) 28. (d) 29. (c) 30. (b)
SESSION 2 1. (c) 2. (a) 3. (a) 4. (d) 5. (b) 6. (a) 7. (a) 8. (a) 9. (c) 10. (c)

SESSION 1 4 (a2 + c 2 − b 2 )2 s−b 1
= −1 + ⇒ = ⇒ 2 s − 2b − s = 0
4 (ac )2 s 2
1 Clearly, ( a + b + c )( a + b − c )
2 ⇒ a + c − 3b = 0
=( a+ b )2 − c  a2 + c 2 
= a + b − c + 2 ab > 0

 2 

8 We have, R = abc and r = ∆
= −1 + 2
4∆ s
∴ a+ b> c (ac ) R abc s abc
∴ = ⋅ =
[Qa + b > c , as sides of triangle] [Q2b 2 = a2 + c 2 (given)] r 4∆ ∆ 4(s − a)(s − b )(s − c )
(a + c 2 ) 2
2
Since, a : b : c = 4 : 5 : 6
2 Given, A = 30 °, B = 45°, a = 1 = −1 +
4 (ac ) 2 a b c
∴ C = 105° ⇒ = = =k (say)
2 4 5 6
Using sine rule, (a2 + c 2 )2 − 4a2c 2  c 2 − a2 
= =  Thus,
R
=
(4k )(5k )(6k )
 2 ac 
2
a b c 4 (ac )
= = , we get r
4  15k
− 4k  
15k
− 5k 
sin A sin B sin C  2   2 
1 b c 5 Let a = sinα, b = cos α
= = and c = 1 + sin α cos α  15k − 6k 
 1  1  sin 105°  
     2 
 2  2 Here, we can see that the greatest side isc.
a2 + b 2 − c 2 120k ⋅ 2
3
16
⇒ b = 2 ∴ cos C = = 3 =
2ab k ⋅ 7 ⋅ 5⋅ 3 7
and
sin2 α + cos 2 α − 1 − sin α cos α
c = 2 sin 105° = 2cos 15° ⇒ cos C =
2ab 9 We have, 4  s − 1  s − 1  s − 1
 3 + 1 3+1 a  b  c 
∴ c =2  = sin α cos α
 2 2  2 ⇒ cos C = −
2sin α cos α (s − a) (s − b ) (s − c )
= 4⋅
1 abc
3 Given, A = 75° and B = 45° ⇒ cos C = − = cos 120°
2 s( s − a) (s − b ) (s − c )
⇒ C = 60 ° = 4⋅
a b c ⇒ ∠C = 120° s ⋅ abc
By sine rule, = = , we ∆2 4∆ ∆ r
sin A sin B sin C 6 We have, = 4⋅ = ⋅ =
a b c s ⋅ abc abc s R
get = = s (s − c ) 1
sin 75° sin 45° sin 60 ° 2s (2s − 2c ) = ab ⇒ = a cos A + b cos B + c cos C
ab 4 10 We have,
sin 45° sin 60 ° a+ b + c
Now, b + c 2 = a+ 2 a C 1
sin 75° sin 75° ⇒ cos 2 = 2 R sin A cos A + 2 R sin B cos B
2 4
1 3 + 2 R sin C cos C
we get, cos =
C 1 =
2 2 2s
= a+ 2 a 2 2
3+1 3+1 R
since, C must be acute  = ⋅ (sin 2 A + sin 2B + sin 2C )
2 2 2 2   2s
2
R
2 2 3a C 2π = ⋅ 4 sin A sin B sin C
= a+ = 2a ⇒ = 60° ⇒ C = 2s
3+1 3+1 2 3 2R abc abc
A C 1 = ⋅ =
sin 3B 3 sin B − 4 sin3 B 7 We have, tan tan = s 8 R3 4sR2
4 = 2 2 2 4 ∆R r  ∆
,r = 
sin B sin B abc
(s − b )(s − c ) (s − a)(s − b ) 1 = = QR =
= 3 − 4 sin2 B ⇒ = ∆ R  4∆ s 
s(s − a) s(s − c ) 2 4⋅ ⋅ R 2
= 3 − 4 (1 − cos 2 B ) r
11 Key Idea Orthocentre, centroid and (100 − 64) Now, from ∆ACD and ∆BCD,
In ∆CDE, tan(90°− θ) =
circumcentre are collinear and centroid d we have
divide orthocentre and circumcentre in ⇒ d = 36 tanθ …(ii) tan30° =
h
2:1 ratio. From Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get x+ y
We have orthocentre A(−3, 5) and centroid
B(3,3). Let C be the circumcentre. d 2 = 36 × 64 ⇒ d = 48 m and tan 60° =
h
y
15 Let CD be a tower of height h and AB is
A(–3, 5) B(3, 3) C x+ y
building of height a. ⇒ h= ... (i)
Clearly, AB = (3 + 3)2 + (3 − 5)2 D
3
= 36 + 4 = 2 10 and h = 3y ... (ii)
We know that, AB : BC = 2:1 ⇒ BC = 10 From Eqs. (i) and (ii)
30° x+ y
Now, AC = AB + BC = 2 10 + 10 h L
B = 3y
3
= 3 10 a ⇒ x + y = 3y
Since, AC is a diameter of circle. 45°
C A x
AC 3 10 5 ⇒ x − 2y = 0 ⇒ y =
∴ r = ⇒ r = =3 2
2 2 2 h−a
In ∆BL D, tan30° = Q Speed is uniform
   LB
12 Since,  1 − r1   1 − r1  = 2 ∴ Distance y will be cover in 5 min.
 r2   r3  (h − a)
∴ LB = = 3 (h − a) ...(i) (Q Distance x covered in 10 min.)
1 − s − b  1 − s − c  = 2 tan30° x
∴    ⇒ Distance will be cover in 5 min.
 s − a  s − a In ∆ACD, tan 45° =
h
⇒ h = CA ⇒ 2
(b − a)(c − a) CA A B
⇒ =2 18 In ∆OA 1 B 1 , tan 45° = 1 1
(s − a)2 h = LB [Q LB = CA] ...(ii)
OB1
bc − ab − ac + a2 From Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get 20
⇒ =2 ⇒ = 1 ⇒ OB1 = 20
 a + b + c − a
2
h ( 3 − 1) = 3 a OB1
 
 2  3a 3 ( 3 + 1) a
∴ h= = A1 A2
2(bc − ab − ac + a2 ) 3−1 2
⇒ =1
(b + c − a)2 3 + 3
⇒ 2bc − 2ab − 2ac + 2a2 =  a
 2 
= b 2 + c 2 + a2 + 2bc − 2ab − 2ac 20 m
⇒ a2 = b 2 + c 2 16 Let OP be the pole of height x m.
So, triangle is right angled.
P
13 Given, cot α = 12 and sin β = 3 45°
30°
5 5 O B2
45° 20 B1
C
x
In ∆OA 2 B2 ,
30° 75° 20
A tan30° = ⇒ OB2 = 20 3
15 m 1 km B O OB2
a b sin 30° PB ⇒ B1 B2 + OB1 = 20 3
A
D
B Using sine rule in APB, =
sin 45° AB ⇒ B1 B2 = 20 3 − 20
d
1/2
In ∆DAC and ∆DBC , ⇒ PB = 1000 × = 500 2 m ⇒ B1 B2 = 20( 3 − 1)m
AD = 15 cot α, BD = 15 cot β 1/ 2
Distance 20( 3 − 1)
⇒ d = 15 (cot α + cot β ) In ∆ PBO, x = 500 2 ⋅ sin 75° Now, Speed = =
Time 1
= 15 
12 4 
+  = 56 m 3+1 = 20( 3 − 1) m/s
 5 3 = 500 2 × = 250 ( 3 + 1) m
2 2
64 19 Let OP be a tower with height ( 3 + 1 ) m
14 In ∆DAB, tanθ =
d 17 According to given information, we have and AB = 2 m.
C the following figure P
D
(Ö3 + 1) m
100 m
90°–q E
D 30° a
q Pillar h A O
d B
64 m In ∆AOP,
3+1
q 30° 60° tan 30 ° =
A d B C OA
A x B y
⇒ d = 64cotθ …(i) ⇒ OA = ( 3 + 1 ) 3
3+1 ⇒ BD = 100 cot (45° − A ) 24 In ∆ABD, tanβ = 60

and in ∆BOP, tan α =
OB ⇒ BC + CD = 100 cot (45° − A ) …(ii) d
⇒ OB = ( 3 + 1 ) cot α ∴ From Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get D
Now, CD = 100 [cot (45° − A ) − cot(45° + A )] a
OA − OB = (3 + 3 ) − ( 3 + 1 ) cot α  1 + tan A 1 − tan A 
= 100  − 
b
⇒ 2=3+ 3 − ( 3 + 1 ) cot α  1 − tan A 1 + tan A 
 4 tan A  60
⇒ cot α = 1 = 100   = 200 tan 2 A
E a C
 1 − tan A 
2
∴ α = 45° d
h
⇒ 200 = 200 tan 2 A ⇒ tan2 A = 1
20 According to the given information the b
figure should be as follows. ⇒ tan 2 A = tan 45° ⇒ 2 A = 45° A d B
1°
Let the height of tower = h ∴ A = 22
2 ⇒ d = 60cotβ …(i)
E DC
22 Let PQ and RS be the poles of height 20 In ∆DEC, tanα =
EC
m and 80 m subtending angles α and β
⇒ DC = d tanα
at R and P , respectively. Let h be the
h height of the point T , the intersection ⇒ 60 − h = d tanα (Q BC = EA = h )
of QR and PS. ⇒ 60 − h = 60cot β tan α [from Eq. (i)]
 cos β sin α 
S ⇒ h = 60  1 − ⋅ 
30° 45° 60°  sin β cos α 
A B C D 60sin(β − α )
⇒ h=
ED cos α sin β
In ∆EDA, tan30° = 80 m Q
AD T 60sin (β − α ) 60sin (β − α )
⇒ = (given)
1 ED h 20 m x cos α sin β
⇒ = = ⇒ AD = h 3 a h b
3 AD AD ⇒ x = cos α sin β
R V P
h
In ∆EDB, tan 45° = ⇒ BD = h Then, PR = h cot α + h cot β
25 Let BC be the declivity and BA be the
BD tower.
h h = 20cot α = 80cot β
In ∆EDC, tan 60° = ⇒ CD = cot α A
CD 3 ⇒ cotα = 4cotβ ⇒ =4 Tower
cot β
AB AD − BD AB h 3−h 75°
Now, = ⇒ = Again, h cot α + h cot β = 20 cotα
BC BD − CD BC h−
h
⇒ (h − 20)cot α = − hcotβ
3 cot α h 30° C
h ( 3 − 1) ⇒ = =4
AB AB 3 cot β 20 − h
⇒ = ⇒ = 80
ft
BC h ( 3 − 1) BC 1
⇒ h = 80 − 4 h
75°
3 15°
∴ h = 16 m B
∴ AB : BC = 3 :1 23 Let AB = h, then AP = 2h and
h In ∆ABC, on applying sine rule
21 Let AB be the tower with height AC = BC = BC AB
100 m. 2 =
Again, let ∠CPA = α sin75° sin30°
Distance between the objects, 80sin 30° 40 × 2 2
CD = 200 m B ⇒ AB = =
sin 75° 3+1
A h/2
= 40( 6 − 2 ) ft
45°+A
h C
45°–A
26 Clearly, a1 = tan  α + β  …(i)
h/2 b b1  2 
a
A P a2  β + γ
2h and = tan   …(ii)
100 m b2  2 
Now, in ∆ABP,
AB h 1 G
tan(α + β ) = = =
AP 2h 2 b1
45°–A 45°+A h F
AC 1
D C B Also, in ∆ACP, tanα = = 2 = b2
200 m AP 2h 4 E
Now, tan β = tan[(α + β ) − α]
100
In ∆ACB, tan(45° + A ) = 1 1 1
BC −
tan(α + β ) − tan α
⇒ BC = 100 cot (45° + A ) …(i) = = 2 4 = 4
1 + tan(α + β )tan α 1 + 1 × 1 9 g b a
and in ∆ADB, 2 4 8 A B C D
100 a2 a1
tan (45° − A ) = =
2
BD 9
Since, a1 a2 = b1 b2 AB p2 + q 2 ⇒
a
DP =
⇒ =
α + β
∴ 1 = 2 ⇒ tan 
a b 1 sin θ sin(θ + α ) 3
 =
b1 a2  2   β + γ DP
tan   p2 + q 2 sin θ In ∆PDB, tan θ =
 2  ⇒ AB = BD
sin θ cos α + cos θ sin α
α + β β + γ  = 1
tan 
a/ 3 1
⇒  tan   ( p2 + q 2 )sin θ ⇒ tan θ = =
 2   2  = 2a 6
q sin θ + p cos θ
α+β β+ γ π
∴ + =  
2 2 2 Qcos α =
q
, sin α =
p

SESSION 2
⇒ α + β + γ = π −β < π  p +q2 2
p + q 
2 2
1
27 Let AB = x 28 Let OP be the tower. Since, the tower
D q C make equal angles at the vertices of the
α triangle, therefore foot of tower is at the
θ
√p 2 circumcentre. R 2p p
+q n nr
p 2 p
P
A
π–(θ+α)
α a a π a π
A ∴ = sin and = tan
x–q q B 2R n 2r n
M R
x r π
∴ = cos
p R n
In ∆DAM, tan( π − θ − α ) = O r 1
x −q a
a n = 3 gives, =
R R R 2
p
⇒ tan(θ + α ) = B C r 1
q−x n = 4 gives, =
R 2
⇒ q − x = p cot(θ + α )
OP r 3
⇒ x = q − p cot(θ + α ) In ∆OAP, tanα = ⇒ OP = OA tanα n = 6 gives, =
OA R 2
cot θ cot α − 1 
= q − p   ⇒ OP = R tanα (QOA = R, given)
 cot α + cot θ  A+ B A−B C
2 2 cos cos = 4 sin2
 q
cot θ − 1 
29 Let h be the height of a tower 2 2 2
 A−B A+ B
= q − p
p  ⇒ cos = 2 cos
C 2 2
 q
+ cot θ  h
  A+ B 
 p  Qcos ≠0
 2 
 q O 90º
Qin ∆BDC ,cot α = p 
A B A B
30º ⇒ cos cos + sin ⋅ sin
  60º 2 2 2 2
 q cot θ − p  A
= 2  cos cos − sin ⋅ sin 
= q − p A B A B
. B a
 q + p cot θ   2 2 2 2
 q cos θ − p sin θ  ⇒
A B
3 sin ⋅ sin = cos cos
A B
= q − p 
 q sin θ + p cos θ  Since, ∠AOB = 60°
2 2 2 2
A B 1
q sin θ + pq cos θ
2
Also, OB = OA = radii ⇒ tan ⋅ tan =
2 2 3
− pq cos θ + p sin θ 2
∴ ∠OBA = ∠OAB = 60°
⇒ x= (s − b ) (s − c ) (s − c ) (s − a) 1
p cos θ + q sin θ So, ∆OAB is an equilateral ⇒ ⋅ =
s (s − a) s (s − b ) 3
( p + q )sin θ
2 2 ∴ OA = OB = AB = a
⇒ AB = h s−c 1 a+ b −c 1
p cos θ + q sin θ In ∆OAC, tan30° = ⇒ = ⇒ =
a s 3 a+ b + c 3
Alternate Solution 1 h a
Applying sine rule in ∆ABD, ⇒ = ⇒ h= ⇒ 3 a + 3b − 3c = a + b + c
3 a 3
 a = b = c  ⇒ a + b = 2c
  Hence, a, c and b are in AP.
 sin A sin B sin C  30 Let PD be a pole.
P 3 Clearly,
D q C
a A 0 A 1 = 2 × 1 cos 60 ° = 1 = A1 A2
q [using cosine rule]]
Öp 2
+q p A4
2
D A3
30° 30°
π–(θ+α) a a a
A B A C O
A5 A2
a q a
AB p2 + q 2 60°
= B 0°
sin θ sin{ π − (θ + α)} 12
DP
In ∆DAP, tan 30° = A0 A1
AD
and Let height of tower TM be h. S R

( A 0 A1 )2 + ( A1 A2 )2 – ( A 0 A2 )2 TM
cos 120 ° = In ∆PMT , tan 45° =
2 ⋅ A 0 A 1 ⋅ A1 A2 PM
h P
1 + 1 − ( A 0 A2 )2 ⇒ 1= Q
= PM G
2⋅1⋅1
⇒ PM = h
⇒ A 0 A2 = 3 D C
h
In ∆TQM, tan30° = ; QM = 3h
∴ A 0 A1 × A 0 A2 = 1 × 3 = 3 QM q H
4 Let A and B be the positions of the two In ∆PMQ, PM 2 + QM 2 = PQ 2 A T B
ships at the end of 3 h. h2 + ( 3h )2 = (200)2
Then, OA = (24 × 3) = 72 km and Let θ be the required angle of elevation
⇒ 4h2 = (200)2 ⇒ h = 100 m of G at T .
OB = (32 × 3) = 96 km
7 Let P be the summit and A be the foot of GH 5 1
N Then, sinθ = = =
A the mountain. TG 5 3 3
Then, ∠OAP = 45°
x km
⇒ θ = sin −1 (1 / 3 )
45° km ∴ ∠OPA = 45°
72 E
Hence, ∆OAP is an isosceles. 9 Let PAQ be the hill,AB be the tree and
W O
75° 96 km B Let AO = OP = h km height of PD be the horizontal. Let P be the point
mountain. [say] of observation.
S P B
Let AB = x km
We have, ∠NOA = 45° and ∠SOB = 75° H
∴ ∠AOB = 180°−(45°+75° ) = 60°
Using cosine formula on ∆AOB, we get 35 m A Q
(72)2 + (96)2 − x2
cos 60° = 45 °
2 × 72 × 96 15°
⇒ x2 = 14400 − 6912 = 7488 C 60° P
D C D
⇒ x = 7488 = 86.53 km 45° Produce BA to meet PD at C.
Hence, the distance between the ships at 2 km Let AB = H m.
A
the end of 3 h is 30° B O Then, ∠DPA = 15° , PA = 35m
86.53 km ≈ 86.4 km (approx.). Let C be the point where elevation ∠CPB = 60° and ∠PCA = 90°.
5 In ∆APC, is 60°. ∴ ∠APB = (60°−15° ) = 45°
Then, ∠BAC = 30° and AC = 2 km
α r α In ∆PAC, ∠PAC = 180°− (15° + 90° ) = 75°
sin = ⇒ AC = r cosec BC
2 AC 2 ∴ = sin30° ∴ ∠PAB = (180°−75° ) = 105°
AC
1 and ∠PBA = 180°−(45° + 105° ) = 30°
⇒ BC = 2 × = 1
2 Applying sine rule on ∆PAB, we get
AB PA AB 35 H
i.e. BC = 1 km and = cos 30° = ⇒ =
AC sin ∠PBA sin ∠APB sin 30° sin 45°
r C
2 3 ∴ 35 × 2 = H × 2 ⇒ H = 35 2 m
⇒ AB = = 3
2
H Hence, the height of the tree is 35 2 m.
a P i.e. AB = 3 km
b Now, PD = OP − OD 10 Let OP be the flag staff of height h
A standing at the centre O of the field.
B = OP − BC = h − 1
P
BC and CD = BO = AO − AB = h − 3
In ∆ ABC , sin β = 45° 45°
AC PD h−1
In ∆DCP, = tan 60° ⇒ = 3 D C
α CD h− 3 F h
⇒ H = AC sin β ⇒ H = r sin β cosec
2 ⇒ 3 h − 3 = h − 1 ⇒ ( 3 − 1) h = 2 90° 15°
90° E
6 2 3+1 O
P ∴ h= × = 3+1
3−1 3+1 A B
= 1.732 + 1 = 2732
. km In ∆ OEP, OE = h cot15° = h (2 + 3)
45º 8 Let H be the mid-point of BC. Since, and in ∆ OFP, OF = h cot 45° = h
200 m 200 m ∠ TBH = 90° , therefore,
∴ EF = h 1 + (2 + 3 ) 2 = 2h 2 + 3
T TH 2 = BT 2 + BH 2 = 52 + 52 = 50
Also since, Since, BD = 1200 m
30º 90º 30º ∠ THG = 90° , TG 2 = TH 2 + GH 2 ⇒ 2EF = 4 h (2 + 3 ) = 1200
Q R
M = 50 + 25 = 75 300
∴ h= = (300 2 − 3 ) m
2+ 3
DAY TWENTY TWO
Inverse Trigonometric
Function
u Inverse Trigonometric Function u Properties of Inverse Trigonometric Function
Inverse Trigonometric Function

Trigonometric functions are not one-one and onto on their natural domains and ranges, so
their inverse do not exists in the whole domain. If we restrict their domain and range, then
their inverse may exists.
y = f ( x) = sin x. Then, its inverse is x = sin −1 y.
NOTE • sin −1 y ≠ (sin y ) −1  1

• sin −1 y ≠ sin  
 y
The value of an inverse trigonometric functions which lies in its principal value branch is
called the principal value of that inverse trigonometric function.
Domain and range of inverse trigonometric functions
Function Domain Range
(Principal Value Branch)
 π π
PRED
sin −1
x [− 1, 1] − ,
 2 2  MIRROR
cos −1 x [−1, 1] [0, π ]
 π π No. of Questions in Exercises (x)—
− , 
u
tan −1 x R  2 2 u No. of Questions Attempted (y)—
−1 No. of Correct Questions (z)—
(0, π )
u
cot x R
π 
sec −1 x R − (−1, 1) [0, π ] −  
2  u Accuracy Level (z / y × 100)—
Prep Level (z / x × 100)—
 π π
u
R − (−1, 1) − 2 , − {0}

−1
2 
cosec x In order to expect good rank in JEE,
above 75.
234 40 DAYS ~ JEE MAIN MATHEMATICS DAY TWENTY TWO
5. (i) sin −1 x = cos −1 1 − x2

Properties of Inverse
 x   1 − x2 
Trigonometric Functions = tan −1  
 1 − x2 
= cot −1 
x 


−1 −1 π
1. (i) sin x + cos x = ; (−1 ≤ x ≤ 1)  1 
2 −1  1 
= sec −1   = cosex   , if x ∈(0, 1)
π  1 − x2   x
(ii) tan −1 x + cot −1 x = ; x ∈R
2 (ii) cos −1 x = sin −1 1 − x2
π
(iii) sec −1 x + cosec −1 x = ; (x ≤ − 1 or x ≥ 1)  1 − x2   x  −1  1 
2 = tan −1   = cot −1 
  = sec  
2. (i) sin −1 (− x) = − sin −1 x; (− 1 ≤ x ≤ 1)  x   1− x 2   x
(ii) cos −1 (− x) = π − cos −1 x; (− 1 ≤ x ≤ 1)  1 
= cosec −1   , if x ∈(0, 1)
(iii) tan −1 (− x) = − tan −1 ( x); (− ∞ < x < ∞)  1 − x2 
(iv) cot −1 (− x) = π − cot −1 x; (− ∞ < x < ∞)  x 
(v) sec −1 (− x) = π − sec −1 x; x ≤ − 1 or x ≥ 1) (iii) tan −1 x = sin −1  
 1 + x2 
(vi) cosec −1 (− x) = − cosec −1 x; (x ≤ − 1 or x ≥ 1)
 1  −1  1 
3. (i) sin −1 (sin x) is a periodic function with period 2π. = cos −1   = cot  
 1 + x2   x
  π π
 x, x∈ − ,  1 + x2 
 2 2 
 = cosec −1   = sec −1 ( 1 + x2 ), if x ∈ (0, ∞)

 π − x, x ∈  π , 3 π   x 
  2 2 
sin −1 (sin x) =  6. (i) sin −1 x + sin −1 y
 3π 5π 
 x − 2 π, x ∈ ,
  2 2  sin −1 ( x 1 − y2 + y 1 − x 2 ); | x|,| y| ≤ 1 and
 5π 7π  
3 π − x, x ∈  ,   x2 + y2 ≤ 1 or ( xy < 0 and x 2 + y2 > 1)
 2 2   −1
π − sin ( x 1 − y + y 1 − x ); 0 < x, y ≤ 1
2 2
(ii) cos –1 (cos x) is a periodic function with period 2π. =
 x, x ∈ [0, π ]  and x 2 + y2 > 1
2 π − x, x ∈ [π, 2 π ] 
 −1
− π − sin ( x 1 − y + y 1 − x );
2 2
cos −1 (cos x) = 
 x − 2 π, x ∈ [2 π, 3 π ]  − 1 ≤ x, y < 0 and x 2 + y2 > 1

4π − x, x ∈ [3 π, 4π ]
(ii) sin −1 x − sin −1 y
(iii) tan −1 (tan x) is a periodic function with period π.  sin −1 ( x 1 − y2 − y 1 − x 2 ); x , y ≤ 1
  π π 
 x, x∈ − ,
 and x + y ≤ 1 or ( xy > 0 and x + y > 1)
2 2 2 2
 2 2 
 
 x − π,  π 3π  −1
 π − sin ( x 1 − y − y 1 − x );
2 2
x∈ , =
−1   2 2 
tan (tan x) =   0 < x ≤ 1, − 1 ≤ y < 0 and x + y > 1
2 2
3π 5π
 x − 2 π, x ∈  ,  
 
 2 2 
−1
 − π − sin ( x 1 − y − y 1 − x );
2 2
 5π 7π  
 − 1 ≤ x < 0, 0 < y ≤ 1 and x + y > 1
2 2
 x − 3 π, x ∈  , 
 2 2  (iii) cos −1 x + cos −1 y
(iv) cot −1 (cot x) is a periodic function with period π. cos −1 { xy − (1 − x2 ) (1 − y2 )}; | x |,| y | ≤ 1
cot −1 (cot x) = x; 0 < x < π 
(v) sec −1 (sec x) is a periodic function with period 2π .  and x + y ≥ 0
π π =
sec −1 (sec x) = x; 0 ≤ x < or <x≤π −1
2 π − cos { xy − (1 − x ) (1 − y )};
2 2
2 2 
(vi) cosec −1 (cosec x) is a periodic function with  | x |,| y | ≤ 1 and x + y ≤ 0
period 2 π. (iv) cos −1 x − cos −1 y
π π cos −1 { xy + (1 − x2 ) (1 − y2 )}; | x |,| y | ≤ 1
cosec −1 (cosec x) = x; − ≤ x < 0 or 0 < x ≤ 
2 2
and x ≤ y
−1  1  −1 =
4. (i) sin   = cosec x, if x ∈ (−∞, − 1] ∪ [1, ∞)
 x −1
− cos { xy + (1 − x ) (1 − y )};
2 2
 1 
(ii) cos −1   = sec −1 x, if x ∈ (−∞, − 1] ∪ [1, ∞)  − 1 ≤ y ≤ 0, 0 < x ≤ 1 and x ≥ y
 x
 1   cot x,
−1
if x > 0
(iii) tan −1   = 
 x  − π + cot −1 x, if x < 0
DAY TWENTY TWO INVERSE TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTION 235
(v) tan −1 x + tan −1 y  −1  2 x 

sin  1 + x 2  ; −1 ≤ x ≤1
 −1  x + y 
 tan  1 − xy  ; xy < 1 
   2x 
  x + y (iv) 2 tan −1 x = π − sin −1   ; x >1
=  π + tan −1  ; x > 0, y > 0, xy > 1  1 + x 2 
  1 − xy    2x 
 −1  x + y  − π − sin −1   ; x < −1
 − π + tan   ; x < 0, y < 0, xy > 1  1 + x 2 
  1 − xy 
 −1  1 − x 2 
(vi) tan −1 x − tan −1 y cos  1 + x2  ; 0 ≤ x < ∞
 
−1  x − y  (v) 2 tan −1 x=
tan  1 + xy  ; xy > − 1 − cos −1  1 − x  ; − ∞ < x ≤ 0
2
   
  x−y    1 + x2 
= π + tan −1  ; xy < − 1, x > 0, y < 0
  1 + xy  NOTE • If sin −1 x + sin −1 y = θ, then cos −1 x + cos −1 y = π − θ
 −1  x − y 
− π + tan   ; xy < − 1, x < 0, y > 0 • If cos −1 x + cos −1 y = θ, then sin −1 x + sin −1 y = π − θ
  1 + xy 
 −1 1
7. (i) 2 sin −1 x sin −1 (3 x − 4 x3 ), if ≤x≤
 2 2
 1 1 
sin −1 {2 x (1 − x 2 )}; − ≤x≤ −1 −1 1
 8. (i) 3 sin x =  π − sin (3 x − 4 x ), if < x ≤ 1
3
2 2 2
 1 
=  π − sin −1 (2 x 1 − x 2 ); ≤ x ≤1 − π − sin −1 (3 x − 4 x3 ), if − 1 ≤ x < −1
 2  2
− π − sin −1 (2 x 1 − x 2 ); − 1 ≤ x < − 1  1
 2
−1
cos (4 x − 3 x),
3
if ≤ x ≤ 1
 2
 cos −1
(2 x 2
− 1); 0 ≤ x ≤ 1 −1
 −1 −1 1
(ii) 2 cos −1 x =  −1
(ii) 3 cos x =  2 π − cos (4 x − 3 x), if
3
≤x≤
2 π − cos (2 x − 1); − 1 ≤ x < 0
2
 2 2
2 π + cos −1 (4 x3 − 3 x), 1
 −1  2x  if − 1 ≤ x ≤
tan  1 − x 2  ; −1 < x <1  2
  −1  3 x − x 3
 − 1 1
  2x   tan  1 − 3 x2  , if <x<
(iii) 2 tan −1 x = π + tan −1  ; x >1  3 3
 1 − x 2  −1  −1  3 x − x 
3
1
 (iii) 3 tan x =  π + tan   , if x >
 2x    1 − 3 x2  3
− π + tan −1   ; x < −1
 1 − x 2   −1  3 x − x 3
 − 1
− π + tan  1 − 3 x2  , if x <
 3
FOUNDATION QUESTIONS EXERCISE `
 33π  −1 −1 1
1 The principal value of sin −1
 cos  is 4 The value of cos ( 2 cos x + sin x ) at x = is
 5  j NCERT Exemplar 5
3π 7π π π (d) −
2 6
(a) (b) (c) (d) − (a) 1 (b) 3 (c) 0
5 5 10 10 5
20 20 5 The value of cos[tan−1 {sin(cot −1 x )}] is
2 If ∑
i =1
sin −1
xi = 10π , then ∑
i =1
xi is equal to
(a)
1
(b)
x2 + 2
(c)
x2 + 1
(d)
1
x +2
2 x2 + 1 x2 + 2 x +1
2
(a) 20 (b) 10 (c) 0 (d) None of these

−1  1 
−1 −1
6 The equation tan x − cot x = tan   has
3 The domain of the function defined by  3
f ( x ) = sin−1 x − 1 is j
NCERT Exemplar (a) no solution j
NCERT Exemplar
(a) [1, 2] (b) [– 1, 1] (b) unique solution
(c) [0, 1] (d) None of these (c) infinite number of solutions
(d) two solutions
 2x  1 18 The maximum value of ( sec−1x )2 + (cosec−1x )2 is

7 Let tan−1 y = tan−1 x + tan−1   , where | x | < . Then,
1 − x 2  3 π2 5 π2
(a) (b)
a value of y is j JEE Mains 2015 2 4
3x − x 3 3x + x 3 (c) π 2 (d) None of these
(a) (b)
1− 3x 2 1− 3x 2 19 The trigonometric equation sin−1 x = 2 sin−1 a , has a
3x − x 3 3x + x 3 solution for AIEEE 2003
(c) (d) j
1+ 3x 2 1+ 3x 2 1 1
(a) < | a | < (b) all real values of a
8 If θ = tan− 1 a , φ = tan− 1 b and ab = − 1, then (θ − φ) is 2 2
1 1
equal to (c) | a | ≤ (d) | a | ≥
π π 2 2
(a) 0 (b) (c) (d) None of these
4 2  π π
20 If x ∈  − ,  , then the value of
9 The range of  2 2
f ( x ) = | 3 tan−1 x − cos −1( 0) | − cos −1( − 1) is  tan x  −1  3 sin 2 x 
tan− 1   + tan   is
π π  4 
(a) [− π, π) (b) (− π, π) (c) [ − π, π] (d)  − ,   5 + 3 cos 2 x 
 2 2 
x
(a) (b) 2 x (c) 3x (d) x
10 The number of solutions of the equation 2
cos (cos −1 x ) = cosec (cosec−1x ) is π   π 
21 If tan θ + tan  + θ + tan  − + θ = a tan 3 θ, then a
(a) 2 (b) 3 (c) 4 (d) 1 3   3 
 5 2 is equal to
11 The value of cot  cosec−1 + tan−1  is
 3 3 j
AIEEE 2008 (a) 1/3 (b) 1
5 6 3 4 (c) 3 (d) None of these
(a) (b) (c) (d)
17 17 17 17 22 If cos −1 x = tan−1 x, then sin (cos −1 x ) is equal to
 1 1
12 If tan (cos −1 x ) = sin  cot −1  , then x is equal to (a) − x (b) x 2 (c) x 3 (d) −
 2 x2
(a) ±
5
(b) ±
5
(c) ±
5
(d) None of these
23 The real solution of
3 3 3 π
tan−1 x ( x + 1) + sin−1 x 2
+ x +1 = is
π 2
13 If cos −1 x + cos −1 y = and tan−1 x − tan−1 y = 0, then (a) 2, 3 (b) 1, 0 (c) −1, 0 (d) 3, 1
2
x 2 + xy + y 2 is equal to x  5 π
24 If sin−1   + cosec −1   = , then the value of x is
1 3 1  5  4 2 j
AIEEE 2007
(a) 0 (b) (c) (d)
2 2 8 (a) 1 (b) 3 (c) 4 (d) 5
x  5 π −1
25 If cosec x + cos y + sec z −1 −1
14 If sin−1   + cosec−1   = , then the value of x is
 5  4 2 j
AIEEE 2007 ≥ α 2 − 2π α + 3π , where α is a real number,
(a) 1 (b) 3 (c) 4 (d) 5 then
3π (a) x = 1, y = −1 (b) x = −1, z = −1
15 If sin−1 x + sin−1 y + sin−1 z = , then the value of (c) x = 2, y = 1 (d) x = 1, y = −2
2
26 The solution of sin−1 x ≤ cos −1 x is
∑ ( x303 + y 303) ( x 404 + y 404) is
101 101 202 202
(a)  −1,
1 
(b)  −1,
(x +y ) (x +y ) 1 
 
(a) 0 (b) 1 (c) 2 (d) 3
 2 2 
(c) 1,
1   1 
(d)  1, 
16 The root of the equation  2   2
 x − 1 −1  2 x − 1 −1  23 
tan−1   + tan   = tan   is 27 If m and M are the least and the greatest value of
 x + 1  2x + 1  36 M
3 1 3 4 (cos −1 x )2 + (sin−1 x )2 , then is equal to
(a) − (b) − (c) (d) m
8 2 4 3 (a) 10 (b) 5 (c) 4 (d) 2
17 The number of solutions of 28 The number of real solutions of the equation
−1 −1 π π 
tan x ( x + 1) + sin x + x + 1 = is
2
1 + cos 2x = 2 cos −1 (cos x ) in , π is
2  2 
j
NCERT Exemplar j
NCERT Exemplar
(a) 0 (b) 1 (c) 2 (d) infinite (a) 0 (b) 1 (c) 2 (d) infinite
29 The sum of the infinite series 31 The value of x for which sin[cot −1(1 + x )] = cos (tan−1 x ),
 1   2 − 1  3 − 2 is j JEE Mains 2013
sin−1  −1
 + sin   + sin−1   1 1
 2  6   12  (a) − (b) 1 (c) 0 (d)
2 2
 n − (n − 1) 
+ K + sin−1   is 32 If 0 < x < 1, then 1 + x 2 [{x cos (cot −1 x )
 n (n + 1) 
+ sin(cot −1 x )} 2 − 1]1/ 2 is equal to
π π π
(a) (b) (c) (d) π (a)
x
(b) x (c) x 1 + x 2 (d) 1+ x2
8 4 2
1+ x 2
30 A root of the equation

33 If x, y and z are in AP and tan−1 x, tan−1 y and tan−1 z are
  1 π 
17x + 17x tan 2 tan−1   −  − 10 = 0 is
2
also in AP, then j AIEEE 2012
  5 4 
(a) x = y = z (b) 2 x = y = 6z
10 7
(a) (b) −1 (c) − (d) 1 (c) 6x = 3 y = 2 z (d) 6x = 4 y = 3 z
17 17

 x2 x3   x4 x6  6 If [cot −1 x ] + [cos −1 x ] = 0, where x is a non-negative real
1 If sin−1  x − + −... + cos −1  x 2 − + −...
 2 4   2 4  number and [.] denotes the greatest integer function,
π then complete set of values of x is
= , where 0 < | x | < 2, then x is equal to (a) (cos 1, 1] (b) (cot 1, 1)
2
1 1 (c) (cos 1, cot 1) (d) None of these
(a) (b) 1 (c) − (d) −1
2 2 7 cot −1 ( cos α ) − tan−1 ( cos α ) = x , then sin x is equal to
2 If the mapping f ( x ) = ax + b, a > 0 maps [ − 1, 1] onto
j
AIEEE 2002
α α α
−1 −1
[ 0, 2], then cot [cot 7 + cot 8 + cot 18] is equal to −1
(a) tan   (b) cot 2   (c) tan α
2
(d) cot  
 2  2  2
(a) f (− 1) (b) f (0) (c) f (1) (d) f (2)
5π 2
 1
−1  −1  1  8 If (tan−1 x ) 2 + (cot −1 x ) 2 = , then the value of x is
3 If S = tan  2  + tan  2  +K 8
 n + n + 1  n + 3 n + 3 (a) −2 (b) −3 (c) −1 (d) 2
 1  9 The solution set of tan2 (sin−1 x ) > 1 is
+ tan−1  , then tan S is equal to
(a)  − 1, −
1   1 
(b)  −
1 1 
1 + (n + 19) (n + 20)  j
JEE Mains 2013  ∪ , 1 ,  ~ {0 }
 2  2   2 2
20 n
(a) (b) (c) (− 1, 1 ) ~ {0} (d) None of these
401 + 20n n 2 + 20n + 1
20 n 10 If θ and φ are the roots of the equation
(c) 2 (d)
n + 20n + 1 401 + 20n 8x 2 + 22x + 5 = 0, then
π
(a) both sin−1 θ and sin−1 φ are equal
cos −1 sin  x + 
4 If f ( x ) = e  3
, then (b) both sec−1 θ and sec−1 φ are real
π 13 π
(c) both tan−1 θ and tan−1 φ are real
7π 8π
(a) f  −  =e 11
(b) f   = e 18 (d) None of the above
 4   9 
3π 11 π
11 2 tan−1( − 2) is equal to
7π 7π
(c) f  −  = e 12 (d) f  −  = e 13
−3
(a) cos−1   (b) π + cos−1
3
 4   4   5  5
π
(c) − + tan−1  −  (d) − π + cot −1  − 
3 3
3π
5 If sin−1 x + sin−1 y + sin−1 z = and f (1) = 2 , 2  4  4
2
12 Let x ∈( 0, 1 ). The set of all x such that sin−1 x > cos −1 x , is
f ( p + q ) = f ( p ) ⋅ f (q ), ∀ p, q ∈ R , then
the interval j
JEE Mains 2013
(x + y + z )
(a)  ,
1 1 
(b) 
x f (1) + y f ( 2 ) + z f ( 3 ) − f (1) is equal to 1 
x + y f (2 ) + z f (3 )  , 1
2 2  2 
(a) 0 (b) 1  3
(c) (0, 1) (d)  0, 
(c) 2 (d) 3  2 
ANSWERS
SESSION 1 1 (d) 2 (a) 3 (a) 4 (d) 5 (c) 6 (b) 7 (a) 8 (c) 9 (a) 10 (a)
11 (b) 12 (b) 13 (c) 14 (b) 15 (d) 16 (d) 17 (b) 18 (b) 19 (c) 20 (d)
21 (c) 22 (b) 23 (c) 24 (b) 25 (a) 26 (b) 27 (a) 28 (a) 29 (c) 30 (d)
31 (a) 32 (c) 33 (a)
SESSION 2
1 (b) 2 (d) 3 (c) 4 (b) 5 (c) 6 (b) 7 (a) 8 (c) 9 (a) 10 (c)
11 (c) 12 (b)

SESSION 1 ⇒ sinα =
1 7 Given,
tan −1 y = tan −1 x + tan −1 
1 + x2 2x 
1 cos  33 π  = cos  6 π + 3 π  = cos 3 π 1
,
 1 − x2 
 5   5 5 ⇒ α = sin −1
 π 3π   π 1 + x2 1
= sin  − where| x | <
 = sin  − 
2 5  10  Hence, cos[tan {sin(cot −1 x )}]
−1 3
33 π        2x 
∴ sin −1  cos
1
 = cos  tan −1 sin  sin −1    x + 1 − x2 
 5    1 + x  
2
⇒ tan −1 y = tan −1 
 
 π  π  1 − x  2 x  
= sin −1  sin  −  = − 
= cos  tan −1
1    1 − x  
2
  10   10 
 1 + x2   −1 −1 −1  x + y 
2 Since, − π ≤ sin −1 x ≤ π  x2 + 1  Q tan x + tan y = tan  1 − xy  ,
= cos cos −1   
2 2 
 x2 + 2 
π 
∴ sin −1
x i = , 1 ≤ i ≤ 20 xy < 1
 −1  1   
2
 =β 
Q let tan  
⇒ x i = 1, 1 ≤ i ≤ 20  1 + x2  −1  x − x + 2 x 
3
  = tan  
20
 1   1 − x2 − 2 x2 
Thus, ∑ x i = 20  tan β =
1 + x2

 3 x − x3 
i =1
  tan −1 y = tan −1  
 1 x2 + 2   1 − 3 x2 
3 Given, f ( x ) = sin −1 x − 1  sec β = 1 + = 
 1 + x2 x2 + 1  3 x − x3
For domain of f ( x ) − 1≤ x−1≤1 ⇒ y =
 x2 + 1  1 − 3 x2
⇒ 0 ≤ (x − 1)≤ 1 ⇒1 ≤ x ≤ 2 cos β = 
 x2 + 2  Alternate Method
∴ x ∈ [1, 2] 1 1 1
x2 + 1 | x |< ⇒− < x<
4 cos (2 cos −1 x + sin −1 x ) = 3 3 3
x2 + 2
= cos [2(cos −1 x + sin −1 x ) − sin −1 x] π π
Let x = tanθ ⇒ − < θ <
= cos ( π − sin −1 x ) = − cos (sin −1 x ) 6 Given, tan −1 x − cot −1 x = tan −1  1  6 6
 3 ∴ tan −1 y = θ + tan −1 (tan 2θ)
 1 
= − cos sin −1   Q x = 1 
π = θ + 2θ = 3θ
  5   5 −1
⇒ tan x − cot x = −1
…(i)
6 ⇒ y = tan3θ
 1 
2
π
= − cos cos −1 1 −    But tan −1 x + cot −1 x = …(ii) ⇒ y =
3 tan θ − tan3 θ
  5  2 1 − 3 tan θ

On adding Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get 3 x − x3
 2 6  2 6 π π 2π ⇒ y =
= − cos  cos −1 =− 2 tan −1 x = + = 1 − 3 x2
 5  5 6 2 3
π 8 Given that, θ = tan −1 a
5 We have, cos[tan −1 {sin(cot −1 x )}] ⇒ tan −1 x =
3 and φ = tan −1 b
Let cot −1 x = α π
⇒ x = tan ⇒ x = 3 and ab = −1
3 ∴tan θ tan φ = ab = − 1
⇒ cotα = x It has unique solution.
⇒ cosec α = 1 + x2
⇒ tan θ = − cot φ 1 − x2 2 From Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get

⇒ =
⇒ (1 − x2 )5 = 2x
π x( x + 1) = 0 ⇒ x = 0, − 1
⇒ tan θ = tan  + φ x 5
2  On squaring both sides, we get But x = −1 is not satisfied the given
π equation.
⇒ θ−φ= (1 − x2 )5 = 4 x2
2 5 18 Let I = (sec −1 x )2 + (cosec −1 x )2
⇒ 9 x2 = 5 ⇒ x = ±
9 f ( x ) =| 3 tan −1 x − cos −1 (0 ) | − cos −1 (−1 ) 3 = (sec −1 x + cosec −1 x )2
π 13 Qtan −1 x − tan −1 y = 0 ⇒ x = y − 2 sec −1 x cosec −1 x

= 3 tan −1 x −   − π π2 π
 2 Also, cos −1 x + cos −1 y =
π = − 2 sec −1 x  − sec −1 x 
4 2 
π π 2
We know that, − < tan −1 x < π π π2 
2 2 ⇒ 2 cos −1 x = ⇒ cos −1 x = = + 2 (sec −1 x )2

−3 π 3π 2 4 4 
⇒ < 3 tan −1 x < 1 1
2 2 ⇒ x= ⇒ x2 = π π2 π2 
− (sec −1 x ) + −
π 16 16 
2 2
−1
⇒ −2 π < 3 tan x − < π 2
3
2 Hence, x + xy + y = 3 x2 =
2 2
 π 
2
π2
−1 π 2 = + 2   sec −1 x −  
⇒ 0 ≤ 3 tan x − < 2π 8  4 
2
14 Q sin −1  x  + cosec −1  5 = π
π   5   4 2 π 2
 9π  2
5π2
⇒ − π ≤ 3 tan −1 x − − π< π ∴ I max = +2 =
 
2
⇒ sin −1  x  + sin −1  4  = π 8  16  4
   
 5  5 2
10 cos (cos −1 x ) = x, ∀ x ∈[− 1, 1] and 19 Given that, sin −1 x = 2sin −1 a
⇒ sin −1  x  = π − sin −1  4 
cosec (cosec −1 x )     π π
 5 2  5 Q − ≤ sin −1 x ≤
= x, ∀ x ∈ (−∞, − 1] ∪ [1, ∞ ) 2 2
⇒ cos (cos −1 x ) = cosec (cosec −1 x ) for ⇒ sin −1  x  = cos −1  4 
    π π
x = ± 1 only.  5  5 ⇒ − ≤ 2sin −1 a ≤
2 2
Hence, there are two roots. ⇒ sin −1  x  = sin −1  3 
    π π
 5  5 ⇒ − ≤ sin −1 a ≤
11 Since, cosec  5 = tan −1  3 
−1
∴ x=3
4 4
 3  4 π π
⇒ sin  −  ≤ a ≤ sin

∴ cot  tan −1 3
+ tan −1 
2 15 Given, sin −1 x + sin −1 y + sin −1 z = 3 π  4 4
 4 3 2 1 1
π ⇒ − ≤ a≤
  + 
3 2  ⇒ sin −1
x = sin −1
y = sin −1
z= 2 2
   2
= cot  tan −1  4 3   ⇒ |a| ≤
1
1 ⇒ x= y = z=1
  1 −  2
  2  ( x101 + y 101 ) ( x202 + y 202 )
∴ Σ 303
−1  3 sin 2 x 
20 tan −1 
( x + y 303 ) ( x 404 + y 404 ) tan x 
   17     + tan  
   12    (1 + 1) (1 + 1)  4   5 + 3 cos 2 x 
= cot  tan −1 =Σ = Σ1 = 3
  (1 + 1) (1 + 1)  tan x  +
   1    = tan −1
  tan
−1
  4 
   2     x − 1 2x − 1 
 +   6 tan x 
  17   = 6 x + 1 2x + 1  
= cot tan −1   16 tan −1   1 + tan2 x
  6   17  
 1 −  x − 1   2 x − 1    3 ( 1 − tan2 x ) 
  x + 1   2 x + 1  
5+ 
12 Let cot −1 1 = φ ⇒ 1 = cot φ  1 + tan2 x 
= tan −1  
2 2 23
1 2  36   tan x  −1  6 tan x 
⇒ sin φ = = = tan −1   + tan  
1 + cot2 φ 5  4   8 + 2 tan x 
2
2 x − 1 23
2
⇒ =
1  tan x  −1  3 tan x 
−1
Let cos x = θ ⇒ sec θ = 3x 36 = tan −1   + tan  
x  4   4 + tan x 
2
⇒ 24 x − 12 − 23 x = 0
2
⇒ tan θ = sec2 θ − 1 4 3  tan x 3 tan x 

⇒ x= ,−  + 
3 8 −1  4 4 + tan2 x 
1 1− x 2 = tan
⇒ tan θ = − 1 ⇒ tan θ = But x cannot be negative.  3 tan2 x 
x2 x  1− 
∴ x=
4  4(4 + tan x ) 
2
Now, tan (cos −1 x ) = sin  cot −1 

1 3
  tan x 3 tan x  
 2  as  ⋅ < 1
17 For existence, x ( x + 1) ≥ 0 …(i)   4 4 tan2 x 
 1 − x2 
⇒ tan  tan −1  and x2 + x + 1 ≤ 1
   16 tan x + tan3 x 
 x  ⇒ x2 + x ≤ 0 = tan −1  
⇒ x( x + 1) ≤ 0  16 + tan2 x 
 2  …(ii)
= sin  sin −1  = tan −1 (tan x ) = x
 5
21 tan θ + tan  π + θ + tan  − π + θ ⇒ sin −1   = cos −1  

x 4 ∴ cos x = − x
3   3   5  5 Hence, no solution exist.
= a tan 3 θ
⇒ sin −1   = sin −1  
x 3  r − (r − 1) 
3 + tan θ  5  5 29 Q T r = sin −1  
⇒ tan θ +  r (r + 1) 
1 − 3 tan θ ∴ x=3
 r − (r − 1) 
= tan −1  
tan θ − 3 25 Given,
+ = a tan 3 θ  1 + r ( r − 1 )
1+ 3 tan θ cosec −1 x + cos −1 y + sec −1 z ≥ α2
− 2π α + 3π
n  r − r −1 
∴ S n = ∑ tan −1  
8 tan θ
⇒ tan θ + = a tan 3 θ RHS = α2 − 2 π α + 3 π r =1 1 + r r − 1
1 − 3 tan2 θ
π π π n
∑ [tan
−1
= α2 − 2 α + + 3π − = r − tan −1 (r − 1)]
3(3 tan θ − tan3 θ ) 2 2 2
⇒ = a tan 3 θ r =1
1 − 3 tan2 θ 
2
= tan −1 n − tan −1
π 5π 5π 0
= α −  + ≥ …(i)
⇒ 3 tan 3 θ = a tan 3 θ  2 2 2 = tan −1 n −0
⇒ a=3 π π π
QLHS, cosec −1 x ∈  − ,  − {0} ∴ S ∞ = tan −1 ∞ =
 2 2 
22 Let cos −1 x = tan −1 x = θ 2
⇒ x = cos θ = tan θ cos −1 y ∈ [0, π] 1
2×
π
⇒ cos θ = tan θ ⇒ cos θ =
sin θ and sec z ∈ [0, π] −  
−1
30 Now, tan 2 tan −1  1   = 5 = 5
cos θ 2   
5  1− 1 12
5π 25
⇒ cos 2 θ = sin θ ∴ LHS ≤ …(ii)
⇒ sin2 θ + sin θ − 1 = 0 2 Given equation can be rewritten as
π
17 x2 − 17 x tan  − 2 tan −1    − 10 = 0
−1± 1+ 4 From Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get only 1
⇒ sin θ = possibility is sign of equality  5 
2 4
x = 1, y = − 1, z = − 1 5
5−1 1−
⇒ sin θ = 26 Given, cos −1 x ≥ sin −1 x 12 − 10 = 0
2 ⇒ 17 x2 − 17 x ⋅
5
5−1 π 1+
∴ x = cos θ = sin θ =
2 2
⇒ ≥ 2 sin −1 x 12
2 2
⇒ 17 x2 − 7 x − 10 = 0
and sin (cos −1 x ) = sin θ Qsin −1 x + cos −1 x = π , ∀x ∈ [−1,1]
  ⇒ ( x − 1) (17 x + 10) = 0
5−1 2
= = x2 Hence, x = 1 is a root of the given
2 π π π
⇒ sin −1 x ≤ ⇒ − ≤ sin −1 x ≤ equation.
4 2 2
23 Given, tan −1 x ( x + 1 ) + sin −1 π π   
  1
−1
Q range of sin x is  − ,   31 sin  sin −1 

π   2 2   (1 + x )2 + 1 
x + x+1=
2
2 π
1 ⇒ − 1 ≤ x ≤ sin    1 
⇒ cos −1  4 = cos  cos −1 
1 + (x + x )
2  1 + x2 
 1 
⇒ x ∈ − 1, 1 1
π  2  =
+ sin −1 x2 + x + 1 =
2 2
(1 + x )2 + 1 1 + x2
⇒ cos −1
1
=
π 27  π − sin −1 x  + (sin −1 x )2 ⇒ (1 + x )2 + 1 = 1 + x2
2 
1 + (x + x )
2 2 ⇒ 2x + 1 = 0
π2 1
− sin −1 x2 + x + 1 = + 2 (sin −1 x )2 − π sin −1 x ⇒ x=−
4 2
1 π2 π
2
⇒ cos −1 = + 2 sin −1 x − 
x2 + x + 1 
32 We have, 0 < x < 1
8 4 
= cos −1 x2 + x + 1 π2 5π2 Now, 1 + x2 [{ x cos(cot −1 x )
Here, m = ,M =
1 8 4 + sin(cot −1 x )}2 − 1]1 /2
⇒ = x2 + x + 1 M = 1+ x 2
x2 + x + 1 ∴ = 10
m 1 /2
⇒ x + x + 1 = 1 ⇒ x = − 1, 0
2  
2

28 Given, 1 + cos 2 x = 2 cos (cos x ) −1   x x
+
1
 − 1
24 Since, sin −1  x  + cosec −1  5 = π   1 + x2

1 + x2  

 5  4 2 ∴ 2cos 2 x = 2 x
1 /2
π  2

⇒ sin −1 
x −1  4  ⇒ 2 |cos x | = 2 x 1 + x2 
 + sin   = = 1 + x  2
− 1
 5  5
  1 + x2 
2 π
For x ∈  , π  , |cos x| = − cos x 


 2 
π
sin −1   = − sin −1  
x 4 = 1 + x2 [1 + x2 − 1)1 /2
⇒ − 2 cos x = 2 x
 5 2  5
⇒ − cos x = x = x 1 + x2
33 Since, x, y and z are in AP.   3 + 1  Then, f (2) = f (1 )f (1 ) = 2 ⋅ 2 = 4

∴ 2y = x + z    and put p = 1, q = 2
= cot  tan −1  11 18  
Also, tan −1 x, tan −1 y and tan −1 z are in 1 − 3 ⋅ 1  Then, f (3) = f (1 )f (2) = 2 ⋅ 22 = 8

AP.   11 18   x+ y + z
∴ x f(1 ) + y f(2 ) + z f(3 ) − f(1 )
∴2 tan −1 y = tan −1 x + tan −1 z x + y f(2 ) + z f(3 )
 65  
 2y   x+ z = cot tan −1  
⇒ −1
= tan −1    195  3
tan  2  =1+ 1+ 1− =3−1=2
1 − y   1 − xz  1+ 1+ 1
 1 
x+ z x+ z = cot tan −1   = cot(cot −1 3) = 3
⇒ =   3   6Q 0 ≤ cos −1 x ≤ π
1 − y 2 1 − xz
⇒ y 2 = xz [Q2y = x + z] = 1 + 2 = f (2) [Q f ( x ) = x + 1] and 0 < cot −1 x < π
Since x, y and z are in AP as well as in Given, [cot −1 x] + [cos −1 x] = 0
(n + 1 ) − (n + 0) 
GP. 3 S = tan −1   ⇒ [cot −1 x] = 0 and [cos −1 x] = 0
∴ x= y =z  1 + (n + 0) (n + 1 )
⇒ 0 < cot −1 x < 1 and 0 ≤ cos −1 x < 1
 (n + 2) − (n + 1 ) 
−1
+ tan   ∴ x ∈ (cot 1, ∞ )
SESSION 2  1 + (n + 1 ) (n + 2)
2 3 and x ∈ (cos 1, 1 ) ⇒ x ∈(cot 1, 1 )
1 Now, x − x + x − …  (n + 20) − (n + 19) 
+ K + tan −1  
2 4
x 2x  1 + (n + 19) (n + 20) 7 Given that,
= = = tan −1 (n + 1 ) − tan −1 n cot −1 ( cos α ) − tan −1
1+
x 2+ x
2 + tan −1 (n + 2) − tan −1 (n + 1 ) ( cos α ) = x …(i)
x4 x6 + ... + tan −1 (n + 20) − tan −1 (n + 19)
and x2 − + −K We know that,
2 4 −1 −1 π
2 = tan (n + 20) − tan n cot −1 ( cos α ) + tan −1 ( cos α ) = 3
x 2 x2
= = 2
x2
2 + x2  n + 20 − n 
1+ = tan −1   …(ii)
2  1 + n(n + 20)
π Qcot −1 x + tan −1 x = π 
Q sin −1 α + cos −1 α =  20   2 
2 = tan −1  2 
2x 2 x2  n + 20n + 1  On adding Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get
∴ = ,x ≠ 0 π
2 + x 2 + x2 2cot −1 ( cos α ) = + x
  20  2
⇒ 2 + x2 = 2 x + x2 ⇒ tan S = tan  tan −1  2 
 + +  π
cos α = cot  + 
 n 20n 1 x
∴ x=1 ⇒
4 2
20
2 Q f ( x ) = ax + b ⇒ tan S = x
n2 + 20n + 1 cot − 1
⇒ cos α = 2
∴ f ′( x ) = a > 0  π
cos −1 sin  x +  x
4 Given, f ( x ) = e  3 1 + cot
So, f ( x ) is an increasing function. 2
 8π π 
8π 
−1
+  x x
f 
cos sin 
⇒ f (− 1) = 0 and f (1) = 2 ⇒  =e
 9 3 cos − sin
 9  ⇒ cos α = 2 2
⇒ − a+ b = 0  11 π  x x
cos −1 sin 
 9 
cos + sin
and a+ b =2 =e 2 2
 13 π  13 π On squaring both sides, we get
8π 
−1
f 
cos cos 
 18 
Then, a=b =1 ⇒  =e =e 18
x x
 9  cos 2 + sin2
∴ f ( x) = x + 1  7π π  ⇒ cos α = 2 2
7π 
−1
sin  − + 
Also, f  −
cos
 4 3 x x
−1
Now, cot[cot 7 + cot 8 + cot 18] −1 −1  =e cos 2 + sin2
 4 2 2
 1 
tan −1   + tan −1  
1  17 π 
cos −1 sin  − cos −1 cos
π π x x
  12  − 2sin cos
 7  8  =e =e 12 = e 12 2 2
= cot  
x x
+ tan −1    5 Q− π ≤ sin −1 x ≤ π , − π ≤ sin −1 y ≤ π
 1 + 2sin cos
  18   2 2 2 2 2 2
π π 1 − sin x
  1+ 1   and − ≤ sin −1 z ≤ ⇒ cos α =
   1  1 + sin x
= cot  tan −1  7 8  + tan −1   
2 2
 18  Given that, α
 1 − 1⋅ 1   1 − tan2
  7 8  sin −1 x + sin −1 y + sin −1 z =
3π
⇒ 2 = 1 − sin x
2 2 α 1 + sin x
 1  1 + tan
= cot tan −1   + tan −1  
15
which is possible only when 2
  55  18   π On applying componendo and
sin −1 x = sin −1 y = sin −1 z =
 1  2 dividendo rule, we get
= cot tan −1   + tan −1  
3
⇒ x= y = z=1 α
  11   18   sin x = tan2  
Put p = q = 1  2
π π −3
8 Given, or − < sin −1 x < − ⇒ − 2θ = cos −1  
−1 −1 5π2 2 4  5
(tan x ) + (cot
2
x) =
2
8  1   1  3
⇒ x∈ , 1 or x ∈  − 1, −  = π − cos −1
⇒ (tan −1 x + cot −1 x )2 − 2 tan −1  2   2 5
5π2  1   1  ⇒ 2θ = − π + cos −1
3
x ⋅ cot −1 x = ⇒ x ∈  − 1, −  ∪ , 1
8  2  2  5
π
2
π 4
⇒   − 2 tan −1 x  − tan −1 x  ⇒ 2θ = − π + tan −1
10 8 x2 + 22 x + 5 = 0 3
 2 2 
1 5 3
5π2 Q tan −1 x + cot −1 x = π  ⇒ x=− ,− =− π + cot −1
= 4 2 4
8  2  π 3
1 5
Q−1 < − < 1 and − < − 1 =− π+ − tan −1
π2 π 4 2 2 4
⇒ − 2 ⋅ tan −1 x
π 3
∴ sin −1  −  exists but sin −1  − 
4 2 1 5 =− − tan −1
5π2  4  2 2 4
+ 2 (tan −1 x )2 =
π
+ tan −1  − 
8 3
does not exist. =−
3 π2 2  4
sec −1  −  exists but sec −1  −  does
⇒ 2 (tan −1 x )2 − π tan −1 x− =0 5 1
8  2  4
12
π 3π Y
⇒ tan −1 x = − , not exist.
4 4 −1  − 1
π So, tan   π
⇒ tan −1 x = −  4
4 y = cos –1 x
 − 5 both exist. π
⇒ x= −1 and tan −1  
 2 2 y = sin–1 x
  (–1, 0) π
4
 neglecting tan −1 x  11 Let tan −1 (− 2) = θ X′
O
X
  1,0
 3π  ⇒ tan θ = − 2 2 (1, 0)
= as principal value of 
π
θ ∈  − , 0
 4  ⇒
π π
 tan −1 x ∈  − ,    2 
  2 2 
⇒ 2θ ∈ (− π, 0 )
Now, cos ( − 2θ) = cos 2θ Y′
−1
9 tan (sin x ) > 1
2
1 − tan2 θ
π π =  1 
⇒ < sin −1 x < 1 + tan2 θ ∴ sin −1 x > cos −1 x, ∀ x ∈  , 1
4 2  2 
−3
=
5
DAY TWENTY THREE UNIT TEST 3 (TRIGONOMETRY) 243
DAY TWENTY THREE
Unit Test 3
(Trigonometry)
1 The range of f ( x ) = sin−1 x + tan−1 x + sec −1x , is 7 The maximum value of 12 sin θ − 9 sin2 θ is
π 3π π 3π
(a)  ,  (b)  , (a) 3 (b) 4
4 4   4 4  (c) 5 (d) None of these
π 3π
(c)  ,  (d) None of these 8 The minimum value of the expression sin α + sin β + sin γ,
4 4 
when α , β and γ are real numbers satisfying
2 From a point a m above a lake the angle of elevation of a α + β + γ = π , is
cloud is α and the angle of depression of its reflection is (a) − 3 (b) negative (c) positive (d) zero
β. The height of the cloud is 9 If cos −1
x + cos −1
1 − x + cos −1
1 − y = π, then the
a sin (α + β) a sin(α + β)
(a) m (b) m value of y is
sin (α − β) sin( β − α) 1 3 1
a sin (β − α) (a) (b) (c) 1 (d)
(c) m (d) None of these 2 2 4
sin (α + β)
10 If α and β are the roots of the equation
2n 2n
3 If ∑ cos xi = 0, then ∑ xi is equal to
−1 5 cos θ + 4 sin θ = 3, then cos (α + β ) is equal to
i =1 i =1
9 9 3 21
(a) (b) (c) (d)
40 41 10 31
(a) n (b) 2n
n (n + 1) 11 The angular depressions of the top and the foot of a
2 chimney as seen from the top of a second chimney,
−1 which is 150 m high and standing on the same level as
4 The value of x for which cos (cos 4) > 3x − 4x, is 2
4
 2 + 6π − 8  the first are θ and φ, respectively. If tan θ = and
(a)  0,  3
 3  5
tan φ = , then the distance between their tops is
 2 − 6π − 8  2
(b)  , 0
 3  (a) 120 m (b) 110 m
(c) 100 m (d) None of these
(c) (− 2, 2)
2 − 6π − 8 2 + 6π − 8  12 The elevation of the hill from a place P due West of it is
(d)  ,  60° and at a place Q due South of it is 30°. If the distance
 3 3  PQ be 200 m, then the height of the hill is
5 If α ≤ sin−1 x + cos −1x + tan −1x ≤ β, then (a) 109.54 m (b) 108.70 m
π π π (c) 110.6 m (d) None of these
(a) α = 0 (b) β = (c) α = (d) β =
2 4 3  1  7π 2π  
13 cos −1   cos − sin   is equal to
6 The angles of elevation of the top of a tower at the top  2  5 5 
and the foot of a pole of height 10 m are 30° and 60°, 13 π 21 π
respectively. The height of the tower is (a) (b)
20 20
(a) 10 m (b) 15 m 33 π
(c) 20 m (d) None of these 20
244 40 DAYS ~ JEE MAIN MATHEMATICS DAY TWENTY THREE
4 ab 1 π
14 sec 2 θ = , where a , b ∈ R is true if and only if 25 If a sin2 α − cosec 2 α = 0, 0 < α < , then
(a + b ) 2 a 2
(a) a + b ≠ 0 (b) a = b, a ≠ 0 cos 2 α + 5 sin α cos α + 6 sin2 α is equal to
(c) a = b (d) a ≠ 0, b ≠ 0 a 2 + 5a + 6
(a) 5 (b)
a2
15 If x = cos −1(cos 4) and y = sin−1(sin 3), then which of the a 2 − 5a + 6
following conditions holds? a2
(a) x − y = 1 (b) x + y + 1 = 0 x x
26 If tan = cosec x − sin x , then tan2 is equal to
(c) x + 2 y = 2 (d) tan(x + y) = − tan 7 2 2
 2x  (a) 2 − 5 (b) 5 − 2
16 If log2 x ≥ 0 , then log1/ π sin−1 + 2 tan−1 x  is equal (c) (9 − 4 5 ) (2 + 5) (d) (9 + 4 5 ) (2 − 5 )
 1+ x2 
to 27 If 0° < θ < 180° , then 2 + 2 + 2 + ... + 2 (1 + cos θ )
(a) log1 / π (4 tan−1 x) (b) 0
(c) −1 (d) None of these (where, number of 2’ s is n) is equal to
θ θ
17 If A lies in the third quadrant and 3 tan A − 4 = 0, then (a) 2 cos  n  (b) 2 cos  n − 1 
5 sin 2A + 3 sin A + 4 cos A is equal to 2  2 
θ
(a) 0 (b) −
24 (c) 2 cos  n + 1  (d) None of these
5 2 
24 48
(c) (d) 28 In ∆ABC, tan A + tan B + tan C = 6, tan B tan C = 2 , then
5 5
sin2 A : sin2 B : sin2 C is equal to
18 The minimum value of 27 cos x + 81 sin x is 9 5 8 9 7 8
(a) : : (b) : :
2 1 10 10 10 10 10 10
(a) (b)
3 3 3 3 9 8 7
(c) : : (d) None of these
2 10 10 10
9 3
29 If 0 ≤ x ≤ 3π, 0 ≤ y ≤ 3π and cos x ⋅ sin y = 1, then the
19 If sin2 x + a sin x + 1 = 0 has no real number solution, possible number of values of the ordered pair ( x , y ) is
then (a) 6 (b) 12 (c) 8 (d) 15
(a) | a | ≥ 2 (b) | a | ≥ 1 30 The general solution of the equation
(c) | a | < 2 (d) None of these 1 + sin4 2x = cos 2 6x is
nπ nπ
20 If sin θ = n sin ( θ + 2 α ), then tan ( θ + α ) is equal to (a) (b) (c) 3nπ (d) None of these
n+1 1+ n 3 2
(a) tan α (b) tan α
n −1 1− n x π
31 The equation 2 cos 2 sin2 x = x 2 + x −2 , 0 < x ≤ has
n 2 2
(c) tan α (d) None of these
1+ n (a) no real solution
(b) a unique real solution
21 sin6 x + cos 6 x lies between (c) finitely many real solutions
1 1 (d) infinitely many real solutions
(a) and 1 (b) and 2
4 4
32 The n poles standing at equal distance on a straight road
(c) 0 and 1 (d) None of these subtend the same angle α at a point O on the road. If the
π height of the largest pole is h and the distance of the foot
22 If n = , then tan α ⋅ tan 2 α ⋅ tan 3 α K tan ( 2n − 1) α is
4α of the smallest pole from O is a, the distance between
two consecutive poles is
equal to
h cos α − a sin α h cos α + a sin α
(a) 1 (b) −1 (a) (b)
(n − 1) sin α (n − 1) sin α
(c) ∞ (d) None of these h cos α − a sin α a cos α − h sin α
(c) (d)
23 The ratio of the greatest value of 2 − cos x + sin2 x to its (n + 1) sin α (n − 1) sin α
least value is
1 9 13 17 33 The solution of the equation
(a) (b) (c) (d)
4 4 4 4  8
tan−1( x + 1) + tan−1 ( x − 1) = tan−1   is
24 If m = a cos 3 θ + 3 a cos θ sin2 θ, n = a sin3 θ + 3 a cos 2 θ  31
sin θ, then the value of (m + n ) 2 / 3 + (m − n ) 2 / 3 is (a)
1
(b)
1
or − 8
2/3 2/3 3/2 2/3 4 4
(a) 2a (b) a (c) a (d) 4 a
(c) − 8 (d) None of these
π I. The general value of θ satisfying the equations

34 The solution of cos −1 x 3 + cos −1 x = , is
2 sin2 θ = sin2 α, cos 2 θ = cos 2 α and tan2 θ = tan2 α is
(a) −
1
(b) −
1
or
1 given by θ = n π ± α
2 2 2 II. The general value of θ satisfying equations
1
(c) (d) None of these sin θ = sin α and cos θ = cos α simultaneously is given
2
by θ = 2nπ ± α , n ∈ Z .
35 The number of solutions of the equation (a) I is correct (b) II is correct
tan x + sec x = 2 cos x lying in the interval [ 0, 2 π ], is (c) Both I and II are correct (d) Both I and II are incorrect
(a) 0 (b) 1 (c) 2 (d) 3
Directions (Q. Nos. 47-50) Each of these questions contains
36 If cot x + cosec x − a = 0 has atleast one solution, then
2
two statements : Statement I and Statement II. Each of these
complete set of value of a is questions also has four alternative choices, only one of which
(a) [− 1, ∞ ) (b) (− 1, 1) (c) (− ∞, 1) (d) (− ∞, 1] is the correct answer. You have to select one of the codes
37 From the top of the cliff 400 m high the top of a tower (a ), (b), (c) and (d ) given below.
was observed at an angle of depression 45° and from (a) Statement I is true, Statement II is true; Statement II is a
the foot of the tower the top of the cliff was observed at correct explanation for Statement I
an angle of elevation 60°. The height of the tower is (b) Statement I is true, Statement II is true; Statement II is
(a) 169.06 m (b) 179. 2 m not a correct explanation for Statement I
(c) 180.0 m (d) None of these (c) Statement I is true; Statement II is false
38 If cos 5 θ = P cos θ − 20 cos 3 θ + Q cos 5 θ + R, then
1
P + Q + R is equal to 47 Statement I If ≤ x ≤ 1, then
2
(a) 21 (b) 18 (c) 15 (d) 31
x 3 − 3x 2  π
39 In ∆ABC, if
cos A cos B cos C
= = , then the triangle is cos −1 x − sin−1  +  is equal to − .
a b c  2 2  3
(a) right angled (b) obtuse angled
 1 1 
(c) equilateral (d) isosceles Statement II sin−1( 2x 1 − x 2 ) = 2 sin−1 x , if x ∈ − , .
 2 2 
40 If the area of a ∆ ABC be λ, then a 2 sin 2 B + b 2 sin 2A is
equal to 48 Suppose any angle is satisfied both equations, then it is
(a) 2 λ (b) λ said to be solution of an equation.
(c) 4λ (d) None of these
Statement I The number of solutions of the pair of
41 If cos 2x + 2 cos x = 1, then the value of sin2 x ( 2 − cos 2 x )
equations
is
(a) 0 (b) 1 (c) 2 (d) −1 2 sin2 θ − cos 2θ = 0
and 2 cos 2 θ − 3 sin θ = 0
42 If sin x (1 + sin x ) + cos x (1 + cos x ) = A and
in the interval [ 0, 2π ] is two.
sin x (1 − sin x ) + cos x (1 − cos x ) = B, then the value of
A 2 − 2A − sin 2x = B 2 + 2B − sin 2x is Statement II If 2 cos 2 θ − 3 sin θ = 0, then θ cannot lie in
(a) 1 (b) 2 (c) 3 (d) 0 III or IV quadrant.
43 If the sides a, b and c of a ∆ABC are roots of the equation  θ
x 3 − 15x 2 + 47x − 82 = 0, then the value of 49 Statement I If 2 sin   = 1 + sin θ + 1 − sin θ,
 2
cos A cos B cos C
+ + is θ π 3π
a b c then lies between 2nπ + and 2nπ + .
225 131 131 169 2 4 4
(a) (b) (c) (d) π 3π θ
164 164 82 82 Statement II If ≤ θ ≤ , then sin > 0 .
4 4 2
44 If in a ∆ABC, a 4 + b 4 + c 4 − 2b 2c 2 − 2c 2a 2 = 0. Then, the
angle c is 50 Suppose a person is standing on a ground and see the
(a) 30° or 150° (b) 45° or 135° tower, then they make an angle of elevation.
(c) 60° or 120° (d) None of these Statement I A tower subtends angles α , 2α and 3 α
45 Let f (θ, α ) = 2 sin θ + 4 cos(θ + α )
2 respectively at points A , B and C all lying on a horizontal
 π π line through the foot of AB tower, then
sin θ sin α + cos 2 (θ + α ). Then, the value of f  ,  is
 3 4 AB : BC = sin 3 α : sin α.
a b c
(a) 0 (b) 1 (c) 2 (d) 3 Statement II In ∆ABC, if = = , then ∆ABC
sin A sin B sin C
46 Which among the following is/are correct statement/ is an equilateral triangle.
statements?
ANSWERS
1 (c) 2 (b) 3 (b) 4 (d) 5 (a) 6 (b) 7 (b) 8 (c) 9 (c) 10 (b)
11 (c) 12 (a) 13 (d) 14 (b) 15 (d) 16 (c) 17 (a) 18 (c) 19 (c) 20 (b)
21 (a) 22 (a) 23 (c) 24 (a) 25 (d) 26 (c) 27 (a) 28 (a) 29 (a) 30 (b)
31 (a) 32 (a) 33 (a) 34 (c) 35 (c) 36 (a) 37 (a) 38 (a) 39 (c) 40 (c)
41 (b) 42 (d) 43 (b) 44 (b) 45 (a) 46 (a) 47 (b) 48 (a) 49 (b) 50 (c)

1 f ( x ) = sin −1 x + tan −1 x + sec −1 x, ⇒ 3 x2 − 4 x − (2 π − 4) < 0 7 12 sin θ − 9 sin2 θ
Hence, domain of f ( x ) is ± 1. So, the 2− 6π − 8 2+ 6π − 8 = − (3 sin θ − 2)2 + 4 ≤ 4
π 3π  ⇒ < x<
range is { f (1), f (− 1)} i.e.  , . 3 3 Hence, maximum value is 4.
4 4  8 Since, sin α + sin β + sin γ
h−a 5 Since, sin −1 x + cos −1 x + tan−1 x = π
2 In ∆ PMC, tanα = 2 α β γ
= 4cos cos cos
PM + tan−1 x 2 2 2
C π π α β γ
Now, − ≤ tan−1 x ≤ Also, since each of , and is less
2 2 2 2 2
h–a
π π α β γ
α ⇒ 0≤ + tan−1 x ≤ π than . So, cos , cos and cos are all
h 2 2 2 2
P M 2
β positive.
am ∴ α = 0, β = π
Hence, minimum value of
Q O 6 Let AB and CD be the pole and tower, α β γ
4cos cos cos is positive.
respectively. 2 2 2
h D
9 ∴ cos −1 x + cos −1 1 − x
= cos −1 [ x 1 − x − 1 − x x]
C' 30° π
E B −1
= cos (0) =
⇒ PM = (h − a) cotα …(i) 2
h+ a π
and in ∆ PMC ′, tan β = 10 m ∴ π = + cos −1 1 − y
PM 2
⇒ h + a = PM tan β π
60° ⇒ = cos −1 1 − y ⇒ 1 − y = 0
∴ h = (h − a) cot α tan β − a C A 2
[from Eq. (i)] CD ∴ y =1
In ∆ ACD, tan 60° =
⇒ h (1 − cot α tan β ) = − a(cot α tan β + 1) AC 10 Since, α and β are the roots of the
a(sin α cos β + cos α sin β ) CD
⇒ h= ⇒ AC = ...(i) equation 5 cos θ + 4sin θ = 3.
sin β cos α − sin α cos β 3
a sin (α + β ) DE DE ∴ 5 cos α + 4sin α = 3 …(i)
⇒ h= m In ∆ DBE, tan30° = =
sin (β − α ) BE CA and 5 cos β + 4sin β = 3 …(ii)
1 DE
−1 ⇒ = On subtracting Eq. (ii) from Eq. (i), we
3 Since, 0 ≤ cos xi ≤ π 3 AC get
∴ cos −1 x i = 0 ∀ i 1 DE
⇒ = [from Eq. (i)] 5(cos α − cos β ) + 4(sin α − sin β ) = 0
∴ x i = 1, ∀ i 3 CD/ 3
2n α +β α −β
⇒ − 5 × 2 ⋅ sin ⋅ sin
∴ ∑x i = 2n
⇒
CD
=3 ⇒
DE + EC
=3 2 2
i =1
DE DE α +β α −β
4 Now, cos −1 (cos 4) = cos −1 [cos(2 π − 4)] EC 10 + 4 ⋅ 2 ⋅ cos ⋅ sin =0
⇒ DE = = = 5m 2 2
= 2π − 4 2 2  α +β α + β
⇒  4 cos − 5 sin  =0
∴ cos −1 (cos 4) > 3 x2 − 4 x ∴ CD = DE + EC = 10 + 5 = 15 m  2 2 
∴ 2 π − 4 > 3 x2 − 4 x
α +β 4 AB 2 tan A 24
⇒ tan = In ∆ APB, tan 60° = ∴ sin 2 A = =
2 5 PB 1 + tan2 A 25
α + β h h ∴ 5 sin 2 A + 3 sin A + 4 cos A
1 − tan2   ⇒ 3= ⇒ x=
 2  x 3
∴ cos (α + β) = =
24 12 12
− − =0
α + β
1 + tan2   Again, in ∆ AQB, tan30° =
AB 5 5 5
 2  BQ
16 9 1 h 18 27 cos x + 81 sin x = 33 cos x + 34 sin x
1− ⇒ = ⇒ y =h 3
= 25 = 25 = 9 3 y ≥ 2 ⋅ 33 cos x ⋅ 34 sin x [Q AM ≥ GM]
16 41 41 1
1+ In right angled ∆ PBQ, ( − 5)
25 25 = 2 ⋅ 3 (3 cos x + 4 sin x )/2 ≥ 2 ⋅ 32
PQ 2 = PB 2 + BQ 2 = x 2 + y 2
[Q − 5 ≤ 3 cos x + 4 sin x ≤ 5]
11 Let AR = x and the height of the ⇒ (200) 2 =
h2
+ 3 h2 = h2  
10 5 1
− −
chimney, AB = h. 3  3 = 2 ⋅ 3 2 = 2 ⋅ 3− 2 ⋅ 3 2
P 3 2
⇒ h2 = 200 2 × =
d 10 9 3
150 – h
θ 3
A R ∴ AB = 200 = 109.54 m 19 Let sin x = t
10
1
∴ t 2 + at + 1 = 0 ⇒ t + =−a
h h 13 Now, 1  cos 7 π − sin 2 π  t
 2 5  5
φ 1
π 7π π 2π ⇒ |a |= t + ≥2
B x Q = cos cos − sin sin t
4 5 4 5 ⇒ |a | ≥ 2 [Q AM ≥ GM]
Now, PR = PQ − RQ = 150 − h π 7π π 7π
PR = cos cos + sin sin Hence, for no real solution|a | < 2.
In ∆ PAR, tanθ = 4 5 4 5
AR 1 sin (θ + 2α )
= cos  7 π − π  = cos  23 π  20 Given, =
4 150 − h     n sin θ
⇒ = …(i)  5 4  20 
3 x  2 π − 17 π  = cos  17π  On applying componendo and
= cos     dividendo, we get
and in ∆ PBQ, tan φ =
PQ  20   20 
1 + n sin (θ + 2α ) + sin θ
BQ 1  7π 2π 17 π ⇒ =
∴ cos −1   cos − sin   = 1 − n sin (θ + 2α ) − sin θ
⇒
5 150
=  2  5 5  20
…(ii) 1 + n 2 sin (θ + α ) cos α
2 x 4 ab ⇒ =
14 Since, sec θ ≥ 1 ⇒
2
≥ 1 and 1− n 2 cos(θ + α ) sin α
150 − h 4 2 8 (a + b ) 2
∴ = × = = tan (θ + α ) cot α
150 3 5 15 a, b ≠ 0 1+ n
[dividing Eq. (i) by Eq. (ii)] (a − b ) 2 ⇒ tan α = tan(θ + α )
⇒ a, b ≠ 0 and − ≥0 1− n
h 8 (a + b ) 2
⇒ 1− = ⇒ h = 70 m
150 15 ⇒ a, b ≠ 0 and − (a − b ) 2 ≥ 0 21 (sin2 x ) 3 + (cos2 x ) 3
150 − 70 4 ⇒ a = b and a ≠ 0 = (sin 2 x + cos 2 x ) 3 − 3 sin 2 x cos 2 x
From Eq. (i), =
x 3
15 Given, x = cos −1 (cos 4) (sin 2 x + cos 2 x )
3
⇒ x = 60 m and = 1 − 3 sin2 x cos 2 x = 1 − (sin 2 x ) 2
⇒ x = cos −1 cos (2 π − 4) 4
PR = 150 − 70 = 80 m
⇒ x = 2 π − 4 and y = sin −1 (sin 3) 3
In ∆ PAR, AP 2 = AR2 + PR2 ∴ Maximum value = 1 − × 0 = 1
−1
⇒ y = sin sin ( π − 3) ⇒ y = π − 3 4
⇒ d 2 = 60 2 + 80 2 ∴ x + y = 3π − 7 3 1
and minimum value = 1 − × 1 =
∴ d = 100 m 4 4
∴ tan ( x + y ) = − tan 7
22 Now, tan α ⋅ tan(2n − 1) α
12 Let the height of the hill be h and let A 16 Since, log 2 x ≥ 0 ⇒ x ≥ 1
be its top.  π 
For x ≥ 1, we have = tan α tan  − 1 α = tan α cot α = 1
A  2α 
 2x 
sin −1  2
= π − 2 tan −1 x Hence, the value of given expression is
1 + x  1.
 2x 
h ∴ log 1 / π sin −1 + 2 tan −1 x  23 2 − cos x + sin2 x = 2 − cos x
 1 + x2

B + 1 − cos 2 x
60° 30° = log 1 / π { π − 2 tan −1 x + 2 tan −1 x} = 3 − (cos 2 x + cos x )
x y = log 1 / π π = − 1
 2
1
= 3 −   cos x +  − 
1
P Q 17 Q 3 tan A − 4 = 0 ⇒ tan A = 4 / 3
200 m   2  4
3 4
⇒ cos A = − and sin A = − Hence, the maximum value occurs at
Since, BQ and BP represents South and 5 5
1
West, respectively. [since, A lies in III quadrant] cos x = − and its value
2
= 2 −  −  +  1 −
1 1  13 θ P
 = = 2  1 + cos n − 1 
 2  4 4  2 
and minimum value occurs at cos x = 1 θ  θ h
= 2 ⋅ 2cos 2   = 2cos  n 
and its value = 2 − 1 + (1 − 1) = 1.  2 ⋅ 2n − 1  2 
13
∴ Required ratio = a
4 28 In ∆ ABC, A + B + C = π O a A1 A2 A3 An
m ∴ tan A + tan B + tan C
24 Given, = cos θ + 3 cos θ sin2 θ
3
OA 2 = a + d
a = tan A tan B tan C
n ⇒ 6 = 2 tan A ⇒ tan A = 3 OA3 = a + 2d
and = sin3 θ + 3cos 2 θ sin θ
a ∴ tan B + tan C = 3 M M M
 OA n = a + (n − 1) d
+  = (sin θ + cos θ)3
m n tan B tan C = 2
∴  and
 a a Now, in ∆ POA n ,
⇒ tan B = 1 or 2 and tan C = 2 or 1
 m + n
1 /3 h
⇒ = sin θ + cos θ tan2 A tan α =
  Now, sin2 A = =
9 OA n
 a 
1 + tan2 A 10
m − n
1 /3
OA n = h cotα
and   = cos θ − sin θ tan2 B 1 4 ⇒ a + (n − 1) d = h cot α
 a  sin2 B = = ,
1 + tan2 B 1 + 1 1 + 4 h cotα − a
 m + n
2 /3
m − n
2 /3
d =
∴   +   1 4 5 8 n−1
 a   a  =, = , h cos α − asin α
= 2 (sin2 θ + cos 2 θ)
2 5 10 10 =
tan2 C 8 5 (n − 1)sin α
(m + n ) 2 /3 + (m − n ) 2 /3 = 2a 2 /3 and sin2 C = = ,
1 + tan2 C 10 10  ( x + 1) + ( x − 1)  −1  8 
33 tan −1   = tan  
25 Given, a sin2 α − 1 cosec 2α = 0 ∴ sin2 A : sin2 B : sin2 C  1 − ( x + 1) ( x − 1)  31 
a
1 =
9 5 8 9 8 5 Provided ( x + 1) ( x − 1) < 0
⇒ sin α =
2 : : or : :
a 10 10 10 10 10 10 i.e. x2 < 1 …(i)
∴ cos 2 α + 5 sin α cos α + 6sin2 α 29 Maximum value of sin θ and cos θ is 1.
= tan −1  
−1 2x 8
1 5 1 6 ⇒ tan
=1− + 1− + Q cos x ⋅ sin y = 1 1 − ( x2 − 1)  31 
a a a a
5 a−1 −1 6 ⇒ cos x = 1, sin y = 1 2x 8
= 1+ + ⇒ =
or cos x = − 1, sin y = − 1 2 − x2 31
a a π 5π
a+ 5 a−1+ 5 ⇒ x = 0, 2 π, y = , ⇒ 4 x2 + 31 x − 8 = 0
= 2 2
a 3π ⇒ (4 x − 1) ( x + 8) = 0
x x or x = π, 3 π, y =
1 + tan2 2 tan 2 1 1
⇒ x= or − 8 ⇒ x =
26 tan x = 2 − 2 ∴ Required number of ordered pair 4 4
2 x x
2 tan 1 + tan2 =2×2+ 2×1= 6 Since, x = − 8 is not satisfied the
2 2
x  2 x 30 Given, (1 − cos 6 x ) + sin 2 x = 0
2 4 Eq. (i).
⇒ 2 tan2  1 + tan 
2  2
2
⇒ sin2 6 x + sin 4 2 x = 0 34 Obviously x > 0 and x 3 < 1
=  1 + tan2  − 4 tan2
x x ⇒ sin2 6 x = 0 and sin 4 2 x = 0 1
 2 2 i.e. x <
⇒ 6x = nπ and 2x = nπ 3
⇒ 2 y (1 + y ) = (1 + y )2 − 4 y nπ 1
 put tan2 x = y  ⇒ x= If x > , then cos −1 ( x 3 ) will be
6 3
 2  nπ
and x= undefined. If x < 0, then x 3 < 0. Hence,
⇒ y 2 + 4y − 1 = 0 2
π π
− 4 ± 16 + 4 31 Since, x2 + x −2 ≥ 2 [Q AM ≥ GM] cos −1 x > and cos −1 x 3 >
∴ y = = −2± 5 2 2
2 therefore the equation is valid only if
Since, y ≥ 0, we get which is not satisfied the equation.
x
( 5 − 2)2 2 + 5 2cos 2 sin2 x = 2  1 
y = 5−2= ⋅ 2 ∴ x ∈  0, 
5−2 2+ 5  3
x
⇔ cos = cosec x Given, cos −1 ( x 3 )
= (9 − 4 5) (2 + 5) 2
x π
i.e. iff cosec x = cos = 1 = − cos −1 x = sin −1 x
27 Now, 2 + 2 + 2 + ...+ 2(1 + cos θ) 2 2
which cannot be true. ⇒ cos −1 ( x 3 ) = cos −1 1 − x2
θ
= 2 + 2 + ...+ 2 + 2 cos 32 Consider A 1 , A 2,..., A n be the foot of the ⇒ x 3 = 1 − x2
2
KKKKKKK n poles subtending angle α to O, such 1
KKKKKKK ⇒ 3 x2 = 1 − x2 ⇒ x = ±
that OA 1 = a, if d be the distance 2
θ 1  1  1 
= 2 + 2 cos  n − 1 
between two consecutive poles
x= Q x = − ∉  0, 
2   2  3  
2 
1 + sin x = 8 cos 5 θ − 10 cos 3 θ + 3 cos θ ⇒ (B + 2)⋅ B = sin 2 x [from Eq. (i)]

35 Q = 2 cos x, cos x ≠ 0
cos x − 2sin2 θ (3 − 4sin2 θ) ⋅ cos θ ⇒ B 2 + 2B − sin 2 x = 0
∴ 1 + sin x = 2 (1 − sin2 x ) = 8 cos 5 θ − 10 cos 3 θ + 3 cos θ ⇒ ( A − 2)2 + 2( A − 2) − sin 2 x = 0
⇒ 1 + sin x = 2 (1 + sin x ) (1 − sin x ) ⇒ A2 − 2 A − sin 2 x = 0
− 2cos θ (4 cos 2 θ − 1) (1 − cos 2 θ)
⇒ (1 + sin x ) [1 − 2 (1 − sin x )] = 0 = 8 cos θ − 10 cos 3 θ + 3 cos θ
5 43 Given equation is
1 x3 − 15x2 + 47 x − 82 = 0
⇒ sin x = , − 1 − 2cos θ [4 cos θ − 4 cos θ
2 4
2 ∑ a = 15
− 1 + cos 2 θ] ∑ ab = 47
π π 3π = 16 cos 5 θ − 20 cos 3 θ + 5 cos θ
∴ x= ,π− , abc = 82
6 6 2 On comparing the coefficient of
π 5π 3π cos A cos B cos C
x= , ,x≠ [Q cos x ≠ 0] cos 5 θ, cos θ and constant term, Now, + +
6 6 2 a b c
we get P = 5, Q = 16 and R = 0 b +c −a
2 2 2
c + a − b 2 a2 + b 2 − c 2
2 2
∴ P + Q + R = 21 + +
36 Given, cot2 x + cosec x − a = 0 2abc 2abc 2abc
⇒ cosec2 x + cosec x − 1 − a = 0 39 Q cos A cos B cos C
= = (by cosine rule)
2 a b c a2 + b 2 + c 2
=
⇒  cosec x +  = 1 + a + = + a
1 1 5
cos A cos B cos C 2abc
 2 4 4 ∴ = =
k sin A k sin B k sin C (∑ a)2 − 2 ∑ ab
∴ cosec x ≥ 1 or ≤ − 1 =
⇒ cot A = cot B = cot C 2abc
1 3 1 225 − 94 131
⇒ cosec x + ≥ or ≤ − ⇒ A = B = C = 60° = =
2 2 2 2⋅ 82 164
2
40 a2 sin 2B + b2 sin 2 A
⇒  cosec x +  ≥ ⇒ + a ≥
1 1 5 1
= 2a2 sin B ⋅ cos B + 2b 2 sin A ⋅ cos A
44 Given, a4 + b 4 + c 4 − 2b2c 2 − 2c 2 a2 = 0
 2 4 4 4
⇒ (a2 + b 2 − c 2 )2 = 2a2b 2
∴ a≥ − 1 a2b b2 a
= cos B + cos A (a2 + b 2 − c 2 )2 1
R R ⇒ =
37 Let h be the height of the tower QR. ab abc 4a2b 2 2
= (acos B + b cos A ) = a2 + b 2 − c 2 1
A R R ⇒ =±
2ab 2
= 2 bc sin A = 4  bc sin A 
45° 1
2  1
60° ⇒ cos C = ±
400 m 2
45° = 4λ
P Q
π 3π
41 Given, cos 2 x + 2cos x = 1 ⇒ C = or
4 4
h ⇒ 2cos 2 x − 1 + 2cos x − 1 = 0
So, the angle is 45° or 135°.
⇒ cos 2 x + cos x − 1 = 0
60° −1 + 5 45 f (θ, α ) = 2sin2 θ + 4cos (θ + α )
B R ⇒ cos x = sin θ sin α + 2 cos 2 ( θ + α ) − 1
2
Then, PA = 400 − h  = 2sin2 θ + 2 cos ( θ + α )
−1 − 5
AP  neglecting , As − 1 ≤ cosx ≤ 1 [2 sin θ sin α + cos ( θ + α )] − 1
In ∆ APQ, = 1 ⇒ AP = PQ 2
PQ  = 2 sin2 θ + 2 cos(θ + α )
 −1 − 5   [sin θ sin α + cos θ cos α] − 1
⇒ 400 − h = PQ and   < −1
400  2   = 2 sin2 θ + 2cos(θ + α ) cos (θ − α ) − 1
Again in ∆ABR, tan 60° =
BR
 5 − 1
2
= 2 sin2 θ + 2cos 2 θ − 2 sin2 α − 1
[QBR = PQ ] ∴ cos 2 x =  
 2  = 1 − 2 sin2 α = cos 2α
400
∴ 3= π π π
400 − h 6−2 5 3− 5 ∴ f  ,  = cos  2 ×  = 0
= =  3 4  4
4 2
⇒ 400 3 − h 3 = 400
∴ sin2 x(2 − cos 2 x ) 46 I. The general value of θ satisfying any
⇒ (400 3 − 400) = h 3  3 − 5  3 − 5 of the equations
= 1 −  2 − 
400( 3 − 1)  2  2  sin2 θ = sin2 α,cos 2 θ = cos 2 α
⇒ =h
3  5 − 1  5 + 1 and tan2 θ = tan2 α is given by
=   =1 θ = n π ± α.
400(3 − 3 )  2  2 
= m II. The general value of θ satisfying
3 42 From the given parts of question, we get equations sin θ = sin α and
= 169.06 m cos x + sin x = A − 1 = B + 1 cos θ = cos α simultaneously is given
⇒ A = B+2 ... (i) by θ = 2nπ + α, n ∈ Z .
38 cos 5 θ = cos(3θ + 2θ)
and A ⋅ B = (sin x + cos x + 1)
= cos 3θ ⋅ cos 2θ − sin 3θ ⋅ sin 2θ (sin x + cos x − 1) So, Statement I is correct and
= (4cos 3 θ − 3cos θ)(2cos 2 θ − 1) = (sin x + cos x )2 − 1 Statement II is incorrect.
− ( 3 sin θ − 4sin3 θ) × (2sin θ ⋅ cos θ) 1 + sin 2 x − 1 = sin 2 x
47 Statement I Put x = cos θ, then 0 ≤ θ ≤ π ∴

π
θ= or
5π
∴ 2nπ +
π θ
< < 2nπ +
3π
3 6 6 4 2 4
LHS = cos −1 (cos θ) − sin −1 which also satisfy 2cos 2 θ − 3sin θ = 0.
50 Statement I ∠APB = 2α − α = α
1 3  Hence, the number of solutions are two.
 2 cos θ + 2 sin θ and ∠BPC = 3α − 2α = α
 
2
49 Given, 2 sin  θ  = cos  θ  + sin θ   P

−1   π  2   2  2 
= θ − sin sin  θ + 
  3   2 a a
 θ θ 
=θ−θ−
π
=−
π + cos   – sin  
3 3   2  2   H
Statement II Put x = sin θ, θ θ θ θ

π π = cos   + sin   + cos   – sin   a 2a 3a
then − ≤ θ ≤  2  2  2  2 Q
4 4 A B C
θ θ
LHS = sin −1 (2 sin θ cos θ) ⇒ cos   + sin   > 0 Hence, PB is an angle bisector of ∠APC.
= sin −1 (sin 2θ)  2  2 AB AP
Then, =
= 2θ = 2 sin −1 x θ π BC CP
⇒ sin  +  > 0 H cosec α
48 Given, 2sin2 θ − cos 2θ = 0 2 4 =
H cosec 3α
⇒ 4sin2 θ = 1 ⇒ sin θ = ±   θ θ
1
and cos   − sin   < 0 sin 3α
 2  2  2 =
sin α
1 θ π
So, sin θ =
2 and cos  +  < 0 Statement II But Statement II is not
2 4 always true.
1
[Q sin θ = − does not satisfy π θ π
2 ⇒ 2nπ + < + < 2nπ + π
the second equation] 2 2 4
DAY TWENTY FOUR
Cartesian System
of Rectangular
Coordinates
u Rectangular Coordinates u Area of a Triangle u Translation of Axes

u Distance Formula u Area of Some Geometric Figures u Slope of a Line
u Section Formulae u Coordinates of Different Points u Locus and its Equation
of a Triangle
Rectangular Coordinates
Let XOX ′ and YOY′ be two perpendicular axes in the Y
plane intersecting at O (as shown in the figure). Let P be P (x, y )
any point in the plane. Draw PM perpendicular to OX . y
The ordered pair ( x, y) is called the rectangular or X¢ x M X
O
cartesian coordinates of point P.
Distance Formula Y¢
Let P ( x1 , y1 ) and Q ( x2 , y2 ) be the two points.

Then, PQ = d = ( x2 − x1 )2 + ( y2 − y1 )2 or ( x1 − x2 )2 + ( y1 − y2 )2
PRED
Distance between the points (0, 0) and ( x, y) is x 2 + y2 .
MIRROR
Section Formulae u No. of Questions in Exercises (x)—

The coordinates of a point which divide the line segment joining two points P ( x1 , y1 ) and u No. of Questions Attempted (y)—
Q ( x2 , y2 ) in the ratio m1 : m2 are u No. of Correct Questions (z)—
 m x + m2 x1 m1 y2 + m2 y1 
(i)  1 2 ,  [internal division] Accuracy Level (z / y × 100)—
 m1 + m2 m1 + m2 
u

 m x − m2 x1 m1 y2 − m2 y1 
(ii)  1 2 ,  [external division]
 m1 − m2 m1 − m2  In order to expect good rank in JEE,
When m1 and m2 are of opposite signs, then division is external. above 75.
252 40 DAYS ~ JEE MAIN MATHEMATICS DAY TWENTY FOUR
l
Mid-point of the line joining ( x1 , y1 ) and ( x2 , y2 ) is (iii) A triangle having vertices (at 12 , 2 at 1 ), (at 22 , 2 at 2 ) and
 x1 + x2 y1 + y2  (at 32 , 2 at 3 ), then area of triangle = a2 [(t 1 − t 2 )(t 2 − t 3 )(t 3 − t 1 )]
 , .
 2 2  (iv) Area of triangle formed by coordinate axes and the lines
c2
l
Coordinates of any point on one line segment which divide ax + by + c is = .
the line segment joining two points P ( x1 , y1 ) and Q ( x2 , y2 ) 2 ab
in the ratio λ : 1 are given by
 x1 + λ x2 y1 + λ y2 
Coordinates of Different
 ,  , (λ ≠ − 1) Points of a Triangle
 λ+1 λ+1 
X -axis and Y-axis divide the line segment joining the points
1. Centroid
l
y x
( x1 , y1 ) and ( x2 , y2 ) in the ratio of − 1 and − 1 respectively.
y2 x2 The centroid of a triangle is the point of intersection of its
If the ratio is positive, then the axis divides it internally and if medians. It divides the medians in the ratio 2 : 1. If A( x1 , y1 ),
ratio is negative, then the axis divides externally. B ( x2 , y2 ) and C ( x3 , y3 ) are the vertices of ∆ABC, then the
 x + x2 + x3 y1 + y2 + y3 
coordinates of its centroid G are  1 , 
 3 3 
Area of a Triangle
Area of a triangle whose three vertices has coordinates 2. Orthocentre
( x1 , y1 ), ( x2 , y2 ) and ( x3 , y3 ) as shown in the figure below is
The orthocentre of a triangle is the point of intersection of its
given by
altitudes. If A ( x1 , y1 ), B ( x2 , y2 ) and C ( x3 , y3 ) are the vertices of a
A (x1, y1)
∆ABC, then the coordinates of its orthocentre O are
 x1 tan A + x2 tan B + x3 tan C y1 tan A + y2 tan B + y3 tan C 
 , 
 tan A + tan B + tan C tan A + tan B + tan C 
3. Circumcentre
B (x2, y2) C (x3, y3) The circumcentre of a triangle is the point of intersection of
the perpendicular bisectors of its sides. It is the centre of the
1 ( x1 y2 + x2 y3 + x3 y1 ) circle passing through the vertices of a triangle and so it is
Area of a ∆ABC =
2 − ( y1 x2 + y2 x3 + y3 x1 ) equidistant from the vertices of the triangle.
x1 y1 1 Here, OA = OB = OC, where O is the centre of circle and A, B
1 1 and C are the vertices of a triangle. The coordinates of the
= | x1 ( y2 − y3 ) + x2 ( y3 − y1 ) + x3 ( y1 − y2 )| = | x2 y2 1|
2 2 circumcentre are also given by
x3 y3 1
 x sin 2 A + x2 sin 2 B + x3 sin 2C
S  1 ,
It should be noted that area is a positive quantity and its unit  sin 2 A + sin 2 B + sin 2C
is square of unit of length.
y1 sin 2 A + y2 sin 2 B + y3 sin 2C 
In the inverse problems, i.e. when area of a triangle is given to 
sin 2 A + sin 2 B + sin 2C 
be a square units, then we have
x1 y1 1 x1 y1 1 Incentre
1 1
∆ABC = | x2 y2 1 | = a ⇒ | x2 y2 1 | = ± a The point of intersection of the internal bisectors of the angles
2 2
x3 y3 1 x3 y3 1 of a triangle is called its incentre.
If A ( x1 , y1 ), B ( x2 , y2 ) and C ( x3 , y3 ) are the vertices of a ∆ABC
NOTE If area of ∆ABC is zero. It mean points are collinear. such that BC = a, CA = b and AB = c, then the coordinates of
 ax + bx2 + cx3 ay1 + by2 + cy3 
the incentre are I  1 , .
 a+b +c a+b +c 
Area of Some Geometrical Figures
(i) Suppose a and b are the adjacent sides of a parallelogram Excentre
and θ be the angle between them as shown in the figure
Coordinate of excentre opposite of ∠ A is given by
below, then area of parallelogram ABCD = ab sin θ.
 − ax1 + bx2 + cx3 − ay1 + by2 + cy3 
(ii) Area of convex quadrilateral with D a C I1 ≡  ,  and similarly for
 −a+b +c −a+b +c 
vertices ( x1 , y1 ),( x2 , y2 ), ( x3 , y3 ),( x 4 , y4 )
in that order is
b b excentres (I2 and I3 ) opposite to ∠B and ∠C are given by
θ  ax − bx2 + cx3 ay1 − by2 + cy3 
1 x1 − x3 y1 − y3 A a B I2 ≡  1 , 
.  a −b + c a −b + c 
2 x2 − x 4 y2 − y4
DAY TWENTY FOUR CARTESIAN SYSTEM OF RECTANGULAR COORDINATES 253
 ax + bx2 − cx3 ay1 + by2 − cy3  then the coordinates of P will be given by
and I3 ≡  1 , .
 a + b −c a + b −c  x = α + x′ cos φ − y′ sin φ
In an equilateral triangle, orthocentre, centroid, y = β + x′ sin φ + y′ cos φ
circumcentre, incentre, coincide.
Slope of a Line
Important Results
The tangent of the angle that a line makes with the positive
l
Circumcentre of the right angled ∆ABC, right angled at A is direction of the X -axis is called the slope or gradient of the
B+C
. line. The slope of a line is generally denoted by m.
2
Thus, m = tan θ.
l
Orthocentre of the right angled ∆ABC, right angled at A is
A.
Slope of a Line in Terms of
l
Orthocentre, centroid, circumcentre of a triangle are
collinear. Coordinates of any Two Points on it
l
Centroid divides the line joining the orthocentre and Let P( x1 , y1 ) and Q( x2 , y2 ) be two points on a line making an
circumcentre in the ratio 2 : 1. angle θ with the positive direction of X -axis. Then, its slope m
is given by
l
The circumcentre of right angled triangle is the mid-point
of the hypotenuse. y2 − y1 Difference of ordinates
m= =
l
A triangle is isosceles, if any two of its medians are equal. x2 − x1 Difference of abscissa
Translation of Axes Parallel and Perpendicular

1. To Alter the Origin of Coordinates Without Lines on the Coordinate Axes
A line parallel to X -axis makes an angle of 0° with X -axis.
Altering the Direction of the Axes Therefore, its slope is tan 0 ° = 0. A line parallel to Y-axis i.e.
Let origin O (0, 0) be shifted to a point (a, b ) by moving the X perpendicular to X -axis makes an angle of 90° with X -axis, so
and Y-axes parallel to themselves. If the coordinates of point π
its slope is tan = ∞. Also, the slope of a line equally inclined
P with reference to old axis are ( x1 , y1 ), then coordinates of 2
this point with respect to new axis will be ( x1 − a, y1 − b ). with axes is 1 or −1 as it makes an angle of 45° or 135° with
X -axis.
2. To Change the Direction of the Axes of
Coordinates without Changing Origin
Locus and its Equation
Let OX and OY be the old axes and OX ′ and OY′ be the
new axes obtained by rotating the old OX and OY It is the path or curve traced by a moving point satisfying the
through an angle θ, then the coordinates of P( x, y) with given condition.
respect to new coordinate axes will be given by
Equation to the Locus of a Point
x↓ y↓ The equation to the locus of a point is the algebraic relation
x′ → cos θ sin θ which is satisfied by the coordinates of every point on the locus
of the point.
y′ → − sin θ cos θ
(i) x and y are old coordinates, x ′, y′ are new coordinates. Steps to Find the Locus of a Point
(ii) The axes rotation in anti-clockwise is positive and The following steps are used to find the locus of a point
clockwise rotation of axes is negative.
Step I Assume the coordinates of the point say
(h, k ) whose locus is to be find.
3. To Change the Direction of the Axes of
Step II Write the given condition involving (h, k ).
Coordinates by Changing the Origin
Step III Eliminate the variable(s), if any.
If P( x, y) and the axes are shifted parallel to the original axis,
Step IV Replace h → x and k → y. The equation, so obtained is
so that new origin is (α , β) and then the axes are rotated about
the new origin (α , β) by angle φ in the anti-clockwise ( x′ , y′ ), the locus of the point which moves under some
definite conditions.

1 Length of the median from B to AC where A( −1, 3), 10 Let O( 0, 0), P ( 3, 4) and Q ( 6, 0) be the vertices of the
B (1, − 1), c ( 5, 1) is ∆OPQ. The point R inside the ∆OPQ is such that ∆OPR,
(a) 18 (b) 10 (c) 2 3 (d) 4 ∆PQR and ∆OQR are of equal area. Then, R is equal to
(a)  , 3  (b)  3, 
4 2
2 Three points ( p + 1, 1), ( 2p + 1, 3) and ( 2p + 2, 2p ) are
3   3
collinear if p is equal to
(c)  3, 
4 4
(a) − 1 (b) 1 (c) 2 (d) 0 (d)
 3 3
3 The point A divides the join of P ≡ ( −5,1) and Q ≡ ( 3, 5) in
11 The number of points having both coordinates as
the ratio k :1. The two values of k for which the area of
integers that lie in the interior of the triangle with vertices
∆ABC, where B ≡ (1, 5), C ≡ (7, − 2) is equal to 2 sq units
( 0, 0), ( 0, 41) and ( 41, 0) is j JEE Mains 2015
are
(a) 901 (b) 861 (c) 820 (d) 780
(a)  7,  (b)  7,  (c)  4 ,  (d)  7, 
30 31 31 31
 9  9  9  3 12 If (0, 0), (1,1) and (1,0) be the middle points of the sides
of a triangle, its incentre is
4 If ∆1 is the area of the triangle with vertices (0, 0),
(a) (2 + 2 , 2 + 2) (b) [(2 + 2 , − (2 + 2)]
(a tan α , b cot α ), (a sin α , b cos α ), ∆ 2 is the area of the
(c) (2 − 2 , 2 − 2) (d) [(2 − 2 , − (2 − 2)]
triangle with vertices (a, b ), (a sec2 α , b cosec 2α ),
(a + a sin2 α , b + b cos 2 α ) and ∆ 3 is the area of the 13 Vertices of a triangle are (1,2), (2,3) and (3,1) Its
triangle with vertices ( 0 , 0), (a tan α , − b cot α ), circumcentre is
(a sin α , b cos α ). Then, (a) (11/6, 13/6) (b) (11/6, 2)
(a) ∆1, ∆ 2 , ∆ 3 are in GP (b) ∆1, ∆ 2 , ∆ 3 are not in GP (c) (13/6, 11/6) (d) None of these
(c) Cannot be discussed (d) None of these 14 If a vertex of a triangle be (1,1) and the middle points of
5 If the area of the triangle formed by the points O( 0, 0), two sides through it be ( − 2, 3) and (5, 2), then the
x2 1 centroid of the triangle is
A(a , 0) and B( 0, a 6x
) is sq units, then x =
2a 5 (a) (3, 5/3) (b) (3, 5)
(a) 1, 5 (b) −1, 5 (c) 1, − 5 (d) −1, − 5 (c) (5/3, 3) (d) None of these
6 The value of k for which the distinct points (k , 2 − 2k ), 15 The centroid of the triangle is (3,3) and the orthocentre is
(1 − k , 2k ) and ( −4 − k ,6 − 2k ) are collinear is (are) ( −3, 5) then its circumcentre is
(a) −1or 1 / 2 (b) Only 1 / 2 (a) (0, 4) (b) (0, 8) (c) (6, 2) (d) (6, − 2)
(c) Only −1 (d) can not be found 16 Let the orthocentre and centroid of a triangle be A( −3, 5)
7 If the line 2x + y = k passes through the point which and B( 3, 3) respectively. If C is the circumcentre of this
divides the line segment joining the points (1, 1) and triangle, then the radius of the circle having line segment
(2, 4) in the ratio 3 : 2, then k is equal to AC as diameter, is j
JEE Mains 2018
29 11 5 3 5
(a) (b) 5 (c) 6 (d) (a) 10 (b) 2 10 (c) 3 (d)
5 5 2 2
8 A line L intersects the three sides BC, CA and AB of a 17 If G is the centroid of ∆ABC with vertices A(a, 0),
BP CQ AR ( AB 2 + BC 2 + CA 2 )
∆ABC at P , Q and R, respectively. Then, ⋅ ⋅ is B( −a, 0)and C(b, c ), then is equal to
PC QA RB (GA 2 + GB 2 + GC 2 )
equal to
(a) 1 (b) 2 (c) 3 (d) 4
(a) 1 (b) 0
(c) −1 (d) None of these 18 Let a, b, c and d be non-zero numbers. If the point of
intersection of the lines 4ax + 2ay + c = 0 and
9 If the coordinates of the vertices of a triangle are
5bx + 2by + d = 0 lies in the fourth quadrant and is
integers, then the triangle cannot be
equidistant from the two axes, then j
JEE Mains 2014
(a) equilateral (b) isosceles
(a) 2bc − 3ad = 0 (b) 2bc + 3ad = 0
(c) scalene (d) None of these
(c) 2ad − 3bc = 0 (d) 3bc − 2ad = 0
19 The origin is shifted to (1,2). The equation a 

28 The coordinates of points A and B are (ak , 0) and  , 0 ,
y 2 − 8x − 4y + 12 = 0 changes to y 2 = 4ax , then a is k 
equal to where (k ≠ ±1) if p moves in such a way that PA = kPB,
(a) 1 (b) 2 (c) −2 (d) −1 the locus of P is
20 If the axes are rotated through an angle of 60°, the (a) k 2 (x 2 + y 2 ) = a 2 (b) x 2 + y 2 = k 2 a 2
coordinates of a point in the new system are ( 2, − 3), (c) x 2 + y 2 + a 2 = 0 (d) x 2 + y 2 = a 2
then its original coordinates are 29 If A( −a, 0) and B(a, 0) are two fixed points, then the locus
5 2  5 2 of the point at which AB subtends a right angle is
(a)  , −  (b)  − , 
3 3   3 3  (a) x 2 + y 2 = 2a 2 (b) x 2 − y 2 = a 2
5 3  5 3 (c) x 2 + y 2 + a 2 = 0 (d) x 2 + y 2 = a 2
(c)  ,  (d)  − , − 
2 2   2 2  30 A point moves in such a way that the sum of its distances
from two fixed points (ae, 0) and ( −ae, 0) is 2a. Then the
21 By rotating the axes through 180°, the equation locus of the points is
x − 2y + 3 = 0 changes to x2 y2
(a) + 2 =1
(a) x + 2 y − 3 = 0 (b) x − 2 y + 3 = 0 a 2
a (1 − e 2 )
(c) x − 2 y − 3 = 0 (d) None of these x 2
y 2
(b) 2 − 2 =1
π a a (1 − e 2 )
22 Let 0 < α < be a fixed angle. If P = (cos θ, sin θ ) and
2 x 2
y 2
(c) 2 + =1
Q = {cos(α − θ ), sin(α − θ )}, then Q is obtained from P by a (1 − e 2 ) a 2
(a) clockwise rotation around the origin through angles α (d) None of the above
(b) anti-clockwise rotation around origin through angle α
(c) reflection in the line through the origin with slope tanα Directions (Q. Nos. 31-35) Each of these questions
(d) reflection in the line through the origin with slope tan α / 2 contains two statements : Statement I and Statement II. Each
23 The point ( 4 , 1) undergoes the following transformations of these questions also has four alternative choices, only one
(i) Reflection in the line x − y = 0 of which is the correct answer. You have to select one of the
(ii) Translation through a distance of 2 units along codes (a ), (b), (c) and (d ) given below.
positive direction of X-axis. (a) Statement I is true, Statement II is true; Statement II is a
(iii) Projection on X-axis. correct explanation for Statement I
The coordinate of the point in its final position is (b) Statement I is true, Statement II is true; Statement II is
(a) (3, 4) (b) (3, 0) (c) (1, 0) (d) (4, 3) not a correct explanation for Statement I
24 If the points are A ( 0, 4) and B ( 0, − 4), then find the locus (d) Statement I is false; Statement II is true
of P ( x , y ) such that | AP − BP | = 6 .
(a) 9 x 2 − 7 y 2 + 63 = 0 (b) 9 x 2 + 7 y 2 − 63 = 0 31 Statement I If A ( 2a, 4 a ) and B ( 2a, 6 a ) are two vertices of
(c) 9 x 2 + 7 y 2 + 63 = 0 (d) None of these a equilateral ∆ABC and the vertex C is given by
( 2a + a 3, 5a ).
25 ABC is a variable triangle with the fixed vertex C(1, 2) and
Statement II An equilateral triangle all the coordinates of
A , B having the coordinates (cos t , sin t ), (sin t , − cos t )
three vertices can be rational.
respectively, where t is a parameter. The locus of the
centroid of the ∆ABC is 32 Statement I If the circumcentre of a triangle lies at the
(a) 3 (x 2 + y 2 ) − 2x − 4y − 1 = 0 origin and centroid is the middle point of the line joining
(b) 3 (x 2 + y 2 ) − 2x − 4y + 1 = 0 the points (2, 3) and (4, 7), then its orthocentre lies on the
(c) 3 (x 2 + y 2 ) + 2x + 4y − 1 = 0 line 5x − 3y = 0.
(d) 3 (x 2 + y 2 ) + 2x + 4y + 1 = 0 Statement II The circumcentre, centroid and the
26 If A ( 2,−3)and B( −2, 1) are two vertices of a triangle and orthocentre of a triangle lie on the same line.
third vertex moves on the line 2x + 3y = 9, then the locus
33 Statement I If the origin is shifted to the centroid of the
of the centroid of the triangle is
triangle with vertices (0, 0), (3, 3) and (3, 6) without
(a) 2 x − 3 y = 1 (b) x − y = 1 rotation of axes, then the vertices of the triangle in the
(c) 2 x + 3 y = 1 (d) 2 x + 3 y = 3
new system of coordinates are ( −2, 0), (1, 3) and (1, − 3).
27 Let A ( − 3, 2) and B( − 2, 1 ) be the vertices of a ∆ABC. If Statement II If the origin is shifted to the point ( 2, 3)
the centroid of this triangle lies on the line without rotation of the axes, then the coordinates of the
3x + 4y + 2 = 0, then the vertex C lies on the line point P (α − 1, α + 1) in the new system of coordinates are
j
JEE Mains 2013 (α − 3, α − 2).
(a) 4 x + 3 y + 5 = 0 (b) 3 x + 4 y + 3 = 0
(c) 4 x + 3 y + 3 = 0 (d) 3 x + 4 y + 5 = 0
34 Let the equation of the line ax + by + c = 0. The bisector of the acute angle between L 1 and L 2
Statement I If a, b and c are in AP, then ax + by + c = 0 intersects L 3 at R.
pass through a fixed point (1, − 2). Statement I The ratio PR : RQ equals 2 2 : 5.
Statement II Any family of lines always pass through a Statement II In any triangle, bisector of an angle divides
fixed point. the triangle into two similar triangles.
35 The lines L 1 : y − x = 0 and L 2 : 2x + y = 0 intersect the
line L 3 : y + 2 = 0 at P and Q, respectively.

1 If the coordinates of two points A and B are ( 3, 4) and 7 The orthocentre of the triangle whose vertices are
( 5, − 2), respectively. Then, the coordinates of any point P, {at1 t 2 , a (t1 + t 2 )}, {at 2 t 3 , a (t 2 + t 3 )}, {at 3 t1, a (t 3 + t1 )} is
if PA = PB and area of ∆PAB = 10 , are (a) {−a , a (t1 + t2 + t 3 + t1 + t 2 t 3 )}
(a) (7,5), (1, 0) (b) (7, 2), (1, 0) (b) {−a , a (t1 + t2 + t 3 + t1 t 2 t 3 )}
(c) (7, 2), (−1, 0), (d) None of these (c) {−a , a (t1 − t2 − t 3 − t1 t 2 t 3 )}
(d) {−a , a (t1 + t2 − t 3 − t1 t 2 t 3 )}
2 Lat A(a, b ) be a fixed point and O be the origin an
25
coordinates. If A1 is the mid-point at OA, A2 is the 8 ABC is an isosceles triangle of area sq unit if the
mid-point at AA1, A3 is the mid-point at AA2 and so on. 6
Then, the coordinates of An are coordinates of base are B(1, 3) and C( −2, 7), the
coordinates of A are
(a) (a (1 − 2 − n ), b (1 − 2 − n )) (b) (a (2 − n − 1), b (2 − n − 1))
(a) (1, 6),  − ,  (b)  − , 5  ,  4, 
(c) (a (1 − 2 − ( n − 1) ), b (1 − 2 − ( n − 1) )) (d) None of these 11 5 1 5
 6 6  2   6
3 The coordinates of points A, B, C are ( x1, y1 ), ( x 2 , y 2 ) and
(c)  , 6 ,  − , 4  (d)  5,  ,  , 4 
5 11 5 11
( x 3 , y 3 ) and point D divides AB in the ratio l : k . If P 6   6   6  6 
divides line DC in the ratio m : (k + l ), coordinates of P are
 kx + lx 2 + mx 3 ky1 + ly 2 + my 3  9 If A( 6, − 3), B( −3, 5), C( 4, − 2), P(α , β), then the ratio of the
(a)  1 ,  areas of the triangles PBC and ABC is
 k+l+m k+l+m 
(a) | α + β | (b) | α − β |
 lx1 + mx 2 + kx 3 ly1 + my 2 + ky 3 
(b)  ,  (c) | α + β + 2 | (d) | α + β − 2 |
 l+m+k l+m+k 
 mx1 + kx 2 + lx 3 my1 + ky 2 + ly 3 
10 If O be the origin and if P1( x1, y1 ) and P2 ( x 2 , y 2 ) be two
(c)  ,  points, then | OP1| ⋅ | OP2 | cos( ∠POP2 ) is equal to
 m+k+l m+K+l  1
(a) x1 y 2 + x 2 y1 (b) (x12 + y12 ) (x 22 + y 22 )

(c) (x1 − x 2 )2 + (y1 − y 2 )2 (d) x1 x 2 + y1 y 2
4 The locus of a point P which moves such that 2PA = 3 PB,
where A( 0, 0) and B( 4, − 3) are points, is 11 If points ( 0, 0), ( 2, 2 3 ) and (a, b ) are vertices of an
equilateral triangle, then (a, b ) is equal to
(a) 5 x 2
− 5y 2
− 72 x + 54 y + 225 = 0
(b) 5 x 2 + 5y 2 − 72 x + 54 y + 225 = 0 (a) (0, − 4) (b) (0, 4) (c) (4, 0) (d) (− 4, 0)
(c) 5 x 2 + 5y 2 + 72 x − 54 y + 225 = 0 12 If the equation of the locus of a point equidistant from the
(d) 5 x 2 + 5y 2 − 72 x − 54 y − 225 = 0 points (a1, b1 ) and (a 2 , b2 ) is (a1 − a 2 )x + (b1 − b2 )y + c = 0,
5 Two points P (a , 0) and Q ( −a , 0) are given, R is a variable then the value of c is
point on one side of the line PQ such that ∠RPQ − ∠RQP (a) a12 − a22 + b12 − b22 (b) a12 + b12 − a22 − b22
is 2α, then 1 1
(c) (a12 + a22 + b12 + b22 ) (d) (a22 + b22 − a12 − b12 )
(a) locus of R is x 2 − y 2 + 2 xy cot 2 α − a 2 = 0 2 2
(b) locus of R is x 2 + y 2 + 2 xy cotα − a 2 = 0
13 If ( 2, 1), ( 5, 2) and ( 3, 4) are vertices of a triangle, its
(c) locus of R is a hyperbola, if α = π/4
(d) locus of R is a circle, if α = π/4 circumcentre is
(a)  ,  (b)  , 
−1 13 9 13 9
6 If the axis be turned through an angle tan 2, then what
 2 2  4 4
does the equation 4xy − 3x 2 = a 2 become?  9 13 
(d)  , 
9 13
(c)  
(a) X 2 − 4Y 2 = a 2 (b) X 2 + 4Y 2 = a 2  4, 4  2 2 
(c) X 2 + 4Y 2 = − a 2 (d) None of these
14 A point moves is such a way that the sum of squares of 15 The area of a triangle is 5 and its two vertices are A( 2, 1)
its distances from A( 2, 0) and B( − 2, 0) is always equal to and B( 3, − 2). The third vertex lies on y = x + 3. Then,
the square of the distance between A and B, then the third vertex is
(a)  ,  (b)  , 
locus of point P is 7 13 5 5
(a) x 2 + y 2 − 2 = 0 (b) x 2 + y 2 + 2 = 0 2 2   2 2
(c) x 2 + y 2 + 4 = 0 (d) x 2 + y 2 − 4 = 0 (c)  − , − 
3 3
(d) (0, 0)
 2 2
ANSWERS
SESSION 1 1 (b) 2 (c) 3 (b) 4 (b) 5 (d) 6 (c) 7 (c) 8 (c) 9 (a) 10 (c)
11 (d) 12 (c) 13 (c) 14 (c) 15 (c) 16 (c) 17 (c) 18 (c) 19 (b) 20 (c)
21 (c) 22 (d) 23 (b) 24 (a) 25 (b) 26 (c) 27 (b) 28 (d) 29 (d) 30 (a)
31 (c) 32 (a) 33 (a) 34 (a) 35 (c)
SESSION 2 1 (b) 2 (a) 3 (a) 4 (b) 5 (a) 6 (a) 7 (b) 8 (c) 9 (d) 10 (d)
11 (c) 12 (d) 13 (b) 14 (d) 15 (a)

SESSION 1 3 Coordinates of A, dividing the join of 0 0 1
1 Let BD be the median from B to AC, P ≡ (−5,1) and Q ≡ (3, 5) in the ratio k :1 4 We have, ∆ 1 = 1 a tan α b cot α 1
3 k − 5 5k + 1  2
where D is the mid-point of AC. are given by A  , .
asin α b cos α 1
 k+1 k+1
B (1, –1) 1
= ab|sin α − cos α|
Also, area of ∆ABC is given by 2
1 a b 1
∆ = Σ x1 ( y 2 − y 3 )
1
h 2 and ∆ 2 = asec2 α b cosec 2α 1
2
1
= |[ x1 ( y 2 − y 3 ) + x2 ( y 3 − y 1 ) a + asin2 α b + b cos 2 α 1
2
+ x3 ( y 1 − y 2 )]| On applying C1 → C1 − aC3 and
A (–1, 3) D (2, 2) C (5, 1)
1 3 k − 5 5k + 1  C2 → C2 − bC3 , we get

According to mid-point formula ⇒  (7) + 1  −2 − 
2 k + 1  k+1 0 0 1
coordinates of D are 1
 −1 + 5 3 + 1  ∆2 = ab tan2 α cot2 α 1
  = (2,2)  5k + 1 5  = 2 2
, + 7 −  sin2 α cos 2 α 1
 2 2   k+1 
∴ Length of median BD 1
1 3 k − 5  5 k + 1  = ab |sin2 α − cos 2 α|
⇒  (7) +  −2 −  2
= (2 − 1) + (2 + 1) = 1 + 9 = 10
2 2
2 k + 1  k+1
0 0 1
 5k + 1 
− 5  = ± 2
2 Condition of collinearity 1
+ 7 and ∆ 3 = a tan α − b cot α 1
p+1 1 1  k+1  2
asin α b cos α 1
∆ = 2p + 1 3 1 =0 ⇒ 14 k − 66 = 4 k + 4
⇒ 10 k = 70 ⇒ k = 7 1
2p + 2 2p 1 = ab |sin α + cos α|
or 14 k − 66 = −4 k − 4 2
⇒ ( p + 1)(3 − 2 p ) − 1(2 p + 1 − 2 p − 2) 1
⇒ 18 k = 62 So that, ∆ 1 ∆ 3 = ab∆ 2
+ 1(4 p2 + 2 p − 6 p − 6) = 0 2
k =  
31
⇒ − 2 p2 + p + 3 + 1 + 4 p2 − 4 p − 6 = 0 ⇒ Suppose, ∆ 1 , ∆ 2 and ∆ 3 are in GP.
 9
⇒ 2 p2 − 3 p − 2 = 0 1
Therefore, the values of k are Then, ∆ 1 ∆ 3 = ∆22 ⇒ ab∆ 2 = ∆22
⇒ 2p − 4p + p − 2 = 0
2
31 2
1 7 and . 1
∴ p = 2, − 9 ⇒ ∆ 2 = ab
2 2
1 1 A Number of positive
⇒ ab(sin2 α − cos 2 α ) = ab (0,41)
2 2 integral solution of
⇒ sin2 α − cos 2 α = 1 R the equation
π x + y + k = 41 will
i.e. α = (2m + 1) , m ∈ I .
2 be number of
Q integral coordinates (0,0)
But for this value of α, the vertices of the P (41,0)
B in the bounded
given triangles are not defined. C region.
Hence, ∆ 1 , ∆ 2 and ∆ 3 cannot be in GP for Also, as P lies on L, we have ∴Total number of integral coordinates
any value of α.
λx + x2 
l  3  λy 3 + y 2  + n = 0 = 41 −1 C3 −1 = 40C2
 + m 
5 We have,  λ+1   λ+1  =
40!
= 780
1 lx + my 2 + n BP 2! 38!
area of ∆OAB = sq units ⇒ − 2 = =λ …(i)
2a5 lx3 + my 3 + n PC
1 1 12 If A( x1 , y 1 ), B( x2 , y 2 ), C ( x3 , y 3 ) be the
× ax × a6 x = a−5
2
⇒ Similarly, we obtain vertices of the triangle and if (0, 0), (1, 1)
2 2
CQ lx + my 3 + n and (1,0) are the middle points of
ax + 6 x = a−5 =− 3
2
⇒ …(ii) AB , BC and CA respectively, then
QA lx1 + my 1 + n
⇒ x2 + 6 x + 5 = 0 x1 + x2 = 0, x2 + x3 = 2, x3 + x1 = 2
⇒ x = −1, − 5 AR lx + my 1 + n
and =− 1 …(iii) y1 + y2 = 2 , y2 + y3 = 2 , y3 + y1 = 0
RB lx2 + my 2 + n
6 Points are collinear so So, A(0, 0), B (0, 2) and C(2, 0) are the
k 2 − 2k 1 On multiplying Eqs. (i), (ii) and (iii), we vertices of the ∆ABC.
1− k 2k 1=0
get Now, a = BC = 2 2 , b = CA = 2,
BP CQ AR
−4 − k 6 − 2k 1 ⋅ ⋅ = −1 c = AB = 2
PC QA PB The coordinates (α,β) of the in-centre are
k 2 − 2k 1 given by
⇒ 1 − 2k 4k − 2 0 = 0
9 Let A = ( x1 , y 1 ), B = ( x2 , y 2 ), C = ( x3 , y 3 ) be
ax + bx2 + cx3
the vertices of a triangle and α = 1 = 2 − 2,
−4 − 2k 4 0 a+ b +c
x1 , x2 , x3 and y 1 , y 2 , y 3 be integers.
[applying C2 → C2 − C1 and ay 1 + by 2 + cy 3
So, BC 2 = ( x2 − x3 )2 + ( y 2 − y 3 )2 is a β= =2− 2
C3 → C3 − C2 ] a+ b + c
positive integers.
⇒ 4 − 8k + (4k − 2)(4 + 2k ) = 0 i.e. The in-centre is (2 − 2, 2 − 2 ).
If the triangle is equilateral, then
⇒ 2k 2 + k − 1 = 0
so k = − 1 and 1 / 2 AB = BC = CA = a [say] 13 ( x − 1)2 + ( y − 2)2
1 and ∠A = ∠B = ∠C = 60°. = ( x − 2)2 + ( y − 3)2
But for k = , points are (1/2, 1),
2 = ( x − 3)2 + ( y − 1)2
∴ Area of the triangle =   sin A ⋅ bc
1
⇒ x + y = 4, 4 x − 2 y = 5
(1/2, 1) and  − , 5
9  2
 5  ⇒ x = 13 / 6 , y = 11 / 6
=   a2 sin 60°
1
∴ Circumcentre =  , 
Which is a contradiction as given points 13 11
 2
are distinct.  6 6
 a2   3  x1 + 1
=    14 = −2
7 Using section formula, the coordinates  2  2  2
of the point P, which divides AB
3 2 ⇒ x1 = − 5
internally in the ratio 3 : 2 are = a
4 A (1, 1)
3 × 2 + 2 × 1 3 × 4 + 2 × 1
P 
which is irrational.
, 
 3+ 2 3+ 2  [since, a2 is a positive integer]
Now, the area of the triangle in terms of (–2, 3)E F (5, 2)
≡ P  , 
8 14 the coordinates
5 5 1
= [ x1 ( y 2 − y 3 ) + x2 ( y 3 − y 1 )
Also, since the line L passes through 2
P, hence substituting the coordinates + x3 ( y 1 − y 2 )] B (x1, y1) C (x2, y2)
y1 + 1
of P  ,  in the equation of
8 14 which is a rational number. = 3 ⇒ y1 = 5
5 5 This contradicts that the area is an 2
L : 2 x + y = k , we get irrational number, if the triangle is B = (−5, 5)
equilateral. x2 + 1
2  +   = k ⇒ k = 6
8 14 = 5 ⇒ x2 = 9
 5  5  10 If the centroid is joined to the vertices, 2
we get three triangles of equal area. y2 + 1
8 Let A( x1 , y 1 ), B( x2 , y 2 ) and C ( x3 , y 3 ) be the = 2 ⇒ y2 = 3
R = G =  3, 
4 2
vertices of ∆ABC and lx + my + n = 0 be ∴
 3 ∴ C = (9, 3)
the equation of the line. If P divides BC 1 + 9 − 5 1 + 5 + 3
in the ratio λ :1, then the coordinates of 11 Required points (x, y) are such that, it G =  , 
λx + x2 λy 3 + y 2   3 3 
P are  3 , .
satisfy x + y < 41 and x > 0, y > 0.
 λ+1 λ+1  = (5 / 3,3)
15 Since, we know that −c −d 22 OP is inclined at angle θ with X -axis OQ

= ⇒ 3bc = 2ad
Centroid divides the join of orthocenter 2a 3b is inclined at angle α − 2θ with X -axis.
and circumcenter in the ratio of 2 : 1 ⇒ 2ad − 3bc = 0 …(iii) The bisector of angle POQ is inclined at
Let the circumcenter of ∆ is (α, β ) 19 Let P ( x, y ) be the original position of the angle
 2α − 3 2β + 5 α − 2θ α
⇒ G (3, 3) = G  ,  point w.r.t the original axes. Let us move + θ = with X-axis.
 3 3  the origin at new position to (h, k). 2 2
2α − 3 2β + 5 Hence, the position of the same point P Y Q
∴ = 3 and =3
3 3 in the new system is
or α = 6, β = 2 x′ = x − h
∴Circumcentre of ∆ is C(6, 2). y′ = y − k P
Here, (h, k ) = (1, 2)
θ
16 We have, orthocentre and centroid of a
–2
∴ x ′ = ( x − 1)
α
triangle be A(−3, 5) and B(3, 3)
respectively and C circumcentre y ′ = ( y − 2) θ
O X
As per the given situation
A (–3, 5) B(3, 3) C y 2 − 8 x − 4 y + 12 = ( y − 2)2 − 4a( x − 1) 23 Image of (4, 1) in the line x = y is
⇒ y 2 − 8 x − 4 y + 12 = y 2 − 4 y (1, 4) on translating this point along
We know that, + 4 − 4ax + 4a positive direction of X-axis by 2 units,
AB : BC = 2 : 1 Comparing respective coefficients, we this point is transformed into (3, 4) and
have projection of the point (3, 4) on X-axis is
AB = (3 + 3)2 + (3 − 5)2
4a = 8 (3, 0).
= 36 + 4 = 2 10 ∴ a=2
24 BP − AP = ± 6 or BP = AP ± 6
∴ BC = 10 20 Let P (a′, y ′ ) be the coordinates of the
⇒ x2 + ( y + 4) 2 = x 2 + ( y − 4) 2 ± 6
AC = AB + BC point obtained by rotating the axes
through an angle of 60°. On squaring and simplifying, we get
= 2 10 + 10 = 3 10
∴The transformation matrix can be 4y − 9 = ± 3 x2 + ( y − 4) 2
Since, AC is a diametre of circle
written as Again on squaring, we get
AC 3 10 5  x ′   cos θ sin θ   x 
∴ r = = =3 9 x2 − 7 y 2 + 63 = 0
=
2 2 2  y ′  − sin θ cos θ  y 
     25 Let G (α,β ) be the centroid in any
17 Coordinates of point G is G  b , c   1 3 position. Then,
 3 3  2   2 2   x 1 + cos t + sint 2 + sint − cos t 
( AB ) + (BC ) + (CA )2
2 2 ⇒ =
− 3  3 1   y  (α, β ) =  , 
Let E =   −    3 3 
(GA )2 + (GB )2 + (GC )2  2 2  1 + cos t + sin t
4a2 + (a + b )2 + c 2 + (a − b )2 + c 2 ∴ α =
 x 3y 
⇒ E = + 3
2 2
 b − a +  c  +  b + a
2
 2   2 2  2 + sin t − cos t
      ⇒ =  and β =
− 3
3   3 3    − 3 x
+ 
y 3
2 2 2  2 2 ⇒ 3α − 1 = cos t + sin t
+   +   +  
c 2b 2c …(i)
 3  3  3 ⇒ x + 3 y = 4 and 3 x − y = 2 3
and 3 β − 2 = sin t − cos t …(ii)
4 a2 + 2 c 2 + 2 a2 + 2 b 2 Solving the above equations,
⇒ E= 2 On squaring and adding Eqs. (i) and (ii),
 5 3
2b 6c2 4 b2 we have ( x, y ) =  ,  we get
+ 2 a2 + +
9 9 9 2 2 
(3α − 1)2 + (3 β − 2)2 = (cos t + sin t )2
6a2 + 2b 2 + 2c 2
⇒ E= 21 Let P ( x ′, y ′ ) be the coordinates of the + (sin t − cos t )2
1
(6b 2 + 18a2 + 6c 2 ) point P ( x, y ) after rotation of axes at an = 2(cos 2 t + sin2 t ) = 2
9
angle of 180° ∴ The equation of the locus of the
2(3a2 + b 2 + c 2 )
⇒ E= =3  x ′   cos θ sin θ   x 
1 ⇒ = centroid is (3 x − 1)2 + (3 y − 2)2 = 2
6(3a2 + b 2 + c 2 )  y ′  − sin θ cos θ  y 
    
9 ⇒ 9 ( x2 + y 2 ) − 6 x − 12 y + 3 = 0
Since, here θ = 180°
18 Let coordinate of the intersection point ⇒ 3 ( x2 + y 2 ) − 2 x − 4 y + 1 = 0
in fourth quadrant be (α, − α).  x ′   −1 0   x 
⇒ = 26 The third vertex lies on 2 x + 3 y = 9
 y ′  0 −1  y 
Since, (α, − α) lies on both lines      9 − 2x 
i.e.  x, 
4 ax + 2ay + c = 0 and  x′  − x   3 
⇒ =
5bx + 2by + d = 0.  y ′  − y 
    A (2, –3)
∴ 4 aα − 2aα + c = 0
−c ∴ x = − x ′ and y = − y ′
⇒ α = ...(i) Hence, the new equation of curve,
2a
x − 2 y + 3 = 0 is (− x ′ ) − 2(− y ′ ) + 3 = 0
and 5bα − 2bα + d = 0
−d ⇒ − x′ + 2 y ′ + 3 = 0
⇒ α =
3b
…(ii) ⇒ x′ − 2 y ′ − 3 = 0
or x − 2 y − 3 = 0 in general
B (–2, 1) (
C x, 9 – 2x
3 (
From Eqs. (i) and (ii),we get
∴ Locus of centroid is Let us assume ⇒ Family of coincident lines,

 9 − 2x
 2 − 2 + x −3 + + 1  {(h − ae )2 + k 2 } − {(h + ae )2 + k 2 } if L 1 and L 2 are coincident.
 , 3  = (h, k ) = − 4aeh …(ii) As a,b and c are in AP.
 3 3  On dividing Eqs. (ii) by (i), we have
  ⇒ 2b = a + c ⇒ a − 2b + c = 0
{(h − ae )2 + k 2 } − {(h + ae )2 + k 2 } On comparing with ax + by + c = 0, it
x 3 − 2x
∴ h= and k = (h − ae)2 + k 2 + (h + ae )2 + k 2 passes through fixed points (1, − 2).
3 9
− 4aeh 35 Here, L 1 : y − x = 0 and L 2 : 2 x + y = 0
⇒ 9 k = 3 − 2(3 h ) ⇒ 9 k = 3 − 6 h =
2a and L 3 : y + 2 = 0 as shown below,
⇒ 2h + 3k = 1
⇒ (h − ae) + k − (h + ae ) + k
2 2 2 2
Y
Hence, locus of a point is 2 x + 3 y = 1.
= − 2eh …(iii) L1
27 Let third vertex be C ( x1 , y 1 ).
{Q a − b = ( a + b ) ( a − b )} y=x
−3 − 2 + x1 2 + 1 + y 1 
∴Centroid  ,  lies Adding Eqs. (i) and (iii), we have
 3 3 
2 (h − ae )2 + k 2 = (2a − 2eh )
on line X¢ X
3x + 4y + 3 = 0 ⇒ 2 (h − ae )2 + k 2 = 2(a − eh ) O (0, 0)
P Q L3
28 Let P(α, β ) be any point such that Squaring both sides, we have y=–2
(h − ae )2 + k 2 = (a − eh )2 R –2 (1, –2)
(PA ) = k (PB ) (–2, –2) L2
⇒ (PA )2 = k 2 (PB )2 ⇒ h2 + a2e 2 − 2aeh + k 2 y = –2x
Angle Y¢
⇒ (α − ak )2 + β2 = a2 + e 2 h2 − 2aeh
Bisector

2
 ⇒ h − e h + k = a2 − a2e 2
2 2 2 2
= k 2   α −  + β2 
a |PO |= 4+ 4
 k  ⇒ h2 (1 − e 2 ) + k 2 = a2 (1 − e 2 )
  = 2 2;|OQ |= 1 + 4 = 5
Replacing h by x and k by y, we get the
⇒ α2 + β2 − 2akα + a2 k 2 = k 2α2
locus of point P (h, k ) which is the locus Since, OR is angle bisector
2ak 2
+ k 2β2 − α + a2 of an ellipse. OP PR
k =
x2 y2 OQ RQ
⇒ (1 − k 2 )α2 + (1 − k 2 )β 2 = (1 − k 2 ) a2 + 2 =1
a2
a (1 − e 2 ) PR 2 2
⇒ (1 − k 2 ) {α2 + β2 } = (1 − k 2 )a2 ⇒ =
{Q k ≠ ± 1} 31 Statement I : AB = BC = CA RQ 5
∴ α 2 + β2 = a 2 ∴ A, B ,C are the vertices of triangle ABC. Hence, Statement I is true.
Replace α by x and β by y, we have Statement II : Let A( x1 , y 1 ), B ( x2 , y 2 ) and But, it does not divide the triangle in
x2 + y 2 = a2 C ( x3 , y 3 ) are all rational coordinates. two similar triangles.
29 Let P (h, k ) represents all those points x1 y 1 1 Hence, Statement II is false.
1 3
∴ Area (∆ABC ) = x2 y 2 1 =
subtending a right angle at A and B 2
x3 y 3 1
4 SESSION 2
Y
[( x1 − x2 ) + ( y 1 − y 2 ) ]
2 2 1 Let the coordinates of P be ( x, y ).
P (h , k )
LHS = rational, RHS = irrational Then, PA = PB ⇒ PA2 = PB 2
Hence, ( x1 , y 1 ), ( x2 , y 2 ) and ( x3 , y 3 ) ⇒ ( x − 3)2 + ( y − 4)2 = ( x − 5)2 + ( y + 2)2
cannot be all rational. ⇒ x − 3y − 1 = 0 …(i)
X¢ X
A(–a, 0) O B (a, 0) Now, area of ∆PAB = 10
32 The orthocentre lies on the line joining x y 1
the points (0, 0) and (3, 5) i.e. 1
⇒ 3 4 1 = ± 10
Y¢
5x − 3 y = 0. 2
5 −2 1
Also, Statement II is true.
∴ m AP ⋅ m PB = − 1
⇒ 6 x + 2 y − 26 = ± 20
 k − 0   k − 0 33 Statement II is true as the coordinates of
⇒     = −1 the point P in new system are ⇒ 6 x + 2 y − 46 = 0
 h + a  h − a
(α − 1 − 2, α + 1 − 3). or 6x + 2y − 6 = 0
⇒ k 2 = − (h2 − a2 ) ⇒ 3 x + y − 23 = 0
In Statement I, the centroid is (2, 3), so
⇒ k + h2 = a2
2
or 3x + y − 3 = 0 …(ii)
the coordinates of the vertices in the
Replace k → y and h → x, we get On solving, x − 3 y − 1 = 0 and
x2 + y 2 = a2 new system of coordinates are (− 2, − 3),
3 x + y − 23 = 0, we get
(1, 0), (1, 3).
30 Since, A(ae, 0) and B(− ae, 0) be the x = 7, y = 2
given points and let P (h, k ) be any point 34 Statement II is false as L 1 + λL 2 = 0 On solving x − 3 y − 1 = 0
whose distance from A and B is constant
⇒ Family of concurrent lines, if L 1 and and 3 x + y − 3 = 0, we get
i.e. 2a.
L 2 are intersect. x = 1, y = 0
i.e. |PA | + |PB | = 2a
⇒ Family of parallel lines, Thus, the coordinates of P are (7,2)
⇒ (h − ae)2 + k 2
if L 1 and L 2 are parallel. or (1, 0).
+ (h + ae )2 + k 2 = 2a …(i)
2 The coordinates of A1 are  a , b  Y ⇒ (h − 1)2 + (k − 3)2

 2 2 R(h, k) = (h + 2)2 + (k − 7)2
 a+ a b + b  ⇒ −2h + 1 − 6k + 9
  = 4h + 4 − 14k + 49
The coordinates of A2 are  2, 2 φ θ
 2 2  X¢ X ⇒ 6h − 8k + 43 = 0 …(i)
Q O M P
  (a, 0) Since, the area of triangle is 10 sq unit
(–a, 0)
=  + 2 , + 2 
a a b b {given}
2 2 2 2  Y¢ 1
ar (∆ABC ) = |BC || AC |
The coordinates of A3 are Again, now 2α = θ − φ 2
2
 a+ a + a b + b + b  ∴ tan 2α = tan (θ − φ)
(5)  h +  + (k − 5)2 =
1 1 25
  ⇒
= 2 22 , b 2 22  tan θ − tan φ 2  2 6
=
 2 2  1 + tan θ tan φ
  On squaring, we get
k (a + h ) − k (a − h ) 2
=
⇒  h +  + (k − 5)2 =
1 25
=  + 2 + 3 , + 2 + 3 
a a a b b b
a2 − h2 + k 2 
2 2 2 2 2 2  2 9
⇒ a2 − h2 + k 2 = 2hk cot 2α Using Eq. (i), we have
Continuing in this manner we observe
Hence, the locus is 2
that the coordinates of A n are  8 k − 43 1  + ( − )2 = 25
x2 − y 2 + 2 xy cot 2α − a2 = 0 ⇒ +  k 5
 a + a + a + ...+ a ,  6 2 9

 2 22 23 2n 6 Here, tan θ = 2 ⇒ (4k − 20)2 + 9(k − 5)2 = 25
⇒ 25⋅ (k − 5)2 = 25
+ ... + n 
b b b b 1 2
+ + So, cos θ = , sin θ =
2 22 23 2  ⇒ (k − 5)2 = 1
5 5
⇒ |k − 5| = 1
 1 
=  a 1 − n  , b  1 − n  
1 For x and y, we have ⇒ k − 5= ± 1
  2   2  X − 2Y
x = X cos θ − Y sin θ = ∴ k = 1 + 5 or k = − 1 + 5
= (a(1 − 2− n ), b(1 − 2− n )) 5 ⇒ k = 6 or k = 4
2X + Y Using Eq. (i), we have h =
5
3 I D k P and y = X sin θ + Y cos θ =
5 6
A (x1, y1) B (x2, y2) C (x3, y3) Using Eq. (i), we have
The equation 4 xy − 3 x = a reduces to
2 2
11
m h=−
(k + I) 4( X − 2Y ) (2 X + Y ) 6
⋅
5 5 Therefore, the vertex A of the isosceles
Coordinates of point D are
∆ABC is A  , 6 or A  − , 4 .
2 5 11
 X − 2Y 
 lx + kx1 ly 2 + ky 1  − 3  =a
2
6   6 
D 2 ,   5 
 k + l k + l 
α β 1
⇒ 4(2 X 2 − 2Y 2 − 3 XY )
Coordinates of point P are 9 ar (∆ PBC ) = 1 − 3 5 1
− 3( X 2 − 4 XY + 4Y 2 ) = 5a2 2
 lx + kx1 + mx3 ly 2 + ky 1 + my 3  4 −2 1
P  2 ,  ⇒ 5X 2 − 20Y 2 = 5a2
 k + l + m k + l + m 
∴ X 2 − 4Y 2 = a2 1
⇒ ar (∆PBC ) = | 7α + 7β − 14|
2
4 Let P (h, k ) be any point such that 7 Let the vertices be C , A and B , 7
= |α + β − 2|
2(PA ) = 3(PB ) respectively. The altitude from A is 2
y − a ( t2 + t 3 ) 6 −3 1
⇒ 4(PA )2 = 9(PB )2 = – t1 1
x − at 2 t 3 Also, ar (∆ABC ) = −3 5 1
⇒ 4(h + k ) = 9 {(h − 4) + (k + 3) }
2 2 2 2
2
⇒ xt 1 + y = at 1 t 2 t 3 + a ( t2 + t 3 ) …(i) 4 −2 1
⇒ 4(h2 + k 2 ) = 9(h2 + k 2 − 8h + 6k + 25)
1 7
⇒ 5h2 + 5k 2 − 72h + 54k + 225 = 0
The altitude from B is ⇒ ar (∆ABC ) = |42 − 21 − 14| =
xt 2 + y = at 1 t 2 t 3 + a (t 3 + t 1 ) …(ii) 2 2
∴ Required locus is ar (∆PBC )
On subtracting Eq. (ii) from Eq. (i), we = |α + β − 2|
5x2 + 5y 2 − 72 x + 54 y + 225 = 0 ar (∆ ABC )
get x = − a
5 Let ∠RPQ = θ and ∠RQP = φ Hence, y = a( t 1 + t 2 + t 3 + t 1 t 2 t 3 )
10 By PROJECTION FORMULA, we have
|OP1 |2 + |OP2|2 − |P1 P2|2
∴ θ − φ = 2α So, the orthocentre is cos ∠ P1 OP2 =
{− a, a( t 1 + t 2 + t 3 + t 1 t 2 t 3 )}. 2 |OP1 ||OP2|
Let RM ⊥ PQ , so that RM = k , Let E = |OP1 ||OP2|cos ∠ P1 OP2
MP = a − h 8 Given that, the triangle ABC is isosceles
∴ | AB | = | AC | Y
and MQ = a + h P2 (x2, y2)
RM k Let the coordinate of A are A(h, k )
Then, tanθ = =
MP a− h ∴ (h − 1)2 + (k − 3)2
C1(x1, y1)
RM k = (h + 2)2 + (k − 7)2
and tan φ = =
MQ a+ h X
O
( x12 + y 12 ) + ( x22 + y 22 ) or if b = 2 3 Case II |PC| = |RC|

− {( x2 − x1 )2 + ( y 2 − y 1 )2 } ⇒ a= −2 [using Eq. (i)] ( x − 2)2 + ( y − 1)2 = ( x − 3)2 + ( y − 4)2
⇒ E =
2 ⇒ 2 x + 6 y = 20 …(ii)
12 Let (h, k ) be the point on the locus. Then
[ x12 + x22 + y 12 + y 22 − ( x2 − x1 )2 Solving Eqs. (i) and (ii) for x and y, we
by the given conditions have
− ( y 2 − y 1 )2 ] (h − a1 )2 + (k − b1 )2
⇒ E = ∴Co-ordinates of circumcentre are
2 = (h − a2 )2 + (k − b2 )2
C ( x, y ) = C  , 
13 9
2 x1 x2 + 2 y 1 y 2 ⇒ 2h(a1 − a2 ) + 2k (b1 − b2 ) + a22 + b22
⇒ E =  4 4
2 − a12 − b12 = 0
∴|OP1 ||OP2|cos ∠ P1 OP2 = x1 x2 + y 1 y 2 1 14 Let P (h, k ) be the point such that
⇒ h(a1 − a2 ) + k (b1 − b2 ) + (a22 + b22
11 The points A(0, 0), B(2, 2 3 ) and C (a, b ) 2 |PA|2 + |PB|2 = |AB|2
are the vertices of an equilateral triangle − a12 − b12 ) = 0 …(i) ⇒ (h − 2) + k + (h + 2)2 + k 2
2 2
= 42 + 0
if Since, the locus of (h, k ) is the line ⇒ 2h 2 + 8 + 2k 2 = 16
|AB| = |BC| = |CA| (a1 − a2 )h + (b1 − b2 )k + c = 0 …(ii) ⇒ h2 + k 2 =4
⇒ |AB|2 = |BC|2 = |CA|2 ∴ Comparing Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get ∴Locus of P is x + y = 4
2 2
1
⇒ 4 + 12 = (a − 2)2 + (b − 2 3 )2 c = (a22 + b22 − a12 − b12 ) 15. Let the third vertex be ( p, q ).
2
= a2 + b 2 ⇒ q = p+3 …(i)
Now, (a − 2)2 + (b − 2 3 )2 = a2 + b 2 13 Circumcentre of a triangle is the point
Now, ∆ = |5|
which is equidistant from the vertices of
a2 + b 2 − 4a − 4 3 b + 16 = a2 + b 2 ∆ =± 5
a triangle.
a+ 3b = 4 p q 1
Let the circumcentre of triangle be 1
a = 4 − 3b …(i) C ( x, y ) and the three vertices of the 2 1 1 =± 5
2
triangle are represented by 3 −2 1
Also, a + b = 16
2 2
P (2, 1), Q (5, 2), R(3, 4)
(4 − 3b )2 + b 2 = 16 [using Eq. (i)] ⇒ q + 3 p − 7 = ± 10
∴ According to given condition,
⇒ 4b − 8 3b + 16 = 16
2 ⇒ 3 p + q = 17 …(ii)
we have
and 3p + q = − 3 …(iii)
⇒ 4b(b − 2 3 ) = 0 |PC| = |QC| = |RC|
Solving Eqs. (i) and (ii) and solving
⇒ b = 0 or b = 2 3 Case I |PC| = |QC| Eqs. (i) and (iii), we get points
If b =0 ( x − 2)2 + ( y − 1)2 = ( x − 5)2 + ( y − 2)2  7 , 13  and  − 3 , 3 
   
⇒ a= 4 ⇒ 6 x + 2 y = 24 …(i) 2 2   2 2
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DAY TWENTY FIVE
Straight Line
u Concept of Straight Line u Conditions for Concurrence u Distance of a Point from a
u Angle between Two Lines of Three Lines Line
Concept of Straight Line

Any curve is said to be a straight line, if for any two points taken on the curve, each and
every point on the line segment joining these two points lies on the curve.
Y
A (x1, y1)
q
X¢ X
Y¢ B (x2, y2)
y2 − y1
The slope of a line AB is m = tan θ =
x2 − x1
Various Forms of Equations of a Line

The equation of a line in the general form can be written as ax + by + c = 0 PRED
1. Slope Intercept Form The equation of a line with slope m and making an intercept c on
Y-axis is y = mx + c
MIRROR
2. Point Slope Form The equation of a line which passes through the point ( x1 , y1 ) and has
the slope m is y − y1 = m ( x − x1 ). u No. of Questions Attempted (y)—
3. Two Points Form The equation of a line passing through two points ( x1 , y1 ) and ( x2 , y2 ) is u No. of Correct Questions (z)—
 y − y1 
( y − y1 ) =  2  ( x − x1 ).
 x2 − x1  u Accuracy Level (z / y × 100)—
4. Intercept Form of a Line The equation of a line which cuts off intercepts a and b
x y
respectively from the X and Y-axes is + = 1. In order to expect good rank in JEE,
a b your Accuracy Level should be
above 75.
264 40 DAYS ~ JEE MAIN MATHEMATICS DAY TWENTY FIVE
5. Normal or Perpendicular Form The equation of the

straight line upon which the length of the perpendicular
Conditions for Concurrence of
from the origin is p and this perpendicular makes an Three Lines
angle α with positive direction of X -axis in
1. Three lines are said to be concurrent, if they pass through a
anti-clockwise sense is
common point i.e. they meet at a point.
x cos α + y sin α = p, where 0 ≤ α ≤ 2 π. 2. If three lines are concurrent, the point of intersection of two
6. General Equation of a Line to the Normal Form The lines lies on the third line.
general equation of a line is 3. The lines a1 x + b1 y + c1 = 0, a2 x + b2 y + c2 = 0
Ax + By + C = 0 a1 b1 c1
Now, to reduce the general equation of a line to normal and a3 x + b3 y + c3 = 0, are concurrent iff a2 b2 c2 = 0
form, we first shift the constant term on the RHS and a3 b3 c3
make it positive, if it is not so and then divide both sides
by (coefficient of x)2 + (coefficient of y)2 This is the required condition of concurrence of three lines.
 A   B   −C 
⇒  x+ y=  Distance of a Point from a Line
 A2 + B2   A2 + B2   A2 + B2 
A B (i) The length of the perpendicular from a point ( x1 , y1 ) to a line
Now, take cos α = , sin α = and ax1 + by1 + c
A +B
2 2
A + B2
2
ax + by + c = 0 is .
−c a2 + b 2
p= , which gives the required normal form.
A2 + B2 (ii) Distance between two parallel lines
7. Intersection of lines Let the equation of lines be |c2 − c1|
ax + by + c1 = 0 and ax + by + c2 = 0 is .
a1 x + b1 y + c1 = 0 and a2 x + b2 y + c2 = 0, then their point a2 + b 2
 b c − b2c1 c1 a2 − c2 a1 
of intersection is  1 2 , 
 a1b2 − a2b1 a1b2 − a2b1  Important Results
8. Distance Form or Parametric form The equation of the
l
The foot of the perpendicular (h, k ) from ( x 1, y1) to the line
h − x1 k − y1 (ax 1 + by1 + c)
straight line passing through ( x1 , y1 ) and making an ax + by + c = 0 is given by = =−
angle θ with the positive direction of X -axis is a b a2 + b 2
x − x1 y − y1 Foot of perpendicular from (a, b ) on
= = r,
l
cos θ sin θ  a + b a + b
x − y = 0 is  , .
where r is the distance of any point ( x, y) on the line  2 2 
from the point ( x1 , y1 ). l
Foot of perpendicular from (a, b ) on
 a − b b − a
x + y = 0 is  , .
Angle between Two Lines  2 2 
The acute angle θ between the lines having slopes m1 and m2 l
Image (h, k ) from (x1 , y1 ) w.r.t. the line mirror ax + by + c = 0
m2 − m1 is given by
is given by tan θ = . h − x1 k − y1 −2 (ax1 + by1 + c)
1 + m1 m2 = =
a b a2 + b 2
Condition of Parallel Lines l
Area of the parallelogram formed by the lines
Let m1 , m2 be slope of two lines, then lines are parallel, if a1 x + b 1 y + c 1 = 0; a2 x + b2 y + c2 = 0
m1 = m2 . (d − c )(d − c )
a1 x + b 1 y + d1 = 0; a2 x + b2 y + d2 = 0 is 1 1 2 2 .
Equation of any line parallel to ax + by + c = 0 can be taken a1b 2 − a2b 1
as ax + by + λ = 0
Condition of Perpendicular Lines Equation of Internal and External Bisectors of

Let m1 , m2 be slope of two lines, then the lines are
Angles between Two Lines
perpendicular, if m1 m2 = − 1 The bisectors of the angles between two straight lines are the
If one line is parallel to X − axis, then its perpendicular line locus of a point which is equidistant from the two lines. The
is parallel to Y − axis equation of the bisector of the angles between the lines
Equation of the line perpendicular to ax + by + c = 0 is taken a1 x + b1 y + c1 = 0 …(i)
as bx − ay + λ = 0 and a2 x + b2 y + c2 = 0 …(ii)
Straight line ax + by + c = 0 and a′ x + b ′y + c′ = 0 are right a x + b1 y + c1 a x + b2 y + c2
are given by, 1 =± 2
angle if aa′ + bb ′ = 0 a1 + b1
2 2
a22 + b22
DAY TWENTY FIVE STRAIGHT LINE 265
where, Important Properties

(i) if a1 a2 + b1b2 > 0, the positive sign for obtuse and negative
(i) The position of a point ( x1 , y1 ) and ( x2 , y2 ) relative to the
sign for acute.
line ax + by + c = 0
(ii) a1 a2 + b1b2 < 0, negative sign for obtuse and positive sign
(ax1 + by1 + c)
for acute. (a) If > 0, then points lie on the same side.
ax2 + by2 + c
Equation of Family of Lines Through (b) If
ax1 + by1 + c
< 0, then the points lie on opposite side.
the Intersection of Two given Lines ax2 + by2 + c
The equation of the family of lines passing through the (ii) The equations of the straight lines which pass through a
intersection of the lines given point ( x1 , y1 ) and make a given angle α with the
given straight line y = mx + c are
a1 x + b1 y + c1 = 0 and a2 x + b2 y + c2 = 0 is
m ± tan α
( a1 x + b1 y + c1 ) + λ ( a2 x + b2 y + c2 ) = 0 . ( y − y1 ) = ( x − x1 ).
1 m tan α
where λ is a parameter.

1 The equation of the line, the reciprocals of whose 3 3 3
(a) − 3 (b) − (c) − (d) −
intercepts on the axes are a and b, is given by: 8 2 16
x y 6 For which values of a and b, intercepts on axes by line
(a) + =1 (b) ax + by = 1
a b ax + by + 8 = 0 are equal and opposite in sign of
(c) ax + by = ab (d) ax − by = 1 intercepts on axis by line 2x − 3y + 6 = 0
2 The equation of the straight line passing through the 8 −8
(a) a = ,b = − 4 (b) a = ,b = − 4
point (4, 3) and making intercepts on the coordinate axes 3 3
whose sum is − 1, is 8 −8
(c) a = , b = 4 (d) a = ,b = 4
x y x y 3 3
(a) + = – 1, + = −1
2 3 −2 1 7 Equation of the line passing through the points of
x y x y intersection of the parabola x 2 = 8y and the ellipse
(b) − = − 1, + = −1
2 3 −2 1 x2
+ y 2 = 1 is j JEE Mains 2013
x y x y
3
(c) + = 1, + = 1 (a) y − 3 = 0 (b) y + 3 = 0 (c) 3 y + 1 = 0 (d) 3 y − 1 = 0
2 3 2 1
x y x y 8 A ray of light along x + 3y = 3 gets reflected upon
(d) − = 1, + =1
2 3 −2 1 reaching X-axis, the equation of the reflected ray is
(a) y = x + 3 (b) 3y = x − 3
3 The equation of a line passing through ( − 4,3) and this
(c) y = 3 x − 3 (d) 3y = x − 1
point divided the portion of line between axes in the ratio
5 : 3 internally, is 9 The range of values of α such that ( 0, α ) lie on or inside
(a) 9x + 20y + 96 = 0 (b) 20x + 9y + 96 = 0 the triangle formed by the lines
(c) 9x − 20y + 96 = 0 (d) 20x − 9y − 96 = 0 3x + y + 2 = 0, 2x − 3y + 5 = 0 and x + 4y − 14 = 0 is
(a) 1 / 2 ≤ α ≤ 1 (b) 5 / 3 ≤ α ≤ 7 / 2
4 A straight line through a fixed point ( 2,3) intersects the (c) 5 ≤ α ≤ 7 (d) None of these
coordinate axes at distinct points P and Q. If O is the
origin and the rectangle OPRQ is completed, then the 10 The lines x + y = | a | and ax − y = 1 intersect each other in
locus of R is the first quadrant. Then, the set of all possible values of a
(a) 3 x + 2 y = 6 (b) 2 x + 3 y = xy is the interval
(c) 3 x + 2 y = xy (d) 3 x + 2 y = 6xy (a) (−11, ] (b) (0, ∞)
(c) [1, ∞) (d) (−1, ∞)
5 If the x-intercept of some line L is double as that of the
line, 3x + 4y = 12 and the y-intercept of L is half as that 11 Area of the parallelogram formed by the lines
of the same line, then the slope of L is j
JEE Mains 2013 y = mx , y = mx + 1, y = nx , y = nx + 1 is equal to
|m + n | 2 21 If p is the length the perpendicular from the origin on the

(a) (b)
(m − n)2 |m + n | x y
line + = 1 and a 2 , p 2 , b 2 are in AP then a 4 + b 4 =
1 1 a b
(c) (d)
|m + n | |m − n | (a) 0 (b) 1
12 If PS is the median of the triangle with vertices P( 2, 2), (c) data is inconsistent (d) None of these
Q( 6,−1) and R(7, 3), then equation of the line passing 22 If p and p′ be perpendiculars from the origin upon the
through (1, − 1) and parallel to PS is j JEE Mains 2014 straight lines x sec θ + y cosec θ = a and
(a) 4 x − 7 y − 11 = 0 (b) 2 x + 9y + 7 = 0 x cos θ − y sin θ = a cos 2 θ respectively, then the value of
(c) 4 x + 7 y + 3 = 0 (d) 2 x − 9y − 11 = 0 the expression 4p 2 + p′ 2 is
13 If A( 2,−1) and B( 6, 5) are two points, then the ratio in (a) a 2 (b) 3a 2 (c) 2a 2 (d) 4a 2
which the foot of the perpendicular from ( 4,1) to AB 23 If p1, p2 , p3 , are lengths of perpendiculars from points
divides it, is (m 2 , 2m ), (mm′ , m + m′ ) and (m′ 2 ,2m′ ) to the line
(a) 8 : 15 (b) 5 : 8 (c) −5 : 8 (d) −8 : 5 sin2 α
x cos α + y sin α + = 0, then p1, p2 , p3 are in
x y cos α
14 The line L given by + = 1 passes through the point
5 b (a) AP (b) GP
(13, 32). The line K is parallel to L and has the equation (c) HP (d) None
x y
+ = 1. Then, the distance between L and K is 24 The equation of bisector of acute angle between lines
c 3
3x − 4y + 7 = 0 and 12x + 5y − 2 = 0 is
23 17 23
(a) (b) 17 (c) (d) (a) 21x + 77 y − 101 = 0 (b) 11x − 3 y + 9 = 0
15 15 17
(c) 31x + 77 y + 101 = 0 (d) 11x − 3 x − 9 = 0
15 The nearest point on the line 3x − 4y = 25 from the 25 A ray of light coming along the line 3x + 4y − 5 = 0 gets
origin is reflected from the line ax + by − 1 = 0 and goes along the
(a) (− 4,5) (b) (3, − 4) (c) (3,4) (d) (3,5) line 5x − 12y − 10 = 0, then
16 Two sides of rhombus are along the lines, x − y + 1 = 0 (a) a =
64
,b =
112
(b) a = −
64
,b =
8
and 7x − y − 5 = 0 if its diagonals intersect at ( − 1, − 2), 115 15 115 115
then which one of the following is a vertex of this 64 8 64 8
(c) a = ,b = − (d) a = − ,b = −
rhombus j
JEE Mains 2016 115 115 115 115
(a) (−3,−9) (b) (−3,−8) 26 The sides BC, CA , AB of ∆ABC are respectively
1 − 8 − 10 −7 
(c)  ,  (d)  ,  x + 2y = 1, 3x + y + 5 = 0, x − y + 2 = 0 . The altitude
3 3   3 3  through B is
17 If the lines ax + 2y + 1 = 0, bx + 3y + 1 = 0, (a) x − 3 y + 1 = 0 (b) x − 3 y + 4 = 0
cx + 4 y + 1 = 0 are concurrent, then a, b, c are in (c) 3 x − y + 4 = 0 (d) x − y + 2 = 0
(a) AP (b) GP 27 A variable straight line drawn through the point of
(c) HP (d) None of these x y x y
intersection of the lines + = 1 and + = 1 meets
18 For all real values of a and b lines a b b a
( 2a + b )x + (a + 3 b )y + (b − 3a ) = 0 and the coordinates axes at A and B, the locus of the
mx + 2y + 6 = 0 are concurrent, then m is equal to mid-point of AB is
(a) − 2 (b) −3 (c) − 4 (d) − 5 (a) 2xy (a + b) = ab (x + y)
(b) 2xy (a − b) = ab (x − y)
19 If p is the length of perpendicular from origin to the line
which intercepts a and b on axes, then (c) 2xy (a + b) = ab (x − y)
1 (d) None of the above
(a) a + b = p
2 2 2
(b) a + b = 2
2 2
p 28 The base BC of ∆ABC is bisected at the point (p,q) and

1 1 2 1 1 1
(c) + 2 = 2 (d) 2 + 2 = 2 equations of AB and AC are px + qy = 1 and qx + py = 1
a2 b p a b p
respectively, then equation of the median passing
20 A straight line through the origin O meets the parallel through A is
lines 4x + 2y = 9 and 2x + y = −6 at points P and Q, (a) (2 pq − 1) (px + qy − 1) = (p 2 + q 2 − 1) (qx + py − 1)
respectively. Then, the point O divides the segment PQ (b) (2 pq + 1) (px + qy − 1) = (p 2 + q 2 − 1) (qx + py − 1)
in the ratio (c) (2 pq + 1) (px + qy − 1) = (p 2 + q 2 + 1) (qx + py − 1)
(a) 1 : 2 (b) 3 : 4 (c) 2 : 1 (d) 4 : 3 (d) None of the above
29 If P is a point ( x , y ) on the line y = − 3x such that P and (b) Statement I is true, Statement II is true; Statement II is
the point ( 3, 4) are on the opposite sides of the line not a correct explanation for Statement I
3x − 4y = 8, then
8 8 8 8 (c) Statement I is true; Statement II is false
(a) x > ,y< − (b) x > ,y<
15 5 5 15 (d) Statement I is false; Statement II is true
8 8
(c) x = ,y = − (d) None of these 33 Statement I Consider the points A( 0, 1) and B( 2, 0) and P
15 5
be a point on the line 4x + 3y + 9 = 0, then coordinates
 α α   − 12 17
30 If P 1 + ,2+  be any point on a line, then the of P such that | PA − PB | is maximum, is  , ⋅
 2 2  5 5
range of values of α for which the point P lies between Statement II | PA − PB | ≤ | AB |
the parallel lines x + 2y = 1 and 2x + 4y = 15 is
34 Statement I If point of intersection of the lines
4 2 5 2 5 2
(a) − <α< (b) 0 < α < 4x + 3y = λ and 3x − 4y = µ, ∀ λ , µ ∈ R is ( x1, y1 ), then
3 6 6
−4 2 the locus of ( λ , µ ) is x + 7y = 0, ∀ x1 = y1.
(c) <α< 0 (d) None of these
3 Statement II If 4λ + 3 µ > 0 and 3λ − 4 µ > 0, then ( x1, y1 )
2 is in first quadrant.
31 If (a, a ) falls inside the angle made by the lines
x − 2y = 0, x > 0 and y = 3x ( x > 0), then a belongs to : 35 Let θ1 be the angle between two lines 2x + 3y + c1 = 0
(a) (01
, / 2) (b) (3, ∞) and − x + 5y + c 2 = 0 and θ 2 be the angle between two
(c) (1 / 2,3) (d) (− 3, − 1 / 2) lines 2x + 3y + c1 = 0 and − x + 5y + c 3 = 0, where
c1, c 2 , c 3 are any real numbers.
32 The lines passing through ( 3, − 2) and inclined at angle
60° with 3x + y = 1 is Statement I If c 2 and c 3 are proportional, then θ1 = θ 2 .
(a) y + 2 = 0 (b) x + 2 = 0 Statement II θ1 = θ 2 for all c 2 and c 3 . j
JEE Mains 2013
(c)x + y = 2 (d) x − y = 3
36 Statement I Each point on the line y − x + 12 = 0 is
Directions (Q. Nos. 33-36) Each of these questions contains equidistant from the lines 4y + 3x − 12 = 0,
two statements : Statement I (Assertion) and Statement II 3y + 4x − 24 = 0.
(Reason). Each of these questions also has four alternative Statement II The locus of a point which is equidistant
choices, only one of which is the correct answer. You have to from two given lines is the angular bisector of the two
select one of the codes (a ), (b), (c) and (d ) given below.
lines.

1 A line 4x + y = 1 through the point A ( 2, − 7) meets the 4 Let k be an integer such that the triangle with vertices
line BC whose equation is 3x − 4y + 1 = 0. The equation (k , − 3k ), ( 5, k ) and ( − k , 2) has area 28 sq units. Then,
to the line AC, so that AB = AC is the orthocentre of this triangle is at the point
(a) 52 x − 89y − 519 = 0 (b) 52 x + 89y − 519 = 0 (a)  2, −  (b)  1,  (c)  1, −  (d)  2, 
1 3 3 1
(c) 52 x − 89y + 519 = 0 (d) 52 x + 89y + 519 = 0  2  4  4  2
2 If the lines y = mr x , r = 1,2,3 cut off equal intercepts on the 5 A variable line through the point ( p, q ) cuts the x and y
transversal x + y = 1, then 1 + m1, 1 + m2 , 1 + m3 are in: axes at A and B respectively. The lines through A and B
(a) AP (b) GP parallel to Y − axis and the X − axis respectively meet at
(c) HP (d) None of these P. If the locus of P is 3x + 2y − xy = 0, then
3 In triangle ABC, equation of the right bisectors of the (a) p = 2, q = 3 (b) p = 3, q = 2
(c) p = − 2,q = − 3 (d) p = − 3,q = − 2
sides AB and AC are x + y = 0 and x − y = 0
respectively. If A ≡ ( 5,7) then equation of side BC is 6 If the three lines x − 3y = p, ax + 2y = q and ax + y = r
(a) 7 y = 5 x (b) 5x = y (c) 5 y = 7 x (d) 5y = x from a right angled triangle, then j
JEE Mains 2013
(a)a − 9a + 18 = 0
2
(b) a 2 − 6a − 12 = 0
(c)a 2 − 6a − 18 = 0
(d) a 2 − 9a + 12 = 0 x − y + 1 + λ 2 ( 2x − y − 2) = 0. Equation of a straight line

7 A light ray emerging from the point source placed at that belongs to both families is
P(1, 3) is reflected at a point Q in the axis of x. If the (a) 25 x − 62 y + 86 = 0 (b) 62 x − 25 y + 86 = 0
reflected ray passes through the point R( 6, 7), then the (c) 25 x − 62 y = 86 (d) 5 x − 2 y − 7 = 0
abscissa of Q is j JEE Mains 2013
12 Equation of the straight line which belongs to the system
(a) 1 (b) 3 of straight lines a( 2x + y − 3) + b ( 3x + 2y − 5) = 0 and is
7 5 farthest from the point ( 4, − 3) is
(c) (d)
2 2 (a) 4 x + 11y − 15 = 0 (b) 3 x − 4 y + 1 = 0
(c) 7 x + y − 8 = 0 (d) None of these
8 Locus of the image of the point ( 2, 3) in the line
( 2x − 3y + 4) + k ( x − 2y + 3) = 0, k ∈ R , is a 13 One diagonal of a square is along the line 8x − 15y = 0
(a) straight line parallel to X-axis j JEE Mains 2015 and its one vertex (1,2), then equations of a side passing
(b) straight line parallel toY-axis through this vertex are
(c) circle of radius 2 (a) 7 x + 23 y − 53 = 0, 23 x − 7 y − 9 = 0
(d) circle of radius 3 (b) 7 x − 23 y − 53 = 0,23 x + 7 y − 9 = 0
9 A square of side a lies above the X -axis and has one (c) 7 x + 23 y + 53 = 0,23 x − 7 y + 9 = 0
(d) 7 x + 23 y + 53 = 0, 23 x + 7 y + 9 = 0
vertex at the origin. The side passing through the origin
 π 14 The equations of the straight lines through ( − 2, − 7) and
makes an angle α  where, 0 < α <  with the positive
 4 having intercept of length 3 between the lines
direction X -axis. The equation of its diagonal not passing 4x + 3y = 12 and 4x + 3y = 3 is
through the origin is (a) 7 x − 24 y − 182 = 0 (b) 7 x + 24 y + 182 = 0
(a) y (cosα − sinα) − x (sinα − cosα) = a (c) 7 x + 24 y − 182 = 0 (d) None of these
(b) y (cosα + sinα) − x (sinα − cosα) = a 15 If angle between lines ax + by + p = 0 and
(c) y (cosα + sinα) + x (sinα + cosα) = a π
x cos α + y sin α = p is and these lines with other line
(d) y (cosα + sinα) + x (sinα − cosα) = a 4
x sin α − y cos α = 0 are concurrent, then a 2 + b 2 =
10 A variable line ‘L’ is drawn through O( 0,0) to meet the line
(a) 1 (b) 2 (c) 3 (d) 4
L1 : y − x − 10 = 0 and L2 : y − x − 20 = 0 at the point A and
B respectively. A point P is taken on ‘L’ such that 16 Straight lines y = mx + c1 and y = mx + c 2 , where m ∈R +
2 1 1 meet the X − axis at A1 and A2 respectively and Y − axis
= + . Locus of ‘P’ is at B1 and B2 respectively. It is given that point A1, A2 , B1
OP OA OB
and B2 are concyclic. Locus of intersection of lines A1B2
(a) 3 x + 3 y = 40 (b) and A2B1 is
3 x + 3 y + 40 = 0 (a) y = x (b) y + x = 0
(c) 3 x − 3 y = 40 (d) 3 y − 3 x = 40 (c) xy = 1 (d) xy + 1 = 0
11 Consider the family of lines ANSWERS
5x + 3y − 2 + λ 1 ( 3x − y − 4) = 0 and
SESSION 1 1 (b) 2 (d) 3 (c) 4 (c) 5 (d) 6 (d) 7 (d) 8 (b) 9 (b) 10 (c)
11 (d) 12 (b) 13 (b) 14 (d) 15 (b) 16 (c) 17 (a) 18 (a) 19 (d) 20 (b)
21 (c) 22 (a) 23 (b) 24 (b) 25 (c) 26 (b) 27 (a) 28 (a) 29 (a) 30 (a)
31 (c) 32 (a) 33 (d) 34 (b) 35 (a) 36 (a)
SESSION 2 1 (d) 2 (c) 3 (a) 4 (d) 5 (a) 6 (a) 7 (d) 8 (c) 9 (b) 10 (d)
11 (d) 12 (b) 13 (a) 14 (b) 15 (b) 16 (b)

SESSION 1 ∴
2
+
3
= 1 ⇒ 2k + 3h = hk 9 From figure, for (0,α ) to be inside or on
1 If a1 , b1 are intercepts of the line on the h k the triangle,
axes, then So, locus is 3 x + 2 y = xy
Y =0
1 / a1 = a,1 / b1 = b 5 We have, x + = 1
y
C – 2 x–5
⇒ a1 = 1 / a, b1 = 1 / b 4 3 7/2 3y
For line L, x-intercept = 2 × 4 = 8 B x+4y
∴ Equation of the line is –14=0
x / a1 + y / b1 = 1 or ax + by = 1 1 3 5/3
y-intercept = × 3 = X
2 2 A
2 Let x −intercept = a x y 3
and y −intercept = b ∴Line L is + = 1, Slope, m = −
8 3/2 16
Since, a + b = − 1 ⇒ b = − (a + 1)
–2 y+3x+2=0
x
∴ Equation of line is −
y
=1 6 ax + by + 8 = 0
a a+ 1 ⇒ ax + by = −8 5 7
x y ≤α≤
Clearly, ⇒ + = 1 (intercept form) 3 2
4 3 4a + 4 − 3a −
8
−
8
− =1 ⇒ =1 10 As x + y =|a|and ax − y = 1.
a a+ 1 a (a + 1) a b
x y Intersect in first quadrant.
⇒ a + 4 = a2 + a ⇒ a = ± 2 Also, 2 x − 3 y = − 6 ⇒ − + =1
3 2 So, x and y-coordinates are positive.
Hence, equation of line is According to given condition, 1 + |a| a|a|− 1
x y x y ∴ x= ≥ 0 and y = ≥0
− = 1 or + = 1. we have 1+ a a+ 1
2 3 −2 1 8 8 ⇒ 1 + a ≥ 0 and a|a|− 1 ≥ 0
− = − (− 3) and − = − 2
y
3 Let the equation of line be x + = 1 a
8
b ⇒ a ≥ −1 and a|a|≥ 1 …(i)
a b ⇒ a = − and b = 4 If −1 ≤ a < 0 ⇒ − a2 ≥ 1 [not possible]
∴ According to given condition, 3
If a ≥ 0 ⇒ a2 ≥ 1 ⇒ a ≥ 1 ⇒ a ∈ [1, ∞ )
we have 7 On solving both the equations, we get
 3a 5b  8y
11 Let lines OB : y = mx, CA : y = mx + 1
C (− 4, 3) ≡ C  ,  + y2 = 1
 8 8 3 BA : y = nx + 1 and OC : y = nx
⇒ a= −
32
and b =
24 ⇒ 3 y2 + 8 y − 3 = 0 So, the point of intersection B of OB and
3 5 ⇒ (3 y − 1) ( y + 3) = 0 1
AB has x-coordinate .
∴ Equation of line is 1 m−n
⇒ y = − 3, here y ≠ − 3 Y
3x 5y 3
− + =1
32 24 1 2
At y = , x = ± 2 A
Y 3 3 B
So, the points of intersection are D
C
(0, b)  2 1  2 1 X¢ X
3  2 ,  and  −2 ,  . O
 3 3  3 3
5 From option (d); 3 y − 1 = 0 is the Y¢

required equation which satisfied the Now, area of a parallelogram
X intersection points. OBAC = 2 × Area of ∆OBA
(a, 0) O 1 1 1
8 Take any point B (0,1 ) on given line. = 2 × × OA × DB = 2 × ×
⇒ − 9 x + 20 y − 96 = 0 2 2 m−n
⇒ 9 x − 20 y + 96 = 0 1 1
B(0, 1) 3y = x – 1
= =
m − n |m − n|
4 Equation of PQ is
x y depending upon whether m > n or m < n.
+ =1
h k 12 Coordinate of
Y A( 3, 0)  7 + 6 3 − 1   13 
R(h, k) S = ,  =  , 1
Q(0, k)  2 2   2 
B¢(0, –1)
[since, S is mid-point of line QR]
(2,3)
X¢ X Equation of AB ′ is P (2,2)
O P(h,0)
−1 − 0
y−0 = ( x − 3)
0− 3
⇒ − 3y = − x + 3
Y¢ Q S R
Since, it is passes through the points ⇒ x − 3y = 3 (6,–1) (7,3)
(2,3) ⇒ 3y = x − 3
−2 1 ab
Slope of the line PS is . A (1,2) 21 p = =
9 (1 / a2 ) + (1 / b 2 ) a2 + b 2
0
Required equation of line passes through 1= 7x–y–5=0 a2 , p2 , b 2 are in AP.
(1, − 1) and parallel to PS is y+ 2a2b 2
−2 x– ⇒ = a2 + b 2
y + 1= ( x − 1) B a2 + b 2
9 D
E(–1,–2)
⇒ 2x + 9y + 7 = 0 ⇒ a4 + b 4 = 0 i.e. a = b = 0
This is impossible, therefore given
, ) and PD⊥ AB .
13 Let P(41 information is inconsistent.
Equation of AB is 3 x − 2 y − 8 = 0
C 22 Since, p = length of the perpendicular
∴ Equation of PD is 2 x + 3 y − 11 = 0
y + 2 −1 from (0,0) on x secθ + y cosec θ = a
P (4, 1) ⇒ Equation of BD is =
x+1 2 a asin 2θ
∴ p= =
⇒ x + 2y + 5 = 0 sec2 θ + cosec2 θ 2
1 − 8
∴ Coordinates of D =  ,  ⇒ 2 p = asin 2θ …(i)
3 3 
A B Also, p′ = length of perpendicular from
(2, – 1) λ D 1
(6, 5) 17 It is given that the lines (0,0) on x cos θ − y sinθ = acos 2θ
ax + 2 y + 1 = 0,bx + 3 y + 1 = 0, acos 2θ
Let line AB is divided by PD in the ratio ∴ p′ =
λ :1, then intersecting point cx + 4 y + 1 = 0 are concurrent cos 2 θ + sin2 θ
6λ + 2 5λ − 1 
D  ,  lies on
a 2 1 = acos 2θ …(ii)
 λ+1 λ+1 ∴ b 3 1 =0 On squaring and adding Eqs. (i), (ii), we
2 x + 3 y − 11 = 0. c 4 1 get
6λ + 2   5λ − 1  − 11 = 0
⇒ 2  + 3  ⇒ − a + 2b − c = 0 ⇒ 2b = a + c 4 p2 + p ′2 = a2
 λ+1  λ+1
23 p1 = m2 cos α + 2m sin α + sin α
2
∴ a, b, c are in AP.
⇒ 16λ − 10 = 0 ⇒ λ :1 = 5: 8
cos α
14 Since, the line L is passing through the 18 Given equations,
(2a + b )x + (a + 3b )y + (b − 3 a) = 0 sin2 α
point (13,32). p2 = |mm ′ cos α + (m + m ′ )sin α +
cos α
13 32 32 8 and mx + 2 y + 6 = 0 are concurrent for
Therefore, + =1 ⇒ =− sin2 α
5 b b 5 all real values of a and b, so they must p3 = m ′2 cos α + 2m ′ sin α +
⇒ b = − 20 represent the same line for some values cos α
The line K is parallel to the line L, its of a and b. Therefore, we get mm ′ cos 2 α + (m + m ′ )sin α cos α
2a + b (a + 3b ) b − 3 a
equation must be = = + sin2 α
x y x y m 2 6 p2 =
− = a or − =1 cos α
5 20 5a 20a On taking last two ratios,
(m cos α + sin α )2
a + 3b −3 a + b 3 p1 =
On comparing with +
x y
= 1, we get = ⇒b = − a cos α
2 6 4
c 3 (m ′ cos α + sin α )2
On taking first two ratios, p3 =
20a = −3, c = 5a cos α
−3 −3 −3 2(2a + b ) 2{2a − (3 / 4) a}
a= and c = 5 × = m= = ∴ p2 = p1 p3 ⇒ p22 = p1 p3
20 20 4 a + 3b a + 3(− 3 /4) a
Hence, the distance between lines 10 Hence, p1 , p2 and p3 are in GP.
=− = −2
−3 5 24 Make constant terms of both equation
−1
|a − 1| 20 23 19 The length of perpendicular from (0,0) to positive.
= = =
1 1 17 17 x y 1 3x − 4y + 7 = 0
+ line + = 1, is p =
25 400 400 a b 1 1 and − 12 x − 5y + 2 = 0
+ Since, a1 a2 + b1 b2 = − 36 + 20 < 0
15 The desired point is the foot of the a2 b 2
1 1 1 ∴ Bisector of acute angle is given by
perpendicular from the origin on the ∴ + 2 = 2 with positive sign
line 3 x − 4 y = 25. a2 b p
3x − 4y + 7  − 12 x − 5y + 2 
The equation of a line passing through = +  
the origin and perpendicular to
20 Now, distance of origin from 9 + 16  144 + 25 
4 x + 2 y − 9 = 0 is
3 x − 4 y = 25is 4 x + 3 y = 0. ⇒ 39 x − 52 y + 91 = − 60 x − 25y + 10
|−9| 9
Solving these two equations we get = ⇒ 99 x − 27 y + 81 = 0
x = 3, y = − 4. 42 + 22 20
∴ 11 x − 3 y + 9 = 0
Hence, the nearest point on the line and distance of origin from
from the origin is (3, − 4). 2 x + y + 6 = 0 is
25 Equation of bisectors of the given lines
|6| 6 are
16 Coordinates of A ≡ (12
, ) =  3x + 4y −
22 + 12  5  5x − 12 y − 10 
∴ Slope of AE = 2
5 =±  
 32 + 42   52 + (− 12)2 
1 ∴ Required ratio =
9 / 20 3
=    
⇒ Slope of BD = −
2 6/ 5 4 ∴ (39 x + 52 y − 65) = ± (25x
− 60 y − 50)
⇒ 14 x + 112 y − 15 = 0 p2 + q 2 − 1 Now, equation of lines l 1 and l 2 are

− (qx + py − 1) = 0
or 64 x − 8 y − 115 = 0 2 pq − 1 y + 2 = tan(θ ± 60° )( x − 3)
tan θ ± tan 60°
⇒
14
x+
112
y −1= 0 ⇒ (2 pq − 1)( px + qy − 1) ⇒ y + 2= ( x − 3)
1 m tan θ tan 60°
15 15 = ( p2 + q 2 − 1)(qx + py − 1)
64 8 − 3± 3
or x− y −1= 0 29 Let L1 = 3 x − 4 y − 8 ⇒ y + 2= ( x − 3)
115 115 1 m (− 3 ) 3
At (3, 4), L 1 = 9 − 16 − 8 = − 15 < 0
∴ a=
14
,b =
112 ⇒ y + 2= 0
For the point P ( x, y ), we should have
15 15 or y + 2 = 3 ( x − 3)
64 8 L 1 > 0.
or a= ,b = − 33 Equation of line AB is
115 115 ⇒ 3x − 4y − 8 > 0 [Q y = − 3 x]
0−1
⇒ 3 x − 4 (− 3 x ) − 8 > 0 y −1= ( x − 0)
26 The required line is given by 2− 0
x + 2 y − 1 + λ ( x − y + 2) = 0 …(i) [QP ( x, y ) lies on y = − 3 x]
⇒ x + 2y − 2 = 0
It is perpendicular to 3 x + y + 5 = 0 ⇒ x > 8/15 and − y − 4 y − 8 > 0
Here, |PA − PB | ≤ | AB |
5 ⇒ y < − 8/ 5
∴ 3 (1 + λ ) + 2 − λ = 0 ⇒ λ = − Thus, for|PA − PB | to be maximum,
2
From Eq. (i), we get 30 Since, P  1 + α , 2 + α  lies between A, B and P must be collinear.
 2 2
x − 3y + 4 = 0 34 The point of intersection of lines
the parallel lines x + 2 y = 1 and
4 x + 3 y = λ and 3 x − 4 y = µ is
27 The intersection of given lines is 2 x + 4 y = 15, therefore
4λ + 3µ
x y x y   α   α  x1 =
+ −1+ λ  + − 1 = 0 1 +  + 2 2 +  −1 25
a b b a   2  2 <0 3λ − 4µ
meets the coordinate axes at  α   α  and y 1 =
2 1 +  + 4 2 +  − 15 25
     2  2
4λ + 3µ 3λ − 4 µ
1+ λ   1+ λ  4 2 Q x1 = y 1 ⇒ =
A , 0 and B  0 , 3α α + 
1 λ 1 λ 4+ 25 25
 +   + 
⇒ 2 <0 ⇒  3 
<0 ⇒ λ + 7µ = 0
a b   b a 6α
− 5+  5 2
The mid-point of AB is given by α −  Hence, locus of a point (λ, µ ) is
2  6 
1+ λ 1+ λ x + 7 y = 0.
2x = , 2y =
1 λ 1 λ −4 2 5 2 35 Here, angle between the lines
+ + ∴ <α<
a b b a 3 6 2 x + 3 y + c1 = 0
1 1 and − x + 5 + c 2 = 0 is θ1 .
⇒ (1 + λ )  +  31 Clearly, a − a > 0, a2 − 3a < 0
2
1/ 5 + 2/3 13 / 15
x y 2 ∴ tan θ1 = =
λ λ 1 − 2 / 15
=2 + + 2 + 
1 1 13 / 15
Y
 a b   b a  y=3x = 1 = tan 45°
 1 1 ⇒ θ1 = 45°
= 2 (1 + λ ) +
 a b  Also, the angle between the lines
P(a, a2)
∴ ( x + y ) ab = 2 xy (a + b ) 2 x + 3 y + c 1 = 0 and
y=x/2 − x + 5y + c 3 = 0 is θ2 .
28 A X 1/ 5 + 2/3 13 / 15
O ∴ tan θ2 = =
. 1 − 2 / 15 13 / 15
1
⇒ < a < 3. = 1 = tan 45°
2
⇒ θ2 = 45°
B C 32 Here, we observe that the value of c 1 , c 2
1
y=
D( p,q) and c 3 is not depend on measuring the

x+
Equation of line AB angle between the lines.

l2(m2)
Ö3
px + qy = 1 So, c 2 and c 3 are proportional or for all c 2

60° and c 3 θ1 = θ2
Equation of line AC
qx + py = 1 36 Equation of bisector of
The equation of line passing through the 4 y + 3 x − 12 = 0
intersection point of above lines is 60° l1(m1) and 3 y + 4 x − 24 = 0 is
px + qy − 1 + λ (qx + py − 1) = 0 4 y + 3 x − 12 3 y + 4 x − 24
=±
which passes through ( p,q ) A(3,–2) 16 + 9 9 + 16
∴ p2 + q 2 − 1 (m=tan θ)
l
+ λ ( pq + pq − 1) = 0 …(i) ⇒ y − x + 12 = 0
Let l 1 and l 2 are the equations of the
p2 + q 2 − 1 and 7 y + 7 x − 36 = 0
⇒ λ= − lines inclined at an angle of 60° with the
2 pq − 1 line l. So, the line y − x + 12 = 0 is the
∴ Substituting the value of λ in Eq. (i), ∴Slopes of lines are tan(θ ± 60° ) angular bisector.
of the line through A is ( px + qy − 1)
⇒ C = (7,5) and y = q − mp or mp = q − y …(ii)

SESSION 2
Equation of BC is 7 y = 5x. On eliminating m from Eqs. (i) and (ii),
1 A (2, –7) we get
4 Given, vertices of triangle are p− x p
(k , − 3k ), (5, k ) and (− k , 2). =
q q − y
k − 3k 1
4x + y = 1 1
∴ 5 k 1 = ± 28
2 ⇒ pq − qx − py + xy = pq
−k 2 1
⇒ py + qx = xy
B 3 x – 4y + 1 = 0 C k − 3k 1 p q
or + =1
⇒ 5 k 1 = ± 56 x y
Let m be the slope of AC, then
−k 2 1 This is the locus of P.
3 3
+ 4 m− But locus of P is 3 x + 2 y = xy (given)
4 4 ⇒ k (k − 2) + 3k (5 + k ) + 1(10 + k ) 2
tan B = tanC ⇒ = 2 3
1 − 3 1 + 3m = ± 56 or + =1
x y
4 ⇒ k 2 − 2k + 15k + 3k 2 + 10 + k 2
19 4 m − 3 52 = ± 56 ∴ p =2
⇒ − = ⇒ m= −
8 4 + 3m 89 ⇒ 5k 2 + 13k + 10 = ± 56 and q =3
∴ Equation of AC is ⇒ 5k 2 + 13k − 66 = 0 6 Case I Let line l 1 ≡ x − 3 y = p and
52 or 5k 2 + 13k − 46 = 0 l 2 ≡ ax + 2 y = p are perpendicular, then
y + 7= − ( x − 2) ⇒ k =2 [Qk ∈ I ]
89 1 a
Thus, the coordinates of vertices of × − = −1
⇒ 52 x + 89 y + 519 = 0 3 2
triangle are A(2, − 6), B(5, 2) and C(− 2, 2).
⇒ a= 6
2 AB = BC ⇒ B is mid-point of AC. Y Case II Let line l 2 ≡ ax + 2 y = p and
l 3 ≡ ax + y = r are perpendicular, then
y=m3 x −a
C (–2, 2) D × − a = −1
B (5, 2)
2
y=m2 x (2, 1/2)
⇒ a2 = − 2 [not possible]
E
C Case III Let line l 3 ≡ ax + y = r and
y=m1 x X¢ X
O l 1 ≡ x − 3 y = p are perpendicular, then
B 1
A (2, –6) −a × = − 1 ⇒ a = 3. So, formation of
A 3
x+y=1 quadratic equation in a, whose roots are
Y¢
3 and 6, is
Now, equation of altitude from vertex A
−1 a2 − (6 + 3) a + (6 ⋅ 3) = 0
is y − (− 6) = ( x − 2) ⇒ a2 − 9 a + 18 = 0
 1 m1   2−2 
Clearly, A =  ,   
 m1 + 1 m1 + 1   − 2 − 5 7 Here, QS ⊥ OX
 1 m2  ⇒ x=2 …(i)
B= , 
 m2 + 1 m2 + 1  Equation of altitude from vertex C is S
 1 m3  −1 P R
C= y −2= [ x − (− 2)]
,   2 − (− 6) (1, 3) (6, 7)
 m3 + 1 m3 + 1 
 5− 2 
2 1 1  
Now, = + X¢
q
X
m2 + 1 m1 + 1 m3 + 1 ⇒ 3 x + 8 y − 10 = 0 …(ii) Q(k, 0)
∴ m1 + 1, m2 + 1, m3 + 1 are in HP. On solving Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get
1 It means QS bisect the ∠PQR.
3 Clearly, B = reflection of A (57
, ) in the x = 2 and y = . Then, ∠PQS = ∠RQS
2
line x + y = 0 ⇒ ∠RQX = ∠PQO = θ [let]
∴ Orthocentre =  2, 
1
A(5,7)  2 ⇒ ∠XQP = 180° − θ
y − y1
x+y=0 5 Let the equation of the variable line be Slope of QR = tanθ = 2
x–y=0 y − q = m( x − p ), where m is a variable x2 − x1
mp − q  7− 0
Then, A ≡  , 0 = …(i)
 m  6− k
B C and B ≡ (0,q − mp ) Slope of QP = tan(180° − θ) = − tan θ
⇒ B ≡ (− 7, − 5) Let P ≡ ( x, y ), then y − y1 3− 0
mp − q = 2 = …(ii)
C = reflection of A (57, ) in the line x= or m( p − x ) = q …(i) x2 − x1 1− k
x− y =0 m
∴ From Eqs. (i) and (ii), sin α − cos α 2 x + y − 3 = 0 and 3 x + 2 y − 5= 0.

=
7
=−
3 sin α + cos α i.e. Through (1,1).
6− k 1− k Y The line of this family which is farthest
⇒ 7 − 7k = − 18 + 3k from (4, − 3) is the line through (1,1) and
10k = 25 perpendicular to the line joining (1,1)
π/4 and (4, − 3).
5 3π
⇒ k = +α ∴ Required line is y − 1 = 3 / 4( x − 1)
2 a 4
X′¢ a
X i.e. 3 x − 4 y + 1 = 0
Hence, the coordinate of Q is  , 0 .
5 O
2  13
Y′¢ D C
8 Key Idea First of all find the point of
intersection of the lines 2 x − 3 y + 4 = 0 The equation is
y − a sin α sin α − cos α
and x − 2 y + 3 = 0 (say A). Now, the = p
line (2 x − 3 y + 4) + k ( x − 2 y + 3) = 0 is x − a cos α sin α + cos α 4
p
the perpendicular bisector of the line ⇒ y (cos α + sin α ) 4
0
joining points P(2, 3) and image P ′(h, k ). − x (sin α − cos α ) = a =
Now, AP = AP ′ and simplify.
5y A B(1, 2)
10 Let equation of the line OAB be x–1
Given line is 8
x y m(q)
(2 x − 3 y + 4) + k ( x − 2 y + 3) = 0, = =r
cos θ sin θ As can be seen from the figure, AB and
k ∈ R …(i)
⇒ x = r cos θ, y = r sin θ. AD are the line segments inclined at an
This line will pass through the point of
For A, let OA = r1 then A (r1 cos θ, r1 sin θ) angle of 45° with the diagonal line
intersection of the lines
2x − 3y + 4 = 0 …(ii) lies on L1 . AC (8 x − 15y = 0)
and x − 2y + 3 = 0 …(iii) Now, slope of line AB = m AB
π
On solving Eqs. (ii) and (iii), we get ⇒ m AB = tan  θ − 
 4
x = 1, y = 2 L=0
B P where, θ is the angle of inclination of
Thus, point of intersection of lines (ii) diagonal with the positive X–axis.
and (iii) is (1, 2). A tan θ − 1 8 / 15− 1
∴ m AB = =
Let M be the mid-point of PP ′, then AM 1 + tan θ 1 + 8 / 15
is perpendicular bisector of PP ′ (where, O L2 : y=x+20
L1: y=x+10 7
A is the point of intersection of given ⇒ m AB = −
lines). 1 1 sin θ − cos θ 23
⇒ = = ∴ Equation of line AB is
OA r1 10
P (2, 3) 7
=0
1 1 sin θ − cos θ y − 2 = − ( x − 1)
Similarly, = =
4
23
y+
OB r2 20
⇒ 23 y − 46 = − 7 x + 7
–3
Let P = (h, k ) = (r cos θ, r sin θ)

2x
∴ 7 x + 23 y = 53
(1, 2) 2 2 1 1
A M Then, = = + Also, slope of line
OP r r1 r2 23
AD (⊥ AB ) = m BC =
x–
2 sin θ − cos θ sin θ − cos θ 7

⇒ = +
2y
+3
P¢ ( h , k ) r 10 20 23
∴ y −2= ( x − 1)
=
⇒ 40 = 3r sin θ − 3r cos θ 7
0
Clearly, AP = AP ′ = 3k − 3h ⇒ 23 x − 7 y = 23 − 14
⇒ Locus of P is 3 x − 3 y + 40 = 0 ∴ 23 x − 7 y = 9
⇒ (2 − 1)2 + (3 − 2)2
⇒ 3 y − 3 x = 40
14 Let m be the slope of the line and angle θ
= (h − 1)2 + (k − 2)2
11 Lines 5x + 3 y − 2 + λ1 (3 x − y − 4) = 0 are it makes with the parallel line.
⇒ 2= h2 + k 2 − 2h − 4 k + 1 + 4 concurrent at the point of intersection of
⇒ 2= h2 + k 2 − 2h − 4 k + 5 the lines 5x + 3 y − 2 = 0 and (–2, –7)
3 x − y − 4 = 0 i.e. at A (1, − 1).
⇒ h + k − 2h − 4 k + 5 = 2
2 2
θ
⇒ h2 + k 2 − 2h − 4 k + 3 = 0 Similarly, lines
x − y + 1 + λ2 (2 x − y − 2) = 0 are 4x+3y=12
Thus, the required locus is 3 9/5
concurrent at B (3,4).
x2 + y 2 − 2 x − 4 y + 3 = 0 θ
The line, that belongs to both families is
which is an equation of circle with 4x+3y=3
AB, whose equation is
radius = 1 + 4 − 3 = 2 −1− 4
y − 4= ( x − 3)
1−3
9 Slope of the diagonal = tan  3 π + α 
 4 i.e. 5x − 2 y − 7 = 0.
3 3
− 1 + tan α ∴ sin θ = or tan θ =
= 12 a(2 x + y − 3) + b (3 x + 2 y − 5) = 0 passes 5 4
1 + tan α through the point of intersection of the 4
Hence, slope of the parallel lines is − .
lines 3
4 ⇒ x = p cos α, y = p cos α tan α 16 A1 B1 ≡ y = mx + c 1

m+
∴ 3 = tan θ =
3 y = p sinα
A2 B2 ≡ y = mx + c 2
4m 4 According to the question,
1− Y
3 p
x= = p cos α … (ii)
3m + 4 3 7 a + b tan α B2
⇒ =± ⇒ m= −
3 − 4m 4 24 p tan α
and y = = p sin α …(iii) B1
The line is y + 7 = −
7
( x + 2) or a + b tan α
24 p p
∴ =
7 x + 24 y + 182 = 0.  b − a  secα
a+ b   X
15 According to the question, b + a  O
A2 A1
a cos α p p
− + ⇒ =
π
tan = b sin α  b − a sec2 α ∴ A1 =  − 1 , 0 , B1 = (0,c 1 ),
c
4 acos α a+ b    m 
1+  b + a 
b sin α
A2 =  − 2 , 0 , B2 = (0,c 2 )
p c
b cos α − asin α =
⇒ 1=  m 
acos α + b sin α 1 + tan2 α
Since A1 , A2 , B1 , B2 are concyclic,
⇒ acos α + b sin α = b cos α − asin α b+ a 1
⇒ = c c
OA1 OA2 = OB1 OB2 ⇒ 1 2 = c 1 c 2
⇒ (a − b )cos α = − (b + a)sin α ab + a2 + b 2 − ab  b − a
2
m2
b−a 1+  
⇒ tanα = …(i)  b + a ∴ m2 = 1 ⇒ m = 1(m > 0)
b+ a
[using Eq. (i)] ∴ A1 = (− c 1 , 0), A2 = (− c 2 ,0),
Intersection point of ax + by + p = 0 and
b+ a B1 = (0,c 1 ), B2 = (0,c 2 )
y = x tanα given by is ax + bx tanα = p = y
x
p (b + a)2 + (b − a)2 Now, A1 B2 ≡ − + =1
⇒ x= c1 c2
a + b tanα
⇒ a2 + b 2 = 2(a2 + b 2 ) x y
p tan α and A2 B1 ≡ − + =1
and y= c2 c1
a + b tan α ⇒ (a2 + b 2 )2 = 2(a2 + b 2 )
For point of intersection, consider
Intersection point of x cos α + y sin α = p ⇒ (a2 + b 2 )(a2 + b 2 − 2) = 0
x y x y
and y = x tanα is given by ⇒ a2 + b 2 ≠ 0 − + =− +
c1 c2 c2 c1
x cos α + x tan α sin α = p
∴ a2 + b 2 = 2 (c 1 − c 2 ) x + (c 1 − c 2 ) y = 0 ⇒ x + y = 0
DAY TWENTY SIX
The Circle
u Concept of Circle u Common Tangents of Two u Angle of Intersection of Two
u Line and Circle Circles Circles
u Equation of Tangents u Director Circle u Family of Circles
u Equation of Normal u Chord of Contact u Radical Axis
u Pair of Tangents u Pole and Polar u Coaxial System of Circles
Concept of Circle
Circle is the locus of a point which moves in a plane, such that its distance from a fixed point
in the plane is a constant. The fixed point is the centre and the constant distance is the radius.
Standard Form of Equation of a Circle

The equation of a circle whose centre is at (h, k ) and radius r is given, is ( x − h)2 + ( y − k )2 = r 2 . It
is also known as the central form of the equation of a circle.
The equation x2 + y2 + 2 gx + 2 fy + c = 0 always represents a circle, whose centre is (− g, − f ) and
radius is g2 + f 2 − c . This is known as the general equation of a circle.
Equation of Circle when the End Points of a PRED

Diameter are Given MIRROR
If A and B are end points of a diameter of a circle whose coordinates are ( x1 , y1 ) and ( x2 , y2 ),
respectively. u No. of Questions in Exercises (x)—
Then, the equation of circle is ( x − x1 ) ( x − x2 ) + ( y − y1 )( y − y2 ) = 0 u No. of Questions Attempted (y)—
NOTE Parametric equations of a circle is ( x − h) 2 + ( y − k ) 2 = r 2 , where x = h + r cosθ, y = k + r sin θ, (Without referring Explanations)
0 ≤ θ ≤ 2 π.
Intercept on Axes u
The length of intercepts made by the circle x2 + y2 + 2 gx + 2 fy + c = 0 with X and Y-axes are In order to expect good rank in JEE,
2 g2 − c and 2 f 2 − c , respectively. above 85 & Prep Level should be
above 75.
276 40 DAYS ~ JEE MAIN MATHEMATICS DAY TWENTY SIX
y − b = m ( x − a) ± r 1 + m2
Position of a Point w.r.t. a Circle
and the coordinates of the points of contact are
A point ( x1 , y1 ) lies outside, on or inside a circle
 mr r 
S = x2 + y2 + 2 gx + 2 fy + c = 0 a ± ,b + .
 1+ m 2
1+ m 2 
according as S1 >, =, or < 0,
where, S1 = x12 + y12 + 2 gx1 + 2 fy1 + c (ii) Point of intersection of the tangent drawn to the circle
x2 + y2 = r 2 at the point P(α ) and Q(β) is
Greatest and least distance of a point A( x1 , y1 ) from a circle
with centre C and radius r as shown in the figure below, is r cos α + β α +β
r sin
2 2
| AC + r | and| AC − r |. h= and k = .
α −β α − β
cos cos
2 2
r P (α)
A (x1, y1) C
R
(h, k)
Line and Circle Q (β)
Let y = mx + c be a line and x2 + y2 = r 2 be a circle. If r is the
c 2. Point Form
radius of circle and p = is the length of the
1 + m2 (i) Equation of tangent for x2 + y2 = r 2 at ( x1 , y1 ) is
perpendicular from the centre on the line, then xx1 + yy1 = r 2 .
(i) p > r ⇔ the line passes outside the circle. (ii) The equation of the tangent at the point P( x1 , y1 ) to a circle
(ii) p = r ⇔ the line touches the circle or the line is a tangent x2 + y2 + 2 gx + 2 fy + c = 0 is
to the circle. xx1 + yy1 + g( x + x1 ) + f ( y + y1 ) + c = 0.
(iii) p < r ⇔ the line intersect the circle at two points or the
line is secant of the circle. 3. Parametric form
(iv) p = 0 ⇔ the line is a diameter of the circle. (i) Parametric coordinates of circle x2 + y2 = r 2 is
l
The length of the intercept cut-off from the line (r cos θ, r sin θ), then equation of tangent at (r cos θ, r sin θ)
y = mx + c by the circle x2 + y2 = r 2 is is x cos θ + y sin θ = r .
(ii) Equation of the tangent to the circle ( x − h)2 + ( y − k )2 = r 2
Y
at (h + r cos θ, k + r sin θ) = r 2 is
( x − h) cos θ + ( y − k )sin θ = r .
(x2, y2) Q
M Length of the Tangents
P (x1, y1) The length of the tangent from the point P( x1 , y1 ) to the circle
X¢ X
O x2 + y2 + 2 gx + 2 fy + c = 0 is equal to
y = mx + c x12 + y12 + 2 gx1 + 2 fy1 + c = S1
Y¢ Equation of Normal
The normal at any point on a curve is a straight line which is
r 2 (1 + m2 ) − c2
PQ = 2 perpendicular to the tangent to the curve at that point.
1 + m2
1. Point Form
Equation of Tangents The equation of normal to the circle
A line which touch only one point of a circle is called its x2 + y2 + 2 gx + 2 fy + c = 0 or x2 + y2 = a2
tangent as shown in the following figure. This tangent may be x − x1 y − y1
in slope or point form as given below. at any point ( x1 , y1 ) is =
x1 + g y1 + f
1. Slope Form x y
or =
x1 y1
(i) The equation of tangents of slope m to the circle
( x − a)2 + ( y − b )2 = r 2 are given by
DAY TWENTY SIX THE CIRCLE 277
2. Parametric Form (v) When two circles are separately as shown in the figure
below, four common tangents are possible.
The equation of normal to the circle x + y = a 2 2 2
at point
x y
(a cos θ, a sin θ) is = or y = x tan θ.
cos θ sin θ
C1 C2
Pair of Tangents
From a given point, two tangents can be drawn to a circle Condition, C1C2 > r1 + r2
which are real and distinct, coincident or imaginary according
as the given point lies outside, on or inside the circle.
Director Circle
The combined equation of the pair of tangents drawn from a
The locus of the point of intersection of two perpendicular
point P( x1 , y1 ) to the circle x2 + y2 = a2 is SS1 = T 2.
tangents to a given circle is known as its director circle. The
where, S = x2 + y2 − a2 , S1 = x12 + y12 − a2 and T = xx1 + yy1 − a2 equation of the director circle of the circle
x2 + y2 = a2 is x2 + y2 = 2 a2 .
Common Tangents of Two Circles
Let the centres and radii of two circles be C1 , C2 and r1 , r2 , Chord of Contact
respectively. l
The chord joining the points of contact of the two tangents
(i) When one circle contains other as shown in the figure from a point, which is outside is called the chord of contact
below, no common tangent is possible. Condition of tangents.
C1C2 < r1 − r2 . l
The equation of the chord of contact of tangents drawn
from a point ( x1 , y1 ) to the circle x2 + y2 = a2 is xx1 + yy1 = a2
or T = 0.
C1
C2 l
If AB is a chord of contact of tangents from C to the circle
x2 + y2 = r 2 and M is the mid-point of AB as shown in
figure. Then,
(ii) When two circles touch internally as shown in the figure,
B
one common tangent is possible.
O M α C
C1 A (x1, y1)
C2 r
r
Condition, C1C2 = r1 − r2 Angle between two tangents ∠ ACB is 2 tan −1 .
S1
(iii) When two circles intersect as shown in the figure below,
two common tangents are possible.
Chord Bisected at a Given Point
The equation of the chord of the circle
A
C1 C2 x2 + y2 = a2
bisected at the point ( x1 , y1 ) is given by
xx1 + yy1 − a2 = x12 + y12 − a2

Condition,| r1 − r2| < C1C2 < r1 + r2
or T = S1
(iv) When two circles touch externally as shown in the figure
below, three common tangents are possible. Of all the chords which passes through a given point M (a, b )
inside the circle the shortest chord is one whose middle point
is (a, b ).
A
C1 B C2 Pole and Polar
If through a point P( x1 , y1 ) (inside or outside a circle) there be
drawn any straight line to meet the given circle at Q and R as
Condition, C1C2 = r1 + r2 shown in the following figure, the locus of the point of
A divides C1C2 externally in the ratio r1 : r2 . B divides C1C2 intersection of the tangents at Q and R is called the polar of P
internally in the ratio r1 : r2 . and P is called the pole of the polar.
2. The equation of the family of circles passing through the

The polar of a point P( x1 , y1 ) with respect to the circle point A( x1 , y1 )and B( x2 , y2 ) is
x2 + y2 = a2 as shown in the below figure is xx1 + yy1 = a2 or x y 1
T = 0. ( x − x1 )( x − x2 ) + ( y − y1 )( y − y2 ) + λ x1 y1 1 = 0
R x2 y2 1
⇒ ( x − x1 )( x − x2 ) + ( y − y1 )( y − y2 ) + λL = 0
P (x1, y1)
where, L = 0 represents the line passing through A( x1 , y1 )
T and B( x2 , y2 ) and λ ∈ R.
3. The equation of the family of circles touching the circle
Q S = x2 + y2 + 2 gx + 2 fy + c = 0 at point P( x1 , y1 ) is
x2 + y2 + 2 gx + 2 fy + c
1. Conjugate Points + λ { xx1 + yy1 + g( x + x1 ) + f ( y + y1 ) + c} = 0
Two points A and B are conjugate points with respect to a or S + λL = 0
given circle, if each lies on the polar of the other with respect where, L = 0 is the equation of the tangent to S = 0 at ( x1 , y1 )
to the circle. and λ ∈ R.
4. The equation of a family of circles passing through the
2. Conjugate Lines intersection of the circles
If two lines be such that the pole of one line lies on the other, S1 = x2 + y2 + 2 g1 x + 2 f1 y + c1 = 0
and S2 = x2 + y2 + 2 g2 x + 2 f2 y + c2 = 0 is
then they are called conjugate lines with respect to the given
S1 + λS2 = 0,where (λ ≠ −1) is an arbitrary real number.
circle.
Angle of Intersection of Two Circles Radical Axis

The angle of intersection of two circles is defined as the angle The radical axis of two circles is the locus of a point which
between the tangents to the two circles at their point of moves in such a way that the lengths of the tangents drawn
r 2 + r22 − d2 from it to the two circles are equal.
intersection is given by cos θ = 1
2 r1 r2 The radical axis of two circles S1 = 0
and S2 = 0 is given by, S1 − S2 = 0.
where, d is distance between centres of the circles.
(i) The equations of radical axis and the common chord of
two circles are identical.
Orthogonal Circles (ii) The radical axis of two circles is always perpendicular to
Two circles are said to be intersect orthogonally, if their angle the line joining the centres of the circles.
of intersection is a right angle. (iii) Radical centre The point of intersection of radical axis of
(Radius of Ist circle)2 + (Radius of IInd circle)2 three circles whose centres are non-collinear, taken in
= (Distance between centres)2 pairs is called their radical centre.
⇒ 2(g1 g2 + f1 f2 ) = c1 + c2
Coaxial System of Circles
which is the condition of orthogonality of two circles. The
circles having radii r1 and r2 intersect orthogonally. Then, A system of circles is said to be coaxial system of circles, if
2 r1 r2 every pair of the circles in the system has the same radical
length of their common chord is . axis.
r1 + r22
2
1. If the equation of a member of a system of coaxial circles is

S = 0 and the equation of the common radical axis is L = 0,
Family of Circles then the equation representing the coaxial system of circle
is S + λL = 0, where λ ∈ R.
1. The equation of a family of circles passing through the
2. If S1 = 0 and S2 = 0 are two circles, then S1 + λS2 = 0
intersection of a circle x2 + y2 + 2 gx + 2 fy + c = 0 and line
S1 + λ(S1 − S2 ) = 0 or S2 + λ(S1 − S2 ) = 0, λ ∈ R
L ≡ lx + my + n = 0 is
x2 + y2 + 2 gx + 2 fy + c + λ (lx + my + n) = 0 or S + λL = 0 represent a family of coaxial circles having S1 − S2 = 0 as
the common radical axis.
where, λ is any real number.

1 Equation of a circle whose two diameters are along the 9 Two vertices of an equilateral triangle are ( − 1, 0) and
lines 2x − 3y + 4 = 0 and 3x + 4y − 5 = 0 and passes (1, 0) and the third vertex lies above the X-axis. Find the
through the origin is equation of its circumcircle.
(a) x 2 + y 2 + 2 x − 44 y = 0 2y 2y
(a) x 2 − y 2 + + 1= 0 (b) x 2 + y 2 − − 1= 0
(b) 17 x 2 + 17 y 2 − 2 x + 44 y = 0 3 3
(c) 17 x 2 + 17 y 2 + 2 x − 44 y = 0 y
(c) x 2 − y 2 − =0 (d) None of these
(d) None of the above 3
2 Points (2, 0), (0, 1), (4, 5), and (0, a) are concyclic. Then 10 Circles are drawn through the point (2, 0) to cut intercept
a is equal to of length 5 units on the X -axis. If their centres lie in the
14 1 first quadrant, then their equation for k > 0 is
(a) or 1 (b) 14 or
3 3
14 (a) x 2 + y 2 − 9x + 2ky + 14 = 0
(c) − or −1 (d) None of these (b) 3 x 2 + 3 y 2 + 27 x − 2ky + 42 = 0
3
(c) x 2 + y 2 − 9x − 2ky + 14 = 0
3 The abscissae of two points A and B are the roots of the (d) x 2 + y 2 − 2kx − 9y + 14 = 0
equation x 2 + 2ax − 4 = 0 and their ordinates are the roots
of the equation x 2 + 2bx − 9 = 0. Then equation of the
11 Circles are drawn through the points (a, b ) and (b, − a )
such that the chord joining the two points subtends an
circle with AB as diameter is
angle of 45° at any point of the circumference. Then, the
(a) x 2 + y 2 − ax − bx + 13 = 0
distance between the centres is
(b) x 2 + y 2 + ax + by − 13 = 0
(c) x 2 + y 2 + 2ax + 2by − 13 = 0 (a) 3 times the radius of either circle
(d) None of the above (b) 2 times the radius of either circle
4 If the lines a1x + b1y + c1 = 0 and a 2 x + b2 y + c 2 = 0 cut the (c)
1
times the radius of either circle
coordinate axes in concyclic points, then 2
(a) a1a2 = b1b2 (b) a1b1 = a2 b2 (d) 2 times the radius of either circle
(c) a1b1 = a2 b1 (d) None of these 12 Let A be the centre of the circle x 2 + y 2 − 2x − 4y − 20 = 0. If
5 The equation of circle which passes through the points the tangents at the points B(1, 7) and D( 4, − 2) on the circle
(2, 0) and whose centre is the limit of the point of meet at C, then find the area of the quadrilateral ABCD.
intersection of the lines 3x + 5y = 1 and (a) 78 (b) 75 (c) 79 (d) 85
( 2 + c )x + 5 c 2 y = 1 as c → 1 is 13 Find the equation of a circle concentric with the circle
(a) 25 (x 2 + y 2 ) − 20x + 2 y + 60 = 0 x 2 + y 2 − 6x + 12y + 15 = 0 and has double of its area.
(b) 25 (x 2 + y 2 ) − 20x + 2 y − 60 = 0 (a) x 2 + y 2 − 6x + 12 y − 15 = 0
(c) 25 (x 2 − y 2 ) − 20x − 2 y − 60 = 0 (b) x 2 + y 2 − 6x − 12 y + 15 = 0
(d) None of the above (c) x 2 + y 2 − 6x + 12 y + 15 = 0
6 The lines 3x − y + 3 = 0 and x − 3y − 6 = 0 cut the (d) None of the above
coordinate axes at concyclic points. The equation of the 14 The equation of the locus of the mid-points of the chords
circle through these points is of the circle 4x 2 + 4y 2 − 12x + 4y + 1 = 0 that subtend an
(a) x + y − 5 x − y − 6 = 0 (b) x + y + 5 x + y + 6 = 0
2 2 2 2
angle of 2π / 3 at its centre is
(c) x 2 + y 2 + 2 xy = 0 (d) None of these (a) x 2 + y 2 + 3 x − y + 31 / 16 = 0
7 The circle passing through (1, − 2) and touching the (b) x 2 + y 2 − 3 x + y + 31 / 16 = 0
X -axis to at ( 3, 0) also passes through the point (c) x 2 + y 2 − 3 x + y − 31 / 16 = 0
j
JEE Mains 2013
(a) (− 5, 2) (b) (2, − 5) 15 Let PQ and RS be tangents at the extremities of the
(c) (5, − 2) (d) (−2, 5) diameter PR of the circle of radius r. If PS and RQ
intersect at a point X on the circumference of the circle,
8 AB is chord of the circle x + y = 25 . The tangents of
2 2
then 2r equals
A and B intersect at C. If ( 2 , 3) is the mid-point of AB,
then area of the quadrilateral OACB is (a) (PQ ⋅ RS) (b) (PQ + RS) / 2
 (PQ 2 + RS 2 ) 
13 3 50 (c) 2 PQ ⋅ RS / (PQ + RS) (d)  
(a) 50 (b) 50 (c) 50 3 (d)
3 13 3  2 
16 If the line ax + by = 0 touches the circle 26 The length of the common chord of two circles
x 2 + y 2 + 2x + 4y = 0 and is normal to the circle ( x − a )2 + ( y − b )2 = c 2 and ( x − b )2 + ( y − a )2 = c 2 is
x 2 + y 2 − 4x + 2y − 3 = 0, (a, b ) is given by (a) 4 c 2 + 2 (a − b)2 (b) 4 c 2 − (a − b)2
(a) (2, 1) (b) (1,−2) (c) (1, 2) (d) (−1, 2) (c) 4 c 2 − 2 (a − b)2 (d) 2c 2 − 2 (a − b)2
17 A circle touches the hypotenuse of a right angle triangle
27 If P , Q and R are the centres and r1, r2 and r3 are the
at its middle point and passes through the mid-point of
corresponding radii of the three circles form a system of
the shorter side. If a and b (a < b ) be the length of the
coaxial circle, then r12 ⋅ QR + r22 ⋅ RP + r32 ⋅ PQ is equal to
sides, then the radius is
b 2 b (a) PQ ⋅ QR ⋅ RP (b) −PQ ⋅ QR ⋅ RP
(a) a + b2 (b) a2 − b 2 PQ
a 2a (c) PQ + QR + RP (d) × RP
QR
b
(c) a2 + b 2 (d) None of these 28 The condition that the chord x cos α + y sin α − p = 0 of
4a
x 2 + y 2 − a 2 = 0 may subtend a right angle at the centre of
18 The number of common tangents to the circles circle, is
x 2 + y 2 − 4x − 6y − 12 = 0 and x 2 + y 2 + 6x + 18y + 26 = 0 (a) a 2 = 2 p 2 (b) p 2 = 2a 2 (c) a = 2 p (d) p = 2a
is JEE Mains 2015
29 The equation of the circle of minimum radius which
(a) 1 (b) 2 (c) 3 (d) 4
contains the three circles x 2 + y 2 − 4y − 5 = 0,
19 If the two circles ( x − 1)2 + ( y − 3)2 = r 2 and x 2 + y 2 + 12x + 4y + 31 = 0
x 2 + y 2 − 8x + 2y + 8 = 0 intersect in two distinct points, and x + y + 6x + 12y + 36 = 0 is
2 2
then 2 2 2
(a)  x −  +  y −
23   949 
31 5
(a) 2 < r < 8 (b) r < 2  = 3 −
 18   12   36 
(c) r = 2 (d) r > 2 2 2 2
(b)  x +
23   31  949 
5
20 Let C be the circle with centre at (1, 1) and radius 1. If T is  + y −  = 3 +
 12   18   36 
the circle centred at (0, k) passing through origin and 2 2 2
(c)  x +
31  23   949 
5
touching the circle C externally, then the radius ofT is  + y +  = 3 +
 18   12   36 
equal to JEE Mains 2014
3 3
(a) (b)
2 2 30 The centres of two circles C1 and C2 each of unit radius
1 1 are at a distance of 6 units from each other. Let P be the
(c) (d)
2 4 mid-point of the line segment joining the centres of C1
21 The tangent to the circle x 2 + y 2 = 5 at the point (1, − 2), and C2 and C be a circle touching circles C1 and C2
also touches the circle x 2 + y 2 − 8x + 6y + 20 = 0, find externally. If a common tangent to C1 and C passing
its point of contact. through P is also a common tangent to C2 and C, then
the radius of the circle C is
(a) x = 2, y = 1 (b) x = 3, y = − 1
(c) x = 5, y = 7 (d) None of these (a) 16 (b) 4 (c) 8 (d) 2
22 If the tangent at (1, 7) to the curve x = y − 6 touches the

2
Direction (Q. Nos. 31-35) Each of these questions
circle x 2 + y 2 + 16x + 12y + c = 0, then the value of c is contains two statements : Statement I (Assertion) and
JEE Mains 2018 Statement II (Reason). Each of these questions also has four
(a) 195 (b) 185 (c) 85 (d) 95 alternative choices, only one of which is the correct answer.
You have to select one of the codes (a ), (b), (c) and (d) given
23 For the circle x 2 + y 2 = r 2 , find the value of r for which
below.
the area enclosed by the tangents from the point P ( 6 , 8)
to the circle and the chord of contact is maximum.
(a) r = 4 (b) r = 5 (c) r = 3 (d) r = 1
24 From any point on the circle x + y = a tangents are
2 2 2
drawn to the circle x 2 + y 2 = a 2 sin2 α. The angle (c) Statement I is true; Statement II is false
between them is (d) Statement I is false; Statement II is true
(a) α / 2 (b) α (c) 2α (d) None of these 31 Tangents are drawn from the point (17, 7) to the circle
25 If one of the diameters of the circle, given by the x 2 + y 2 = 169.
equation x + y − 4x + 6y − 12 = 0, is a chord of a circle
2 2
Statement I The tangents are mutually perpendicular.
S, whose centre is at ( −3, 2), then the radius of S is
Statement II The locus of the points from which mutually
JEE Mains 2016
perpendicular tangents can be drawn to the given circle
(a) 5 2 (b) 5 3 (c) 5 (d) 10
is x 2 + y 2 = 338.
32 Consider the radius should be zero in limiting points. 34 Consider L1 ≡ 2x + 3y + p − 3 = 0,

Statement I Equation of a circle through the origin and L2 ≡ 2x + 3y + p + 3 = 0 , where p is a real number
belonging to the coaxial system, of which the limiting and C ≡ x 2 + y 2 + 6x − 10y + 30 = 0.
points are (1, 1) and ( 3, 3) is Statement I If line L1 is a chord of circle C, then L2 is not
2x 2 + 2y 2 − 3x − 3y = 0. always a diameter of circle C.
Statement II Equation of a circle passing through the Statement II If line L1 is a diameter of circle C, then L2 is
point, (1, 1) and (3, 3) is x 2 + y 2 − 2x − 6y + 6 = 0. not a chord of circle C.
33 Statement I The circle of smallest radius passing through 35 Statement I The only circle having radius 10 and a
diameter along line 2x + y = 5 is
two given points A and B must be of radius 1 AB. x 2 + y 2 − 6x + 2y = 0.
2
Statement II A straight line is a shortest distance Statement II 2x + y = 5 is a normal to the circle
between two points. x 2 + y 2 − 6x + 2y = 0 JEE Mains 2013

1 If the line y = x + 3 meets the circle x 2 + y 2 = a 2 in A and  3   5 3   1 1  1 1 
If S =  2,  ,  ,  ,  , −  ,  ,  , then the number
B, then equation of the circle on AB as diameter is  4   2 4   4 4  8 4 
(a) x 2 + y 2 + 3 x − 3 y − a 2 + 9 = 0 of point(s) in S lying inside the smaller part is
(b) x 2 + y 2 − 3 x + 3 y − a 2 + 9 = 0 (a) 0 (b) 1 (c) 2 (d) 4
(c) x 2 + y 2 + 3 x + 3 y − a 2 + 9 = 0
(d) None of the above 7 Let ABCD be a quadrilateral with area 18, with side AB
parallel to the side CD and AB = 2CD. Let AD be
2 A circle C1 of radius 2 units lies in the first quadrant and
perpendicular to AB and CD. If a circle is drawn inside
touches both the axes. Equation of the circle having
the quadrilateral ABCD touching all the sides, then its
centre at (6, 5) and touching the circle C1 externally is
radius is
(a) x 2 + y 2 − 12 x − 10y + 52 = 0
(a) 3 (b) 2 (c) 3 / 2 (d) 1
(b) x 2 + y 2 − 12 x − 10y + 12 = 0
(c) x 2 + y 2 − 12 x − 10y − 52 = 0 8 If one of the diameters of the circle
(d) None of the above S = x 2 + y 2 − 2x − 6y + 6 = 0 is the common chord to the
3 The line ( x − 2) cos θ + ( y − 2) sin θ = 1 touches the circle circle C with centre ( 2, 1), then the radius of the circle is
x 2 + y 2 + 2gx + 2fy + c = 0 for all values of θ, then (a) 1 (b) 3 (c) 3 (d) 2
(g 2 + f 2 + c ) / (g + f + c ) is equal to 9 A rational point is a point both of whose coordinates are
(a) 5 (b) 1 rational numbers. Let C be any circle with centre ( 0, 2 ).
(c) –15 (d) None of these Then, the maximum number of rational points on the
4 Tangents PA and PB are drawn to x 2 + y 2 = a 2 from the circle is
point P ( x1, y1 ). Equation of the circumcircle of triangle (a) 0 (b) 2
PAB is (c) Infinitely many (d) None of these
(a) x 2 + y 2 − xx1 − yy = 0 (b) x 2 + y 2 + xx1 − yy1 = 0 10 Let L1 be a line passing through the origin and L2 be the
(c) x 2 + y 2 − xx1 + yy1 = 0 (d) x 2 + y 2 + xx1 + yy1 = 0 line x + y = 1. If the intercepts made by the circle
5 If a > 2b > 0 then the positive value of m for which x 2 + y 2 − x + 3y = 0 on L1 and L2 are equal, then L1 is
y = mx − b (1 + m 2 ) is a common tangent tox 2 + y 2 = b 2 (a) x + y = 0 (b) x + y = 2
(c) x + 7 y = 0 (d) x − 7 y = 0
and ( x − a ) + y = b
2 2 2
is
2b a − 4b 2
2
2b b
11 If a n , n = 1, 2, 3, 4 represent four distinct positive real
(a) (b) (c) (d) numbers other than unit such that each pair of the
a − 4b
2 2 2b 1 − 2b a − 2b
logarithm of a n and the reciprocal of logarithm denotes a
6 The straight line 2x − 3y = 1 divides the circular region point on a circle, whose centre lies on Y-axis. Then, the
x 2 + y 2 ≤ 6 into two parts. product of these four members is
(a) 0 (b) 1 (c) 2 (d) 3
12 The set of values of a for which the point ( 2a , a + 1) is an 16 A ray of light incident at the point (3, 1) gets reflected
interior point of the larger segment of the circle from the tangent at ( 0, 1) to the circle x 2 + y 2 = 1. The
x 2 + y 2 − 2x − 2y − 8 = 0 made by the chord x − y + 1 = 0, reflected ray touches the circle. The equation of the line
is along which the incident ray moves is
(a)  ,  (b)  0,  (a) 3 x + 4 y − 13 = 0 (b) 4 x − 3 y − 10 = 0
5 9 5
 9 5  9 (c) 4 x + 3 y − 13 = 0 (d) 3 x − 4 y − 5 = 0
(c)  0,  (d)  1, 
9 9
17 The number of integral values of λ for which
 5  5
x 2 + y 2 + λx + (1 − λ )y + 5 = 0 is the equation of a circle
13 Three concentric circles of which biggest circle is whose radius cannot exceed 5, is
x 2 + y 2 = 1,have their radii in AP. If the line y = x + 1 cuts (a) 14 (b) 18 (c) 16 (d) 10
all the circles in real and distinct points, then the interval
18 The point ([P + 1], [P ]) (where [ x ] is the greatest integer
in which the common difference of AP will lie, is
less than or equal to x), lying inside the region bounded
 1 
(a)  0,  1 − (b)  0, 
1 by the circles x 2 + y 2 − 2x − 15 = 0 and

  2    2
x 2 + y 2 − 2x − 7 = 0, then
 1 1 − 1   (a) P ∈ [−1, 2) − {0, 1} (b) P ∈ [−1, 0) ∪ [0, 1] ∪ [1, 2)
(c) (11
, ) (d)  0,  
 2  2   (c) P ∈ (−1, 2) (d) None of these
14 If the distance from the origin of the centres of the three 19 The line 3x − 4y − k = 0 touches the circle
circles x 2 + y 2 − 2λ i x = c 2 , (i = 1, 2, 3) are in G.P., then x 2 + y 2 − 4x − 8y − 5 = 0 at (a, b ). Then k, (a, b ) is
the lengths of the tangents drawn to them from any point (a) 15, (5, 0) (b) −35, (−1, 8)
on the circle x 2 + y 2 = c 2 are in (c) Both (a) and (b) (d) None of these
(a) AP (b) GP 20 If the equation of the circle obtained by reflecting the
circle x 2 + y 2 − a 2 = 0 in the line y = mx + c is
15 The limiting points of the coaxial system of circles given x 2 + y 2 + 2gx + 2 fy + c = 0, then
by x 2 + y 2 + 2gx + c + λ( x 2 + y 2 + 2fy + k ) = 0 Subtend a 2cm 4c 2
(a) g = , a2 + c =
tight angle at the origin, if 1+ m 2
1+ m2
c k c k 2cm 2 4c 2
(a) − − =2 (b) + = −2 (b) g = − ,a + c =
g2 f 2 g2 f 2 1+ m 2
1+ m2
c k c k 4c 4c 2
(c) 2 − 2 = 2 (d) 2 + 2 = 2 (c) f = , a2 + c =
g f g f 1+ m 2
1+ m2
ANSWERS
SESSION 1 1 (c) 2 (a) 3 (c) 4 (a) 5 (b) 6 (a) 7 (c) 8 (b) 9 (b) 10 (c)
11 (d) 12 (b) 13 (a) 14 (b) 15 (a) 16 (c) 17 (c) 18 (c) 19 (a) 20 (d)
21 (b) 22 (d) 23 (b) 24 (c) 25 (b) 26 (c) 27 (b) 28 (a) 29 (c) 30 (c)
31 (a) 32 (b) 33 (b) 34 (c) 35 (c)
SESSION 2 1 (a) 2 (a) 3 (a) 4 (a) 5 (a) 6 (c) 7 (b) 8 (b) 9 (b) 10 (c)
11 (b) 12 (c) 13 (d) 14 (b) 15 (d) 16 (a) 17 (d) 18 (d) 19 (c) 20 (a)

∴ Centre =  , − 
2 1
SESSION I  5 25
9 Length of side of triangle is 2.
The equation of circle passing through
1 Equation of two diameters are ∴ Equation of circle is (−1, 0) and (1, 0) is
2 x − 3 y + 4 = 0 and 3 x + 4 y − 5 = 0 2 2 2 ( x + 1) ( x − 1) + y 2 + yλ = 0.
 x − 2 +  y + 1  = 2 − 2 + 1
∴ Centre is (−1 / 17, 22 / 17)       The coordinates of third vertex will be
 5  25  5 252
Circle passes through origin (0, 3 ), which is passing by the circle.
∴ Equation of the circle is ⇒ 25 ( x2 + y 2 ) − 20 x + 2 y − 60 = 0
2
2 2 2 2 ∴ λ= −
 x + 1  +  y − 22  =  1  +  22  6 Here, 3 × 1 = (−1) (−3) = 3 3
       
 17   17   17   17  Hence, the points are concyclic.
So, the equation of circle is
2
⇒ x + y + 2 2
x−
44
y =0 ∴ L1 L2 + λx y = 0
2y
17 17 ⇒ (3 x − y + 3) ( x − 3 y − 6) + λ x y = 0 x2 + y 2 − − 1 = 0.
⇒ 17 x2 + 17 y 2 + 2 x − 44 y = 0 3
3( x2 + y 2 ) + (λ − 10)xy − 15x − 3 y − 18 = 0
2 Let circle be Now for circle coefficient of x y = 0 10 Here, clearly, x-coordinate of centre is
λ − 10 = 0 ⇒ λ = 10 x- coordinate of the mid-point of AB or
x2 + y 2 + 2gx + 2fy + c = 0
AB ′ i.e. 9 / 2 or −1 / 2.
This passes through (2, 0), (0, 1), (4, 5) ∴ 3( x + y ) − 15x − 3 y − 18 = 0
2 2
So, 4 + 4g + c = 0, 1 + 2 f + c = 0, Y
⇒ x2 + y 2 − 5x − y − 6 = 0
41 + 8g + 10 f + c = 0
Solving these equations, we get 7 Let the equation of circle be
g = −13 / 6, f = −17 / 6, c = 14 / 3. ( x − 3) 2 + ( y − 0) 2 + λy = 0 C(h, k)
So, circle is Y
3( x2 + y 2 ) − 13 x − 17 y + 14 = 0
Since (0, a) also lies on it, we get X
B¢ O A B
∴ 3a2 − 17a + 14 = 0 A(3, 0) (–3, 0) (2, 0) (7, 0)
So, a = 1 or 14 / 3 X¢ X (5/2)
P (1, –2)
3 Let A and B be ( x1 , y 1 ), ( x2 , y 2 ). Since centre lies in the first quadrant,
x1 and x2 are roots of x2 + 2ax − 4 = 0 h = 9/2
Then, x1 + x2 = −2a, x1 x2 = −4. ∴ Equation of circle is
Y¢
y 1 , y 2 are roots of x2 + 2bx − 9 = 0. ( x − 9 / 2) 2 + ( y − k ) 2 = (h − 2) 2
As it passes through (1, − 2). + k 2 = 25 / 4 + k 2
Then, y 1 + y 2 = −2b , y 1 y 2 = −9.
Equations of circle on AB as diameter is ∴ (1 − 3) 2 + (−2) 2 + λ (−2) = 0 or x2 + y 2 − 9 x − 2ky + 14 = 0
( x − x1 )( x − x2 ) + ( y − y 1 )( y − y 2 ) = 0 ⇒ 4 + 4 − 2λ = 0 11 Let P ( x, y ) be any point on the
⇒ x2 + y 2 − ( x1 + x2 )x − ( y 1 + y 2 )y ⇒ λ=4
circumference of the circle.
+ x1 x2 + y 1 y 2 = 0 ∴Equation of circle is
b−y
⇒ x2 + y 2 + 2ax + 2by − 13 = 0 ( x − 3)2 + y 2 + 4 y = 0 Then, m1 = Slope of PA =
Now, by hit and trial method, we see a− x
4 The line a1 x + b1 y + c 1 = 0 cut X and that point (5, − 2) satisfies equation of −a − y
and m2 = Slope of PB =
Y-axis in A(− c 1 / a1 ,0) and B (0,−c 1 / b1 ) circle. b−x
and the line
a2 x + b2 y + c 2 = 0 cut axes in 8 Area of quadrilateral OACB ,
C (− c 2 / a2 ,0) and D(0, − c 2 / b2 ) ,
So, AC and BD are chords along X and P (x, y)
Y-axes intersecting at origin O. 45°
Since A, B , C , D are concyclic so O
(a, b) A
OA ⋅ OC = OB ⋅ OD 5 135
 c  c   c c  (2, 3) °
or  − 1   − 2  =  − 1   2 
 a1   a2   b1   b2  A B P B
(x, y) ( b , –a )
⇒ a1 a2 = b1 b2 .
q We have, ∠APB = 45° or 135°
5 Given lines are 3 x + 5y = 1 …(i) m1 − m2
⇒ = tan 45° or tan135°
C 1 + m1 m2
and (2 + c )x + 5 c 2 y = 1 …(ii)
A = OB ⋅ BC = 52 cotθ b − y −a − y
From Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get −
3  13  ⇒ a− x b−x = ±1
(1 − c )x + 5 (1 − c 2 ) y = 0 = 50 Qsin θ = b − y −a − y
13  5  1+ ×
c = 1, x + 10 y = 0 a− x b−x
(b − y )(b − x ) + (a + y )(a − x ) Q S On putting the value of λ in Eq. (i), we get

⇒ = ±1
(a − x )(b − x ) − (b − y )(a + y ) x− a
2
 b b2
2
 x y 1 0
  +  y−  +  + −  =
⇒ x2 + y 2 = a2 + b 2  2   2  2 a b 
X=–r X=r
⇒ { x − (a + b )}2 + { y − (b − a)}2  b2  by
X ⇒ x2 + y 2 −  a −  x−
= a2 + b 2  2a  2
The centres of these circles are O (0, 0) a2 − b 2
r +
=0
and C (a + b,b − a). 4
∴ Distance between the centre Let r be the radius of this circle. Then,
1/2 a 2
(– r, 0)P 1 b2  b 2  a2 − b 2 
= (a + b )2 + (a − b )2 = 2 a2 + b 2 Oa r R (r, 0) r2 = a−  + − 
4 2a  16  4 
= 2 (Radius of either circle)
b 2 (a2 + b 2 ) b
= ⇒r = a2 + b 2
12 The tangent at B (1, 7) is y = 7 16 a2 4a
and D (4, − 2) is 3 x − 4 y − 20 = 0.
18 Given equations of circles are
Then, meet at C(16, 7). 1 1
∠XPR = ∠XOR = α x2 + y 2 − 4 x − 6 y − 12 = 0 …(i)
Now, AB = 5, BC = 15 2 2 x2 + y 2 + 6 x + 18 y + 26 = 0 …(ii)
Area of quadrilateral ABCD 1
∴ RS = 2r tan α; Centre of circle (i) is C1 (2, 3) and radius
= AB ⋅ BC = 75 2
= 4 + 9 + 12 = 5(r1 ) [say]
∠XRP = 90º − α / 2
13 Centre of given circle ∴ PQ = 2r tan(90º −α / 2) Centre of circle (ii) is C2 (−3, − 9) and
x2 + y 2 − 6 x + 12 y + 15 = 0 is (3, − 6). radius
= 2r cot α / 2
∴ Radius = (3) 2 + (−6) 2 − 15 = 30 = 9 + 81 − 26 = 8(r2 ) [say]
∴ PQ . RS = 4r 2 ⇒ 2r = (PQ . RS )
Area of circle = πr 2 = π ( 30 )2 = 30 π Now, C1 C2 = (2 + 3) 2 + (3 + 9) 2
16 Line ax + by = 0 is normal to the circle
Area of required circle ⇒ C1 C2 = 52 + 12 2
x2 + y 2 − 4 x + 2 y − 3 = 0, so its centre
= 2 (Area of given circle) (2, − 1) lie on line. ⇒ C1 C2 = 25 + 144 = 13
∴ πR2 = 2 × 30 π = 60 π ∴ 2a − b = 0 i .e ., b = 2a …(i)
⇒ R2 = 60 ⇒ R = 2 15 Also, r1 + r2 = 5 + 8 = 13
Also line touches the circle
∴ C1 C2 = r1 + r2
∴ Equation of required circle is x2 + y 2 + 2 x + 4 y = 0
( x − 3) 2 + ( y + 6) 2 = (2 15) 2 Thus, both circles touch each other
− a − 2b
∴ = 5 …(ii) externally. Hence, there are three
⇒ x + 9 − 6 x + y + 36 + 12 y = 60
2 2
(a2 + b 2 ) common tangents.
⇒ x2 + y 2 − 6 x + 12 y − 15 = 0
Solving (i) and (ii), we get 4a2 = b 2 .
19 Centres and radii of given circles are
14 Let Q (h, k ) be the mid-point of From the choices, only solution is (1, 2) C1 (1, 3), r1 = r , C2 (4, − 1)
chord AB. 17 The equation of the circle touching and r2 = 42 + 12 − 8 = 3
∴ ∠ACQ = ∠BCQ = π / 3 2
= 1 at P  ,  is  x − 
x y a b a
Coordinate of centre are + Since, r1 − r2 < C1 C2 < r1 + r2
a b  2 2  2
(3 / 2,−1 / 2) and radius = 3 / 2 2 ⇒ r − 3 < (4 − 1) 2 + (−1 − 3) 2 < r + 3
x y 
+  y −  + λ  + − 1 = 0
b
…(i)
 2 a b  ⇒ r − 3 < 5< r + 3
A ⇒ r − 3 < 5 and 5 < r + 3
Y
r ⇒ r < 8 and 2 < r ⇒ 2 < r < 8
C
p/3 Q (h, k) 20 Use the property, when two circles
B (0, b) touch each other externally, then
r distance between the centre is equal to
P (a/2, b/2) sum of their radii, to get required
B radius.
Let the coordinate of the centre of T be
A (a, 0)
Now, CQ = r cos π / 3 = r / 2 = 3 / 4. X¢ X (0, k ).
Q
⇒ (h − 3 / 2) 2 + (k + 1 / 2) 2 = (3 / 4) 2 Y
(a
x y
/2
∴ Locus of Q (h, k ) is + =1 C
,
a b
0)
x2 + y 2 − 3 x + y + 31 / 16 = 0. C1 (1,1)
15 Taking diameter PR as X -axis and Y¢ T (1– k)
centre O as origin, tangents at P and R (0,k) 1
Since, it passes through Q  ,0 .

are given by a X¢ X
O (1,0)
x = −r …(i) 2  C2
and x=r …(ii)
b2
Let coordinates of X on circle be Therefore, λ = [from Eq. (i)]
2
(r cos α, r sin α ) Y¢
Distance between their centre 24 Let angles between the tangents = 2θ, 27 Let equation of circle be
k + 1 = 1 + (k − 1) 2 then x2 + y 2 + 2gx + c = 0.
[QC1 C2 = k + 1] where, g is a variable and c is a cons-
(a sin α) tant, be a coaxial system of circle having
⇒ k + 1 = 1 + k 2 + 1 − 2k B
common radical axis as X-axis.
⇒ k + 1= k + 2 − 2k
2
a θ Let x2 + y 2 + 2g i x + c = 0; i = 1,2,3 be
O A
(0, 0) θ three members of the given coaxial
⇒ k 2 + 1 + 2k = k 2 + 2 − 2k
1 C system of circles.
⇒ k = Then, the coordinates of their centres
4
1 and radii are
So, the radius of circle T is k i.e. . sin θ = OB / OA = (asin α / a) = sin α P (− g 1 , 0), Q (− g 2 , 0), R (− g 3 , 0)
4
So, θ = α. and r12 = g 12 − c , r22 = g 22 − c , r32 = g 32 − c
21 Equation of tangent at (1, − 2) is Required angle = 2θ = 2α Now, r12 ⋅ QR + r22 ⋅ RP + r32 ⋅ PQ
x − 2 y − 5 = 0. For IInd circle centre
25 We have, x2 + y 2 − 4 x + 6 y − 12 = 0 = (g 12 − c ) (g 2 − g 3 )
(4, − 3) and r = 5.
Centre (2, − 3) + (g 22 − c ) (g 3 − g 1 ) + (g 32 − c ) (g 1 − g 2 )
x−4 y +3
Point of contact is = Radius = (2)2 + (−3)2 + 12 = g 12 (g 2 − g 3 ) + g 22 ( g 3 − g 1 )
1 −2
(4 + 6 − 5) = 4 + 9 + 12 = 5 + g 32 (g 1 − g 2 ) − c {(g 2 − g 3 )
=− = − 1
12 + 22 Distance between two centres c 1 (2, − 3) + (g 3 − g 1 ) + (g 1 − g 2 ) }
x−4 y+3 and c 2 (−3, 2) = − (g 1 − g 2 ) ⋅ (g 2 − g 3 ) ⋅ (g 3 − g 1 )
⇒ = −1, = −1
1 −2 d = (2 + 3)2 + (−3 − 2)2 = − PQ ⋅ QR ⋅ RP
∴ x = 3, y = − 1 = 25 + 25 = 50 28 The combined equation of the lines
22 Equation of tangent at (1, 7) to the curve Radius of circle S = 52 + ( 50 )2 joining the origin to the points of
intersection of x cos α + y sin α = p and
x = y − 6 is
2
= 25 + 50 = 5 3
x2 + y 2 − a2 = 0 is a homogeneous
y + 7
x =  −6 26 The equations of two circles are equation of second degree in given by
 2  2
S 1 ≡ ( x − a) 2 + ( y − b ) 2 = c 2 …(i)  x cos α + y sin α 
⇒ 2x − y + 5 = 0 x2 + y 2 − a2   =0
and S 2 ≡ ( x − b ) 2 + ( y − a) 2 = c 2 …(ii)  p 
Since, 2 x − y + 5 = 0 touches the circle
The equation of the common chord of ⇒ x2 ( p2 − a2 cos 2 α ) + y 2 ( p2 − a2 sin2 α )
x + y + 16 x + 12 y = C = 0
2 2
these circles is −2 xya2 sin α cos α = 0
2(−8) − (−6) + 5 S1 − S2 = 0 The lines given by this equation are at
∴ (8)2 + (6)2 − c = right angle if
(2) 2 + (1) 2 ⇒ ( x − a) 2 − ( x − b ) 2 + ( y − b ) 2
( p2 − a2 cos 2 α ) + ( p2 − a2 sin2 α ) = 0
⇒ 100 − c = 5 − ( y − a)2 = 0 ⇒ 2 p2 = a2 (sin2 α + cos 2 α )
⇒ c = 95 ⇒ (2x − a − b )(b − a) ⇒ a2 = 2 p2
+ (2 y − b − a)(a − b ) = 0
23 Now, OP = 62 + 82 = 10 29 The coordinates of the centres and radii
⇒ 2x − a − b − 2y + b + a = 0
of three given circles are as given
100 – r2 P (6, 8) ⇒ x− y = 0
A
θ The centre coordinates of circles P
θ C1 (0, 2)
r S 1 and S 2 are C1 (a,b ) and C2 (b, a),
2
–r
respectively.
O
0
10
r P C (h , k )
B
C2 (– 6, –2) C3 (–3, –6)
c
PA = S 1 = 100 − r 2
C1 C2
(a, b) M
(b, a) Circle Centre Radius
1
Let f (r ) = ∆PAB = PA ⋅ PB ⋅ sin 2θ Ist Circle C1 (0,2) r1 = 3
2
Q
= (100 − r 2 )sin θ ⋅ cos θ IInd Circle C2 (−6, − 2) r2 = 3
a−b |a − b |
r Now, C1 M = = IIIrd Circle C3 (−3,−6) r3 = 3
= (100 − r 2 ) 3 /2 1+ 1 2
100
In right ∆C1 PM , Let C (h, k ) be the centre of the circle
Put f ′ (r ) = 0 passing through the centres of the
(a − b ) 2
3 PM = C1 P 2 − C1 M 2 = c 2 −
⇒ (100 − r 2 ) 1 /2 ( − 2r 2 ) + (100 − r 2 ) 3 /2 2 circles Ist, IInd and IIIrd.
2
(a − b ) 2 Then, CC1 = CC2 = CC3
⇒ 100 − r 2 (−3 r 2 + 100 − r 2 ) = 0 ∴ PQ = 2PM = 2 c 2 −
2 ⇒ CC12 = CC22 = CC32
⇒ r = ± 10 or r = 5 = 4c − 2(a − b )
2 2
⇒ (h − 0) + (k − 2) 2 = (h + 6) 2 + (k + 2)2
2
= (h + 3) 2 + (k + 6) 2
Hence, r = 5
⇒ − 4k + 4 = 12h + 4k + 40 Hence, required circle is

SESSION 2
= 6 h + 12k + 45 2 x2 + 2 y 2 − 3 x − 3 y = 0.
⇒ 12h + 8 k + 36 = 0
1 Equation of circle through points of
Statement II is also true but it is not a intersections of circle x2 + y 2 − a2 = 0
and 6h − 8k − 5 = 0 correct explanation for Statement I. and line x − y + 3 = 0, ( AB ) is
⇒ 3h + 2k + 9 = 0 33 Let C1 be a circle which passes through ( x2 + y 2 − a2 ) + λ( x − y + 3) = 0
and 6h − 8k − 5 = 0 A, B and C whose diameter is AB and C2
Since, AB is diameter, centre
 − λ , λ  lies on it.
−31 −23 be another circle which passes through  
⇒ h= ,k =  2 2
18 12 A and B, then centres of C1 and C2 must
λ λ
2 2 lie on perpendicular bisector of AB. ∴ − − + 3 = 0 i.e. λ = 3
∴ CC1 =  0 + 31  +  2 + 23  2 2
    Indeed centre of C1 is mid-point M of
 18   12  Hence, equation of required circle is
AB and centre of any other circle lies
5 x2 + y 2 + 3 x − 3 y + 9 − a 2 = 0
= 949 somewhere else on bisector.
36
Now, CP = CC1 + C1 P 2 AB = (6 − 2) 2 + (5 − 2) 2 = 5
M1
AC = 2
CP =  949 + 3
5
⇒
 36  C ⇒ BC = 3
Thus, required circle has its centre at

 −31 , −23  and radius M
 
 18 12  A B B
y
(6, 5)
= CP =  949 + 3 .
5
 36  C2
Hence, its equation is C1
2 2 2
 x + 31  +  y + 23  =  3 + 5 949  A
      Then, M1 A > AM (2, 2)
 18   12   36 
[hypotenuse of right angled ∆AMM1 ]
30 (r + 1) 2 = α2 + 9; r 2 + 8 = α2 1 x
⇒ Radius of C2 > AB O
2
Equation of required circle is
So, C1 is the circle whose radius is least.
A ( x − 6) 2 + ( y − 5) 2 = 9.
C1 Thus, Statement I is true but does not
C2 ⇒ x2 + 36 − 12 x + y 2 + 25 − 10 y = 9
actually follow from Statement II which ⇒ x2 + y 2 − 12 x − 10 y + 52 = 0
is certainly true.
α 3 The line ( x − 2)cos θ + ( y − 2)sin θ = 1
r 34 Equation of circle C is
( x + 3) + ( y − 5) = 9 + 25 − 30
2 2 touches the circle
C ( x − 2)2 + ( y − 2)2 = 1
i.e. ( x + 3) + ( y − 5) = 4
2 2
i.e. x + y 2 − 4 x − 4 y + 7 = 0
2
∴ Centre is (3, − 5).

for all values of θ.
If L1 is a diameter of a circle, then Comparing it with the circle
⇒ r 2 + 2r + 1 = r 2 + 8 + 9 2(3) + 3(−5) + p − 3 = 0 x2 + y 2 + 2gx + 2 fy + c = 0
2r = 16 ⇒ r = 8 ⇒ p = 12 we get, g = −2, f = −2, c = 7
31 Since, the tangents are perpendicular. ∴ L1 is 2 x + 3 y + 9 = 0 g2 + f 2 + c 4 + 4 + 7 15
∴ = = =5
So, locus of perpendicular tangents to and L2 is 2 x + 3 y + 15 = 0. g+ f +c −2 − 2 + 7 3
the circle x2 + y 2 = 169 is a director
Distance of centre of circle C from L2 4 ∠PAO = ∠PBO = π / 2.
circle having equation x2 + y 2 = 338.
2(3) + 3(−5) + 15 ∴ P , A, O , B are concyclic.
32 Equation of circle, when the limiting =
points are (1, 1) and (3, 3) is 22 + 32
( x − 1)2 + ( y − 1)2 = 0 6 A
= <2
and ( x − 3)2 + ( y − 3)2 = 0 13
⇒ x2 + y 2 − 2 x − 2 y + 2 = 0 Hence, L 2 is a chord of circle C.
O P
and x + y − 6 x − 6 y + 18 = 0
2 2
35 Statement I Centre of circle = (3, − 1 )
Equation of the coaxial system of circle Now, 2(3) + (−1 ) = 5 = 5, [true]
is B
Statement II Centre = (3, − 1 ), which
x2 + y 2 − 6 x − 6 y + 18 lies on given line.
+ λ( x2 + y 2 − 2 x − 2 y + 2) = 0 Simplify it and get the result. ∴ Equation of circumcircle of ∆ABP is
It passes through origin, therefore x( x − x1 ) + y ( y − y 1 ) = 0
λ=−9 i.e. x2 + y 2 − xx1 − yy 1 = 0
5 The line y = mx − b 1 + m2 …(i) Then, x12 + y 12 − 2 2 y 1 = x22 + y 22 ⇒ −1 < a <

9
and a > 0
−2 2 y 2 = x + y − 2 2 y 3
2 2 5
is tangent to the circle x + y = b2 2 2
3 3
a ∈  0, 
9
It is also tangent to the circle ⇒ x12 + y 12 = x22 + y 22 = x32 + y 32 ⇒
 5
( x − a) 2 + y 2 = b 2 …(ii) and y 1 = y 2 = y 3 ⇒ x12 = x22 = x33
It is length of ⊥ on (i) from centre (a, 0) ⇒ There exists two rational points of 13 The equation of the biggest circle is
= radius of circle (ii) the form (a, b ) and (− a, b ), a, b ∈ Q. x2 + y 2 = 12
ma − b (1 + m2 )
⇒ =b 10 The chords are equal length, then the Clearly, it is centred at O(0, 0) and has
1 + m2 distances of the centre from the lines radius 1. Let the radii of the other two
⇒ ma − b (1 + m2 ) are equal. Let L1 be y − mx = 0 centre is circles be 1 − r , 1 − 2r , where r > 0.
 1 , − 3.
= ± b (1 + m2 ) …(iii)   Thus, the equations of the concentric
2 2 circles are
– ve sign givess m = 0, which is none of 3 m 1 3
− − − −1 x2 + y 2 = 1 …(i)
the given options.
∴
2 2
=
2 2 x2 + y 2 = (1 − r ) 2 …(ii)
∴ Taking + ve sign on RHS of (iii), we
m2 + 1 2 x2 + y 2 = (1 − 2r ) 2 …(iii)
get
ma = 2b (1 + m2 ) ⇒ 7m2 − 6 m − 1 = 0 Clearly, y = x + 1 cuts the circle (i) at
1 (1, 0) and (0, 1). This line will cut
⇒ m = 2b / (a − 4b ).
2 2
⇒ m = 1, −
7 circles (ii) and (iii) in real and distinct
6 L : 2 x − 3 y − 1; S : x2 + y 2 − 6 1 points, if
Hence, L1 be y + x = 0 ⇒ x + 7y = 0
7 1 1
If L1 > 0 and S 1 < 0 < 1 − r and < 1 − 2r
2 2
Then, point lies in the smaller part are as 11 Let (0,b ) be the centre and r be the
1 1
radius of the given circle, then its ⇒ < 1 − r and < 1 − 2r
equation is 2 2
( x − 0) 2 + ( y − b ) 2 = r 2 1 1 1 
L : 2x – 3y – 1 ⇒ r < 1− and r <  1 − 
2 2 2
⇒ x2 + y 2 − 2 yb + b 2 − r 2 = 0 …(i)
1 1 
It is given that the point ⇒ r< 1 − 
S : x2 + y2 – 6 2 2
 1 
Pn  log an,  ; n = 1,2,3, 4 lie on the  1 1 
 log an  ⇒ r ∈ 0,  1 −  [Qr > 0]
 2 2  
∴  2,
3 1 1 
 and  , −  lie inside.
 4 4 4 circle given by Eq. (i).
14 Given circles are
7 1 ( x + 2 x ) 2r = 18 Therefore, (log an )2 +
1
−
2b
, x2 + y 2 − 2λ i x − c 2 = 0, i = 1, 2, 3
2 (log an ) 2 (log an ) ∴ Centres are (λ1 , 0), (λ2 , 0), (λ3 , 0)
(3 x − 2r )2 = 4r 2 + x2
+ b2 − r 2 = 0 Distances of the centres from origin are
On solving for r, we get r = 2
n = 1,2,3, 4 in G.P.,
D r x–r C ∴ λ22 = λ1 λ3
x–r Since, log a1 , log a2 , log a3 and log a4 are
Let ( x1 y 1 ) be any point on the circle
r roots of the equation.
x2 + y 2 = c 2 .
r Then, λ4 + (b 2 − r 2 )λ2 − 2bλ + 1 = 0 ∴ x12 + y 12 − c 2 = 0
2x – r
∴ Sum of the roots = 0 Lengths of tangents from ( x1 , y 1 ) to the
r ⇒ log a1 + log a2 + log a3 + log a4 = 0 three given circles are
x
⇒ log (a1 a2 a3 a4 ) = 0 ⇒ a1 a2 a3 a4 = 1 li = x12 + y 12 − 2λ j x1 − c 2 = −2λ j x1
A r P B
2x – r
12 The point (2a, a + 1) will be an interior ∴ l l 32 = (−2λ1 x1 ) (−2λ3 x1 )
2
1
point of the larger segment of the circle = 4λ1 λ3 x12 = 4λ22 x12 = λ42
8 S = x + y − 2 x − 6 y + 6 = 0,
2 2
x2 + y 2 − 2 x − 2 y − 8 = 0 ∴ l 1 , l 2 and l 3 are in G.P.
Centre = (1, 3)
Let radius of circle C = r . (i) The point (2a, a + 1) is an interior 15 The equation representing the coaxial
point. system of circle is
Then, C = ( x − 2)2 + ( y − 1)2 = r 2
x2 + y 2 + 2gx + c
= x2 + y 2 − 4 x − 2 y + 5 − r 2 = 0 (ii) The point (2a, a + 1) and the
Common chord of circles S and C is centre (1,1) are on the same side + λ( x2 + y 2 + 2 fy + k ) = 0
2x − 4y + 1 − r2 = 0 of the chord x − y + 1 = 0. 2g 2f λ
⇒ x2 + y 2 + x+
It is a diameter of circle S.
∴ (2a) 2 + (a + 1) 2 − 2(2a) 1+ λ 1+ λ
∴ 2 − 12 + 1 − r 2 = 0 ⇒ r = 3 c + kλ
− 2(a + 1) − 8 < 0 y+ =0 …(i)
9 S = x2 + y 2 − 2 2 y + c = 0 1+ λ
and (2a − a − 1 + 1)(1 − 1 + 1) > 0
Let us assume that there are more than The coordinates of the centre of this
two rational points on the circle. Let ⇒ 5a2 − 4 a − 9 < 0 and a > 0 circle are
( x1 , y 1 ), ( x2 , y 2 ), ( x3 , y 3 )  − g ,− f λ 
⇒ (5a − 9)(a + 1) < 0 and a > 0   …(ii)
x i , y i ∈ Q , i = 1, 2, 3 be three rational  1+ λ 1+ λ
points.
and radius i.e. mx + y − 3m − 1 = 0 Tangent at (a, b ) is

It touches the circle so ( p = r ) ax + by − 2( x + a) − 4( y + b ) − 5 = 0
g + f λ − (c + kλ )(1 + λ )
2 2 2
= 3m + 1 T = x(a − 2) + y (b − 4) − 2a − 4b − 5 = 0
(1 + λ )2 =1
1 + m2 Comparing L = 0, T = 0, we get
a − 2 b − 4 2a + 4b + 5
For the limiting points, ⇒ 9m2 + 6m + 1 = 1 + m2 = =
3 −4 k
we must have ⇒ m = 0, − 3 / 4.
Also, using p = r , we get
Radius = 0 m = 0 gives the slope for the tangent
6 − 10 − k
⇒ g 2 + f 2 λ2 − (c + kλ )(1 + λ ) = 0 y = 1, so equation of reflected ray is = ±5 ⇒ k = 15or −35
3 5
⇒ λ2 ( f 2 − k ) − λ(c + k ) y − 1 = − ( x − 3) Using k = 15, we get
4
+ (g 2 − c ) = 0 …(iii) 4a + 3b = 20 and 9a − 12b = 45
i.e., 3 x + 4 y − 13 = 0
Solving a = 5, b = 0 and using
Let λ1 and λ2 be the roots of this 17 S = x2 + λx + (1 − λ )y + 5 = 0
equation. k = −35, we get a = −1,b = 8
c+k is a circle of radius not exceeding 5. We can verify that (5, 0) and (−1, 8) both
Then, λ1 + λ2 = 2
f −k λ2 (1 − λ )2 satisfy equation of circle. Hence
∴ + − 5≤ 5 k ,(a, b ) = 15 (5, 0) or −35, (−1, 8)
g2 − c 4 4
and λ1 λ2 = ...(iv) λ2 (1 − λ )2 20 Centre of the circle x2 + y 2 = a2 is
f2 − k and + − 5≥ 0
4 4 (0, 0).
Thus, the coordinates of limiting points Let its reflection about the line
∴ λ + (1 − λ ) − 20 ≤ 100
2 2
L1 and L2 are, y = mx + c be (h, k ).
and λ2 + (1 − λ )2 − 20 > 0
 − g − f λ1  Then, (h / 2, k / 2) lies on this line.
L1  ,  and 1 − 239 1 + 239
 1 + λ1 1 + λ1  ⇒ ≤ λ≤ h k
2 2 m + c = k and − × m = −1
 − g − f λ2  i.e. − 7.2 ≤ λ ≤ 8.2 2 h
L2  ,  [from Eq. (iv)]
 1 + λ2 1 + λ2  1 − 39 1 + 39 ⇒ mk = − h
and λ < or λ > On solving these, we get
Now, L1 L2 will subtend a right angle at 2 2
2cm 2c
the origin. i.e. λ − 2.62 or λ > 3.62 h= ,k =
∴ Possible integral values of λ are 1 + m2 1 + m2
If slope of OL1 × slope of OL2 = −1 Also, radius of reflected circle is a.
−7, − 6,−5, − 4, − 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8
f λ1 fλ ∴ Equation of relfected circle is
⇒ × 2 = −1 ∴ In all, there are 10 possible integral 2 2
g g values of λ.  x + 2cm  +  y − 2c  = a2
 2  2
⇒ f 2 λ1 λ2 = − g 2 18 [P + 1] = [P ] + 1. Let [P ] = n, then n is  1+ m   1+ m 
4 cm 4c
 g2 − c  integer. ⇒x + y +
2 2
x−
⇒ 2
f  2  = −g
2
([P + 1],[P ]) = (n + 1, n ) lies inside the 1 + m2 1 + m2
 f − k
region of circles. 4c 2 (1 + m2 )
⇒ f 2 (g 2 − c ) + g 2 ( f 2 − k ) = 0 + − a2 = 0
S 1 = x2 + y 2 − 2 x − 15 = 0, (1 + m2 )2
c k
⇒ + 2 =2 C1 = (1, 0), r1 = 4. But given equation of reflected
g2 f
and S 2 = x2 + y 2 − 2 x − 7 = 0, circle is
16 Tangent at (0, 1) to the circle x2 + y 2 = 1 C2 = (1, 0), r2 = 2 2 x2 + y 2 + 2gx + 2 fy + c = 0
is y = 1. Incident ray, incident at (3, 1) Both circles are concentric. On comparing, we get
is y − 1 = m ( x − 3) ∴ (n + 1)2 + n2 − 2(n + 1) − 7 > 0 g f c
= = =1
Incident and reflected rays are equally and (n + 1)2 + n2 − 2(n + 1) − 15 < 0 2 cm −2c 4c 2
− a2
and reflected rays are equally inclined ⇒ 4 < n2 < 8 1+ m 2
1+ m 2
1+ m 2
to the line is y = 1, so slope of reflected which is not possible for any integer. 2cm 2c 4c 2
∴ g = ,f =− ,
ray is −m. 1+ m 2
1 + m 1 + m2
2
∴ Equation of reflected ray is

19 L = 3 x − 4 y − k = 0 touches the circle
− a2 = c
y − 1 = − m( x − 3) S = x2 + y 2 − 4 x − 8 y − 5 = 0 at (a,b )
DAY TWENTY SEVEN
Parabola
u Conic Section u Equation of Normal u Conormal Points

u Concept of Parabola u Equation of a Pair of Tangents u Diameter
u Line and a Parabola u Equations of Chord of Contact
u Equation of Tangent u Director Circle
Conic Section
A conic is the locus of a point whose distance from a fixed point bears a constant ratio to its
distance from a fixed line. The fixed point is the focus S and the fixed line is the directrix, l.
The constant ratio is the eccentricity denoted by e.
l
If 0 < e < 1, then conic is an ellipse.
l
If e = 1, then conic is a parabola.
l
If e > 1, then conic is a hyperbola.
General Equation of Conic Section

A second degree equation ax2 + 2 hxy + by2 + 2 gx + 2 fy + c = 0 represents
Case I When the focus lies on the directrix
a h g PRED
(i) Pair of straight lines, if ∆ = h b f = 0 MIRROR
g f c
(ii) If e > 1, then the lines will be real and distinct intersecting at fixed point. u No. of Questions in Exercises (x)—
(iii) If e = 1, then the lines will coincident passing through a fixed point. u No. of Questions Attempted (y)—
(iv) If e < 1, then the lines will be imaginary. u No. of Correct Questions (z)—
Case II When the focus does not lie on the directrix
(i) Circle : a = b , h = 0, e = 0 and ∆ ≠ 0 u Accuracy Level (z / y × 100)—
(ii) Parabola : h2 = ab , ∆ ≠ 0, e = 1
u
(iii) Ellipse : h2 < ab , ∆ ≠ 0, 0 < e < 1 In order to expect good rank in JEE,
(iv) Hyperbola : h2 > ab , 0 ∆ ≠ 0, e > 1 your Accuracy Level should be
(v) Rectangular hyperbola : a + b = 0, ∆ ≠ 0, e > 1, h2 > ab above 75.
290 40 DAYS ~ JEE MAIN MATHEMATICS DAY TWENTY SEVEN
If S lies on L, parabola reduces to a straight line through S and

Concept of Parabola perpendicular to L.
Parabola is the locus of a point which moves in a plane such
that its distance from a fixed point (focus, S ) is equal to its
distance from a fixed straight line (directrix, L).
Definitions Related to Parabola
Let S ≡ ( x1 , y1 ) and L ≡ ax + by + c = 0. 1. Vertex The intersection point of parabola and axis.
Then, equation of parabola is 2. Centre The point which bisects every chord of the conic
passing through it.
(a2 + b 2 ) [( x − x1 )2 + ( y − y1 )2 ] = (ax + by + c)2 .
3. Focal chord Any chord passing through the focus.
ax+by + c = 0
Y 4. Double ordinate A chord perpendicular to the axis of a

conic.
M P (x, y)
5. Latusrectum A double ordinate passing through the
S focus of the parabola.
X¢ X
O (x1, y1) 6. Focal distance The distance of a point P( x, y) from the
focus S is called the focal distance of the point P.
Y¢
Some related terms of parabolas (in standard form)
S. No. Related Terms y 2 = 4 ax y 2 = − 4 ax x 2 = 4 ay x 2 = − 4 ay

Z
S
A
Z A S S A Z A
Z S
1. Vertex A(0, 0) A(0, 0) A(0, 0) A(0, 0)

2. Focus S (a, 0) S (− a, 0) S (0, a) S (0, − a)
3. Equation of axis y=0 y=0 x=0 x=0
4. Equation of directrix x + a= 0 x − a= 0 y + a= 0 y − a= 0
5. Eccentricity e =1 e =1 e =1 e =1
6. Extremities of latusrectum (a, ± 2a) (− a, ± 2a) (± 2a, a) (± 2a, − a)
7. Length of latusrectum 4a 4a 4a 4a
8. Equation of tangent at vertex x=0 x=0 y=0 y=0
 x = at  x = − at  x = 2at  x = 2at
2 2
9. Parametric equation    
 y = 2at  y = 2at  y = at  y = − at
2 2
Focal distance of any point P (h, k ) on

10. h+ a h−a k+ a k−a
the parabola
11. Equation of latusrectum x=a x + a= 0 y=a y + a= 0
Results on Parabola y 2 = 4 ax (iii) For the ends of latusrectum of the parabola y2 = 4ax, the
values of the parameter are ± 1.
(i) Length of latusrectum = 2 (Harmonic mean of focal
segment)
(ii) If y1 , y2 and y3 are the ordinates of the vertices of triangle Position of a Point
inscribed in the parabola y2 = 4ax, A point (h, k ) with respect to the parabola S lies inside, on or
1 outside the parabola, if S1 < 0, S1 = 0 or S1 > 0.
then its area = ( y1 − y2 ) ( y2 − y3 ) ( y3 − y1 )
8a
DAY TWENTY SEVEN PARABOLA 291
(vii) The orthocentre of any triangle formed by three tangents

Line and a Parabola to a parabola lies on the directrix.
(i) The line y = mx + c meets the parabola y2 = 4ax in two (viii) The length of the subtangent at any point on a parabola is
a
points real, coincident or imaginary according to c > , equal to twice the abscissae of the point.
m (ix) Two tangents can be drawn from a point to a parabola.
a a
c= or c < respectively. Two tangents are real and distinct or coincident or
m m imaginary according as given point lies outside, on or
inside the parabola.
(ii) Length of the chord intercepted by the parabola on the
4 a(1 + m2 ) (a − mc)
line y = mx + c is =
m2 Equation of Normal
A line which is perpendicular to the tangent of the parabola is
(iii) Length of the focal chord making an angle α with the
called the normal to the parabola.
X -axis is 4a cosec2α.
(iv) If t 1 and t 2 are the end points of a focal chord of the Equation of normal to parabola in different cases are given
below;
parabola y2 = 4ax, then t 1t 2 = − 1 y
l
In point ( x1 , y1 ) form, ( y − y1 ) = − 1 ( x − x1 ).
2a
Equation of Tangent l
In slope m form, y = mx − 2 am − am3 .
l
In parametric t form, y + tx = 2 at + at 3 .
A line which intersects the parabola at only one point is called
the tangent to the parabola. NOTE Point of intersection of normals of t1 and t 2 are
Equation of tangent to parabola in different cases are given [ a (t12 + t 22 + t1t 2 + 2), − at1t 2 (t1 + t 2 )].
below;
l
In point ( x1 , y1 ) form, yy1 = 2 a ( x + x1 ) Results on Normal
a (i) If the normals at two points P and Q of a parabola
l
In slope (m) form, y = mx +
m y2 = 4ax intersects at a third point R on the curve, then
l
In parametric (t ) form, ty = x + at 2 the product of the ordinates of P and Q is 8 a2 .
a (ii) Normal at the ends of latusrectum of the parabola y2 = 4ax
l
The line y = mx + c touches a parabola iff c = and the meet at right angles on the axis of the parabola.
m
 a 2 a (iii) Tangents and normals at the extremities of the
coordinates of the point of contact are  2 ,  . latusrectum of a parabola y2 = 4ax constitute a square,
 m m
their points of intersection being (−a, 0)and ( 3 a, 0).
(iv) The normal at any point of a parabola is equally inclined
Results on Tangent to the focal distance of the point and the axis of the
(i) Points of intersection of tangents at two points P(at 12 , 2 at 1 ), parabola.
Q (at 22 , 2 at 2 ) on the parabola y2 = 4ax is R{at 1t 2 , a(t 1 + t 2 )} (v) The normal drawn at a point P(at 12 , 2 at 1 ) to the parabola
y2 = 4ax meets again the parabola at Q (at 22 , 2 at 2 ), then
(where, R is GM of x-coordinates of P, Q and AM of
2
y-coordinates of P, Q). t2 = − t1 − .
t1
(ii) Angle θ between tangents at two points Y )
P(at 12 , 2 at 1 ), Q(at 22 , 2 at 2 ) on the parabola y2 = 4ax is given 2, 2at 1
t1
P (a
t − t1
by tan θ = 2 .
1 + t1 t2
R
X¢ X
(iii) Locus of the point of intersection of perpendicular A
tangents to the parabola is its directrix.
B
(iv) If the tangents at the points P and Q on a parabola meet T, Q (a
t2 2, 2
then ST is the GM between SP and SQ at2 )
i.e. ST 2 = SP ⋅ SQ Y¢
(vi) The normal chord of a parabola at a point whose ordinate
(v) If the tangent and normal at any point P of the parabola
is equal to the abscissae, subtends a right angle at the
intersect the axis at T and G, then ST = SG = SP, where S is
focus.
the focus.
(vii) Three normals can be drawn from a point to a parabola.
(vi) Any tangent to a parabola and the perpendicular on it
from the focus meet on the tangent at the vertex.
Equation of a Pair of Tangents Conormal Points

The equation of pair of tangents drawn from an external The points on the parabola at which the normals pass through a
point P( x1 , y1 ) to the parabola is SS1 = T 2 . common point are called conormal points. The conormal points are
where, S = y2 − 4ax, S1 = y12 − 4ax1 and called the feet of the normals.
T = yy1 − 2 a ( x + x1 ) Y
A y2 = 4ax
Equations of Chord of Contact P
O
1. The equation of chord of contact is X¢ X
yy1 − 2 a ( x + x1 ) = 0
C
2. The equation of chord of parabola, whose mid-point B
( x1 , y1 ) is T = S1 , i.e. yy1 − 2 a( x + x1 ) = y12 − 4ax1
Y¢
3. Length of the chord of contact is
Points A, B and C are called conormal points with respect to point P.
( y12 − 4 ax1 )( y12 + 4a2 )
l= . 1. The algebraic sum of the slopes of the normals at conormals
a
point is 0.
4. Area of the ∆PAB formed by the pair of tangents and
2. The sum of the ordinates of the conormal points is 0.
their chord of contact is
3. The centroid of the triangle formed by the conormal points on a
( y2 − 4ax1 )3 /2
A= 1 . parabola lies on its axis.
2a
NOTE • Equation of the chord joining points Diameter

P ( at12 , 2at1 ), Q ( at 22 , 2at 2 ) is (t1 + t 2 ) y = 2x + 2 at1 t 2 .
Diameter is the locus of mid-points of a system of parallel chords of
• For PQ to be focal chord, t1 t 2 = − 1. parabola.
• Length of the focal chord having t1 , t 2 as end points is 1. The tangent at the extremities of a focal chord intersect at right
a(t 2 − t1 ) 2 . angles on the directrix and hence a circle on any focal chord as
diameter touches the directrix.
Director Circle 2. A circle on any focal radii of a point P(at 2 , 2 at ) as diameter
The locus of the point of intersection of perpendicular touches the tangent at the vertex and intercepts a chord of
tangents to a conic is known as director circle. The length a 1 + t 2 on a normal at the point P.
director circle of a parabola is its directrix. 3. The diameter bisecting chords of slope m to the parabola y2 = 4 ax
2a
is y = .
m

1 Equation of the parabola whose vertex is ( −1, − 2) , axis is 11 Angle between the tangents drawn from the point (1, 4)
vertical and which passes through the point (3, 6) is to the parabola y 2 = 4x is
(a) x + 4 x + 28 y − 136 = 0
2
(a) π / 6 (b) π / 4
(b) x 2 + 2 x − 2 y − 3 = 0 (c) π / 3 (d) π /2
(c) y 2 + 4 y − 16x − 12 = 0
12 If the lines y − b = m1 ( x + a ) and y − b = m2 ( x + a ) are
the tangents of the parabola y 2 = 4ax , then
2 A focal chord of the parabola y = 8x in inclined to X -axis
2
(a) m1 + m2 = 0 (b) m1m2 = 1
at an angle tan−1 3. Then its length is equal to (c) m1m2 = − 1 (d) m1 + m2 = 1
(a) 80/3 (b) 80/9 (c) 40/3 (d) 40/9
13 Set of values of h for which the number of distinct
3 Latus rectum of the parabola whose axis is parallel to the common normals of ( x − 2)2 = 4 ( y − 3) and
Y -axis and which passes through the points (0, 4), (1, 9), x 2 + y 2 − 2x − hy − c = 0 where, (c > 0) is 3, is
and ( −2, 6) is equal to (a) (2, ∞) (b) (4, ∞ ) (c) (2, 4) (d) (10, ∞)
(a) 1 / 2 (b) 1 (c) 2 (d) None of these
14 Tangent and normal are drawn at P(16,16) on the
4 If the line x − 1 = 0 is the directrix of the parabola parabola y 2 = 16x , which intersect the axis of the
y 2 − kx + 8 = 0, then one of the value of k is parabola at A and B respectively. If C is the centre of
(a) 1 / 8 (b) 8 (c) 4 (d) 1 / 4 the circle through the points P, A and B and ∠CPB = θ,
5 The locus of trisection point of any double ordinate of the then a value of tan θ is JEE Mains 2018
1 4
parabola y 2 = 4 a x is (a) (b) 2 (c) 3 (d)
2 3
(a) y = 9ax
2
(b) y = ax
2
(c) 9y 2 = 4 ax (d) None of these 15 P is a point on the parabola y 2 = 4x and Q is a point

on the line 2x + y + 4 = 0. If the line x − y + 1 = 0 is
6 Let O be the vertex and Q be any point on the parabola the perpendicular bisector of PQ, then the coordinates
x 2 = 8y . If the point P divides the line segment OQ of P is
internally in the ratio1: 3, then the locus of P is (a) (8, 9), (10, 11) (b) (1, − 2), (9, − 6)
JEE Mains 2015 (c) (7, 8), (9, 8) (d) None of these
(a) x 2 = y (b) y 2 = x
(c) y 2 = 2 x (d) x 2 = 2 y 16 The locus of the vertices of the family of parabolas
a3x 2 a2x
7 At any points P on the parabola y 2 − 2y − 4x + 5 = 0, a y = + − 2a is
3 2
tangent is drawn which meets the directrix at Q the locus of
1 (a) xy = 105 / 64 (b) xy = 3 / 4
the points R which divides QP externally in the ratio : 1, is (c) xy = 35 / 16 (d) xy = 64 / 105
2
(a) (x + 1) (1 − y)2 + 4 = 0 (b) x + 1 = 0 17 The parabola y 2 = λx
(c) (1 − y)2 − 4 = 0 (d) None of these and 25 [( x − 3)2 + ( y + 2)2 ] = ( 3x − 4y − 2)2
8 The line x − b + λy = 0 cuts the parabola y = 4ax at 2 are equal, if λ is equal to
P (at1 , 2at1 ) and Q (at 22 , 2at 2 ). If b ∈[ 2a, 4a ] and λ ∈R, then
2 (a) 1 (b) 2 (c) 3 (d) 6
t1 t 2 belongs to 18 A line is drawn from A ( −2, 0) to intersect the curve
(a) [−4, −2] (b) [4, −3] y 2 = 4x in P and Q in the first quadrant such the
(c) [−3, − 2] (d) None of these 1 1 1
+ < , then slope of the line is always
9 The centre of the circle passing through the point ( 0, 1) and AP AQ 4
touching the curve y = x 2 at ( 2, 4) is (a) < 3 (b) > 3
−16 27  −16 53  (c) ≥
(a)  ,  (b)  ,  3 (d) None of these
 5 10   7 10 
19 Vertex A of a parabola y 2 = 4ax is joined to any point P
−16 53 
(c)  ,  (d) None of these on it and line PQ is drawn at right angle to AP to meet
 5 10 
the axis at Q. Then, the projection of PQ on the axis is
10 Equation of common tangents to parabolas y = x 2 and always equal to
y = − x 2 + 4x − 4 is/are (a) 3 a (b) 2a
(a) y = 4 (x − 1) ; y = 0 (b) y = 0 , y = − 4 (x − 1) (c) 3a (d) 4a
(c) y = 0, y = − 10 (x + 5) (d) None of these
20. The slope of the line touching both the parabolas y 2 = 4x Directions (Q. Nos. 31-35) Each of these questions
and x 2 = −32y is JEE Mains 2014 contains two statements : Statement I (Assertion) and
1 3 1 2 Statement II (Reason). Each of these questions also has
(a) (b) (c) (d)
2 2 8 3 four alternative choices, only one of which is the correct
answer. You have to select one of the codes (a ), (b), (c) and (d )
21 If the normals at the end points of variable chord PQ of given below.
the parabola y 2 − 4y − 2x = 0 are perpendicular, then
the tangents at P and Q will intersect on the line
(a) x + y = 3 (b) 3 x − 7 = 0 (c) y + 3 = 0 (d) 2 x + 5 = 0
22 Find the length of the normal drawn from the point on the not a correct explanation for Statement I
axis of the parabola y 2 = 8x whose distance from the (c) Statement I is true; Statement II is false
focus is 8. (d) Statement I is false; Statement II is true
31 Statement I The perpendicular bisector of the line
23 If x + y = k is a normal to the parabola y 2 = 12x , p is the segment joining the points ( −a, 2at ) and (a, 0) is tangent
length of the perpendicular from the focus of the to the parabola y 2 = −4ax , where t ∈ R .
parabola on this normal, then 3k 3 + 2p 2 is equal to Statement II Number of parabolas with a given point
(a) 2223 (b) 2224 as vertex and length of latusrectum equal to 4 is 2.
32 Consider the equation of the parabola is y 2 = 4ax .
24 If a ≠ 0 and the line 2bx + 3cy + 4d = 0 passes through Statement I Length of focal chord of a parabola
the points of intersection of the parabolas y 2 = 4ax and having focus (2, 0) making an angle of 60° with X-axis
x 2 = 4ay , then is 32.
(a) d 2 + (2b + 3c)2 = 0 (b) d 2 + (3b + 2c)2 = 0 Statement II Length of focal chord of a parabola
(c) d 2 + (2b − 3c)2 = 0 (d) d 2 + (3b − 2c)2 = 0 y 2 = 4ax making an angle α with X-axis is 4a cosec 2 α.
25 Slopes of the normals to the parabola y 2 = 4ax 33 Consider the equation of the parabola is y 2 = 4ax .
intersecting at a point on the axis of the parabola at a Statement I Area of triangle formed by pair of tangents
distance 4a from its vertex are in drawn from a point (12, 8) to the parabola having focus
(a) HP (b) GP (1,0) and their corresponding chord of contact is
(c) AP (d) None of these 32 sq units.
26 The area of the triangle formed by the tangent and the Statement II If from a point P ( x 1, y 1) tangents are
normal to the parabola y 2 = 4ax , both drawn at the same drawn to a parabola, then area of triangle formed by
end of the latusrectum and the axis of the parabola is these tangents and their corresponding chord of
(a) 2 2 a 2 (b) 2 a 2 ( y 2 − 4ax 1 )3/ 2
(c) 4 a 2 (d) None of these contact is 1 sq units.
4 a
27 If the tangent at the point P( 2, 4) to the parabola y 2 = 8x
34 Statement I The latusrectum of a parabola is 4 units,
meets the parabola y 2 = 8x + 5 at Q and R, then
axis is the line 3x + 4y − 4 = 0 and the tangent at the
mid-point of QR is
vertex is the line 4x − 3y + 7 = 0 , then the equation of
(a) (2, 4) (b) (4, 2) directrix of the parabola is 4x − 3y + 8 = 0 .
(c) (7, 9) (d) None of these
Statement II If P is any point on the parabola and PM
28 The equation of the common tangent touching the circle and PN are perpendiculars from P on the axis and
( x − 3)2 + y 2 = 9 and the parabola y 2 = 4x above the tangent at the vertex respectively, then
X -axis is (PM ) 2 = (latusrectum) (PN ).
(a) 3 y = 3 x + 1 (b) 3 y = − (x + 3)
35 A circle, 2x 2 + 2y 2 = 5 and a parabola, y 2 = 4 5x .
(c) 3 y = x + 3 (d) 3 y = − (3 x + 1)
Statement I An equation of a common tangent to
29 If tangents drawn from point P to the parabola y 2 = 4x these curves is y = x + 5.
are inclined to X -axis at angles θ1 and θ 2 such that
cot θ1 + cot θ 2 = 2, then locus of the point P is 5
Statement II If the line, y = mx + where, m ≠ 0 is
(a) y = 2 (b) y = 8 (c) y = 1 (d) None of these m
the common tangent, then m satisfies m 4 − 3m 2 + 2 = 0.
30 Tangents to the parabola y = 4x are drawn from the
2
JEE Mains 2013
point (1, 3). The length of chord of contact is

1 A ray of light moving parallel to the X -axis gets reflected 9 The triangle formed by the tangent to the parabola
from a parabolic mirror whose equation is y = x 2 at the point whose abscissa is x 0 , 1 ≤ x 0 ≤ 2, the
( y − 2)2 = 4 ( x + 1). After reflection, the ray must pass Y -axis and the straight line y = x 02 has the greatest area if
through the point x0 =
(a) (0, 2) (b) (2, 0) (a) 1 (b) 2
(c) (0, −2) (d) (−1, 2) (c) 3/2 (d) None of these
2 Mutually perpendicular tangentsTA and TB are drawn to 10 The equation of the curve obtained by reflecting the
the parabola y 2 = 8x . The minimum length of AB is parabola y 2 = 4x about the line x − y + 13 = 0 is
(a) 16 (b) 4 (a) (2 y − x − 13)2 = 4 (y + 13)
(c) 8 (d) None of these (b) (2 y + x − 13)2 = 4 (y − 13)
(c) (2 y − x − 13)2 = 4 (y − 13)
3 If a line x + y = 1 cuts the parabola y 2 = 4x at points A
and B and normals at A and B meet on C. The normals to
the parabola from C, other than above two, meet the 11 Let P be the point on the parabola, y 2 = 8x which is at a
parabola in D, the coordinates of D are minimum distance from the centre C of the circle,
(a) (2, 1) (b) (−4, 4) x 2 + ( y + 6)2 = 1, Then the equation of the circle, passing
(c) (4, 4) (d) None of these through C and having its centre at P is JEE Mains 2016
(a) x 2 + y 2 − 4 x + 8 y + 12 = 0
4 A chord PP′ of a parabola cuts the axis of the parabola at
(b) x 2 + y 2 − x + 4 y − 12 = 0
A. The feet of the perpendiculars from P and P′ on the x
axis are M and M′ respectively. If V is the vertex, then (c) x 2 + y 2 − + 2 y − 24 = 0
4
VM , VA, VM ′ are in (d) x 2 + y 2 − 4 x + 9y + 18 = 0
(a) AP (b) GP
(c) HP (d) None of these 12 The radius of a circle, having minimum area, which
touches the curve y = 4 − x 2 and the line y = | x | is
5 The set of points on the axis of the parabola y 2 = 4x + 8 JEE Mains 2017
from which the 3 normals to the parabola are all real and (a) 4 ( 2 − 1) (b) 4 ( 2 + 1)
different, is (c) 2 ( 2 + 1) (d) 2 ( 2 − 1)
(a) {(k, 0)| k ≤ − 2 } (b) {(k, 0)| k > − 2 }
13 If y1, y 2 are the ordinates of two points P and Q on the
(c) {(k, 0) | k > 0} (d) None of these
parabola and y 3 is the ordinate of the point of
6 Normals drawn to y 2 = 4ax at the points where it is intersection of tangents at P and Q, then
intersected by the line y = mx + c, intersect at the point (a) y1, y 2 , y 3 are in AP
P. Foot of another normal drawn to the parabola from the (b) y1, y 3 , y 2 are in AP
point P may be (c) y1, y 2 , y 3 are in GP
(a) (a / m 2 , − 2a / m) (d) y1, y 3 , y 2 are in GP
(b) (9a / m 2 , − 6a / m)
14 The number of points with integral coordinates that lie in
(c) (4a / m 2 , − 4a / m)
the interior of the region common to the circle
x 2 + y 2 = 16 and the parabola y 2 = 4x is
7 Sides of an equilateral triangle ABC touch the parabola (a) 8 (b) 10
y 2 = 4ax , then points A, B, C lie on (c) 16 (d) None of these
(a) y 2 = 3 (x + a)2 + 4ax
15 The tangent and normal at the point P = (16, 16) to the
(b) y 2 = (x + a)2 + ax
parabola y 2 = 16x intersect the X -axis at the points Q
(c) y 2 = 3 (x + a)2 + ax
(d) None of the above and R respectively. The equation to the circum circle of
∆PQR is
8 Minimum distance between the curves y 2 = 4x and (a) x 2 + y 2 − 8 x − 384 = 0
x 2 + y 2 − 12x + 31 = 0 is (b) x 2 + y 2 − 2 x − 8 y − 352 = 0
(a) 21 (b) 5 (c) x 2 + y 2 + 2 y − 544 = 0
(c) 2 7 − 5 (d) None of these (d) None of the above
ANSWERS
SESSION 1 1 (b) 2 (b) 3 (a) 4 (c) 5 (c) 6 (d) 7 (a) 8 (a) 9 (c) 10 (a)
11 (c) 12 (c) 13 (d) 14 (b) 15 (b) 16 (a) 17 (d) 18 (b) 19 (d) 20 (a)
21 (d) 22 (b) 23 (a) 24 (a) 25 (c) 26 (c) 27 (a) 28 (c) 29 (a) 30 (c)
31 (c) 32 (d) 33 (c) 34 (d) 35 (b)
SESSION 2 1 (a) 2 (c) 3 (c) 4 (b) 5 (c) 6 (c) 7 (a) 8 (b) 9 (b) 10 (d)
11 (a) 12 (a) 13 (b) 14 (d) 15 (a)

SESSION 1 ∴  3β 
2
α = a   ⇒ 9β2 = 4 aα
If R( x, y ) divides QP externally in the
1 Axis is vertical i.e. parallel to Y-axis so  2a  ratio 1 : 2.
2 2
its equation should be Hence, the locus of P is 9 y 2 = 4 ax . ∴ x = − (1 + t 2 ) and y = 1 − ⇒ t =
( x + 1)2 = 4a ( y + 2) t 1− y
It passes through (3, 6) so 4a = 2. 6 Any point on the parabola x2 = 8 y is ( 4
∴ x+ 1+ =0
Hence the equation of the required 4t ,2t 2 ). Point P divides the line segment (1 − y ) 2
parabola is x2 + 2 x − 2 y − 3 = 0, joining of O (0, 0) and Q (4t ,2t 2 ) in the
ratio 1: 3. Apply the section formula for ⇒ ( x + 1) (1 − y ) 2 + 4 = 0
2 Length of focal chord = 4a cosec2α. internal division. 8 Line x − b + λy = 0 always passes
Here a = 2, α = tan −1 3 i.e. tanα = 3. Equation of parabola is x2 = 8 y through (b, 0).
∴Length of focal chord Let any point Q on the parabola (i) is Y
= 4 × 2 × (1 + 1 / 9) = 80 / 9. 2
(4t , 2t 2 ). P (at1 , 2at1)
3 Let vertex be (b, c ). Then equation of Let P (h, k ) be the point which divides
parabola is ( x − b )2 = 4a ( y − c ). It the line segment joining (0,0) and
(4t ,2t 2 ) in the ratio 1:3. X¢ X
passes through the points (0, 4), O R (b, 0)
(1, 9) and (−2, 6). Y
Q(
∴ b 2 = 4a (4 − c ) at 2
)k
2 , 2a
h,
(1 − b 2 ) = 4a (9 − c ) t2 )
1: P (
Q (4t,2 t 2 )
3 Y¢
and (−2 − b )2 = 4a(6 − c ).
Solving these equations, latus rectum X¢ X Slope of PR = Slope of RQ
4a = 1 / 2. (0, 0) O b
⇒ t1 t2 = −
a
4 y 2 − kx + 8 = 0 ⇒ y 2 = k ( x − 8 / k ). ∴ Minimum value of t 1 t 2 = −4
∴ Directrix is x − 8 / k = − k / 4 Y¢
and maximum value of t 1 t 2 = −2
or x = 8 / k − k / 4 = 1 1 × 4t + 3 × 0
∴ h= ⇒h = t 9 The slope of the tangent to y = x2 at
⇒ k 2 + 4k − 32 = 0 ⇒ k = − 8 or 4. 4 (2, 4) is 4 and the equation of the
∴ One value of k is 4. 1 × 2t 2 + 3 × 0 t2 tangent is 4 x − y − 4 = 0
and k = ⇒k = Equation of the circle is
5 Let P (α, β ) be the trisection point. 4 2
2(2at ) + 1(–2at ) ( x − 2) 2 + ( y − 4) 2 + λ (4 x − y − 4) = 0 …(i)
1 2
∴ α = at 2 ,β = ⇒ k = h [Qt = h]
3 2 Since, it passes through (0, 1).
13
Y (at 2, 2at) ⇒ 2k = h ⇒ 2 y = x , which is
2 2 Hence, λ =
A 5
required locus.
On putting the value of λ in Eq. (i), we get
P (α, β)
7 Given, ( y − 1) 2 = 4( x − 1). P has 5( x − 2)2 + 5( y − 4)2 + 13(4 x − y − 4) = 0
X¢ X coordinates x = 1 + t 2 , y = 1 + 2 t . ⇒ 5( x2 + 4 − 4 x ) + 5( y 2 + 16 − 8 y )
Tangent at P is +52 x − 13 y − 52 = 0
( x − 1) − ( y − 1) t + t 2 = 0. ⇒ 5x2 + 5y 2 + 32 x − 53 y + 48 = 0
B 32 53 48
Y¢ (at 2, –2at) So, the directrix is x = 0. ⇒ x2 + y 2 + x− y+
5 5 5
2 3β
Q =  0, t + 1 − 
⇒ β = at ⇒ t = 1
∴ −16 53 
3 2a  t  So, the centre of the circle is  , .
 5 10 
10 Tangent to parabola is y = mx − am2 . Slope of PC =

4 ⇒ r 2 sin2 θ − 4(−2 + r cos θ) = 0
3 4cos θ
∴Tangents to two given parabolas are ⇒ r1 + r2 = ⇒ r1 r2 =
8
Slope of PB = − 2
y = mx − (m2 / 4) and sin2 θ sin2 θ
4
y = m( x − 2) + (m2 / 4) +2 r1 + r2 1 1
3 ∴ = +
These are identical ⇒ m = 0 or 4. Hence, tanθ = =2 r1 r2 AP AQ
4
∴Common tangents are y = 0 and 1− ×2 1
3 ⇒ cos θ < ⇒ tanθ > 3
y = 4 x − 4. 2
15 Any point on the parabola is P = ( t 2 , 2 t ).
11 y = mx + 1 / m passes through (1, 4).
Q is its image of the line x − y + 1 = 0.  because cos θ is decreasing and tan θ 
⇒ m2 − 4m + 1 = 0.  
π
m1 − m2 x−t y − 2t is increasing in  0, 
2
∴ tanθ = ∴ = = − ( t 2 − 2 t + 1)  
  2 
1 + m1 m2 1 −1
⇒ Q = ( 2t − 1, t 2 + 1) ⇒ m> 3
(m1 + m2 )2 − 4m1 m2
=
1 + m1 m2 Since, it lies on the line 19 Let P ≡ (at ,2at )
2
16 − 4 2 3 2x + y + 4 = 0 Equation of the line PQ is

= = = 3 ∴ 4t − 2 + t 2 + 1 + 4 = 0 t
1+ 1 2 y − 2at = − ( x − at 2 ).
⇒ t 2 + 4t + 3 = 0 ⇒ t = − 1, − 3 2
⇒ θ = π / 3.
So, the possible positions of P are (1, − 2) Y
y2 = 4ax
12 Both lines pass through (−a, b ) which is and (9, − 6). P
a point on the directrix x = − a. 2
16 y = 1 a3 x2 + a x − 2a
Therefore, tangents drawn from (−a, b ) 3 2
are perpendicular, so m1 m2 = − 1. 2 X¢ X

⇒ x +
3 3  35  A N Q
 = 3 y + a
13 The equation of any normal of  4a  a  16 
( x − 2)2 = 4( y − 3) is
Vertex P (h, k ) =  −
3 35 
( x − 2) = m ( y − 3) − 2m − m3 . ,− a
 4a 16  Y¢
If it passes through  1,  , then
h 3 16k On putting y = 0, we get x = 4a + at 2
⇒ a= − ,a= −
 2 4h 35 So, the coordinates of Q and N are
⇒ Locus of vertex P is xy = 105 / 64. (4 a + at 2 , 0) and (at 2 , 0), respectively.
1 − 2 = m  − 3 − 2m − m3
h
So, length of projection
2  17 Let us recall that two parabolas are
equal, if the length of their latusrectum = 4 a + at 2 − at 2 = 4 a
⇒ 2m + m (10 − h ) − 2 = 0 = f (m )
3
are equal. 20 Let the tangent to parabola be
[say] Length of the latusrectum of y = mx + a / m, if it touches the other
This equation will given three distinct y 2 = λx is λ. curve, then D = 0, to get the value of m.
values of m. The equation of the second parabola is For parabola, y 2 = 4 x
25 {( x − 3)2 + ( y + 2)2 } = (3 x − 4 y − 2)2
1
If f ′ (m ) = 0 has two distinct roots, |3 x − 4 y − 2| Let y = mx + be tangent line and it
⇒ ( x − 3)2 + ( y + 2)2 = m
where 32 + 42
f (m ) = 2m3 + m (10 − h ) − 2 touches the parabola x2 = −32 y .
Clearly, it represents a parabola having
Now, f ′ (m ) = 6 m2 + (10 − h ) x2 = −32 mx + 
focus at (3, − 2) and equation of the 1
∴
h − 10 directrix as 3 x − 4 y − 2 = 0.  m
Put f ′(m ) = 0 ⇒ m = ±
6 ∴ Length of the latusrectum 32
⇒ x2 + 32mx + =0
So, the values of m are real and distinct, = 2 (Distance between focus m
if h > 10 i.e. h ∈ (10, ∞ ). and directrix)
Q D =0
3 × 3 − 4 × (−2) − 2
=2 =6
(32m )2 − 4   = 0 ⇒ m3 =
14 Equation of tangent at P(16, 16) is ∴
32 1
32 + (−4)2  m 8
x − 2 y + 16 = 0
Thus, the two parabolas are equal, if λ = 6.
1
Y ∴ m=
18 Let P (−2 + r cos θ, r sin θ) and P lies on 2
)
, 16 parabola.
16 21 The tangents and normals form a
P( Y
rectangle.
nt
Hence, tangents meet on the directrix.

ge
q
Normal Q Now, ( y − 2) 2 = 2( x + 2)
n
Ta
X¢ X P
x – 2y + 16=0 C (4,0) B (24,0) 5
(–2, 0) q Vertex = (−2, 2) and directrix, x = −
A(–16, 0) 2x + y – 48=0 X¢ X 2
A O
⇒ 2x + 5 = 0
22 Here, a = 2 normal at t is
Y¢ xt + y = 2 t 3 + 4 t. Focus = (2, 0).
Y¢
So, the point on the axis is (10, 0). ⇒ y 1 = 4 and 8 = −4 x1 + y 12 Hence, length of chord of contact
Normal passes through (10, 0). ⇒ y 1 = 4 and x1 = 2 = 45 + 20 = 65
∴ 10 = 2 t 2 + 4 ⇒ t 2 = 3 Hence, required mid-point is (2, 4).
28 As common tangent is above X -axis, its 31 Image of (a, 0) with respect to tangent
So, the normal is at the point (6, 4 3 ).
slope is positive. yt = x + at 2 is (−a, 2at ).
So, the required length is
So, perpendicular bisector of (a, 0) and
(10 − 6) 2 + (4 3 ) 2 = 16 + 48 = 8 (−a, 2at ) is the tangent line yt = x + at 2
to the parabola.
23 The equation of normal to the parabola
O (3, 0) Hence, Statement I is true.
y 2 = 12 x with slope − 1 is
y = − x − 2(3) (−1) − 3 (−1)3 Statement II Infinitely many parabolas
⇒ y=− x+ 9 ⇒ x+ y=9 are possible.
∴ k=9 y = mx + 1 / m is a tangent to the Hence, Statement II is false.
Since, the focus of the parabola is (3, 0). parabola.
3− 9 It touches the circle ( x − 3)2 + y 2 = 9 if 32 Let AB be a focal chord slope of
∴ p= 2t
2 3m − 0 + 1 / m AB = = tanα
=3 t2 − 1
⇒ 2 p2 = 36 1 + m2 Y
∴ 3 k 3 + 2 p2 = 3(9)3 + 36
⇒ (3m + 1 / m )2 = 9(1 + m2 )
= 2223
⇒ 6 + 1 / m2 = 9 i.e. m2 = 1 / 3. 2
A (at1 , 2at1)
24 Solving y 2 = 4ax and x2 = 4ay (a ≠ 0), As m > 0, m = 1 / 3.
points of intersection are (0, 0) and ∴ Equation of common tangent above
(4a, 4a). X -axis is (a, 0) a
1 X¢ X
Both points lie on the line O S
y = x+ 3
2bx + 3cy + 4d = 0 3
⇒ d =0 ⇒ 3 y = x + 3. B
and 2b + 3c = 0 (Q a ≠ 0) a ,– 2a
∴ d 2 + (2b + 3c )2 = 0 29 Let P ( x1 , y 1 ). Equation of any tangent t2 t2
making angle θ with X -axis
25 .The normal y = mx − 2am − am3 (slope = tanθ) is
Y¢
passes through (4a, 0). 1 α 1
y = x tan θ + (Q y = mx + a / m ) ⇒ tan =
∴ m3 − 2m = 0 ⇒ m = 0, ± 2 tan θ 2 t
α
∴ Slopes of normals are − 2, 0, 2 It passes through P ( x1 , y 1 ) ⇒ t = cot
1 2
which are in AP. ∴ x1 tan θ + = y1 2
tan θ Length of AB = a  t + 
1
26 The coordinate of end of the
 t
latusrectum is (a, 2a). The equation of ⇒ x1 tan2 θ − y 1 tan θ + 1 = 0
the tangent at (a, 2a) is y ⋅ 2a = 2a( x + a), = 4 acosec2α
tan θ1 + tan θ2 = y 1 / x1 ,
i.e. y = x + a. The normal at (a, 2a) is When a = 2, α = 60°
tan θ1 tan θ2 = 1 / x1
y + x = 2a + a, i.e. y + x = 3 a.
Given that, cotθ1 + cotθ2 = 2 ∴ Length of AB = 4 ( 2) cosec2 (60° )
On solving y = 0 and y = x + a,
32
we get ⇒ tan θ1 + tan θ2 = 2 tan θ1 tan θ2 =
x = – a, y = 0 3
On solving y = 0 and y + x = 3 a, ⇒ y 1 / x1 = 2 / x1
33 Statement II Area of triangle formed by
we get ⇒ Locus of P ( x1 , y 1 ) is y = 2.
these tangents and their corresponding
x = 3 a, y = 0 ( y 2 − 4 a x1 )3 /2
The area of the triangle with vertices
30 Equation of chord of contact of (1,3) to chord of contact is 1 .
the parabola y 2 = 4 x is 2 |a|
(a, 2a), ( − a, 0), (3 a, 0)
3 y = 2( x + 1) …(i) Hence, Statement II is false.
1
= × 4 a × 2a = 4 a2 Solving Eq. (i) and parabola, we get
2 Statement I x1 = 12, y 1 = 8
4
( x + 1)2 = 4 x ( y 12 − 4 ax1 )3 /2
27 Equation of tangent to y = 8 x at
2
9 ∴ Area =
2
(2, 4) is ⇒ x2 − 7 x + 1 = 0
4 y = 4( x + 2) i.e. x − y + 2 = 0 …(i) (64 − 48)3 /2
∴ x1 + x2 = 7, x1 x2 = 1 = = 32
Let mid-point of QR be ( x1 , y 1 ). Then, 2
equation of QR(T = S 1 ) is ⇒ ( x1 − x2 )2 = 49 − 4 = 45 Hence, Statement I is true.
yy 1 − 4( x + x1 ) − 5 = y 12 − 8 x1 − 5 2
Also, y1 − y2 = ( x1 − x2 ) 34 Let P ( x , y ) be any point on the parabola
⇒ 4 x − yy 1 − 4 x1 + y 12 = 0 …(ii) 3
and let PM and PN are perpendiculars
On comparing Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get
⇒ ( y 1 − y 2 )2 = 20 from P on the axis and tangent at the
4 y1 y 2 − 4 x1
= = 1 vertex respectively, then
1 1 2
Y 3 Here A, B and D are co-normal points, A(at 1 t 2 , a (t 1 + t 2 )), B (at 1 t 3 , a(t 1 + t 3 ))

Let A, B and D be ( x1 , y 1 ), ( x2 , y 2 ) and and C (at 1 t 3 , a(t 2 + t 3 )).
N ( x3 , y 3 ) respectively. AB is the chord Triangle ABC is equilateral.
x + y = 1. a(t 3 − t 2 ) 1
P (x, y) m AB = = , and
A Solving x + y = 1 and y 2 = 4 x, at 1 (t 3 − t 2 ) t 1
X¢
M we get m AC = 1 / t 2 .
3x + X
O ⇒ y 2 = 4 (1 − y ) 1 / t1 − 1 / t2 |t 2 − t 1 |
0
4y – ∴ 3= =
=
4= ⇒ y + 4y − 4 = 0
2
1 + 1 / t1 t2 |1 + t 1 t 2|
7
0
y+
∴ y1 + y2 = − 4 ⇒ (t 2 − t 1 )2 = 3(1 + t 1 t 2 )2
–3
y1 + y2 + y3 = 0 ⇒ (t 1 + t 2 )2 − 4t 1 t 2 = 3 + 6t 1 t 2 + 3(t 1 t 2 )2
4x
⇒ y3 = 4 Let A be ( x, y ). Then
Y¢
∴ 16 = 4 x3 ⇒ x3 = 4. y2 x 3 x2
(PM ) 2 = (Latusrectum) (PN ) Hence, D is (4, 4). 2
= 3 + 10 + 2
a a a
 4 x + 3y + 7 
2
3 x + 4y − 4 
⇒   = 4  4 VM = at 12 , VM ′ = at 22 and VA = k , then ⇒ y 2 = 3a2 + 10ax + 3 x2
 32 + 42   2 
 4 + (−3) 
2
= 3(x + a)2 + 4ax
⇒ Y 2 = 4 AX P(t1)
8 Circle is x2 + y 2 − 12 x + 31 = 0, C (6, 0),
3x + 4y − 4
∴ A = 1, Y = , r = 5.
5
4 x − 3y + 7 M¢ Shortest distance will take place along
X = V
AM the common normal. Normal to y 2 = 4 x
5
at A(t 2 , 2t ) is
So, the directrix is X + A = 0.
P¢(t2) y = − tx + 2t + t 3 . It must passes
4 x − 3y + 7
⇒ + 1= 0 through (6, 0).
5 ∴ t 3 − 4t = 0 ⇒ t = 0 or ± 2.
at 12 2at 1 1
⇒ 4 x − 3 y + 12 = 0
at 22 2at 2 1 ∴Distances between the curves along
35 Equation of circle can be rewritten as k 0 1 common normal are 6 − 5, and 5.
5
x2 + y 2 = [Q P , A, P ′ are collinear]
Hence, minimum distance between the
2 curves = 5.
⇒ k + at 1 t 2 = 0
5
Let common tangent be y = mx + ⇒ VM . VM ′ = (at 1 t 2 )2 = k 2 = VA2
m 9 Area A = 2 x20 × x 0 × 1 = x30
⇒ VM , VA and VM ′ are in GP. 2
So, the perpendicular from centre to the
tangent is equal to radius. 5 Let P(k, 0) be a point on the axis on the
5 parabola y 2 = 4( x + 2)
∴ m =
5 Equation of normal at (−2 + t 2 , 2t ) is (0, x02 ) R
P (0, x02 )
1 + m2 2 t ( x + 2) + y = 2t + t 3
⇒ m 1 + m2 = 2 ⇒ y + tx = t 3 .
This passes through (k , 0)
⇒ m2 (1 + m2 ) = 2 ∴ t 3 − kt = 0 or t = 0, t 2 = k
⇒ m 4 + m2 − 2 = 0 Q (0, –x02 )
For three real and distinct normals
⇒ (m2 + 2) (m2 − 1) = 0 k > 0. Since 1 ≤ x 0 ≤ 2, then area is max. at
⇒ m=±1 ∴ Set of all such point x 0 = 2.
[Qm2 + 2 ≠ 0, as m ∈ R] = {(k , 0)| k > 0}.
∴ y =± x± 5 10 Let A( x1 , y 1 ) be any point on the
6 Let y = mx + c intersect y 2 = 4ax at parabola
Both statements are correct as
A(t 1 ) and B (t 2 ). Then
m=±1 A (x1, y1)
2
satisfies the given equation of Statement m=
II. t1 + t2
But, Statement II is not a correct ⇒ t1 + t2 = 2 / m x – y + 13 = 0
explanation of Statement I. Normals at A and B meet at P. Let
another normal from P meet the
(h , k )
SESSION 2 parabola at C (t 3 ).
B
Then A, B and C are co-normal points.
1 Equation of axis is y = 2 which is ∴ t1 + t2 + t3 = 0 y 2 = 4 x and B (h, k ) be the reflection of
parallel to X -axis. ⇒ t 3 = −2 / m A with respect to the line
Therefore, reflected ray will pass  4a 4a  x − y + 13 = 0. Then,
through the focus, which is (0, 2) ∴ C may be  2 , − . h + x1 k + y1
m m − + 13 = 0
2 Tangents TA,TB are perpendicular 2 2
7 Let the sides of the triangle touch the k − y1
⇒ AB is focal chord and . (1) = − 1
parabola y 2 = 4ax at t 1 , t 2 and t 3 . h − x1
⇒ AB is latusrectum. Tangent at t 1 , t 2 , t 3 meets in
∴ AB = 8 Then, x1 = k − 13, y 1 = h + 13
∴ (h + 13) 2 = 4(k − 13) − 1 + 17 14 Let ( p, q ), p, q ∈ Z be an interior point

x=
∴ Locus of the point B is 2 of both the curves.
( x + 13) 2 = 4( y − 13). Then, p2 + q 2 − 16 < 0
0, 4 and q 2 − 4 p < 0, p ≥ 0.
11 Normal at P (at 2 , 2at ) is y= x
y= – x r ⇒ p > (q / 2)2 and p2 < 16 − q 2 .
y + tx = 2at + at 3 r (0, 4 – r)
Given it passes (0, −6) q = 0 ⇒ p = 1, 2, 3
⇒ −6 = 2at + at 3 [Qa = 2] q = 1 ⇒ p = 1, 2, 3
⇒ − 6 = 4t + 2t 3 q = 2 ⇒ p = 2, 3
⇒ t 3 + 2t + 3 = 0 q = 3 ⇒ p = has no value.
4− r − 0 ∴There only 8 points (1, 0), (2, 0),
⇒ t = −1 =r
2 (3, 0), (1, 1), (2, 1), (2, 2) (3, 1), (3, 2) in
y2=8x 4 − r = ± 2r upper half.
4  4  Due to symmetry about X -axis.
r = Q < 0
2+ 1  1− 2  (1, − 1), (2, − 1), (2, − 2), (3, − 1), (3, − 2) are
also interior points. Hence in all, three
r = 4 ( 2 − 1) are 13 interior integral points.
P(at2, 2at)
13 Let P ( x1 , y 1 ) and Q ( x2 , y 2 ). 15 Clearly, QR is the diameter of the
C(0, – 6) Tangents at P and Q to the parabola required circle.
y 2 = 4ax are
yy 1 = 2a ( x + x1 ) P
(16, 16)
So, P (a, − 2a) = (2, − 4) [Q a = 1] and yy 2 = 2a ( x + x2 ).
Radius of circle
∴ y ( y 1 − y 2 ) = 2a( x1 − x2 ) Q(–16, 0) S(4, 0) R(24, 0)
= CP = 22 + (−4 + 6)2 = 2 2
2a( y 12 − y 22 )
Equation of circle is =
4a
( x − 2)2 + ( y + 4)2 = (2 2 )2 16 y = 8( x + 16) ⇒ Q = (−16, 0)
y1 + y2
x2 + y 2 − 4 x + 8 y + 12 = 0 ⇒ y3 = y − 16 = − 2( x − 16) ⇒ R = (24, 0)
2
∴ Equation of required circle is
12 x2 + x − 4 = 0 ⇒ y 1 , y 3 , y 2 are in AP.
( x + 16) ( x − 24) + y 2 = 0
− 1± 1 + 16 ⇒ x2 + y 2 − 8 x − 384 = 0
x=
2
DAY TWENTY EIGHT
Ellipse
u Concept of Ellipse u Normal to an Ellipse u Diameter and Conjugate

u Tangent to an Ellipse u Auxiliary Circle Diameters
u Eccentric Angle of a Point
Concept of Ellipse
Ellipse is the locus of a point in a plane which moves in such a way that the ratio of its
distances from a fixed point (focus) in the same plane to its distance from a fixed straight line
(directrix) is always constant, which is always less than unity.
Equations of Ellipse in Standard Form

Different forms of an ellipse and their equations are given below
x2 y 2
1. Ellipse of the Form 2 + 2 = 1, 0 < b < a
a b
If the coefficient of x2 has the larger denominator, then its major axis lies along the X-axis and
it is said to be horizontal ellipse as shown below.
Various elements of horizontal ellipse are as follows
PRED
(i) Centre, O (0, 0) MIRROR
(ii) Coordinates of the vertices : A (a, 0) and A1 (−a, 0) Y
B P
(iii) Equation of the major axis, y = 0 L' L u No. of Questions in Exercises (x)—
(iv) Equation of the minor axis, x = 0 u No. of Questions Attempted (y)—
(v) Focal distance of a point ( x, y) is a ± ex. X¢
A1 S1 O S A
X u No. of Correct Questions (z)—
(vi) Major axis, A A1 = 2 a, Minor axis, B B1 = 2b (Without referring Explanations)
(vii) Foci are S (ae, 0) and S1 (− ae, 0). L'1 B1 L1

l'
Y¢
l u Accuracy Level (z / y × 100)—
a a
(viii) Equations of directrices are l : x = , l ′ : x = − u Prep Level (z / x × 100)—
e e
2b 2
(ix) Length of latusrectum, LL1 = L′ L1 ′ = In order to expect good rank in JEE,
a your Accuracy Level should be
b2 above 85 & Prep Level should be
(x) Eccentricity, e = 1 − 2 above 75.
a
(xi) Sum of focal distances of a point ( x, y) is 2a.
302 40 DAYS ~ JEE MAIN MATHEMATICS DAY TWENTY EIGHT
x2 y 2
2. Ellipse of the Form 2 + 2 = 1, 0 < a < b Tangent to an Ellipse
a b The equation of tangent to an ellipse for different forms are given
If the coefficient of x2 has the smaller denominator, then below.
its major axis lies along the Y-axis and it is said to be xx yy
(i) In point ( x1 , y1 ) form, 21 + 21 = 1.
vertical ellipse as shown below. a b
(i) Centre O(0, 0) (ii) In slope ‘m’ form, y = mx ± a2 m2 + b 2 . and the point of
(ii) Coordinates of the vertices B (0, b ) and B1 (0, − b ).  
a2 m b2
(iii) Equation of the major axis, x = 0 contact is  ± ,m 
2 
(iv) Equation of the minor axis, y = 0  am +b
2 2 2
am +b 
2 2
(v) Focal distance of a point ( x, y) is b ± ey. x y

(iii) In parametric (a cos θ, b sin θ) form, cos θ + sin θ = 1.
(vi) Major axis, BB1 = 2b , Minor axis, AA1 = 2 a a b
(vii) Foci are S (0, be) and S1 (0, − be).
(viii) Equation of directrices are Results on Tangent to an Ellipse
b
l : y = , l′ : y = − .
b (i) The line lx + my + n = 0 is a tangent to the ellipse
e e x2 y2
2
+ 2 = 1, then n2 = a2 l 2 + b 2 m2
(ix) Length of latusrectum, a b
2 a2 (ii) The line y = mx + c touches an ellipse, iff c2 = a2 m2 + b 2 and
LL1 = L′ L1 ′ =
b  a2 m b2 
the point of contact is  ± ,+ .
Y  c c
B l
(iii) The equation of pair of tangents drawn from an external
L1
S
L point P( x1 , y1 ) to the ellipse is SS1 = T 2 ,
x2 y2 x2 y2
X¢ O
X where S ≡ 2 + 2 − 1, S1 ≡ 12 + 12 − 1
A1 A a b a b
S1
L'1 L' xx1 yy1
and T ≡ 2 + 2 − 1
B1 a b
l'
xx yy
X¢ (iv) The equation of chord of contact of tangents is 21 + 21 = 1
a b
a2 or T = 0.
(x) Eccentricity, e = 1 − (v) The equation of chord of an ellipse, whose mid-point is
b2
xx yy x2 y2
(xi) Sum of focal distances of a point ( x, y) is 2b. ( x1 , y1 ), is T = S1 , i.e. 21 + 21 = 12 + 12
a b a b
 x 2 y2  (vi) The locus of the point of intersection of perpendicular
Results on Ellipse  2 + 2 = 1 tangents to the ellipse is a director circle, i.e.
a b  x2 + y2 = a2 + b 2 .
(vii) The point of intersection of the tangents at α and β is
(i) The equations x = a cos θ, y = b sin θ taken together
 α+β α + β
are called the parametric equations of the ellipse  a cos b sin 
x 2 y2  2 , 2 .
+ = 1, where θ is the parameter.
a2 b 2  cos α − β cos
α −β 
 2 2 
(ii) A point ( x1 , y1 ) with respect to ellipse ‘S’ lie inside,
on or outside the ellipse, if S1 < 0, S1 = 0 or S1 > 0
x2 y2
Normal to an Ellipse
where, S1 ≡ 21 + 12 − 1 The equations of normal in different form to an ellipse are given
a b
below
(iii) Locus of mid-points of focal chords of an ellipse
a2 x b 2 y
x2 y2 x2 y 2 ex 1. In point ( x1 , y1 ) form, − = a2 − b 2
2
+ 2 = 1, (a > b ) is 2 + 2 = ⋅ x1 y1
a b a b a
m (a2 − b 2 )
(iv) Let P(a cos θ, b sin θ) and Q(a cos φ, b sin φ) be any two 2. In slope ‘m’ form, y = mx ± at the points
x 2 y2 a2 + b 2 m2
points of the ellipse 2 + 2 = 1 (a > b ). Then,
a b  a2 
b2 m
equation of the chord joining these two points is ± ,± .
 a +b m
2 2 2
a +b m 
2 2 2
x  θ + φ y  θ + φ  θ − φ
cos   + sin   = cos   3. In parametric (a cos θ, b sin θ) form,
a  2  b  2   2 
ax sec θ − by cosec θ = a2 − b 2 .
DAY TWENTY EIGHT ELLIPSE 303
4. The point of intersection of normals to the ellipse at two (ii) A circle cut an ellipse in four points real or imaginary.
points (a cos θ1 , b sin θ1 ) and (a cos θ2 , b sin θ2 ) are (λ , µ), The sum of the eccentric angles of these four concyclic
 θ + θ2  points on the ellipse is an even multiple of π.
cos  1 
(a 2 − b 2 )  2  (iii) The sum of the eccentric angles of the conormal points
where λ = ⋅ cos θ1 ⋅ cos θ2 ⋅
(a)  θ − θ2  x 2 y2
cos  1  on the ellipse 2 + 2 = 1 is an odd multiple of π.
 2  a b
 θ + θ2 
sin  1 
(a2 − b 2 )  2  Diameter and Conjugate Diameters
and µ=− ⋅ sin θ1 ⋅ sin θ2 ⋅
(b )  θ − θ2 
cos  1  The locus of the mid-points of a system of parallel chords is
 2 
called a diameter. If y = mx + c represents a system of
x2 y2
Results on Normal to an Ellipse parallel chords of an ellipse 2 + 2 = 1, then the line
a b
(i) The line lx + my + n = 0 is a normal to the ellipse b2
x2 y2 a2 b2 (a2 − b 2 )2 y = − 2 x is the equation of the diameter.
+ = 1, then + = am
a2 b2 l2 m2 n2
The two diameters are said to be conjugate diameters, when
(ii) Four normals can be drawn from a point to an ellipse. each bisects all chords parallel to the other.
(iii) If the line y = mx + c is a normal to the ellipse
If y = mx and y = m1 x be two conjugate diameters of an
x 2 y2 m2 (a2 − b 2 )2
+ 2 = 1, then c2 = 2 is the condition of b2
a 2
b a + b 2 m2 ellipse, then m m1 = − 2
a
normality of the line to the ellipse.
(iv) The points on the ellipse, the normals at which to the
ellipse pass through a given point are called conormal
Results on Conjugate Diameters
points. (i) The area of a parallelogram formed by the tangents at
(v) Tangent at an end of a latusrectum (Ist quadrant) is the ends of conjugate diameters of an ellipse is constant
ex 1 − e2 and is equal to the product of the axes.
+ y = 1, or ex + y = a and normal is
a b (ii) The sum of the squares of any two conjugate
ax by semi-diameters of an ellipse is constant and equal to the
− = a2 − b 2 or x − ye = ae3
e 1 − e2 sum of the squares of the semi-axes of the ellipse, i.e.
CP2 + CD2 = a2 + b 2 .
Auxiliary Circle (iii) The product of the focal distance of a point on an ellipse
The circle described on Y is equal to the square of the semi-diameter which is
the major axis of an Q
conjugate to the diameter through the point.
ellipse as diameter is P
called an auxiliary circle. φ
Important Points
X' X
x 2 y2 A' C N A (i) The eccentric angles of the ends of a pair of conjugate
If 2 + 2 = 1 is an ellipse, diameter of an ellipse differ by a right angle.
a b
x2 y2 (ii) The tangents at the ends of a pair of conjugate diameters
then its auxiliary circle is x2 + y 2 = a2 2 + =1
a b2 of an ellipse form a parallelogram.
x2 + y2 = a2 Y'
Conjugate Points Two points P and Q are conjugate points
Eccentric Angle of a Point with respect to an ellipse, if the polar of P passes through Q
and the polar of Q passes through P.
x 2 y2
Let P be any point on the ellipse + = 1. Draw PN Conjugate Lines Two lines are said to be conjugate lines with
a2 b 2
respect to an ellipse, if each passes through the pole of the
perpendicular from P on the major axis of the ellipse and
polar.
produce NP to meet the auxiliary circle in Q. Then, ∠XCQ = φ
is called the eccentric angle of the point P on the ellipse. Pole and Polar Let P be a point inside or outside an ellipse.
Then, the locus of the point of intersection of tangents to the
So, the coordinates of Q and P are (a cos φ, a sin φ) and
ellipse at the point, where secants drawn through ‘P’ intersect
(a cos φ, b sin φ), where φ is an eccentric angle.
the ellipse is called the polar of point P with respect to the
Results on Eccentric Angles ellipse and the point P is called the pole of the polar. The
x 2 y2
(i) Eccentric angles of the extremities of latusrectum of the polar of a point ( x1 , y1 ) with respect to the ellipse 2 + 2 = 1
a b
x2 y2  b  xx1 yy1
ellipse 2 + 2 = 1 are tan −1  ± . is 2 + 2 = 1
a b  ae  a b

x2 y2 9 Tangents are drawn to the ellipse x 2 + 2y 2 = 4 from any
1 The equation + = 1 will represent an ellipse if
8−a a −2 arbitrary point on the line x + y = 6. The corresponding
(a) a ∈ (1, 4) (b) a ∈(− ∞, 2) ∪ (8, ∞) chord of contact will always pass through the fixed point
(a)  ,  (b)  , 
(c) a ∈ (2, 8) (d) None of these 1 2 2 1
 3 3  3 3
2 Equation of ellipse whose minor axis is equal to the
(c)  , 
1 1
(d) no such fixed point exist.
distance between the foci and whose latusrectum is 10,  3 3
is given by (take origin as centre and major axis along
X-axis) 10 The equation of the circle passing through the foci of the
(a) 2 x + y = 100 (b) x + 2 y = 100
x2 y2
+ = 1 and having centre at (0, 3) is
2 2 2 2
ellipse
(c) 2 x 2 + y 2 = 50 (d) None of these 16 9
j JEE Mains 2013
3 Let AB be a rod of length 4 units with A on x and B on

(a) x 2 + y 2 − 6y − 7 = 0 (b) x 2 + y 2 − 6y + 7 = 0
Y-axis. Rod AB slides on axes. If point P divides AB in
(c) x 2 + y 2 − 6y − 5 = 0 (d) x 2 + y 2 − 6y + 5 = 0
the ratio 1: 2, locus of P is an ellipse. The eccentricity of
this ellipse is 11 If tangent at any point P on the ellipse 7x 2 + 16y 2 = 12
3 3 2 cuts the tangent at the end points of the major axis at the
(a) (b) (c) (d) None
4 2 3 points A and B, then the circle with AB as diameter
passes through a fixed point whose coordinates are
4 Equation of the ellipse whose axes are the axes of
coordinates and which passes through the point ( −3, 1) (a) (± a 2 − b 2 , 0) (b) (± a 2 + b 2 , 0)
2
and has eccentricity is
5 (c) (0, ± a2 − b 2 ) (d) (0, ± a2 + b 2 )
(a) 5 x + 3 y − 48 = 0
2 2
(b) 3 x + 5 y − 15 = 0
2 2
12 The length of the common tangent to the ellipse
(c) 5 x 2 + 3 y 2 − 32 = 0 (d) 3 x 2 + 5 y 2 − 32 = 0
x2 y2
5 If the angle between the straight lines joining foci and the + = 1 and the circle x 2 + y 2 = 16 intercepted by
25 4
x2 y2
end of minor axis of the ellipse + = 1 is 90°, then its the coordinate axes is
a 2 b2 7 14
(a) 5 (b) 2 7 (c) (d)
eccentricity is 3 3
1 1 1
2 4 2 13 The distance of the centre of ellipse x 2 + 2y 2 − 2 = 0 to
those tangents of the ellipse which are equally inclined
6 The ellipse 4x 2 + 9y 2 = 36 and the straight line from both the axes, is
y = mx + c intersect in real points only if 3 3
(a) 9m 2 ≤ c 2 − 4 (b) 9m 2 > c 2 − 4 (a) (b) 3/2 (c) 2 /3 (d)
2 2
(c) 9m 2 ≥ c 2 − 4 (d) None of these
14 PQ is a chord of the ellipse through the centre. If the
7 If the line 3x + 4y = 7 touches the ellipse 3x 2 + 4y 2 = 1
square of its length is the HM of the squares of major
then the point of contact is
and minor axes, find its inclination with X -axis.
1 − 1
(a) 
1 1 
,  (b)  ,  π π
 7 7  3 3 (a) (b)
4 2
1 − 1
(c)  ,  (d) None of these (c)
2π
(d) None of these
 7 7 3
8 The equation of common tangent of the curves 15 If straight line ax + by = c is a normal to the ellipse
x 2 + 4y 2 = 8 and y 2 = 4x are 4x 2 + 9y 2 = 36, then 4a 2 + 9b 2 is equal to
(a) x − 2 y + 4 = 0, x + 2 y + 4 = 0 169a 2 b 2 25a 2b 2
(a) (b)
(b) 2 x −y + 4 = 0, 2 x + y + 4 = 0 c2 c2
(c) 2 x − y + 2 = 0, 2 x + y + 2 = 0 13a 2 b 2
(d) None of the above c2
16 If the normal at the point P(θ) to the ellipse ellipse for which the latusrectum of the ellipse and the
5x 2 + 14y 2 = 70 intersects it again at the point Q(2θ), then parabola are same, is
cos θ is equal to (a) 2 −1 (b) 2 2 + 1 (c) 2+1 (d) 2 2 − 1
2 2 1 1
(a) (b) − (c) (d) − x y 2 2
3 3 3 3 25 At a point P on the ellipse 2
+ 2 = 1 tangent PQ is
a b
17 An ellipse is drawn by taking a diameter of the circle drawn. If the point Q be at a distance 1/p from the point
( x − 1)2 + y 2 = 1 as its semi-minor axis and a diameter of P, where p is distance of the tangent from the origin, then
the circle x 2 + ( y − 2)2 = 4 as its semi-major axis. If the the locus of the point Q is
centre of the ellipse is at the origin and its axes are the x2 y2 1 x2 y2 1
(a) + = 1+ 2 2 (b) − = 1− 2 2
coordinate axes, then the equation of the ellipse is a2 b 2 a b a2 b 2 a b
(a) 4 x 2 + y 2 = 4 (b) x 2 + 4 y 2 = 8 x2 y2 1 x2 y2 1
(c) 2 + 2 = 2 2 (d) 2 − 2 = 2 2
(c) 4 x 2 + y 2 = 8 (d) x 2 + 4 y 2 = 16 a b a b a b a b
18 The area (in sq units) of the quadrilateral formed by the 26 If CP and CD are semi-conjugate diameters of an ellipse
tangents at the end points of the latusrectum to the x2 y2
x2 y2 + = 1, then CP 2 + CD 2 is equal to
ellipse + = 1 is JEE Mains 2015 14 8
9 5 (a) 20 (b) 22 (c) 24 (d) 26
27 27
(a) (b) 18 (c) (d) 27
4 2 27 If θ and φ are eccentric angles of the ends of a pair of
x2 y2
19 The locus of the foot of perpendicular drawn from the conjugate diameters of the ellipse 2
+ 2 = 1, then θ − φ
a b
centre of the ellipse x 2 + 3y 2 = 6 on any tangent to it is
is equal to
JEE Mains 2014 π
(a) (x − y ) = 6x + 2 y
2 2 2 2 2
(b) (x − y ) = 6x 2 − 2 y 2
2 2 2 (a) ± (b) ± π (c) 0 (d) None of these
2
(c) (x 2 + y 2 )2 = 6x 2 + 2 y 2 (d) (x 2 + y 2 )2 = 6x 2 − 2 y 2
x2 28 The coordinates of all the points P on the ellipse
20 Tangent is drawn to the ellipse + y 2 = 1 at x2 y2
27 + = 1, for which the area of the ∆PON is maximum,
a 2 b2
( 3 3 cos θ , sin θ ) (where, θ ∈( 0, π /2)). Then, the value of θ
where O denotes the origin and N, the foot of the
such that the sum of intercepts on axes made by this
perpendicular from O to the tangent at P, is
tangent is minimum, is
π π π π  a2 b2 
(a) (b) (c) (d) (a)  ± ,± 
3 6 8 4  a2 + b 2 a +b 
2 2
21 If the tangent at a point (a cos θ, b sin θ ) on the ellipse  a2 b2 

(b)  ± ,± 
x2 y2  a − b2
2
a − b2 
2
+ 2 = 1 meets the auxiliary circle in two points, the
a 2
b  2a 2 2b 2 
(c)  ± ,± 
chord joining them subtends a right angle at the centre,  a2 + b 2 a2 + b 2 
then the eccentricity of the ellipse is given by  2a 2 2b 2 
(d)  , 
(a) (1 + cos2 θ)−1 / 2 (b) (1 + sin2 θ)  a2 − b 2 a2 − b 2 
(c) (1 + sin2 θ)−1 / 2 (d) (1 + cos2 θ)
29 If α, β, γ are the eccentric angles of three points on the
22 Chord of contact of tangents drawn from the point P (h, k ) ellipse 4x 2 + 9y 2 = 36, the normals at which are
to the ellipse x 2 + 4y 2 = 4 subtends a right angle at the concurrent, then sin(α + β) + sin(β + γ ) + sin( γ + α) is
centre. Locus of the point P is equal to
(a) x 2 + 16y 2 = 20 (b) x 2 + 8 y 2 = 10 2 4
(a) (b) (c) 0 (d) None
(c) 16x 2 + y 2 = 20 (d) None of these 3 9
23 Tangent at a point P on the ellipse x 2 + 4y 2 = 4 meets the 30 A triangle is drawn such that it is right angled at the
X -axis at B and AP is ordinate of P. If Q is a point on AP x2 y2
centre of the ellipse + = 1(where, a > b ) and its
produced such that AQ = AB, then locus of Q is a 2 b2
(a) x 2 + xy − 4 = 0 (b) x 2 − xy + 4 = 0 other two vertices lie on the ellipse with eccentric angles
(c) x 2 + xy − 1 = 0 (d) x 2 − xy + 1 = 0  α + β
1 − e 2 cos 2  
24 A parabola is drawn whose focus is one of the foci of the  2 
α and β. Then, is equal to
x2 y2  α − β
ellipse + = 1 (where, a > b ) and whose directrix cos 2  
a 2 b2  2 
passes through the other focus and perpendicular to the a2 a2 + b 2 a2 a2 − b 2
(a) (b) (c) (d)
major axis of the ellipse. Then, the eccentricity of the a + b2
2
a2 a − b2
2
a2
Directions (Q. Nos. 31-35) Each of these questions contains 33 Statement I The product of the focal distances of a
two statements : Statement I (Assertion) and Statement II point on an ellipse is equal to the square of the
(Reason). Each of these questions also has four alternative semi-diameter which is conjugate to the diameter
choices, only one of which is the correct answer. You have to through the point.
select one of the codes (a ), (b), ( c) and (d) given below.
Statement II If y = mx and y = m1x are two conjugate
b2
correct explanation for Statement I diameters of an ellipse, then mm1 = − 2 .
(b) Statement I is true, Statement II is true; Statement II is not a
a correct explanation for Statement I 34 Statement I The condition on a and b for which two
(c) Statement I is true; Statement II is false x2 y2
distinct chords of the ellipse + = 1 passing
(d) Statement I is false; Statement II is true 2a 2
2b 2
31 Let S1 ≡ ( x − 1)2 + ( y − 2)2 = 0 and through (a, − b ) are bisected by the line x + y = b is
S 2 ≡ ( x + 2)2 + ( y − 1)2 = 0 be the equations of two circles. a 2 + 6ab − 7b 2 ≥ 0 .
Statement I Locus of centre of a variable circle touching Statement II Equation of chord of the ellipse
x2 y2
two circles S1 and S 2 is an ellipse. + = 1 whose mid-point is ( x 1, y 1), is T = S1.
Statement II If a circle S1 = 0 lies completely inside the a2 b 2
circle S 2 = 0, then locus of centre of variable circle S = 0 35 Statement I An equation of a common tangent to the
which touches both the circles is an ellipse. parabola y 2 = 16 3x and the ellipse 2x 2 + y 2 = 4 is
y = 2x + 2 3.
3 3 
32 Statement I If P  ,1 is a point on the ellipse 4 3
 2  Statement II If the line y = mx + , (m ≠ 0) is a
m
4x 2 + 9y 2 = 36. Circle drawn AP as diameter touches
common tangent to the parabola y 2 = 16 3 x and
another circle x 2 + y 2 = 9, where A ≡ ( − 5, 0).
the ellipse 2 x 2 + y 2 = 4, then m satisfies
Statement II Circle drawn with focal radius as diameter m 4 + 2m 2 = 24.
touches the auxiliary circle.

1 The eccentricity of an ellipse whose centre is at origin is 4 On the ellipse 4x 2 + 9y 2 = 1, the points at which the
1 tangents are parallel to the line 8x = 9y are
. If one of its directrices is x = − 4, then the equation of
− 2 1 − 2 1   2 − 1
(a)  ,  ,  (b) 
2 2 1
,  , ,  , 
 3  5 5  5 5  5 5  5 5 
the normal to it at 1,  is − 3 − 1  3 1 
 2 JEE Mains 2017 (c)  , ,  ,  (d) None of these
 5 5   5 5
(a) 4 x + 2 y = 7 (b) x + 2 y = 4
(c) 2 y − x = 2 (d) 4 x − 2 y = 1 5 The normal at a point P on the ellipse x 2 + 4y 2 = 16 meets
the X -axis at Q. If M is the mid-point of the line segment
2 The locus of the mid-points of a focal chord of the ellipse PQ, then the locus of M intersects the latusrectums of the
2 2
x y
+ = 1 is given ellipse at the points
a 2 b2  3 5 2  3 5 19 
x 2 y 2 ex x 2 y 2 ex (a)  ± ,±  (b)  ± ,± 
(a) 2 + 2 = (b) 2 − 2 =  2 7  2 4 
a b a a b a  4 3
(c)  ± 2 3 , ± 
1
(d)  ± 2 3 , ± 
(c) x 2 + y 2 = a 2 + b 2 (d) None of these  7  7 
3 Foot of normal to the ellipse 4x 2 + 9y 2 = 36 having slope 6 The line passing through the extremity A of the major axis
2 may be and extremity B of the minor axis of ellipse x 2 + 9y 2 = 9
9 − 8
(a)  , (b)  , 
9 8 meets its auxiliary circle at the point M. Then the area of

5 5  5 5  the triangle with vertices at AM and the origin O is
− 9 8
(c) 
31 29 21 27
,  (d) None of these (a) (b) (c) (d)
 5 5 10 10 10 10
7 The ellipse x 2 + 4y 2 = 4 is inscribed in a rectangle 1 1 1 1 1 1

(a) + (b) +
alingent with the coordinate axes, which in turn is 4  a 2 b 2  2  a 2 b 2 
1 1
inscribed in another ellipse that passes through the (c) 2 + 2 (d) None of these
point ( 4, 0). Then the equation of the ellipse is a b
(a) x 2 + 12 y 2 = 16 (b) 4 x 2 + 48 y 2 = 48 12 The area of a triangle inscribed in an ellipse bears a
(c) 4 x 2 + 64 y 2 = 48 (d) x 2 + 16y 2 = 16 constant ratio of the area of triangle formed by joining the
8 Let P ( x1, y1 ) and Q ( x 2 , y 2 ), y1 < 0, y 2 < 0, be the end corresponding points on the auxiliary circle of the vertices of
points of the latusrectum of the ellipse x 2 + 4y 2 = 4. the first triangle. This ratio is
a b a2 b2
The equations of parabolas with latusrectum PQ are (a) (b) (c) (d)
b a b2 a2
(a) x 2 − 2 3 y = 3 + 3 (b) x 2 + 2 3 y = 3 − 3
(c) both (a) and (b) (d) None 13 If α, β are the eccentric angles of the extremities of a focal
x2 y2 α  β
+ = 1 is inscribed in a rectangle R chord of the ellipse 16x 2 + 25y 2 = 400, then tan   tan  
9 The ellipse E 1 :  2  2
9 4
whose sides are parallel to the co-ordinate axes. is equal to
−1 −3
Another ellipse E 2 passing through the point ( 0, 4) (a) − 4 (b) (c) (d) None
circumscribes the rectangle R. The eccentricity of the 4 8
ellipse E 2 is 14 The tangent and normal drawn to the ellipse x 2 + 4y 2 = 4 at
2 3 1 3 the point P(θ) meets the X -axis at the points A and B. If
(a) (b) (c) (d)
2 2 2 4 AB = 2, then cos 2 θ is equal to
4 8 2
10 If the line px + qy = r intersects the ellipse x 2 + 4y 2 = 4 (a) (b) (c) (d) None
π 9 9 9
in points whose eccentric angles differ by , then r 2 is
3 x2 y2
15 Given an ellipse + = 1 (a > b ) with foci at S and S′ and
equal to a 2 b2
3 4 vertices at A and A′. A tangent is drawn at any point P on
(a) (4 p 2 + q 2 ) (b) (4 p 2 + q 2 )
4 3 the ellipse and let R , R ′ , B, B′ respectively be the feet of the
2
(c) (4 p 2 + q 2 ) (d) None of these perpendiculars drawn from S , S ′ , A, A′ on the tangent at P.
3 Then, the ratio of the areas of the quadrilaterals S ′ R ′ RS and
11 The sum of the square of the reciprocals of two A′ B′ BA is
x2 y2 (a) e : 2 (b) e : 3
perpendicular diameters of an ellipse + = 1, is
a 2 b2 (c) e : 1 (d) e : 4
ANSWERS
SESSION 1 1 (d) 2 (b) 3 (b) 4 (d) 5 (c) 6 (c) 7 (a) 8 (a) 9 (b) 10 (a)
11 (a) 12 (d) 13 (b) 14 (a) 15 (b) 16 (b) 17 (d) 18 (d) 19 (c) 20 (b)
21 (c) 22 (a) 23 (a) 24 (a) 25 (a) 26 (b) 27 (a) 28 (a) 29 (c) 30 (b)
31 (d) 32 (a) 33 (b) 34 (a) 35 (b)
SESSION 2 1 (d) 2 (a) 3 (b) 4 (b) 5 (c) 6 (d) 7 (a) 8 (c) 9 (c) 10 (a)
11 (a) 12 (b) 13 (b) 14 (a) 15 (c)

SESSION 1 , ) and e =
It passes through p(−31
2
. Clearly, P 
1 1 
,  lies on the ellipse,
2
y2 5  7 7
1 x + = 1 will represent an 9 1 therefore it is a point of contact.
8− a a−2 ∴ + =1 …(i)
a2 b 2
ellipse if 2 8 Any tangent to parabola y 2 = 4 x is
b
8 − a > 0, a − 2 > 0, 8 − a ≠ a − 2 and e2 = 1 − 2 1
a y = mx +
⇒ 2 < a < 8, a≠ 5 m
2 b2 b2 3
⇒ a ∈ (2, 8) − {5} ⇒ = 1− 2 ⇒ 2 = x2 y2
5 a a 5 It touches the ellipse + =1
2 2b = 2ae 9 5 8 2
From Eq. (i), 2 + 2 = 1 1
⇒ a2e 2 = b 2 = a2 (1 − e 2 ) a 3a ⇒ = 8m2 + 2 [Qc 2 = a2 m2 + b 2 ]
1 27 + 5 m2
⇒ e2 = ⇒ =1 ⇒ 8m 4 + 2m2 − 1 = 0
2 3a2
1 1
2b 2 32 32 ⇒ m2 = i.e. m = ±
= 10 ⇒ b 2 = 5a ⇒ a2 = and then b 2 = 4 2
a 3 5
Hence, required tangent are
⇒ a2 (1 − 1 / 2) = 5a ∴Equation of ellipse is
x − 2 y + 4 = 0, x + 2 y + 4 = 0
⇒ a= 10 3 x2 5y 2
+ = 1 ⇒ 3 x2 + 5y 2 = 32
∴ b 2 = 50, a2 = 100 32 32 9 Any point on the line can be taken as
Hence, equation of ellipse is P (h, 6 − h )
5 Let equation of ellipse be
x2 y2 Equation of chord of contact of P w.r.t.
+ =1 2 2
x y
100 50 + =1 x2 + 2 y 2 = 4 is hx + 2(6 − h )y = 4 [T = 0]
a2 b 2 ⇒ h( x − 2 y ) + 4(3 y − 1) = 0
⇒ x2 + 2 y 2 = 100 B
which passes through the fixed point
3 Let A = (a, 0), B(0, b ).
y = , x = i.e., through  ,  .
1 2 2 1
3 3  3 3
B(0,b) Y F2 O F1
10 Given equation of ellipse is
x2 y2
+ = 1.
Then, F1 = (ae , 0), F2 = (− ae , 0), B = (0,b ). 16 9
P(h,k) π 9 7
2:1 ∠F1 BF2 = Here, a = 4, b = 3, e = 1 − =
2 16 4
⇒ − b   − b  = − 1 ∴ Foci is (± ae , 0)
   
X  ae   − ae   7 
O A(a,0) = ± 4 × , 0 = (± 7, 0)
⇒ a2e 2 = b 2 = a2 (1 − e 2 )  4 
1 1
P divides AB in the ratio 1:2. ⇒ e2 = ⇒e = Y
2a b 2 2
∴ h = ,k=
3 3 6 Solving 4 x2 + 9 y 2 = 36 and y = mx + c ,
9h2 r
∴ a2 + b 2 = + 9k 2 = 16 we get
4 4 x + 9(mx + c ) − 36 = 0
2 2 X¢ X
[Q AB = 4] ⇒ (9m2 + 4)x2 +
x2 y2 18cmx + 9c 2 − 36 = 0
⇒ Locus of P is + =1
 64   16  Roots are real, so
    Y¢
 9  9 18 × 18c 2 m2 − 4 (9m2 + 4)
16 64 3 3 (9c 2 − 36)≥ 0 ∴ Radius of the circle,
∴ = (1 − e 2 ) ⇒ e 2 = i.e. e =
9 9 4 2 ⇒ 9m − c + 4 ≥ 0
2 2
r = (ae )2 + b 2 = 7 + 9
⇒ 9m2 ≥ c 2 − 4
4 Let the equation of ellipse is = 16 = 4
x2 y2 7 Equation of ellipse is 3 x2 + 4 y 2 = 1
2
+ 2 = 1, (a > b ) Now, the equation of circle is
a b Tangent at P ( x1 , y 1 ) is ( x − 0)2 + ( y − 3)2 = 16
(-3,1) Y 3 xx1 + 4 yy 1 = 1 ...(i) ⇒ x2 + y 2 − 6 y − 7 = 0
P On comparing Eq. (i) with the given
3x 4y 1 11 Equation of tangent at any point
X¢ X tangent 3 x + 4 y = 7, 1 = 1 = ⇒ x y
O 3 4 7 P (acos θ,b sin θ) is
cos θ + sin θ = 1.
a b
 1 1 
P ( x1 , y 1 ) = P  ,  The equation of tangents at the end
Y¢  7 7
points of the major axis are 1 cos 2 θ sin2 θ Hence, the equation of the ellipse is
∴ = + …(i)
x = a, x = − a. r 2
a2 b2 x2 y2 x2 y2
+ 2 =1 ⇒ + =1
∴The intersection point of these But PQ 2 = 4 r 2 = HM of 4 a2 , 4b 2 a2
b 16 4
tangents are ⇒ x + 4 y = 16
2 2
θ θ 1 1 1
A =  a,b tan  , B =  − a,b cot  . ∴ = + 2 …(ii)
 2  2 r 2 2a2 2b 18 Area of quadrilateral formed by tangents
From Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get 2a2
Equation of circle with AB as diameter at the ends of latusrectum = .
θ cos θ sin θ
2 2 e
( x − a)( x + a) +  y − b tan 
1 1
+ = 2 + 2 2
 2 a2 b2 2a 2b Here, a2 = 9, b 2 = 5, e =
π 3
 y − b cot θ  = 0 It is possible, when θ = 3
  ∴ Area = 2 × 9 × = 27
 2 4
2
θ θ 2
y2
⇒ x2 − a2 + y 2 − by  tan + cot  15 Given ellipse is x + = 0, (a = 3, b = 2) 19 x2 + 3 y 2 = 6
 2 2 9 4
+ b2 = 0 Equation of normal is x2 y 2
⇒ + = 1 (a2 = 6, b 2 = 2) ...(i)
⇒ x2 + y 2 − a2 + b 2 − 2by cosec θ = 0 3 x sec θ − 2 y cosec θ = 9 − 4 = 5 6 2
which is the equation of family of Comparing it with given normal Equation of any tangent to Eqs. (i) is
circles passing through the point of ax + by = c , y = mx ± 6m2 + 2 ...(ii)
intersection of the circle 3sec θ − 2 cosec θ 5
= = Equation of perpendicular line drawn
x2 + y 2 − a2 + b 2 = 0 and y = 0 a b c from centre (0, 0) to Eqs. (ii) is
3c 2c
So, the fixed point is (± a2 − b 2 , 0). ⇒ cos θ = , sinθ = − y=−
1
x ...(iii)
5a 5b m
2
y2 9c 2 4c 2
12 The tangent to x + = 1 is ⇒ + =1 Eliminating m from Eqs. (ii) and (iii),
25 4 25a2 25b 2 required locus of foot of perpendicular is
x y 25a2b 2  x  x2 
cos θ + sin θ = 1. If it is also tangent ⇒ 9b 2 + 4a2 =
5 2 c2 y =  −  x ±  6 2 + 2
 y   y 
to the circle, then 2
y2
1 100 16 Given ellipse is x + =1 ⇒ ( y 2 + x2 )2 = 6 x2 + 2 y 2
16 = = 14 5
cos 2 θ sin2 θ 4 + 21sin2 θ
+ ∴ P(θ) is ( 14 cos θ, 5 sin θ) 20 The equation of tangent from the point
25 4 (3 3 cos θ,sin θ) to the curve is
3 25 Equation of normal at P(θ) is
⇒ sin2 θ = , cos 2 θ = x cos θ y sin θ
28 28 14 x 5y + = 1.
− = 14 − 5 = 9 3 3 1
If the tangents meets the axes at A and cos θ sin θ
Thus, sum of intercepts
B, then Q(2θ) lies on this normal, therefore
14 cos 2θ 5sin 2θ = 3 3secθ + cosecθ = f (θ) [say]
A =  , 0 and B =  0,
5 2  − =9
 3 3 sin3 θ − cos 3 θ
 cos θ   sinθ  cos θ sin θ ⇒ f ′ (θ) =
⇒ 14 cos 2θ sin θ − 10sin θ cos 2 θ sin2 θ cos 2 θ
25 4
∴ AB 2 = + Put f ′ (θ) = 0
cos 2 θ sin2 θ = 9 cos θ sin θ
1
4 196 14 ⇒ 18 cos 2 θ − 9 cos θ − 14 = 0 ⇒ sin3 θ = 3 /2 cos 3 θ
= 28 + ⋅ 28 = ⇒ AB = 3
3 3 3 ⇒ (3 cos θ + 2) (6 cos θ − 7) = 0
1 π
−2 7 ⇒ tanθ = ⇒θ=
⇒ cos θ = or 3 6
13 Given, equation of ellipse is 3 6
x2 y2 −2 7 Now, f ′ ′ (θ) > 0, for θ = π / 6
+ = 1. General equation of tangent ⇒ cos θ = as cos θ ≠
2 1 3 6 [i.e. minimum]
to the ellipse of slope m is π
Hence, value of θ is .
y = mx ± 2m2 + 1 17 Given, 6
(i) An ellipse whose semi-minor axis
Since, this is equally inclined to axes, so coincides with one of the diameters
21 Equation of tangent at (acos θ,b sin θ) to
m = ± 1. of the circle ( x − 1)2 + y 2 = 1. the ellipse is
x y
cos θ + sin θ = 1 …(i)
Then, tangents are a b
(ii) The semi-major axis of the ellipse
y = ± x± 2+ 1 = ± x± 3 coincides with one of the diameters
The joint equation of the lines joining
the points of intersection of Eq. (i) and
Distance of any tangent from origin of circle x2 + ( y − 2)2 = 4.
the auxiliary circle x2 + y 2 = a2 to the
|0 + 0 ± 3| (iii) The centre of the ellipse is at origin. origin, which is the centre of the circle,
= = 3/2
(iv) The axes of the ellipse are 2
1 +1 is x2 + y 2 = a2  cos θ + sin θ
2 2
x y
coordinate axes.  a 
b
14 The straight line x = r cos θ , y = r sin θ Now, diameter of circle ( x − 1)2 + y 2 = 1
is 2 units and that of circle Since, these lines are at right angles.
x2 y2
meets the ellipse + 2 = 1, where r is x2 + ( y − 2)2 = 4 is 4 units.  cos 2 θ   sin2 θ 
a2
b ∴ 1 − a2  2  + 1 − a2  2  = 0
Semi-minor axis of ellipse, b = 2 units  a   b 
given.
and semi-major axis of ellipse, [Qcoefficient of x2 + coefficient of y 2 = 0]
a = 4 units.
 a2  −2 ± 8 Q (acos φ, b sin φ) be ends of these two

⇒ sin2 θ  1 − 2  + 1 = 0 Therefore, e = = −1 ± 2
 b  2 diameters.
⇒ sin2 θ (b 2 − a2 ) + b 2 = 0 Hence, e = 2 − 1 as 0 < e < 1 for ellipse. b2
Then, m1 m2 = −
⇒ (1 + sin2 θ)(a2e 2 ) = a2 a2
25 Equation of the tangent at P is
⇒ e = (1 + sin2 θ)−1 /2 x − acos θ y − b sin θ b sin θ − 0 b sin φ − 0 b2
= ⇒ × =− 2
asin θ −b cos θ a cos θ − 0 a cos φ − 0 a
22 Chord of contact of P (h, k ) to the ellipse
⇒ sin θ sin φ = − cos θ cos φ
x 2 + 4 y 2 = 4 is Y
⇒ cos(θ − φ) = 0
hx + 4ky − 4 = 0 ...(i) Q 1/p π
Making x2 + 4 y 2 − 4 = 0 homogeneous ⇒ θ − φ= ±
2
with Eq. (i), we get (a cos q, b sin q)
2
hx + 4ky  P
x2 + 4 y 2 − 4 
28 Equation of tangent at P is
 =0 X¢ O X
 4  x cos θ y sin θ
+ = 1.
Chord of contact subtends right angles a b
at the centre, so
Y
coefficient of x2 + coefficient of y 2 = 0 Y¢
1
∴ 1 + 4 − h2 − 4k 2 = 0 The distance of the tangent from the
4 origin is N
⇒ locus of P (h, k ) is x2 + 16 y 2 = 20 ab
p= P (a cos q, b sin q)
23 Ellipse is x2 + 4 y 2 = 4. P = (2 cos θ,sin θ) b cos θ + a2 sin2 θ
2 2
X¢ X
O
Equation of tangent at P is 1 b 2 cos 2 θ + a2 sin2 θ L
2cos θx + 4 y sin θ = 4 ⇒ =
p ab
It meets X -axis at B.
Now, the coordinates of the point Q are
∴ B = (2sec θ, 0), A = (2 cos θ, 0) Normal
given as follows,
2sin2 θ x − acos θ Y¢
AQ = AB = 2 |sec θ − cos θ| =
cos θ − asin θ 1
ON =
Let Q = (h, k ). Then, b 2 cos 2 θ + a2 sin2 θ cos 2 θ sin2 θ
2sin2 θ 2(1 − cos 2 θ) y − b sin θ +
h = 2cos θ, k = = a2 b2
cos θ cos θ = b cos θ ab
=
 1 − h2  b 2 cos 2 θ + a2 sin2 θ b 2 cos 2 θ + a2 sin2 θ
⇒ hk = 4  
 4  1 b 2 cos 2 θ + a2 sin2 θ Equation of the normal at P is
= =
∴ Locus of Q is xy = 4 − x2 . p ab axsecθ – by cosec θ = a2 − b 2 .
⇒ x2 + xy − 4 = 0 a2 − b 2
asin θ OL =
⇒ x = acos θ −
2
y2 a2 sec2 θ + b 2 cos ec2 θ
24 Equation of the ellipse is x2 + 2 = 1. ab
a b b cos θ (a2 − b 2 )sin θ cos θ
and y = b sin θ + =
Equation of the parabola with focus ab a2 sin2 θ + b 2 cos 2 θ
S (ae , 0) and directrix 2 2
where, L is the foot of perpendicular
⇒   +   = 1+ 1
x y
x + ae = 0 is y 2 = 4 aex.     from O on the normal.
 a b a2b 2
Now, length of latusrectum of the ellipse 1
2b 2 is the required locus. Area of ∆PON = × ON × OL
is and that of the parabola is 4 ae. 2
a 26 CP and CD are semi-conjugate diameters [QNP = OL ]
For the two latusrectum to be equal, x2 y2 (a2 − b 2 ) ab tan θ (a2 − b 2 ) ab
of an ellipse + = 1 and let = = 2
Y 14 8 a2 tan2 θ + b 2 a tan θ + b 2 cot θ
eccentric angle of P is φ, then eccentric which is minimum when
π a2 tan θ + b 2 cot θ is maximum.
angle of D is + φ, therefore the
2
b
S' (–ae, 0) (ae, 0) coordinates of P and D are (acos φ,b sin φ) Thus, for area to be minimum, tanθ =
X¢ and a
O X
S  π π 
14 cos  + φ  , 8 sin  + φ  ∴ cos θ = ±
a
, sinθ = ±
b
 2  2  
a2 + b 2 a2 + b 2
i.e.CP 2 + CD 2 = (a2 cos 2 φ + b 2 sin2 φ)
+ ( a2 sin2 φ + b 2 cos 2 φ) So, the required coordinates is
Y¢  a2 b2 
= a + b = 14 + 8 = 22 ± ,± ⋅
2 2
2b 2 2a2 (1 − e 2 )  a +b
2 2
a + b2 
2
= 4 ae ⇒ = 4 ae 27 Let y = m1 x and y = m2 x be a pair of
a a
conjugate diameters of an ellipse 29 If α,β, γ, δ are eccentric angles of four
⇒ 1 − e 2 = 2e ⇒ e 2 + 2e − 1 = 0
x2 y2 co-normal points.
+ 2 = 1 and let P (acos θ,b sin θ) and
a2 b Then, α + β + γ + δ = (2n + 1)π
and Σsin(α + β ) = 0 33 Let PCP ′ and DCD ′ be the conjugate 4 3

= ± 2m2 + 4
Now, sin (α + β ) diameters of an ellipse and let the m
= sin [2nπ + π − ( y + δ )] = sin(γ + δ) eccentric angle of P is φ, then coordinate
Similarly, sin(β + γ ) = sin(α + δ ) of P is (acos φ, b sin φ).
m2 (2m2 + 4) = 48
and sin(γ + α) = sin(β + δ) So, coordinate of D is (− asin φ, b cos φ).
⇒ m 4 + 2m2 − 24 = 0
∴2[sin(α + β ) + sin(β + γ ) + sin(γ + α)] = 0 Let S and S ′ be two foci of the ellipse.
⇒ (m2 + 6)(m2 − 4) = 0
30. Equation of the chord with eccentric Then, SP ⋅ S ′ P ⇒ m2 = 4 [Qm2 ≠ −6]
angles of the extremities as α and β is = (a − ae cos φ) ⋅ (a + ae cos φ) ⇒ m=±2
α + β y α + β
cos  On substituting m = ± 2 in Eq. (i), we get
x P (a cos φ, b sin φ)
 + sin   D
a  2  b  2  the required equation of the common
α −β tangent as
= cos  
 2  S¢ S y = 2 x + 2 3 and y = −2 x − 2 3
C
α+β α −β Hence, Statement I is correct.
Let = ∆ 1 and = ∆2 , P¢ D¢
2 2 Statement II We have already seen
 ⇒ b 2 = a2 (1 − e 2 ) 4 3
x y
so that cos ∆ 1 + sin ∆ 1 = cos ∆ 2 = a − a e cos φ 
2 2 2 2
2 2 
that, if the line y = mx + is a
⇒ a − b = a e 
2 2
a b m
= a2 − (a2 − b 2 )cos 2 φ common tangent to the parabola
As the triangle is right angled,
x2 y2
homogenising the equation of the curve, = a2 sin2 φ + b 2 cos 2 φ = CD 2 y 2 = 16 3 x and the ellipse + = 1,
2 4
we get 34 Let (t ,b − t ) be a point on the line
2 then it satisfies the equation
x2 y 2  x cos ∆ 1 y sin ∆ 1  x + y = b, then equation of chord whose m 4 + 2m2 − 24 = 0.
+ 2 − +  =0
a2
b  acos ∆ 2 b cos ∆ 2  mid-point is (t ,b − t ), is Hence, Statement II is also correct but is
tx (b − t )y not able to explain the Statement I. It is
1 cos 2 ∆ 1  + −1
⇒ 2 − 2  2a2 2b 2 an intermediate step in the final answer.
a a cos 2 ∆ 2  t2 (b − t )2
= 2 + − 1 …(i)
1 sin2 ∆ 1  2a 2b 2 SESSION 2
+ 2 − 2  =0
b b cos 2 ∆ 2  Since, point (a, − b ) lies on Eq. (i), then 1 Let equation of ellipse be
ta b(b − t ) t2 (b − t )2 x2 y 2
[as coefficient of x + coefficient of
2
− = 2 + + =1
2a 2
2b 2
2a 2b 2 a2 b 2
y 2 = 0] a
⇒ t 2 (a2 + b 2 ) − ab (3 a + b )t + 2a2b 2 = 0 Equation of directrix is x = ±
⇒ b 2 (cos 2 ∆ 2 − cos 2 ∆ 1 ) e
+ a2 (cos 2 ∆ 2 − sin2 ∆ 1 ) = 0 Since, t is real.
= 4 ⇒ a = 4e ⇒ a= 4 × = 2 Qe = 
a 1 1
∴
⇒ cos 2 ∆ 2 (a2 + b 2 ) − b 2 cos 2 ∆ 1 ∴ B 2 − 4 AC ≥ 0 e 2  2 
− a2 + a2 cos 2 ∆ 1 = 0 ⇒ a b (3 a + b ) 2 − 4(a2 + b 2 ) 2a2b 2 ≥ 0
2 2
b 2
e 2 = 1 − 2 ⇒ b2 = 3
⇒ cos ∆ 2 (a + b ) = a2 (1 − e 2 cos 2 ∆ 1 )
2 2 2
⇒ 9 a2 + 6 ab + b 2 − 8 a2 − 8b 2 ≥ 0 a
α + β
1 − e 2 cos 2   ∴ a2 + 6 ab − 7b 2 ≥ 0 ∴ Equation of ellipse = +
x2 y 2
=1
 2  a2 + b 2 4 3
⇒ = 35. Statement I Given, a parabola
α −β
cos 2 
a2 Equation of normal
 y 2 = 16 3 x and an ellipse 2 x2 + y 2 = 4. a2 x b 2 y 4x 3y
 2  − = a2 − b 2 , − =1
To find the equation of common tangent x1 y1 1  3
31 Let C1 and C2 be the centres and to the given parabola and the ellipse.  
 2
R1 and R2 be the radii of the two circles. This can be very easily done by
 3 
Let S 1 = 0 lie completely inside in the comparing the standard equation of Q( x1 , y 1 ) =  1, 
  2  
circle S 2 = 0. tangents. Standard equation of tangent
Let ‘C’ and ‘r’ be the centre and radius of with slope ‘m’ to the parabola ⇒ 4x −2y = 1
the variable centre. y 2 = 16 3 x is
2 Let P (h, k ) be the mid-point of the focal
Then, CC2 = R 2 − r 4 3
y = mx + …(i) chord. Then its equation is
and C1 C = R1 + r m
hx ky h2 k2
∴ C1 C + C 2C = R1 + R2 [constant] Standard equation of tangent with slope 2
+ 2 = 2 + 2 ...(i)
a b a b
So, the locus of C is an ellipse. x2 y2
‘m’ to the ellipse + = 1 is Eq. (i) is focal chord so it passes
Therefore, Statement II is true. 2 4
through (ae , 0)
Hence, Statement I is false y = mx ± 2m2 + 4 …(ii) h ea h2 k 2
(two circles are intersecting). ∴ = 2 + 2
If a line L is a common tangent to both a2 a b
2
y2 parabola and ellipse, then L should be x2 y 2 ex
32 The ellipse is x + = 1. ∴ Locus of P is 2 + 2 =
9 4 tangent to parabola i.e. its equation a b a
So, auxiliary circle is x + y 2 = 9 and
2 should be like Eq. (i) and L should be
3 Let foot of normal be P ( x1 , y 1 ). Then
(− 5, 0) and ( 5, 0) are foci. tangent to ellipse i.e. its equation should
a2 y
be like Eq. (ii) i.e. L must be like both of slope of normal = 2 1 = 2 ⇒ 9 y 1 = 8 x1
Hence, Statement I is true, then the Eqs. (i) and (ii). b x1
Statement II is also true.
Hence, comparing Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get P lies on the ellipse 4 x2 + 9 y 2 = 36
 64 x12  2
y2
⇒ 4 x12 + 9   = 36 ⇒ x1 =
2 81
7 x2 + 4 y 2 = 4 ⇒ x + =1 Y
4
 81  25 4 1
9 8 ⇒ a = 2, b = 1 ⇒ P = (2, 1)
On taking x1 = , we get y 1 =
5 5 x2 y2 2
Required Ellipse is 2 + 2 = 1 (–3,2) (3, 2)
∴One possible foot of normal is  , 
9 8 a b
 5 5 x2 y2
⇒ + 2 = 1 (2, 1) lies on it X
4 Slope of tangent m = 8 42 b O
9 (3,0)
P(2,1) (–3,–2) (3,–2)
Let P ( x1 , y 1 ) be the point of contact.
Then, equation of tangent is 1
4 xx1 + 9 yy 1 = 1 V′ V
4 x1 8 A′ 2 A 2 (4, 0)
∴ − = ⇒ x1 = − 2 y 1
9 y1 9 9 4 9 1
+ 2 = 1, 2 + = 1 ⇒ a2 = 12
4 x12 + 9 y 12 = 1 ⇒ 16 y 12 + 9 y 12 = 1 a2 b a 4
1 12
⇒ y1 = ± 4 1 a2 = b 2 (1 − e 2 ) ⇒ = 1 − e2
5 ⇒ + =1 16
16 b 2 12 14 1 1
∴Required points of contact are ⇒ e2 = 1 − = = ⇒e =
1 1 3 4
 − 2 , 1  and  2 , − 1  ⇒ = 1 − = ⇒ b2 = 16 16 4 2
    b2 4 4 3
 5 5 5 5  2
y2
∴
x2
+
y2
=1
10 Ellipse is x + =1
5 Normal is 4 x sec φ − 2 y cosec φ = 12 16  4 
4 1
  Let A(θ) = (2 cos θ, sin θ)
Q ≡ (3cos φ, 0), M = (α,β)  3
 π π 
α=
3 cos φ + 4 cos φ 7
= cos φ ⇒ x2 + 12 y 2 = 16 Then, B =  2 cos  θ +  , sin  θ +  
2 2   3  3 
2
y2
8 x + = 1 and b 2 = a2 (1 − e 2 ) Equation of chord AB is
P (4 cos φ, 2 sin φ) 4 1 π π
cos  θ +  + sin  θ + 
x y
M 2  6 1  6
π 3
Q (3 cos φ, 0) = cos =
6 2
R or given chord is px + qy = r
Q(x2, y2) P(x1, y1) Comparing the coefficient, we get
π π
2
⇒ cos φ = α and β = sin φ cos  θ +  sin  θ + 
 6  6
⇒ P  3, − 
3 1 3
7 ⇒ e = = =
cos 2 φ + sin2 φ = 1 2  2 2p q 2r
and Q =  − 3, −  (given y 1 and y 2

4 2 4 2 1 3 p2 3q 2
⇒ α + β2 = 1 ⇒ x + y2 = 1 + 2 =1
49 49  2 r2 4r
⇒ Latusrectum x = ± 2 3 less than 0) ⇒ 3(4 p + q 2 ) = 4r 2
2
3
+ y 2 = 1 ⇒ y = ±  ± 2 3, ± 
48 1 1 Co-ordinates of mid-point of PQ are ⇒ r 2 = (4 p2 + q 2 )
R ≡  0, − 
49 7 7 1 4
 2
6 Equation of auxiliary circle is 11 Let POP ′, QOQ ′ be two perpendicular
PQ = 2 3 = length of latusrectum. diameters.
x +y =9
2 2
...(i)
⇒ Two parabolas are possible whose π
x y
Equation of AM is + = 1 Let ∠AOP = θ, then ∠AOQ = +θ
...(ii)  3 1 2
3 1 vertices are  0, − −  and
 2 2 Q P
12 9  3 1
– , M  0, − 
5 5  2 2
B(0,1) θ
O A
Hence, the equations of the parabolas
are x2 − 2 3 y = 3 + 3 and
N O A(3,0)
x2 + 2 3 y = 3 − 3 P′ Q′
9 Let required ellipse is Then, P = (OP cos θ, OP sin θ)
x2 y2 OP 2 cos 2 θ OP 2 sin2 θ
E2 :
2
+ 2 =1 ∴ + =1
a b a2 b2
On solving Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get It passes through (0, 4) 1 cos 2 θ sin2 θ
− 12 9  ⇒ = + ...(i)
M  16 2
,  0 + 2 = 1 ⇒ b 2 = 16 OP a2 b2
 5 5 b Also Q = (OQ cos(90° + θ),
Now, area of ∆AOM It also passes through (± 3, ± 2) OQ sin(90° + θ))
1 27
= ⋅ OA ⋅ MN = sq unit.
2 10
sin2 θ cos 2 θ α +β  α −β 

cos 
1 3 Equation of the line S ′ R ′ is
∴ = 2 + ∴  = cos  
OQ 2
a b2 5  2   2  1
y = − ( x + ae )
α β α β
⇒ 5 cos cos + sin sin 
1 1 1 1 m
⇒ + = 2 + 2
OP 2 OQ 2 a b  2 2 2 2  ⇒ x + my + ae = 0 …(ii)
α β α β
∴
1
+
1
=  2 + 2 
1 1 1 = 3 cos cos − sin sin 

Therefore, SD =
ae + ae
 2 2 2 2 
(POP ′ )2 (QOQ ′ )2 4a b  1 + m2
α β α β
[QPOP ′ = 2OP , QOQ ′ = 2OQ ] ⇒ 8sin sin = − 2 cos cos
2 2 2 2 aem + a2 m2 + b 2
12 Let P(θ1 ), Q(θ2 ), R(θ3 ) be the vertices of α β 1 SR =
⇒ tan tan = − . 1 + m2
∆PQR, inscribed in the ellipse 2 2 4
x2 y2
2
y2
2
+ 2 =1 14 Any point P(θ) on the ellipse x + =1
and S ′ R ′ =
− aem + a2 m2 + b 2
a b 4 1
is P(2 cos θ, sin θ) 1 + m2
Then, P ′, Q ′, R ′, corresponding points on
auxiliary circle x2 + y 2 = a2 are Equation of tangent at P(θ) is Then, ∆1 =
1
(S ′ R ′+ SR ) × SD
P ′(a cos θ1 , a sin θ1 ), 2 x cos θ + 4 y sin θ = 4 2
Q ′(acos θ2 , a sin θ2 ) and ∴ A = (2 sec θ, 0)  a2 m2 + b 2 
R ′(acos θ3 , asin θ3 ) Equation of normal of P(θ) is ⇒ ∆ 1 = 2ae  

 1+ m
2
∆ 1 = Area of ∆PQR 2x y 
− = 4−1=3
a cos θ1 b sin θ1 1 cos θ sin θ Area of A ′ B ′ BA is
1
= a cos θ2 b sin θ2 1
B =  cos θ, 0
3 1
2 ∴ ∆2 = ( A ′ B ′+ AB ) × AE
a cos θ3 b sin θ3 1 2  2
cos θ1 sin θ1 3 Equation of A ′ B ′ is
1 AB = 2 ⇒ 2 sec θ − cos θ = 2
1 2 1
= ab cos θ2 sin θ2 1 2
y =− ( x + a)
2  2 − 3 cos 2 θ = 4 cos 2 θ m
cos θ3 sin θ3 1 ⇒  
 2  ⇒ x + my + a = 0 …(iii)
∆ 2 = area of P ′ Q ′ R ′
⇒ 9 cos θ − 40 cos 2 θ + 16 = 0
4
a+ a
cos θ1 sin θ1 1 Therefore, AE =
⇒ (9 cos 2 θ − 4) (cos 2 θ − 4) = 0
1
= a2 cos θ2 sin θ2 1 1 + m2
4
2 ⇒ cos 2 θ = as cos 2 θ ≠ 4
cos θ3 sin θ3 1 9 ma + a2 m2 + b 2
and AB =
∆1 b 15 Equation of tangent at P is 1 + m2
∴ = = Constant
∆2 a y = mx + a2 m2 + b 2 …(i)
− ma + a2 m2 + b 2
∴ S ′ R ′RS is a trapezium and its area and A ′ B ′ =
13 Equation of chord P(α), Q(β) is 1 1 + m2
α +β y α + β ∆ 1 = (SR + S ′ R ′ ) × SD
cos  sin 
x
+  2 Then, ∆ 2 =
1
( A ′ B ′+ AB ) × AE
a  2  b  2  2
Y
α − β
= cos   ...(i) B¢ R¢  a2 m2 + b 2 
 2  ⇒ ∆ 2 = 2a  

P R
 1+ m
2
B 
Here, a = 5, b = 4. PQ is a focal chord. E
a2 − b 2 9 3 D Hence, ∆1 : ∆2 = e : 1
e2 = = ⇒e = X¢
A¢ S¢ O S
X
a2 25 5 A (a, 0)
(ae, 0)
One of the foci = (ae , 0) = (3, 0)
Eq. (i) passes through (3, 0)
Y¢
DAY TWENTY NINE
Hyperbola
u Concept of Hyperbola u Tangent to a Hyperbola u Director Circle
u Equations of Hyperbola u Normal to a Hyperbola u Asymptotes
in Standard Form u Pole and Polar u Rectangular or Equilateral Hyperbola
Concept of Hyperbola
Hyperbola is the locus of a point in a plane which moves M
in such a way that the ratio of its distance from a fixed point
(focus) in the same plane to its distance from a fixed line P
N
(directrix) is always constant which is always greater
than unity. T S
SP
Mathematically, = e, where e > 1.
PN
M¢
Terms Related to Hyperbola
Some important terms related to hyperbola are given below.
1. Vertices The points A and A′, where the curve meets the line joining the foci
S and S ′, are called the vertices of the hyperbola.
2. Transverse and conjugate axes Transverse axis is the one which lie along the line
passing through the foci and perpendicular to the directrices and conjugate axis and PRED
conjugate axis is the one which is perpendicular to the transverse axis and passes
through the mid-point of the foci i.e. centre.
MIRROR
3. Centre The mid-point C of AA′ bisects every chord of the hyperbola passing through
it and is called the centre of the hyperbola. u No. of Questions in Exercises (x)—
4. Focal chord A chord of a hyperbola which is passing through the focus is called a
focal chord of the hyperbola.
5. Directrix A line which is perpendicular to the axis and it lies between centre and
a Accuracy Level (z / y × 100)—
vertex. The equation of directrix is x = ± . u
e u Prep Level (z / x × 100)—

6. Double ordinates If Q be a point on the hyperbola draw QN perpendicular to the axis
of the hyperbola and produced to meet the curve again at Q′. Then, QQ′ is called a In order to expect good rank in JEE,
double ordinate of Q. above 85 & Prep Level should be
above 75.
DAY TWENTY NINE HYPERBOLA 315
7. Latusrectum The double ordinate passing through focus (vii) Length of transverse axis, 2a
is called latusrectum. (viii) Length of conjugate axis, 2b
Y Directrix Latusrectum (ix) Equation of transverse axis, y = 0
Directrix Q
M'
M P (x) Equation of conjugate axis, x = 0
(xi) Focal distances of a point on the hyperbola
X¢ X is ex ± a.
S' (–ae, 0) A' C A S(ae, 0)
Centre
N
(a, 0) (xii) Difference of the focal distances of a point on the
(– a, 0) Double
ordinate hyperbola is 2a.
Latusrectum Q¢
x = –a/e x=a/e
Y¢ x 2 y2
2. Conjugate Hyperbola − 2 + 2 = 1
NOTE • The vertex divides the join of focus and the point of a b
intersection of directrix with axis internally and externally in The hyperbola whose transverse and conjugate axes are
the ratio e : 1. respectively the conjugate and transverse axes of a given
x2 y 2
• Domain and range of a hyperbola 2 − 2 = 1 are x ≤ − a or hyperbola is called the conjugate hyperbola of the given
a b hyperbola. The conjugate hyperbola of the hyperbola
x ≥ a and y ∈ R, respectively. x 2 y2 x 2 y2
• The line through the foci of the hyperbola is called its 2
− 2 = 1 is − 2 + 2 = 1.
a b a b
transverse axis.
Y
• The line through the centre and perpendicular to the S
transverse axis of the hyperbola is called its conjugate axis. L1 L
A
Equations of Hyperbola in l
Standard Form X¢ X
O
If the centre of the hyperbola is at the origin and foci are on
l¢
the X-axis or Y-axis, then that types of equation are called A1
standard equation of an ellipse.
L¢1
x 2 y2 S1
L¢
1. Hyperbola of the Form 2 − 2 = 1 Y¢
a b
(i) Centre, O(0, 0)
When the hyperbola is in the given form, then it is also called
the equation of auxiliary circle. (ii) Foci, S (0, be), S1 (0, − be)
(iii) Vertices, A (0, b ), A1 (0, − b )
Y
b b
L¢ L (iv) Directrices l : y = , l ′ : y = −
e e
S1 A1 A S 2 a2
X¢ X (v) Length of latusrectum LL1 = L′ L1 ′ =
O b
2
 a
L¢1 L1 (vi) Eccentricity, e = 1 +   as a2 = b 2 (e2 − 1)
l¢ l b
Y¢ (vii) Length of transverse axis, 2b
(i) Centre, O(0, 0) (viii) Length of conjugate axis, 2a
(ii) Foci : S (ae, 0), S1 (− ae, 0) (ix) Equation of transverse axis, x = 0
(iii) Vertices : A(a, 0), A1 (− a, 0) (x) Equation of conjugate axis, y = 0
a a (xi) Focal distances of a point on the hyperbola is ey ± b .
(iv) Directrices l : x = , l ′ : x = −
e e (xii) Difference of the focal distances of a point on the
2 b2 hyperbola is 2b.
(v) Length of latusrectum, LL 1 = L′ L′1 =
a
2
NOTE If the centre of the hyperbola is ( h, k ) and axes are parallel to
b ( x − h) 2 ( y − k ) 2
(vi) Eccentricity, e = 1 +   or b = a (e − 1)
2 2 2
the coordinate axes, then its equation is − = 1.
 a a2 b2
316 40 DAYS ~ JEE MAIN MATHEMATICS DAY TWENTY NINE
x2 y2 xx1 yy
− 21 = 1
Results on Hyperbola 2 − 2 = 1 5. The equation of chord of contact is
a2 b
a b or T = 0.
1. The foci of a hyperbola and its conjugate are concyclic 6. The equation of chord of the hyperbola, whose
and form the vertices of a square. xx yy x2 y2
mid-point is ( x1 , y1 ) is T = S1 i.e. 21 − 21 = 12 − 12 .
2. The points of intersection of the directrix with a b a b
the transverse axis are known as foot of the directrix. 7. Equation of chord joining the points (a sec α , b tan α ) and
3. Latusrectum (l ) = 2e (distance between the focus and the (a sec β, b tan β) is
foot of the corresponding directrix). x  α − β y  α + β  α + β
cos   − sin   = cos  .
4. The parametric equation of a hyperbola is x = a sec θ and a  2  b  2   2 
y = b tan θ, where θ ∈(0, 2 π ).
5. The position of a point (h, k ) with respect to the hyperbola S
lie inside, on or outside the hyperbola, if
Normal to a Hyperbola
x2 y2 A line which is perpendicular to the tangent of the hyperbola
S1 > 0, S1 = 0 or S1 < 0 where, S1 ≡ 12 − 12 − 1 is called the normal to the hyperbola.
a b
a2 x b 2 y
(i) In point ( x1 , y1 ) form + = a2 + b 2 .
x1 y1
Tangent to a Hyperbola
m(a2 + b 2 )
A line which intersects the hyperbola at only one point is (ii) In slope ‘m’ form y = mx m and the point of
called the tangent to the hyperbola. a2 − m2b 2
xx1 yy  a2 b2 m 
(i) In point ( x1 , y1 ) form, − 21 = 1 intersection is  ± ,m 
a2 b  a −b m
2 2 2
a −b m 
2 2 2
(ii) In slope ‘ m’ form, y = mx ± a m −b

2 2 2
(iii) In parametric form, ax cos θ + by cot θ = a2 + b 2 at
(a sec θ, b tan θ)
x y
(iii) In parametric form, sec θ − tan θ = 1 at (a sec θ, b tan θ).
a b
(iv) The line y = mx + c touches the hyperbola, iff
Results on Normals
c2 = a 2 m 2 − b 2 and the point of contact is 1. If the straight line lx + my + n = 0 is a normal to the
x2 y2 a2 b2 (a 2 + b 2 )2
 a m 2
b  2
hyperbola 2 − 2 = 1, then 2 − 2 =
± , ±  , where c = a2 m2 − b 2 . a b l m n2
 c c
2. Four normals can be drawn from any point to a
Results on Tangent hyperbola.
3. The line y = mx + c will be a normal to the hyperbola
1. Two tangents can be drawn from a point to a hyperbola.
x 2 y2 m2 (a2 + b 2 )2
2. The point of intersection of tangents at t 1 and t 2 to the curve − = 1, if c 2
= .
a2 b 2 a2 − b 2 m2
 2 c t1 t2 2c 
xy = c2 is  , . 4. If the normals at four points P ( x1 , y1 ), Q ( x2 , y2 ), R ( x3 , y3 )
 t1 + t2 t1 + t2 
x2 y2
and S ( x 4 , y4 ) on the hyperbola − 2 = 1 are
3. The tangent at the point P(a sec θ1 , b tan θ1 ) and a 2
b
Q (a sec θ2 , b tan θ2 ) intersect at the point concurrent, then
  θ1 − θ2   θ + θ2   1 1 1 1
 a cos   b sin  1
  2 
 ( x1 + x2 + x3 + x 4 )  + + +  = 4.
R
2
, .  x1 x2 x3 x4 
  θ1 + θ2   θ1 + θ2  
    
 2  
cos c os
  2 
Pole and Polar
4. The equation of pair of tangents drawn from an external
Let P be a point inside or outside a hyperbola. Then, the
point P( x1 , y1 ) to the hyperbola is SS1 = T 2
locus of the point of intersection of two tangents to the
x2 y2 x2 y2
where S = 2
− 2 − 1, S1 = 12 − 12 − 1 hyperbola at the point where secants drawn through P
a b a b intersect the hyperbola, is called the polar of point P with
xx1 yy1 respect to the hyperbola and the point P is called the pole of
and T = 2 − 2 −1
a b the polar.
(i) Polars of two points P( x1 y1 ) and Q( x2 , y2 ) of hyperbola

x 2 y2 xx yy xx yy Rectangular or Equilateral
− 2 = 1 are 21 − 21 = 1 and 22 − 22 = 1
a2
b a b a b Hyperbola
(ii) If the polar of P( x1 , y1 ) passes through Q( x2 , y2 ), then A hyperbola whose asymptotes include a right angle is said to
x1 x2 y1 y2 be rectangular hyperbola or if the lengths of transverse and
− 2 = 1 and the polar of Q( x2 , y2 ) passes through conjugate axes of any hyperbola is equal, then it is said to be a
a2 b
x x y y rectangular hyperbola.
P( x1 , y1 ), then 1 2 2 − 1 2 2 = 1
a b
Rectangular Hyperbola of the
Conjugate Points and Conjugate Lines Form x 2 − y 2 = a2
(i) Two points are said to be conjugate points with respect to
1. Asymptotes are perpendicular lines i.e. x ± y = 0
a hyperbola, if each lies on the polar of the other.
2. Eccentricity, e = 2, Y
(ii) Two lines are said to be conjugate lines with respect to a L¢ L
x 2 y2 3. Centre, O (0, 0)
hyperbola 2 − 2 = 1, if each passes through the pole of
a b 4. Foci, S and S1 (± 2 a, 0)
the other. A1 A
a X¢ X
(iii) Two lines l1 x + m1 y + n1 = 0 and l2 x + m2 y + n2 = 0 are 5. Directrices, x = ± S1
O
S
2
x 2 y2
conjugate lines with respect to the hyperbola 2 − 2 = 1, 6. Latusrectum = 2a
a b L¢1 l¢ l L1
if a2 l1 l2 − b 2 m1 m2 = n1 n2 . 7. Point form, x = x1 , y = y1 Y¢
Equation of tangent, xx1 − yy1 = a2
Director Circle x y
Equation of normal, 1 + 1 = 2
x y
The locus of the point of Y
intersection of the tangents P (h, k) 8. Parametric form, x = a sec θ, y = a tan θ
to the hyperbola Equation of tangent, x sec θ − y tan θ = a
2 2 90°
x y
− = 1, which are X¢ X x y
a2 b 2 C Equation of normal, + = 2a
perpendicular to each sec θ tan θ
other, is called a director
circle. Y¢ Rectangular Hyperbola of
The equation of director circle is x2 + y2 = a2 − b 2 .
The circle x2 + y2 = a2 is known the auxiliary circle of both the Form xy = c 2
hyperbola. 1. Asymptotes are perpendicular lines i.e. x = 0 and y = 0
2. Eccentricity, e = 2
Asymptotes 3. Centre, (0, 0) Y
An asymptote to a curve is a straight line, which touches on it
4. Foci
two points at infinity but which itself does not lie entirely at S
infinity. S ( 2c, 2c), S1 (− 2c, − 2c) V1
5. Vertices, V1 (c, c), V2 (− c, − c) X¢ X

Results on Asymptotes 6. Directrices, x + y = ± 2 c V2
1. A hyperbola and its conjugate hyperbola have the same 7. Latusrectum = 2 2 c S1

asymptotes.
8. Point form, x = x1 , y = y1 Y¢
2. The angle between the asymptotes of hyperbola Equation of tangent, xy1 + yx1 = 2c2
x 2 y2 b x y
− 2 = 1 is 2 tan −1   . ⇒ + =2
a2
b  a x1 y1
3. Asymptotes always passes through the centre of the Equation of Normal, xx1 − yy1 = x12 − y12
hyperbola. c
9. Parametric form : x = ct , y =
4. The bisectors of the angle between the asymptotes are the t
coordinate axes.
Equation of tangent, x + yt 2 = 2 ct
5. The asymptotes of a hyperbola are the diagonals of the
 1
rectangle formed by the lines drawn through the Equation of normal, t 2 x − y = c t 3 − 
 t
extrimities of each axis parallel to the other axis.

1 If the vertices of hyperbola are ( 0 , ± 6) and its 10 Length of the latusrectum of the hyperbola
5
eccentricity is , then xy − 3x − 4y + 8 = 0 is
3 j NCERT Exemplar (a) 4 (b) 4 2 (c) 8 (d) None of these
y2 x2
I. The equation of hyperbola is − = 1. 11 The eccentricity of the hyperbola whose latusrectum is 8
36 64 and conjugate axis is equal to half of the distance
II. The foci of hyperbola are ( 0, ± 10). between the foci is j NCERT Exemplar
(a) Both I and II are true (b) Only I is true 4 4 2

(c) Only II is true (d) Both I and II are false 3 3 3
2 The equation of the hyperbola, the lenght of whose x2 y2
3 12 A general point on the hyperbola − = 1 is
latusrectum is 8 and eccentricity is , is a 2 b2
5 (a) (a sin θ,b cos θ) (where, θ is parameter)
(a) 5 x 2 − 4 y 2 = 100 (b) 4 x 2 − 5 y 2 = 100 (b) (a tan θ,b sec θ) (where, θ is parameter)
(c) −4 x 2 + 5 y 2 = 100 (d) − 5 x 2 + 4 y 2 = 100
 et + e −t et − e −t 
(c)  a ,b  (where, t is parameter)
x2 y2  2 2 
3 The eccentricity of the hyperbola − = 1 which
a 2 b2 (d) None of the above
passes through the points ( 3, 0) and ( 3 2, 2), is
x2 y2
j
NCERT Exemplar 13 For the hyperbola − = 1. Which of the
13 13 13 13 cos α sin2 α
2
(a) (b) (c) (d) following remains constant when α varies?

3 3 9 3
(a) Directrix (b) Abscissae of vertices
x2 y2
4 Eccentricity of hyperbola + 2 = 1 (k < 0) is (c) Abscissae of foci (d) Eccentricities
k k
1 1 14 The product of the perpendicular from two foci on any
(a) 1+ k (b) 1− k (c) 1+ (d) 1 − x2 y2
k k tangent to the hyperbola − = 1, is
a 2 b2
5 The equation of the hyperbola whose foci are ( − 2 , 0) and (a) a 2 (b) b 2 (c) −a 2
(d) −b 2
( 2 , 0) and eccentricity is 2, is given by j

AIEEE 2011
15 If a line 21x + 5y = 116 is tangent to the hyperbola
(a) − 3 x 2 + y 2 = 3 (b) x 2 − 3 y 2 = 3
7x 2 − 5y 2 = 232, then point of contact is
(c) 3 x 2 − y 2 = 3 (d) − x 2 + 3 y 2 = 3
(a) (− 6, 3) (b) (6, − 2) (c) (8, 2) (d) None of these
6 The length of transverse axis of the hyperbola x y2 2
3x 2 − 4y 2 = 32 is 16 If e1 is the eccentricity of the ellipse + = 1 and e 2 is

16 25
8 2 16 2 3 64 the eccentricity of the hyperbola passing through the foci
(a) (b) (c) (d)
3 3 32 3 of the ellipse and e1 e 2 = 1, then equation of the hyperbola is
7 The difference between the length 2a of the transverse x2 y2 x2 y2
(a) − =1 (b) − = −1
axis of a hyperbola of eccentricity e and the length of its 9 16 16 9
latusrectum is x2 y2
(c) − =1 (d) None of these
(a) 2a (3 − e 2 ) (b) 2a | 2 − e 2 | 9 25
(c) 2a (e 2 − 1) (d) a (2e 2 − 1) 17 If the line 2x + 6y = 2 touches the hyperbola
x2 y2 x 2 − 2y 2 = 4, then the point of contact is
8 If eccentricity of hyperbola 2 − 2 = 1 is e and e′ is the
(b) (−5, 2 6) (c)  ,
1 1 
a b (a) (−2, 6)  (d) (4, − 6)
eccentricity of its conjugate hyperbola, then  2 6
(a) e = e ′ (b) ee′ = 1 18 If a hyperbola passes through the point P( 2, 3 ) and
1 1 has foci at ( ± 2, 0), then the tangent to this hyperbola at
(c) 2 + (d) None of these
e (e ′)2 P also passes through the point j
JEE Mains 2017
9 A hyperbola, having the transverse axis of length 2 sin θ, (a) (3 2 , 2 3 ) (b) (2 2 , 3 3 ) (c) ( 3 , 2 ) (d) (− 2, − 3)
is confocal with the ellipse 3x 2 + 4y 2 = 12. Then, its 19 The common tangent to 9x − 4y = 36 and x + y = 3 is
2 2 2 2
equation is (a) y − 2 3 x − 39 = 0 (b) y + 2 3 x + 39 = 0

(a) x 2 cosec2 θ − y 2 sec2 θ = 1 (b) x 2 sec2 θ − y 2 cosec2 θ = 1
(c) y − 2 3 x + 39 = 0 (d) None of the above
(c) x 2 sin 2 θ − y 2 cos2 θ = 1 (d) x 2 cos 2 θ − y 2 sin2 θ = 1
20 The locus of a point P(α , β) moving under the condition 29 Let P (a sec θ, b tan θ ) and Q (a sec φ , b tan φ ), where
that the line y = α x + β is a tangent to the hyperbola π x2 y2
θ+φ= , be two points on 2 − 2 = 13. If (h, k ) is the
x2 y2 2 a b
− = 1, is
a 2 b2 j AIEEE 2005 point of intersection of normals at P and Q, then k is
(a) a hyperbola (b) a parabola (c) a circle (d) an ellipse
a2 + b 2 (a 2 + b 2 )
(a) (b) −
21 The straight line x + y = 2p will touch the hyperbola a a
4x 2 − 9y 2 = 36, if a2 + b 2 (a 2 + b 2 )
(c) (d) −
(a) p 2 = 2 (b) p 2 = 5 (c) 5 p 2 = 2 (d) 2 p 2 = 5 b b
22 The locus of the point of intersection of perpendicular 30 If the chords of contact of tangents from two points
x2 y2
tangents to the hyperbola − = 1 is ( x1, y1 ) and ( x 2 , y 2 ) to the hyperbola 4x 2 − 9y 2 − 36 = 0
3 1
x x
(a) x 2 + y 2 = 2 (b) x 2 + y 2 = 3 are at right angles, then 1 2 is equal to
(c) x 2 − y 2 = 3 (d) x 2 + y 2 = 4 y 1y 2
x2 y2 9 9 81 81
23 If P is a point on the hyperbola − = 1 and N is foot (a) (b) − (c) (d) −
9 4 4 4 16 16
of the perpendicular from P on the transverse axis. The 31 If x = 9 is the chord of contact of the hyperbola
tangent to the hyperbola at P meets the transverse axis x 2 − y 2 = 9, then the equation of the corresponding pair
at T . If O is the centre of the hyperbola, then OT ⋅ ON is of tangents is
equal to (a) 9x 2 − 8 y 2 + 18 x − 9 = 0 (b) 9x 2 − 8 y 2 − 18 x + 9 = 0
(a) 9 (b) 4 (c) e 2
(d) None of these (c) 9x 2 − 8 y 2 − 18 x − 9 = 0 (d) 9x 2 − 8 y 2 + 18 x + 9 = 0
24 The locus of the
2
points of intersection of perpendicular
2 32 If chords of the hyperbola x 2 − y 2 = a 2 touch the
x y parabola y 2 = 4ax . Then, the locus of the middle points
tangents to − = 1 is
16 9 of these chords is
(a) x 2 − y 2 = 7 (b) x 2 − y 2 = 25
(a) y 2 = (x − a)x 3 (b) y 2 (x − a) = x 3
(c) x 2 + y 2 = 25 (d) x 2 + y 2 = 7
(c) x 2 (x − a) = x 3 (d) None of these
25 Tangents are drawn from points on the hyperbola
x2 y2 33 The locus of middle points of chords of hyperbola
− = 1 to the circle x 2 + y 2 = 9. The locus of the 3x 2 − 2y 2 + 4x − 6y = 0 parallel to y = 2x is
9 4
mid-point of the chord of contact is (a) 3 x − 4 y = 4 (b) 3 y − 4 x + 4 = 0
x2 y2 x2 y2 (c) 4 x − 3 y = 3 (d) 3 x − 4 y = 2
(a) x + y =
2 2
− (b) (x 2 + y 2 ) 2 = −
9 4 9 4 34 The equation of the chord joining two points
 x2 y2   x2 y2  ( x1, y1 ) and ( x 2 , y 2 ) on the rectangular hyperbola xy = c 2
(c) (x + y ) = 81  −  (d) (x + y ) = 9 
2 2 2 2 2 2
− 
 9 4  9 4 is j
AIEEE 2002
x2 y2 x y x y
26 A tangent to the hyperbola − = 1 meets X -axis at (a) + =1 (b) + =1
4 2 x1 + x 2 y1 + y2 x1 − x 2 y1 − y 2
P and Y -axis at Q. Lines PR and QR are drawn such that x y x y
(c) + =1 (d) + =1
OPRQ is a rectangle (where, O is the origin). Then, R y1 + y 2 x1 + x2 y1 − y 2 x1 − x 2
lies on j
JEE Mains 2013
4 2 2 4 35 Match the vertices (v ) and foci (f ) of hyperbola given in
(a) + 2 =1 (b) − 2 =1 Column I with their corresponding equation given in
x2 y x2 y
2 4 4 2 Column II and choose the correct option from the codes
(c) 2 + 2 = 1 (d) 2 − 2 = 1
x y x y given below.
27 Consider a branch of the hyperbola Column I Column II

x 2 − 2y 2 − 2 2x − 4 2y − 6 = 0 with vertex at the point A. y 2
x2
A. v (± 2, 0), f (± 3, 0) 1. − =1
Let B be one of the end points of its latusrectum. If C is 25 39
the focus of the hyperbola nearest to the point A , then
y2 x2
the area of the ∆ABC is B. v (0, ± 5), f (0, ± 8) 2. − =1
9 16
 2  3 
(a)  1 −  sq unit (b)  − 1 sq unit x2 y2
 3  2  C. v (0, ± 3), f (0 ± 5) 3. − =1
 4 5
2  3 
(c)  1 +  sq units (d)  + 1 sq units
 3  2  Codes
A B C A B C
28 Given the base BC of ∆ABC and if ∠ B − ∠C = K, a (a) 3 1 2 (b) 1 3 2
constant, then locus of the vertex A is a hyperbola. (c) 3 2 1 (d) 2 1 3
(a) No (b) Yes (c) Both (d) None

1 If chords of the hyperbola x 2 − y 2 = a 2 touch the 9 If tangents PQ and PR are drawn from variable point P to
parabola y 2 = 4ax . Then, the locus of their middle point is x2 y2
the hyperbola − = 1 (a > b ) so that the fourth vertex
(a) y 2 (x − a) = 2 x 2 (b) y 2 (x − a) = x 3 a 2 b2
(c) y 2 (x − a) = x 4 (d) y 2 (x + a) = x 3 S of parallelogram PQSR lies on circumcircle of ∆PQR,
then locus of P is
2 The equation of a tangent to the hyperbola 3x 2 − y 2 = 3
parallel to the line y = 2x + 4 is (a) x 2 + y 2 = b 2 (b) x 2 + y 2 = a 2
(c) x 2 + y 2 = (a 2 − b 2 ) (d) None of these
(a) y = 3 x + 4 (b) y = 2 x + 1
(c) y = 2 x − 2 (d) y = 3 x + 5 10 The equation of the common tangent to the curves
y 2 = 8x and xy = −1 is
3 Let P (a sec θ, b tan θ ) and Q (a sec φ, b tan φ ), where
π x2 y2 (a) 3 y = 9x + 2 (b) y = 2 x + 1
θ+φ = be two points on the hyperbola 2 − 2 = 1. If (c) 2 y = y + 8 (d) y = x + 2
2 a b
(h, k ) is the point of intersection of normals at P and Q, 11 A series of hyperbolas is drawn having a common
then k is equal to transverse axis of length 2a. Then, the locus of a point P
a2 +b2 a 2 + b 2  a2 +b2 a 2 + b 2  on each hyperbola, such that its distance from the
(a) (b) −   (c) (d) −   transverse axis is equal to its distance from an
a  a  b  b 
asymptote, is
4 The equation of the asymptotes of the hyperbola (a) (y 2 − x 2 )2 = 4 x 2 (x 2 − a 2 ) (b) (x 2 − y 2 )2 = x 2 (x 2 − a 2 )
3x 2 + 4y 2 + 8xy − 8x − 4y − 6 = 0 is (c) (x 2 − y 2 ) = 4 x 2 (x 2 − a 2 ) (d) None of these
(a) 3 x 2 + 4 y 2 + 8 xy − 8 x − 4 y − 3 = 0
12 The exhaustive set of values of α 2 such that there exists
(b) 3 x 2 + 4 y 2 + 8 xy − 8 x − 4 y + 3 = 0
(c) 3 x 2 + 4 y 2 + 8 xy − 8 x − 4 y + 6 = 0
a tangent to the ellipse x 2 + α 2 y 2 = α 2 and the portion of
(d) 4 x 2 + 3 y 2 + 2 xy − x + y + 3 = 0 the tangent intercepted by the hyperbola α 2 x 2 − y 2 = 1
subtends a right angle at the center of the curves is
5 The angle between the rectangular hyperbolas  5+1 
( y − mx )(my + x ) = a 2 and (a)  , 2 (b) (1, 2]
(m 2 − 1)( y 2 − x 2 ) + 4mxy = b 2 is  2 
π π π π  5 −1   5 −1   5 + 1
(a) (b) (c) (d) (c)  , 1 (d)  , 1 ∪  1,
2 3 4 6  2   2   2 
x2 y2 13 A rectangular hyperbola whose centre is C is cut by any
6 If PQ is a double ordinate of the hyperbola − =1
a 2 b2 circle of radius r in four points P , Q , R and S. Then,
such that OPQ is an equilateral triangle, O being the CP 2 + CQ 2 + CR 2 + CS 2 is equal to
centre of the hyperbola. Then, the eccentricity e of the (a) r 2 (b) 2 r 2
hyperbola satisfies (c) 3 r 2 (d) 4 r 2
2 2
(a) 1 < e < (b) e = 14 A point P moves such that sum of the slopes of the
3 3
3 2 normals drawn from it to the hyperbola xy = 4 is equal to
(c) e = (d) e > the sum of ordinates of feet of normals. Then, the locus of
2 3
P is
7 The normal at P to a hyperbola of eccentricity e ,
intersects its transverse and conjugate axes at L and M (a) a parabola (b) a hyperbola
(c) an ellipse (d) a circle
respectively. If locus of the mid-point of LM is hyperbola,
then eccentricity of the hyperbola is 15 A triangle is inscribed in the rectangular hyperbola
 e + 1 e xy = c 2 , such that two of its sides are parallel to the lines
(a)   (b) (c) e (d) None of these
 e − 1 (e 2 − 1) y = m1x and y = m2 x . Then, the third side of the triangle
touches the hyperbola
8 Tangents are drawn to the hyperbola 4x 2 − y 2 = 36 at the c 2 (m1 + m2 )2  c 2 (m1 − m2 )2 
points P and Q. If these tangents intersect at the point (a) xy =   (b) xy =  
T (0, 3), then the area (in sq units) of ∆PTQ is  4m1 m2   4m1 m2 
j
JEE Mains 2018 c 2 (m1 − m2 )2  c 2 (m1 + m2 )2 
(c) xy =   (d) xy =  
(a) 45 5 (b) 54 3  m1 m2   m1 m2 
(c) 60 3 (d) 36 5
ANSWERS
SESSION 1 1. (a) 2. (b) 3. (d) 4. (d) 5. (c) 6. (a) 7. (b) 8. (c) 9. (a) 10. (b)
11. (c) 12. (c) 13. (c) 14. (b) 15. (b) 16. (b) 17. (d) 18. (b) 19. (a) 20. (a)
21. (d) 22. (a) 23. (a) 24. (d) 25. (c) 26. (d) 27. (b) 28. (b) 29. (d) 30. (d)
31. (b) 32. (b) 33. (a) 34. (a) 35. (a)
SESSION 2 1. (b) 2. (b) 3. (d) 4. (a) 5. (a) 6. (d) 7. (b) 8. (a) 9. (c) 10. (d)
11. (a) 12. (a) 13. (d) 14. (a) 15. (a)

SESSION 1 5 Y
E = 2a −
2b 2 2
= 2a2 − a2e 2 |
1 Since, the vertices are on the Y-axis a a
(with origin as the mid-point), the ∴ Difference = 2a | 2 − e 2 |
y2 x2 8 Given equation of hyperbola is
equation is of the form 2 − 2 = 1 X′
a b X x2 y 2
(–2, 0) O (2, 0) − = 1 and equation of conjugate
As vertices are (0, ± 6) a2 b 2
∴ a = 6, b 2 = a2 (e 2 − 1) = 36  − 1 x2 y 2
25
hyperbola is 2 − 2 = 1
 9  b a
Y′
= 64 Since, e and e ′ are the eccentricities of
So, the required equation of the Let equation of hyperbola be
x2 y2 the respective hyperbola, then
y2 x2 − 2 =1
hyperbola is − = 1 and the foci a 2
b b2 a2
36 64 e 2 = 1 + 2 ,(e ′ )2 = 1 + 2
where, 2ae = 4 and e = 2 a b
are (0, ± ae ) = (0, ± 10).
⇒ a=1 1 1 a2 b2
2 Let the equation of the hyperbola be ∴ 2 + 2 = 2 + =1
Q a2e 2 = a2 + b 2 ⇒ 4 = 1 + b 2 e e′ a + b 2 a2 + b 2
x2 y 2
− =1 …(i) ∴ b2 = 3 9 Here, a = sinθ
a2 b 2 Thus, equation of hyperbola is
we have, length of the latusrectum = 8 y2 Since, foci of the ellipse are (± 1, 0).
x2
− = 1 or 3 x2 − y 2 = 3
⇒
2b 2
= 8 ⇒ b 2 = 4a 1 3 ∴ ±1 = a2 + b 2 ⇒ b 2 = cos 2 θ
a x2 y2
6 The given equation may be written as Then, equation is − =1
⇒ a2 (e 2 − 1) = 4a ⇒ a(e 2 − 1) = 4
x2 y2 x2 y2 sin2 θ cos 2 θ
− = 1⇒ − =1
⇒ a  − 1 = 4 ⇒ a = 5
9
32 8  4 2
2
(2 2 )2 ⇒ x2 cos ec2θ − y 2 sec2 θ = 1
5   
3 10 Given equation can be rewritten as
Putting a = 5 in b 2 = 4a, we getb 2 = 20  3 
( x − 4) ( y − 3) = 4 which is a rectan-
Hence, the equation of the required On comparing the given equation with gular hyperbola of the type xy = c 2 .
x2 y 2 the standard equation
hyperbola is − = 1. ∴ c=2
25 20 x2 y 2 a= b = c 2 = 2 2
− = 1, we get Then,
2
y2 a2 b 2
3 Given that the hyperbola x2 − 2 = 1 2
∴ Length of latusrectum
a b  4 2 2b 2
is passing through the points (3, 0) and a2 =   and b 2 = (2 2 )2 = = 2a = 4 2
(3 2, 2), so we get a2 = 9 and b 2 = 4.  3  a
∴ Length of transverse axis of a 11 Let equation of hyperbola be
Again, we know that b 2 = a2 (e 2 − 1).
4 2 8 2 x2 y 2
This gives 4 = 9 (e 2 − 1) hyperbola = 2 a = 2 × = − = 1.
3 3 a2 b 2
13 13
⇒ e2 = ⇒e = 2b 2
b2
9 3 7 Let equation of hyperbola be Given, = 8⇒ =4
a a
4 Given equation can be rewritten as x2 y2
− 2 =1 1
and 2b = (2ae ) ⇒ 2b = ae
y2 x2 a2
b
− = 1(− k > 0) 2
k 2 (− k ) Length of transverse axis is 2a and  b2 
2b 2 ⇒ 4b = a2e 2 ⇒ 4  2  = e 2
2
(− k ) k a 
e2 = 1 + 2 = 1 − 2 Length of latusrectum is .
k k a ⇒ 4 (e 2 − 1) = e 2 [Qb 2 = a2 (e 2 − 1)]
1 Now, difference 4 2
⇒ e = 1− ⇒ 3e 2 = 4 ⇒ e 2 = ⇒ e =
k 3 3
12 Now, taking option (c). 17 As we know, equation of tangent at y = −x + 2 p ...(i)

e t + e −t 2x ( x1 , y 1 ) is xx1 − 2 yy 1 = 4, which is If the line y = mx + c touches the
Let x = a ⇒ = e t + e − t …(i)
2 a same as 2 x + 6 y = 2 hyperbola
2y x1 2y 4 x2 y 2
and = e t − e −t …(ii) ∴ =− 1 = ⇒ x1 = 4 − = 1, then c 2 = a2 m2 − b 2 …(ii)
b 2 6 2 a2 b 2
On squaring and subtracting Eq. (ii) and y 1 = − 6 From Eq. (i), we get m = −1,c = 2 p
from Eq. (i), we get On putting these values in Eq. (ii), we
4 x2 4 y 2 x2 y 2
18 Let the equation of hyperbola be
get
− 2 = 4 ⇒ 2 − 2 =1 x2 y2
a2
b a b 2
− 2 = 1. ( 2 p )2 = 9(1) − 4 ⇒ 2 p2 = 5
a b
13 The given equation of hyperbola is ∴ ae = 2 ⇒ a2e 2 = 4 22 We know that the locus of the point of
x2 y2 ⇒ a2 + b 2 = 4 ⇒ b 2 = 4 − a2 intersection of perpendicular tangents
− =1
cos α sin2 α
2
x2 y2 to the hyperbola
∴ − =1
Here, a2 = cos 2 α and b 2 = sin2 α a2
4 − a2 x2 y 2
− = 1 is a circle x2 + y 2 = a2 − b 2
So, the coordinates of foci are (± ae , 0). Since, ( 2, 3 ) lie on hyperbola. a2 b 2
b2 sin2 α 2 3 Thus, locus of the point of intersection
∴ e = 1+ 2 ⇒ e = 1+ ∴ − =1 of perpendicular tangents to the
a cos 2 α a2 4 − a2 hyperbola
⇒ e = 1 + tan2 α = sec α ⇒ 8 − 2a2 − 3a2 = a2 (4 − a2 ) x2 y 2
Hence, abscissae of foci remain constant ⇒ 8 − 5a2 = 4a2 − a4 − = 1 is a circle
3 1
when α varies. ⇒ a4 − 9a2 + 8 = 0 x2 + y 2 = 3 − 1 ⇒ x2 + y 2 = 2
14 Let equation of tangent to hyperbola ⇒ (a2 − 8)(a2 − 1) = 0
23 The point on the hyperbola is P ( x1 , y 1 ),
x2 y2 ⇒ a2 = 8, a2 = 1
− 2 = 1 is y = mx + a2 m2 − b 2 then N is ( x, 0).
a 2
b ∴ a=1
xx1 yy 1
i.e. mx − y + a2 m2 − b 2 = 0 Now, equation of hyperbola is ∴ Tangent at ( x1 , y 1 ) is− =1
y2 9 4
x2
∴ Required product − = 1.  9 
1 3 This meets X-axis at T  , 0
mae + a2 m2 − b 2  x1 
= ∴ Equation of tangent at ( 2, 3 ) is ∴ OT ⋅ ON =
9
⋅ x1 = 9

 m2 + 1  given by x1
− mae + am −b
2 2 2 3y y 24 The equation of tangent in slope form to
2x − = 1 ⇒ 2x − =1
3 x2 y2
m +1
2 3 the hyperbola − = 1 is
which passes through point (2 2, 3 3 ). 16 9
a2 m2 − b 2 − m2 a2e 2 y = mx + 16 m − 9
2
=  19 Suppose the common tangent is

 m2 + 1  Since, it passes through (h, k ).
y = mx + c to
m2 a2 (1 − e 2 ) − b 2 − m2b 2 − b 2 9 x2 − 4 y 2 = 36 and x2 + y 2 = 3 ∴ k = mh + 16 m2 − 92
= =  
 m2 + 1   m +1 
2
∴ c 2 = a2 m2 − b 2 = 4 m2 − 9 …(i) ⇒ (k − mh ) = (16 m2 − 92 )
2
[Qb 2 = a2 (e 2 − 1)] and c 2 = 3 + 3 m2 …(ii) ⇒ k 2 + m2 h2 − 2m kh − 16 m2 + 9 2 = 0

= b2 From Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get
It is quadratic in m and let the slope of
4 m2 − 9 = 3 m2 + 3 ⇒ m2 = 12
15. Here, a2 = 232 , b2 = 232 two tangents be m1 and m2 , then
7 5 ⇒ m=2 3 k2 + 9
21 116 21 m1 m2 = 2
and y = − x+ with slope − . ∴ c = 3 + 3 × 12 = 39 h − 16
5 5 5 k2 + 9
Hence, the common tangent is
 116 
2
⇒ −1= ⇒ h2 + k 2 = 7
Now, a m − b = 
2 2 2
 y = 2 3 x + 39 h2 − 16
 5 
20 Since, the line y = αx + β is tangent to The required locus is x2 + y 2 = 7
[since, line is tangent]
x2 y2 25 Any point on the hyperbola is
If ( x1 , y 1 ) is the point of contact, then the hyperbola 2
− 2 = 1. (3sec θ , 2 tan θ). The chord of contact to
tangent is S 1 = 0 a b
∴ β2 = a2α2 − b 2. . the circle is 3 x sec θ + 2 y tan θ = 9 …(i)
∴ 7 x1 x − 5y 1 y = 232
So, locus of (α, β ) is y 2 = a2 x2 − b 2 If ( x1 , y 1 ) is the mid-point of the chord,
On comparing it with then its equation is
21 x + 5y = 116, we get x1 = 6, y 1 = − 2 ⇒ a2 x2 − y 2 − b 2 = 0
xx1 + yy 1 = x12 + y 12 …(ii)
So, the point of contact is (6, − 2). Since, this equation represents a
From Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get
hyperbola, so locus of a point P(α, β ) is a
16 Here, e 1 = 1 − 16 = 3 3sec θ 2 tan θ 9
25 5 hyperbola. = = 2
5 x1 y1 x1 + y 12
Q e1 e2 = 1 ⇒ e2 = 21 Given equation of hyperbola is
3 1 2 x2 y 2
x2 y 2 Eliminating θ, ( x1 + y 12 ) 2 = 1 − 1
Since, foci of ellipse are (0, ± 3). − = 1. 81 9 4
9 4 Hence, the locus is
Hence, equation of hyperbola is
x2 y2 Here, a2 = 9, b 2 = 4  x2 y2 
− = − 1. ( x2 + y 2 ) 2 = 81  − 
16 9 and equation of line is  9 4
2
y2 tan B − tan C 3hx − 2 ky + 2( x + h ) − 3( y + k )
26 Given hyperbola is x − = 1. ∴ tan K =
4 2 1 + tan B ⋅ tan C = 3h2 − 2 k 2 + 4h − 6k
Here, a2 = 4 , b 2 = 2 ⇒ a = 2, b = 2 y y ⇒ x(3h + 2) + y (−2 k − 3)
−
The equation of tangent is λ+ x λ− x = 3h2 − 2 k 2 + 2 h − 3k
=
x y y2 Since, this line is parallel to y = 2 x.
sec θ − tan θ = 1 1+ 2
a b 3h + 2
λ − x2 ∴ = 2 ⇒ 3h + 2 = 4k + 6
⇒
x
sec θ −
y
tan θ = 1 2k + 3
⇒ λ2 − x2 + y 2 = − 2 xy cot K
2 2 ⇒ 3h − 4k = 4
⇒ x − 2 cot K ⋅ xy − y 2 = λ2
2
So, the coordinates of P and Q are
which is a hyperbola. Thus, locus of mid-point is 3 x − 4 y = 4
P (2cos θ, 0) and Q (0, − 2 cot θ),
29 Equation of normal at 34 The mid-point of the chord is
respectively.
ax by  x1 + x2 y 1 + y 2  .
Let coordinates of R are (h, k). θ is + = a2 + b 2 and normal  , 
sec θ tan θ  2 2 
∴ h = 2cos θ, k = − 2cotθ The equation of the chord T = S 1 .
π ax by
k − 2 − 2h at φ = − θ is + = a2 + b2
⇒ = ⇒ sin θ = 2 cos ecθ cot θ  y + y2  +  x + x2 
∴ x 1  y  1 
h sinθ 2k  2   2 
Eliminating x, we get
On squaring both sides, we get x1 + x2   y 1 + y 2 

by 
1 1  =2
2h2 2h2 −  = (a + b )
2 2
  
sin2 θ = ⇒ 1 − cos 2 θ =  sin θ cos θ   2   2 
4k 2
4 k2  1 − 1 
  ⇒ x ( y 1 + y 2 ) + y ( x1 + x2 )
h2
2h 2
2h 2
h2  cos θ sin θ 
⇒ 1− = ⇒ + =1 = ( x1 + x2 )( y 1 + y 2 )
4 4 k2 4 k2 4 (a + b )
2 2
⇒ by = −(a2 + b 2 ) or k = − x y
b ⇒ + =1
h2  2
+ 1 = 1 ⇒ 2 + 1 = 2
2 4 x1 + x2 y1 + y2
⇒ 
4  k2  k h 30 The equation of hyperbola is
4 2 x2 y 2 35 A. Since, vertices (± 2, 0) and foci
⇒ − =1 4 x2 − 9 y 2 = 36 ⇒ − =1 ...(i)
h2 k 2 (± 3, 0) lie on X -axis, as coefficient
9 4
4 2 of Y-axis is zero.
Hence, R lies on 2 − 2 = 1. The equation of the chords of contact of
x y Hence, equation of hyperbola will
tangents from ( x1 , y 1 ) and ( x2 , y 2 ) to the
27 The given equation can be rewritten as be of the form
given hyperbola are
x2 y2
( x − 2 )2 ( y + 2 )2 x x1
−
y y1
=1 − 2 =1 …(i)
− =1 ...(ii) a 2
b
4 2 9 4
For A( x, y ), x x2 y y 2 Here, it is given that a = 2 and c = 3
and − =1 ...(iii)
Y 9 4 Q c 2 = a2 + b 2
Lines (ii) and (iii) are at right angles. ⇒ 9 = 4 + b2 ⇒ b2 = 5
2 Put the values of a2 = 4 and b 2 = 5 in
= − 1 ⇒ 1 2 = −   = −
B 9 x1 4 x2 x x 9 81
⋅ × ⋅ Eq. (i), we get
4 y1 9 y2 y1 y2  4 16
X¢ X x2 y2
A C − =1 …(ii)
31 Let (h, k ) be the point whose chord of 4 5
Y¢ contact w.r.t. hyperbola x2 − y 2 = 9 is B. Since, vertices (0, ± 5) and foci
2 3 x = 9. We know that chord of (h, k ) (0, ± 8) lie on Y-axis as coefficient of
e = 1+
= w.r.t. hyperbola x2 − y 2 = 9 is T = 0 X-axis is zero. Hence,equation of
4 2
∴ x− 2=2⇒ x=2+ 2 ⇒ hx − ky − 9 = 0 hyperbola will be of the form
But it is the equation of line x = 9. This y 2 x2
For C ( x, y ), x − 2 = ae = 6 − =1 …(i)
is possible only whenh = 1, k = 0. Again, a2 b 2
∴ x= 6+ 2 equation of pair of tangents is T 2 = SS 1 Here, it is given that
Now, AC = 6 + 2−2− 2 = 6 −2 ⇒ ( x − 9)2 = ( x2 − y 2 − 9)(1 − 9) (0, ± a) = (0, ± 5) and foci
b2 2 ⇒ x2 − 18 x + 81 = ( x2 − y 2 − 9)(−8) (0, ± c ) = (0, ± 8)
and BC = = =1
a 2 ⇒ 9 x2 − 8 y 2 − 18 x + 9 = 0 ⇒ a = 5and c = 8
1
∴ Area of ∆ABC = × AC × BC 32 Equation of chord of hyperbola Q c 2 = a2 + b 2 ⇒ b 2 = 39
2 Put a2 = 25 and b 2 = 39 in Eq. (i), we
1  3  x2 − y 2 = a2 with mid-point as (h, k ) is
= × ( 6 − 2) × 1 =  − 1 sq unit given by get
2  2  h (h2 − k 2 ) y2 x2
xh − yk = h2 − k 2 ⇒ y = x − − =1
28 Let B (−λ , 0), C (λ , 0) and A ( x, y ). k k 25 39
Given, K = ∠B − ∠ C This will touch the parabola y 2 = 4ax, if C. Since, vertices (0, ± 3) and foci
Y  h2 − k 2  a (0, ± 5) lie on Y- axis as coordinate
A (x, y) −  = ⇒ ak 2 = − h3 + k 2 h
 k  h/k of x is zero.
Hence, equation of hyperbola will
∴ Locus of the mid-point is
be of the form
x 3 = y 2 ( x − a)
y2 x2
B X 33 Let (h, k ) is mid-point of chord. 2
− 2 =1 …(i)
O C a b
-l l Then, its equation is
Here, it is given that vertices − 4 (− 4)2 − λ ( 4)2 = 0 ∴ 3b 2 − a2 > 0

(0, ± 3) = (0, ± a) and foci ⇒ 12λ + 64 − 12 − 64 − 16λ = 0 ⇒ 3b 2 > a2
(0, ± 5) = (0, ± c ) ⇒ 3a (e − 1) > a2
2 2
⇒ − 4λ − 12 = 0 ⇒ λ = −3 2
⇒ a = 3 and c = 5 ⇒ e 2 > 4/3 ∴ e >
∴ Required equation is 3
Q c 2 = a2 + b 2
3 x2 + 4 y 2 + 8 xy − 8 x − 4 y − 3 = 0 7 Equation of normal at P (asec φ,b tan φ) is
⇒ 25 = 9 + b 2 ⇒ b 2 = 16
5 Given equations are a xcos φ + by cot φ = a2 + b 2 .
Put a = 9 and b 2 = 16 in Eq. (i), we
2
get ( y − mx )(my + x ) = a2 …(i) Then, coordinates of L and M are

y2 x2 and (m2 − 1)( y 2 − x2 ) + 4 mxy = b 2 …(ii)  a2 + b 2   a2 + b 2 
− =1  ⋅ sec φ,0 and  0, tan φ
9 16 On differentiating Eq.(i), we get  a   b 
 dy  respectively.
( y − mx )  m + 1
SESSION 2  dx  Let mid-point of ML is Q (h, k ),
1 If (h, k ) is the mid-point of the chord, (a2 + b 2 )
 dy  then h= sec φ
then its equation by T = S 1 is + (my + x )  − m = 0 2a
 dx 
hx − ky = h2 − k 2 2 ah
dy ∴ sec φ = 2 ...(i)
h k 2 − h2 ⇒ (my + x + my − m2 x ) (a + b2 )
⇒ y = x+ dx
k k (a2 + b 2 )
If it touches the parabola y 2 = 4ax, then + y − mx − m2 y − mx = 0 and k = tan φ
2b
we get dy − y + m2 y + 2mx
⇒ = = m1 [say] 2bk
k 2 − h2 a⋅ k dx 2my + x − m2 x ∴ tan φ = 2 ...(ii)
= ⇒ ak 2 = hk 2 − h3 (a + b2 )
k h On differentiating Eq.(ii), we get From Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get
⇒ ay 2 = xy 2 − x3  dy 
(m2 − 1)  2 y − 2 x 4a2 h2 4b 2 k 2
So, required locus is y 2 ( x − a) = x3 . sec2 φ − tan2 φ = 2 − 2
 dx  (a + b ) (a + b 2 )2
2 2
2 Equation of the hyperbola is  dy  Hence, required locus is

x2 y2 + 4m  x + y = 0
3 x2 − y 2 = 3 ⇒ − =1  dx  x2
−
y2
=1
1 3 2 2
dy  a2 + b 2   a2 + b 2 
Equation of tangent in terms of slope ⇒ [2 y (m2 − 1) + 4mx]    
dx  2a   2b 
y = mx ± (m2 − 3 )
= − 4 my + 2 x (m2 − 1) Let eccentricity of this curve is e 1 .
Given, m=2
∴ y = 2x ± 1 dy −2my + m2 x − x  a2 + b 2 
2
 a2 + b 2  2
2
⇒ = ⇒ 
dx m2 y − y + 2mx  =  (e 1 − 1)
3 Equation of the tangents at  2b   2a 
P (asec θ,b tan θ) is
x y
sec θ − tan θ = 1 = m2 [say] ⇒ a2 = b 2 (e 12 − 1) ⇒a2 = a2 (e 2 − 1)(e 12 − 1)
a b Q m1 m2 = − 1 [Qb 2 = a2 (e 2 − 1 )]
∴ Equation of the normal at P is π
So, angle between the hyperbola = ⋅ ⇒ e 2e 12 − e 2 − e 12 + 1 = 1
ax + b cosecθ y = (a2 + b 2 )sec θ ...(i) 2 e
⇒ e 12 (e 2 − 1) = e 2 ⇒ e 1 =
Similarly, the equation of normal at (e 2 − 1)
Q (asec φ,b tan φ) is 6 Q PQ is the double ordinate. Let
MP = MQ = l . 8 Tangents are drawn to the hyperbola
ax + b cosecφ y = (a2 + b 2 )sec φ ...(ii) 4 x2 − y 2 = 36 at the point P and Q.
Given that ∆OPQ is an equilateral, then
On subtracting Eq. (ii) from Eq. (i), we OP = OQ = PQ Tangent intersects at point T (0, 3)
get ⇒ (OP )2 = (OQ )2 = (PQ )2 Y
a2 + b 2 sec θ − sec φ a2 2 a2 T (0, 3)
y = ⋅ ⇒ 2 (b + l 2 ) + l 2 = 2 (b 2 + l 2 ) + l 2 = 4l 2
b cosecθ − cosec φ b b
a2 + b 2 a2 2
So, k = y = ⇒ (b + l 2 ) = 3l 2
b π b2 X
secθ − sec  − θ a 2
O
2  Y 2
⋅ b Öb + l , l
π
cosecθ − cosec − θ
 P (–3Ö5, –12)Q P(3Ö5, –12)
2  S(0, –12)
a2 + b 2 sec θ − cosecθ  a2 + b 2  Clearly, PQ is chord of contact.
= ⋅ =− X¢ X
cosecθ − sec θ  b  O M ∴Equation of PQ is − 3 y = 36
b  
⇒ y = − 12
4 The equation of the asymptotes of the Q Solving the curve 4 x2 − y 2 = 36 and
hyperbola a 2
3 x2 + 4 y 2 + 8 xy − 8 x − 4 y − 6 = 0
Y¢ 2
b Öb + l , –l y = − 12, we get x = ± 3 5
is 3 x2 + 4 y 2 + 8 xy − 8 x − 4 y + λ = 0 1
 a2  Area of ∆PQT = × PQ × ST
It should represent a pair of straight ⇒ a2 = l 2  3 − 2  2
 b 
lines. 1
a2b 2 = (6 5 × 15) = 45 5
∴ abc + 2 fgh − af 2 − bg 2 − ch2 = 0 ⇒ l =
2
>0 2
(3b 2 − a2 )
3 ⋅ 4 ⋅ λ + 2 ⋅ (−2) (−4) 4 − 3 (−2)2
9 Fourth vertex of parallelogram lies on cos 2 θ t1 + t2 + t3 + t 4 =

h
or α2 − − 1 − sin2 θ = 0 …(ii)
circumcircle α2 2
⇒ Parallelogram is cyclic. cos 2 θ t1 t2 + t2 t3 + t1 t3 + t1 t 4
or α2 − − 1 − 1 + cos 2 θ = 0
⇒ Parallelogram is a rectangle. α2 + t 2 t 4 + t 3 t 4 = 0 …(iii)
⇒ Tangents are perpendicular α2 (2 − α2 ) t1 t2 t3 + t1 t2 t 4 + t1 t3 t 4
or cos 2 θ = k
⇒ Locus of P is the director circle α2 − 1 + t2 t3 t 4 = − …(iv)
i.e., x2 + y 2 = a2 − b 2 Now, 0 ≤ cos 2 θ ≤ 1 2
α2 (2 − α2 ) and t 1 t 2 t 3 t 4 = − 1 …(v)
10 Any point on parabola y 2 = 8 x is or 0≤ ≤1
α2 − 1 On dividing Eq. (iv) by Eq. (v),
(2t 2 , 4 t ). The equation of tangent at that  5+ 1  we get
point is After solving, we get α2 ∈  , 2 1 1 1 1 k
yt = x + 2t 2 ...(i)  2  + + + =
t1 t2 t3 t4 2
Given that, xy = −1 ...(ii) 13 Let equation of the rectangular
y 1 + y 2 + y 3 + y 4 = k Q y = 
2
On solving Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get hyperbola be xy = c 2 …(i) ⇒
 t 
y ( yt − 2t 2 ) = −1 ⇒ ty 2 − 2t 2 y + 1 = 0 and equation of circle be
From Eqs. (ii) and (iii), we get
Q It is common tangent. It means they x2 + y 2 = r 2 . …(ii)
h2
are intersect only at one point and the From Eq. (i) and Eq.(ii) eliminating y, t 12 + t 22 + t 32 + t 24 =
value of discriminant is equal to zero. we get 4
i.e. 4 t 4 − 4 t = 0 ⇒ t = 0, 1 x 4 − r 2 x2 + c 4 = 0 h2
...(iii) Given that, =k
∴ The common tangent is y = x + 2, Let x1 , x2 , x3 and x 4 are the roots of Eq. (iii). 4
(when t = 0, it is x = 0 which can touch 4 Hence, locus of (h, k ) is x2 = 4 ay , which
xy = −1 at infinity only) ∴ Sum of roots = ∑x
i =1
i =0 is a parabola.
11 The equation of a hyperbola of the      
Sum of products of the roots taken two at 15 Let P  ct 1 , c  , Q  ct 2 , c  , R  ct 3 , c  be
x2 y2
series is 2 − 2 = 1 where, λ is a a time = Σ x1 x2 = − r 2  t1   t2   t3 
a λ From Eq. (i) and Eq. (ii) eliminating x, the vertices of a ∆PQR inscribed in the
parameter. The asymptotes of this we get
x y rectangular hyperbola xy = c 2 such that
hyperbola = ± ⋅ Suppose ( x ′ , y ′ ) is y 4 − r 2 y2 + c 4 = 0 ...(iv) the sides PQ and QR are parallel to
a λ
Let y 1 , y 2 , y 3 and y 4 are the roots of y = m1 x and y = m2 x, respectively.
a point P on the hyperbola which is
Eq. (iv).
equidistant from the transverse axis and 4 ∴ m1 = Slope of PQ
asymptote. ∴ ∑y i = 0 and Σ y1 y2 = − r 2 and m2 = Slope of QR
x ′2 y ′2 i =1
Then, − 2 =1 ...(i) ⇒ m1 = −
1
a 2
λ Now, CP 2 + CQ 2 + CR2 + CS 2
t1 t2
x ′/ a − y ′/λ = x1 + y 1 + x2 + y 2
2 2 2 2
and y′ = ...(ii) 1
1 1 + x + y
2 2
+ x4 + y 4
2 2 and m2 = −
+ 2 3 3 t2 t3
a2
λ = ( x1 + x2 + x3 + x 4 )
2 2 2 2
y ′2 x ′2 m1 t m 
i.e. = 2 − 1 [from Eq. (i)] ...(iii) + ( y1 + y
2 2
+ y3 + y 4 )
2 2 ∴ = 3 ⇒ t3 =  1  t1
λ2 a
2 m2 t 1  m2 
 4 
x ′2 y ′2 2 x ′ y ′ = ( ∑ x i )2 − 2 Σ x1 x2 
and y ′  2 + 2  = 2 + 2 −
2  1 1 The equation of PR is
a λ  a λ aλ  i =1  x + yt 1 t 3 = c (t 1 + t 3 )
 4 
[from Eq. (ii)] ...(iv) + ( ∑ y i )2 − 2 Σ y 1 y 2  m   m 
 i = 1  ⇒ x + y  1  t 12 = c  t 1 + 1 t 1 
On simplification the second relation gives  m2   m2 
4 x ′2 y ′2 a2 = (0 + 2r 2 ) + (0 + 2r 2 )
( y ′2 − x ′2 )2 = 4
m   m 
λ2 [Q ( ∑ x i ) = 0, Σ x1 x2 = − r 2 , ⇒ x + y  1  t 12 = c  1 + 1  t 1
= 4 x ′2 ( x ′2 − a2 ) [using Eq. (iii)] i =1  m2   m2 
4
So, the locus of P is ∑y i = 0, Σ y 1 y 2 = − r 2 ]  m1 
2
( y 2 − x2 )2 = 4 x2 ( x2 − a2 ). i =1 ⇒ x+ y  t1 
= 4r2  m2 
12 The equation of tangent at point
14 Any point on the hyperbola xy = 4 is  c (m1 + m2 ) m1 
P (α cos θ,sin θ) = 2 ⋅ t1 
x y  2t , 2  . Now, normal at  2t , 2  is  2 m m m 
cos θ + sin θ = 1
2
   
1 2
...(i)
α 1  t  t ⇒ x + yt 2 = 2λt , where,
Let it cut the hyperbola at points P and Q. 2
y − = t 2 ( x − 2t ). [its slope is t 2 ] m1 c (m1 + m2 )
Homogenising hyperbola α2 x2 − y 2 = 1 t t = ⋅ t 1 and λ =
m2 2 m1 m2
with the help of Eq. (i), we get If the normal passes through P (h, k ),
2
then Clearly, it touches the hyperbola,
α2 x2 − y 2 =  cos θ + y sin θ
x
α  2 2
k − = t 2 ( h − 2t )  c (m1 + m2 )
t xy =  
This is a pair of straight lines OP OQ.
⇒ 2t 4 − ht 3 + tk − 2 = 0 …(i)  2 m1 m2 
Given ∠POQ = π/2.
Roots of Eq. (i) give parameters of feet of  c 2 (m1 + m2 )2 
Coefficient of x2 + Coefficient normals passing through (h, k ). Let roots or xy =  
of y 2 = 0 be t 1 , t 2 , t 3 and t 4 , then  4 m1 m2 
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326 40 DAYS ~ JEE MAIN MATHEMATICS DAY THIRTY
DAY THIRTY
Unit Test 4
(Coordinate Geometry)
1 The parabola y 2 = 4x and the circle ( x − 6)2 + y 2 = r 2 will 7 If A (n, n 2 ) (where, n ∈ N) is any point in the interior of
have no common tangent, then the quadrilateral formed by the lines x = 0, y = 0,
(a) r > 20 (b) r < 20 3x + y − 4 = 0 and 4x + y − 21 = 0, then the possible
number of positions of the point A is
(c) r > 18 (d) r ∈( 20, 28 )
(a) 0 (b) 1
2 The lines lx + my + n = 0, mx + ny + l = 0 and (c) 2 (d) 3
nx + ly + m = 0 are concurrent, if
8 The range of values of r for which the point
(a) l + m + n = 0 (b) l + m − n = 0  r r 
(c) l − m + n = 0 (d) None of these − 5 + ,− 3 +  is an interior point of the major
 2 2
3 If the latusrectum of a hyperbola through one focus
segment of the circle x 2 + y 2 = 16, cut off by the line
substends 60° angle at the other focus, then its
x + y = 2, is
eccentricity e is
(a) (− ∞,5 2 )
(a) 2 (b) 3 (c) 5 (d) 6
(b) (4 2 − 14 , 5 2 )
4 Set of values of m for which a chord of slope m of the
(c) (4 2 − 14 , 4 2 + 14 )
circle x 2 + y 2 = 4 touches the parabola y 2 = 4x , is
 2 − 1  2 − 1 
(a)  −∞, − ∪ ,∞ 9 AB is a double ordinate of the parabola y 2 = 4 ax .
 2   2 
  Tangents drawn to parabola at A and B meet Y -axis at A 1
(b) (−∞,1) ∪ (1, ∞) and B 1 , respectively. If the area of trapezium AA1B1B is
equal to 24 a 2 , then angle subtended by A1B1 at the focus
(c) (−1, 1)
of the parabola is equal to
(d) R
(a) 2 tan−1 (3) (b) tan−1 (3)
5 If ω is one of the angles between the normals to the (c) 2 tan−1 (2) (d) tan−1 (2)
x2 y2
ellipse + = 1 at the points whose eccentric angles 10 If two tangents can be drawn to the different branches of
a2 b2
π 2 cot ω x2 y2
are θ and + θ, then is equal to hyperbola − = 1 from the point (α , α 2 ), then
2 sin 2θ 1 4
e2 e2 e2 e2 (a) α ∈ (− 2, 0) (b) α ∈ (− 3, 0)
(a) (b) (c) (d)
1 − e2 1 + e2 (c) α ∈ (− ∞, − 2) (d) α ∈ (− ∞, − 3)
1− e 2
1+ e 2
11 A hyperbola has the asymptotes

6 If in a ∆ABC (whose circumcentre is origin), a ≤ sin A , x + 2y = 3 and x − y = 0 and passes through ( 2, 1). Its
then for any point ( x , y ) inside the circumcircle of ∆ABC centre is
1 1
(a) xy < (b) | xy | > (a) (1, 2) (b) (2, 2)
8 8 (c) (1, 1) (d) (2, 1)
1 1
(c) < xy < (d) None of these
8 2
DAY THIRTY UNIT TEST 4 (COORDINATE GEOMETRY) 327
12 The equation of the ellipse having vertices at ( ± 5 , 0) and 22 If two vertices of an equilateral triangle are ( 0, 0) and
foci at ( ± 4, 0) is ( 3, 3 3 ), then the third vertex is
x2 y2 (a) (3, − 3) (b) (− 3, 3)
(a) + =1 (b) 4 x 2
+ 5 y = 20
2
25 16 (c) (− 3, 3 3 ) (d) None of these

(c) 9x 2 + 25 y 2 = 225 (d) None of these 23 Let ABC is a triangle with vertices
13 The foci of an ellipse are ( 0 , ± 1) and minor axis is of unit A ( − 1, 4), B ( 6, − 2) and C ( − 2, 4). If D, E and F are the
length. The equation of the ellipse is points which divide each AB, BC and CA respectively, in
(a) 2 x 2 + y 2 = 2 (b) x 2 + 2 y 2 = 2 the ratio 3 : 1 internally. Then, the centroid of the ∆DEF is
(c) 4 x 2 + 20y 2 = 5 (d) 20x 2 + 4 y 2 = 5 (a) (3, 6) (b) (1, 2)
14 The radius of the circle passing through the foci of the (c) (4, 8) (d) None of these
x2 y2 24 A variable circle through the fixed point A ( p, q ) touches
ellipse + = 1 and having its centre at (0, 3) is
16 9 the X-axis. The locus of the outer end of the diameter
(a) 3 (b) 4 through A is
7 (a) (x − p) 2 = 4qy (b) (x − q) 2 = 4 py
(c) 12 (d)
2 (c) (x − p) 2 = 4qx (d) (x − q) 2 = 4 px
15 If the straight lines 2x + 3y − 1 = 0 , x + 2y − 1 = 0 and 25 The exhaustive range of values of a such that the angle
ax + by − 1 = 0 form a triangle with origin as orthocentre, between the pair of tangents drawn from (a, a ) to the
then (a, b ) is given by π 
circle x 2 + y 2 − 2x − 2y − 6 = 0 lies in the range  , π 
(a) (− 3, 3) (b) (6, 4) 3 
(c) (− 8, 8) (d) (0, 7) is
16 If P (1, 0), Q ( − 1, 0) and R ( 2, 0) are three given points, (a) (0, ∞) (b) (− 3, − 1) ∪ (3, 5)
then the locus of S satisfying the relation (c) (− 2, − 1) ∪ (2, 3) (d) − (3, 0 ) ∪ (1, 2)
SQ 2 + SR 2 = 2 SP 2 is 26 The four distinct points ( 0, 0), ( 2, 0), ( 0, − 2) and (k , − 2)
(a) a straight line parallel to X-axis are concyclic, if k is equal to
(b) a circle through the origin (a) 0 (b) − 2 (c) 2 (d) 1
(c) a circle with centre at the origin
27 If a point P ( 4, 3) is rotated through an angle 45° in
(d) a straight line parallel toY-axis
anti-clockwise direction about origin, then coordinates of
17 The point (a 2 , a + 1) lies in the angle between the lines P in new position are
3x − y + 1 = 0 and x + 2y − 5 = 0 containing the origin, if
(a) 
1 7 
(b)  −
7 1 
,  ,− 
(a) a ∈ (− 3, 0) ∪  , 1 (b) a ∈ (− ∞, − 3) ∪  , 1
1 1  2 2  2 2
3  3 
(c)  −
1 7 
(d) 
1 7 
,  ,− 
(c) a ∈  − 3,  (d) a ∈  , ∞ 
1 1  2 2  2 2
 3 3 
28 The number of integral values of λ for which the equation
18 The diameter of 16x 2 – 9y 2 = 144 which is conjugate to x 2 + y 2 − 2λx + 2λy + 14 = 0 represents a circle whose
x = 2y is radius cannot exceed 6, is
16x 32 x
(a) y = (b) y = (a) 9 (b) 10 (c) 11 (d) 12
9 9
16y 32 y 29 The slopes of tangents to the circle ( x − 6)2 + y 2 = 2
(c) x = (d) x =
9 9 which passes through the focus of the parabola y 2 = 16x
are
19 The locus of poles with respect to the parabola y 2 = 12x
of tangent to the hyperbola x 2 − y 2 = 9 is (a) ± 2 (b) 1/2, –2
(c) –1/2, 2 (d) ± 1
(a) 4 x + y = 36
2 2
(b) x + 4 y = 9
2 2
(c) x 2 + 4 y 2 = 36 (d) 4 x 2 + y 2 = 81 30 The range of values of n for which (n, − 1) is exterior to

both the parabolas y 2 = | x | is
20 A point moves such that the area of the triangle formed
by it with the points (1, 5) and (3, – 7) is 21 sq units. (a) (0, 1) (b) (− 1, 1)
Then, locus of the point is (c) (− 1, 0) (d) None of these
(a) 6x + y − 32 = 0 (b) 6x − y + 32 = 0 31 The parameters t and t′ of two points on the parabola
(c) 6x − y − 32 = 0 (d) x + 6y − 32 = 0 y 2 = 4ax , are connected by the relation t = k 2t ′. The
tangents at these points intersect on the curve
21 The length of the latusrectum of the parabola
169 [( x − 1)2 + ( y − 3)2 ] = ( 5x − 12 y + 17)2 is (a) y 2 = ax (b) y 2 = k 2 x
2
(c) y 2 = ax  k + 
14 28 12 16 1
(a) (b) (c) (d) (d) None of these
13 13 13 13  k
32 Triangle ABC is right angled at A. The circle with centre A 41 In a triangle ABC, if A( 2,−1) and 7x − 10y + 1 = 0 and
and radius AB cuts BC and AC internally at D and E 3x − 2y + 5 = 0 are equation of on altitude and on angle
respettvely if BD = 20 and DC = 16 then the length of AC bisector respectively drawn from B, the equation of BC is.
equals.
(a) x + y + 1 = 0
(a) 6 21 (b) 6 26 (c) 30 (d) 32
(b) 5 x + y + 17 = 0
33 If the line y − 3x + 3 = 0 cuts the parabola y 2 = x + 2 at
(c) 4 x + 9y + 30 = 0
A and B, and if P ≡ ( 3,0), then PA ⋅ PB is equal to
2+ 3 (d) x − 5 y − 7 = 0
4 (2 − 3 )
(a) 2   (b)
 1  3 a b c
42 If −2 = + where a, b, c > 0 the family of lines
4 (2 + 3 ) 2 (2 − 3 ) bc c b
(c) (d)
3 3 a x + by + c = 0 passes through the point.
x2 y2 (a) (1, 1) (b) (1, − 2) (c) (−1, 2) (d) (− 1, 1)
34 If S and S′ are the foci of the ellipse + = 1 and P is
25 16
43 A series of ellipses E 1, E 2 , E 3 ,....., E n are drawn such that
any point on it, then difference of maximum and minimum
E n touches E n −1 at the extremeties of the major axis of
of SP ⋅ S ′ P is equal to
E n −1 and the foci of E n coincide with the extremeties of
(a) 16 (b) 9 (c) 15 (d) 25
minor axis of E n −1. If eccentricity of the ellipse B
35 The locus of a point which moves, such that the chord of independent of x then the value of eccentricity is.
contact of the tangent from the point to two fixed given
5 −1 5+1
circles are perpendicular to each other is (a) (b)
2 3
(a) circle (b) parabola
5+1 5 −1
(c) ellipse (d) None of these (c) (d)
4 4
2
x
36 Tangent is drawn to the ellipse + y 2 = 1 at 44 If one of the diagonal of a square is along the line x = 2y
27 and one of its vertices is (3, 0), then its sides through this
  π 
( 3 3 cos θ, sin θ) where,θ ∈  0,  . Then, the value of θ vertex are given by the equations
  2 
(a) y − 3 x + 9 = 0, 3 y + x − 3 = 0
such that sum of intercept on axes made by this tangent (b) y + 3 x + 9 = 0, 3 y + x − 3 = 0
is minimum, is (c) y − 3 x + 9 = 0, 3 y − x + 3 = 0
π π π π (d) y − 3 x + 3 = 0, 3 y + x + 9 = 0
(a) (b) (c) (d)
3 6 8 4 45 Given A( 0,0) and B( x , y ) with x ∈( 01
, ) and y > 0. Let the
37 The condition for the line px + qy + r = 0 to be tangent to slope of line AB equals m1. Point C lies on the line x = 1
c
the rectangular hyperbola x = ct , y = is such that the slope of BC equals m2 where 0 < m2 < m1. If
t the area of the triangle ABC can be expressed as
(a) p < 0, q > 0 (b) p > 0, q > 0 (m1 − m2 )f ( x ), then the largest possible value of f ( x ) is.
(c) p > 0, q < 0 (d) None of these (a) 1 / 8 (b) 1 / 2 (c) 1 / 4 (d) 1
38 If the line x + 3y + 2 = 0 and its perpendicular line are 46 A circle is inscribed into a rhombus ABCD with one angle
conjugate w.r.t. 3x 2 − 5y 2 = 15 , then equation of 60°. The distance from the centre of the circle to the
conjugate line is nearest vertex is equal to 1. If P is any point of the circle,
(a) 3 x − y = 15 (b) 3 x − y + 12 = 0 then
(c) 3 x − y + 10 = 0 (d) 3 x − y = 4 | PA|2 + | PB|2 + | PC|2 + | PD|2 is equal to.
39 The product of the lengths of perpendicular drawn from (a) 8 (b) 9 (c) 10 (d) 11
any point on the hyperbola x 2 − 2y 2 − 2 = 0 to its 47 The equation of common tangent touching the circle
asymptotes, is ( x − 3) 2 + y 2 = 9 and the parabola y 2 = 4x above the
(a) 1/2 (b) 2/3 (c) 3/2 (d) 2 X-axis is
x2 y2 (a) 3y = 3x + 1 (b) 3 y = − (x + 3)
40 Tangents at any point on the hyperbola 2 − 2 = 1 cut
a b (c) 3y = x + 3 (d) 3 y = − (3 x + 1)
the axes at A and B respectively, if the rectangle OAPB, x 2 11y 2
where O is the origin is completed, then locus of the point 48 If the tangent at the point φ on the ellipse + =1
16 256
P is given by
touches the circle x 2
+y 2
− 2x − 15 = 0, then φ is equal to
a 2 b2 a2 b2 π π
(a) 2 − 2 = 1 (b) 2 + 2 = 1 (a) ± (b) ±
x y k y 2 4
a2 b2 π π
(c) − 2 =1 (d) None of these (c) ± (d) ±
y 2
x 3 6
Directions (Q.Nos. 49-55) Each of these questions Statement II A cyclic quadrilateral is a square, if its
contains two statements : Statement I (Assertion) and diagonals are the diameters of the circle.
Statement II (Reason). Each of these questions also has four
52 If a circle S = 0 intersects a hyperbola xy = c 2 at four
alternative choices, only one of which is the correct answer.
You have to select one of the codes (a), (b), (c) and (d) given points.
below. Statement I If c = 2 and three of the intersection points
 2
(a) Statement I is true, Statement II is true; Statement II is a are (2, 2), (4, 1) and  6,  , then coordinates of the fourth
correct explanation for Statement I  3
(b) Statement I is true, Statement II is true; Statement II is 1 
point are  , 16 .
not a correct explanation for Statement I 4 
(c) Statement I is true; Statement II is false Statement II If a circle intersects a hyperbola at
(d) Statement I is false; Statement II is true t1, t 2 , t 3 , t 4 , then t1 ⋅ t 2 ⋅ t 3 ⋅ t 4 = 1.
49 If p, x1, x 2 , x 3 and q , y1, y 2 , y 3 form two arithmetic 53 The auxiliary circle of an ellipse is described on the major
progression with common differences a and b. axis of an ellipse.
Statement I The centroid of triangle formed by points Statement I The circle x 2 + y 2 = 4 is auxiliary circle of an
( x1, y1 ), ( x 2 , y 2 ) and ( x 3 , y 3 ), lies on a straight line. x2 y2
ellipse + 2 = 1 (where, b < 2).
Statement II The point (h, k ) given by 4 b
x + x2 + K + xn y + y2 + K + yn Statement II A given circle is auxiliary circle of exactly
h= 1 and k = 1 always lies
n n one ellipse.
on the line b ( x − p ) = a ( y − q ) for all values of n. x2 y2
54 The tangent at a point P on the ellipse + = 1, which
50 Statement I A is a point on the parabola y 2 = 4ax . The a2 b2
normal at A cuts the parabola again at point B. is not an extremity of major axis, meets a directrix atT .
If AB subtends a right angle at the vertex of the parabola, Statement I The circle on PT as diameter passes through
1 the focus of the ellipse corresponding to the directrix on
then slope of AB is . which T lies.
2
Statement II PT subtends a right angle at the focus of the
Statement II If normal at (at12 , 2at1 ) cuts again the
2 ellipse corresponding to the directrix on whichT lies.
parabola at (at 22 , 2at 2 ), then t 2 = − t1 − .
t1 55 Statement I If the perpendicular bisector of the line
segment joining P (1, 4) and Q (k , 3) has y-intercept − 4,
51 Suppose ABCD is a cyclic quadrilateral inscribed in a then k 2 − 16 = 0.
circle.
Statement I If radius is one unit and AB ⋅ BC ⋅ CD ⋅ DA ≥ 4, Statement II Locus of a point equidistant from two given
then ABCD is a square. points is the perpendicular bisector of the line joining the
given points.
ANSWERS
1 (b) 2 (a) 3 (b) 4 (a) 5 (a) 6 (a) 7 (b) 8 (b) 9 (d) 10 (c)
11 (c) 12 (c) 13 (d) 14 (b) 15 (c) 16 (d) 17 (a) 18 (b) 19 (a) 20 (a)
21 (b) 22 (c) 23 (b) 24 (a) 25 (b) 26 (c) 27 (a) 28 (c) 29 (d) 30 (b)
31 (c) 32 (b) 33 (c) 34 (b) 35 (a) 36 (b) 37 (b) 38 (b) 39 (b) 40 (a)
41 (b) 42 (d) 43 (a) 44 (a) 45 (a) 46 (d) 47 (c) 48 (c) 49 (a) 50 (d)
51 (c) 52 (d) 53 (c) 54 (a) 55 (a)

1 Any normal of parabola is e2 − 1 6 Given, a ≤ sin A ⇒ a ≤ 1
=
y = − t x + 2 t + t 3. 2e sin A
⇒ 3 e 2 − 2e − 3 = 0 1
Y ⇒ 2R ≤ 1 ⇒ R ≤
⇒ (e − 3 ) ( 3 e + 1) = 0 2
y 2 = 4x
A So, for any point ( x, y ) inside the
∴ e = 3
circumcircle,
4 The equation of tangent of slope m to 1
C x2 + y 2 <
X¢ X 1 4
O (6, 0) the parabola y 2 = 4 x isy = mx + .
m  x2 + y 2 
Using AM ≥ GM,  ≥ | xy |
This will be a chord of the circle  2 
x2 + y 2 = 4, if length of the 1
perpendicular from the centre (0, 0) is ⇒ | xy | <
Y¢ 8
less than the radius.
If it passes through (6,0), then 1 7 Origin is on the left of PS, as
− 6t + 2t + t3 = 0 i.e. <2 0 + 0 − 4< 0
m m2 + 1
⇒ t = 0, t 2 = 4 Y
⇒ 4m 4 + 4m2 − 1 > 0
Thus, A ≡ (4, 4)
 2 − 1  2 1 + 2  R
Thus, for no common tangent, ⇒  m2 −  m + >0
 2   2 
AC = 4 + 16 > r x=0
 2 − 1
4x
⇒ r < 20 ⇒  m2 − >0
+
 2  A
y–
(n , n 2 )
21
2 Since, lines are concurrent.
=
 S
∴ 1 (lx + my + n ) + 1 (mx + ny + l ) 2 − 1   2 − 1  3x
+
0
⇒ m − m + >0 y–
+ 1 (nx + ly + m ) = 0  2   2  4=
  0 y=0
Q
⇒ x (l + m + n ) + y (l + m + n ) X¢ X
 O
2 − 1  
P
+ (l + m + n ) = 0 2 − 1 
⇒m ∈  −∞,− ∪ ,∞
∴ l + m+ n=0 
 2   2 
 Y¢
3 Let LSL ′ be a latusrectum through the ∴At point A (n, n2 ),
focus S (ae , 0) of the 5 The equations of the normals to the
x 2
y 2 3 n + n2 − 4 > 0
hyperbola ellipse + 2 = 1 at the points whose ⇒ n + 3n − 4> 0
2
x2 y2 a2 b
− 2 = 1. π ⇒ (n + 4) (n − 1) > 0
a2 b eccentric angles are θ and + θ are
2 ⇒ n − 1> 0 …(i)
It substends angle 60° at the otherfocus
ax secθ − by cosec θ = a2 − b 2 Now, as A and O lies on the same sides
S ′ (− ae , 0).
and − ax cosec θ − by sec θ = a2 − b 2 , of QR.
Y respectively. and 4 x + y − 21 = 0 + 0 − 21 < 0
Since, ω is the angle between these two
∴At point A (n, n2 ),
L (ae, b2/a) normals.
Therefore, 4 n + n2 − 21 < 0
a a ⇒ n2 + 4 n − 21 < 0
30° tan θ + cot θ
X¢ X b b ⇒ (n + 7) (n − 3) < 0
S¢ 60° O S tan ω =
(–ae, 0) (ae, 0) 2 ⇒ 0< n< 3 [Qn ∈ N ]…(ii)
a
1− 2 From Eqs. (i) and (ii),
L¢ (ae, –b2/a) b
1< n< 3 ⇒ n = 2
ab (tan θ + cot θ)
= Hence, A (2, 4) is only one point.
Y¢ b 2 − a2
8 The given point is an interior point, if
We have, ∠LS ′ L ′ = 60° 2 2
⇒ tan ω =
2 ab  r   r 
∴ ∠LS ′ S = 30° − 5+  + − 3 +  − 16 < 0
sin 2θ (b 2 − a2 )  2  2
LS
In ∆LS ′ S , tan30° =
S ′S 2ab 2a2 1 − e 2 ⇒ r 2 − 8 2 r + 18 < 0
= =
1 b2 / a (a2 − b 2 ) sin 2θ a2e 2 sin 2θ ⇒ 4 2 − 14 < r < 4 2 + 14
⇒ =
3 2ae Since, the point is on the major segment,
b2 2 cot ω e2
⇒
1
= 2 ∴ = the centre and the point are on the same
3 2 ae sin 2θ 1 − e2 side of the line x + y = 2.
⇒ − 5+
r
−3+
r
− 2< 0 Here, a = 5 and ae = 4 17 Since, origin and the point (a 2 , a + 1) lie
2 2 4
⇒ e = on the same side of both the lines.
⇒ r<5 2 5
∴ 3 a 2 − (a + 1) + 1 > 0
Now, b 2 = a2 (1 − e 2 )
Hence, and a 2 + 2 (a + 1) − 5 < 0
 4 
2
4 2 − 14 < r < 5 2 = 25 1 −    = 9 i.e. a (3 a − 1) > 0 and a 2 + 2a − 3 < 0
  5 
9 Let A ≡ (at , 2at 1 ), B ≡ (at , − 2at 1 ).
2
1
2
1
i.e. a(3a − 1) > 0 and (a − 1)(a + 3) < 0
Hence, the equation of the ellipse is
a ∈ (− ∞, 0) ∪  , ∞ 
Equation of tangents at A and B are 1
x2 y2 ⇒
yt 1 = x + at 12 and yt 1 = x − at 12 , 2
+ 2 =1 3 
5 3
respectively. and a ∈ (− 3, 1)
⇒ 9 x2 + 25y 2 = 225
Now, A1 ≡ (0, at 1 ), B1 = (0, − at 1 )
a ∈ (− 3, 0) ∪  , 1
1
∴
Area of trapezium 13 Given, 2b = 1 ⇒ b = 1 and a ⋅ e = 1 3 
1 2
A A1 B1 B = ( AB + A1 B1 ) ⋅ OC
2 Since, a (1 − e ) =
2 2 1 18 Diameters y = m1 x and y = m2 x are
Y 4 conjugate diameters of the hyperbola
1 5 x2 y 2 b2
⇒a − 1 =
2 2
⇒ a2 = – 2 = 1, if m1 m2 = 2 .
A 4 4 2
A1 a b a
Hence, the equation of the ellipse 1
Here, a2 = 9, b 2 = 16 and m1 =
x2 y2 x2 y2 2
+ 2 = 1 is + = 1 or
X b2 a 1 / 4 5/4 b2
O S C Q m1 m2 = 2
20 x 2 + 4 y 2 = 5. a
B1 1 16
14 Since, a 2 (1 − e 2 ) = 9 ⇒ (m2 ) =
B 2 9
⇒ 16 − a 2e 2 = 9 ⇒ ae = 7 ⇒ m2 =
32
1 9
⇒ 24 a2 = ⋅ (4 at 1 + 2at 1 ) (at 12 ) So, foci are at ( 7, 0) and (− 7, 0) .
2 32 x
∴ Required radius Thus, the required diameter is y = .
⇒ t 13 = 8 ⇒ t 1 = 2 ⇒ A 1 = (0, 2a) 9
If ∠ OSA 1 = θ, then = ( 7 − 0) 2 + (3 − 0) 2 = 4
2a
19 Let the pole be (h, k ), so that polar is
tanθ = = 2 ⇒ θ = tan −1 (2) 15 Equation of AO is
a ky = 6( x + h )
2 x + 3 y − 1 + λ ( x + 2 y − 1) = 0. 6x 6h
y 2 2 ⇒ y = +
10 Given that, x − =1 Since, it passes through (0, 0), then k k
1 4 λ = − 1. Since, it is tangent to the hyperbola,
Since, (α, α2 ) lies on the parabola y = x2 , A
then (α, α2 ) must lie between the x2 − y 2 = 9
0
∴ c 2 = 9 m2 − 9
x+
x2 y2
=
asymptotes of hyperbola − =1
y-1
2y
1 4 O 36 h2 324
⇒ = 2 −9
–1
+3
in 1st and 2nd quadrant. k2 k

=0
2x

,m= 
6h 6
Qc =
B ax+by – 1=0 C  k k 
∴ x+ y =0 ⇒ 4 h2 + k 2 = 36
Since, AO is perpendicular to BC. Hence, the locus is 4 x2 + y 2 = 36.
∴ (− 1)  −  = − 1 ⇒ a = − b
a 20 Let ( x, y ) be the required point.
 b
x y 1
So, the asymptotes are y = ± 2 x. Similarly, 1
Then, 1 5 1 = 21
∴ 2α < α2 ⇒ α < 0 or α > 2 (2 x + 3 y − 1) + µ (ax − ay − 1) = 0 2
3 −7 1
and − 2 α < α2 will be equation of BO for µ = − 1.
α < − 2 or α > 0 Thus, BO is perpendicular to AC. ⇒ (5 + 7)x − (1 − 3)y + (−7 − 15) = 42
∴ α ∈ (−∞ , − 2) or (2, ∞ ) 2 – a  − 1 ⇒ 12 x + 2 y − 22 = 42
⇒ − ⋅  = −1
11 Given equations of asymptotes are 3+ a  2 ⇒ 6 x + y − 32 = 0
x+ 2 y =3 …(i) ⇒ 2 − a = − 6 − 2a 21 Given parabola is
⇒ a = − 8 and b = 8 2
x− y =0 5x − 12 y + 17 
( x − 1) 2 + ( y − 3) 2 = 
and …(ii)

On solving Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get 16 Let the coordinates of a point S be ( x, y ).  13 
x = 1, y = 1 Since, SQ 2 + SR2 = 2SP 2
Focus = (1, 3), directrix is
So, the centre of hyperbola is (1, 1). ⇒ ( x + 1) 2 + y 2 + ( x − 2) 2 + y 2
5x − 12 y + 17 = 0
12 The line joining foci and vertices is = 2 [( x − 1) 2 + y 2 ]
⇒ 2x + 3 = 0 ∴ Length of latusrectum
X-axis and the centre is (0, 0). So, axes
Hence, it is a straight line parallel to 5 − 36 + 17 28
of the ellipse coincide with coordinate =2 =
axes. Y-axis. 13 13
22 Since, ∠AOM is 30°. So, 2a2 − 4 a − 6 > 0 ∴ x 2 + 49 x 2 = 25

⇒ a < − 1 or a > 3 ⇒ x=+
1
,y =
7
Y
θ 2 2 2 2
Now, in ∆PAC, tan =
B 3 M 3 A (3, 3√3) 2 2a2 − 4 a − 6 28 Since, ( radius ) 2 ≤ 36
3√3 A (a , a ) ⇒ λ2 + λ2 − 14 ≤ 36
Y P
θ/2 ⇒ λ2 ≤ 25 ⇒ − 5≤ λ ≤ 5 ⇒ λ
= 0, ± 1, ± 2, ± 3, ± 4, ± 5
X 2√2 Hence, number of integer values of λ is
O (0, 0) C
11.
Hence, the required point B is (− 3, 3 3 ). 29 Tangent to the circle with slope m is
X
O
23 Let ( x1 , y 1 ), ( x2 , y 2 ) and ( x3 , y 3 ) are y = m ( x − 6) ± 2 (1 + m2 ).
π
coordinates of the points D, E and F As given that, < θ < π Since, it passes through (4, 0).
3
which divide each AB , BC and CA ∴ 4 m2 = 2 + 2m2
π θ π
respectively in the ratio 3 : 1 (internally). ⇒ < <
6 2 2 ⇒ m=±1
A (–1, 4) 2 2 1 30 Since, 1 − |n| > 0
∴ >
2a2 − 4 a − 6 3 ⇒ |n| < 1 or n ∈ (− 1, 1)
⇒ a2 − 2a − 3 < 2 3 31 Tangents at t and t ′ meet on the point
F (x3, y3)
∴ a2 − 2a − 3 < 12 ( x, y ) given by
(x1, y1) D
⇒ a2 − 2a − 15 < 0 x = att ′ = ak 2 t ′ 2 ...(i)
⇒ − 3< a< 5 and y = a (t + t ′ ) = a (k 2t ′ + t ′ )
∴ a ∈ (− 3, − 1) ∪ (3, 5) = at ′ (k 2 + 1) ...(ii)
B (6, –2) E (x2, y2) C (–2, 4)
26 Let the general equation of the circle be From Eqs. (i) and (ii),
3 × 6 − 1 × 1 17 x 2 + y 2 + 2g x + 2 f y + c = 0. ak 2 ⋅ y 2 k2 y 2
∴ x1 = = x= 2 2 =
4 4 QThe equation of circle passing through a (k + 1) 2
a (k 2 + 1) 2
−2×3+ 4×1 2 1 (0, 0), (2, 0) and (0, − 2). ax (k 2 + 1) 2
2
= ax  k + 
y1 = =− =− 1
⇒ y2 =
4 4 2 ∴ c=0 …(i) k2  k
Similarly, x2 = 0, y 2 =
5 4 + 4g + c = 0 …(ii)
2 and 4 − 4f + c = 0 …(iii) 32. In ∆ ABC
5 On solving Eqs. (i), (ii) and (iii), we get AC 2 + AB 2 = BC 2
and x3 = − , y 3 = 4
4 c = 0, g = − 1, f = 1 AC 2 + r 2 = 362 ...(i)
Let ( x, y ) be the coordinates of centroid ∴ The equation of circle becomes and CF × CE = BC × CD
of ∆DEF . x2 + y 2 − 2 x + 2 y = 0 ⇒ ( AC + r )( AC − r ) = 36 × 16
∴ x =  + 0 −  = 1 Since, it is passes through (k , − 2),
1 17 5 ⇒ AC 2 − r 2 = 36 × 16 ...(ii)
3 4 4 k 2 + 4 − 2k − 4 = 0 From Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get
1 1 5  ⇒ k − 2k = 0 ⇒ k = 0, 2
2
2 AC 2 = 36(36 + 16)
and y =  − + + 4 = 2
3 2 2  We have already take a point (0, − 2), so ⇒ AC 2 = 18 × 52
So, the coordinates of centroid are (1, 2). we take only k = 2. ⇒ AC = 6 26
24 The circle touching the X -axis is 27 Slope of line OP = 3 , let new position is C
4
x 2 + y 2 + 2gx + 2 fy + g 2 = 0. 16
Q ( x, y ). E
Since, it passes through ( p, q ) . y D
∴ p2 + q 2 + 2gp + 2 fq + g 2 = 0 ...(i) Slope of OQ = ,
x 20
If ( x, y ) is the other end of the diameter, r
also x2 + y 2 = OQ 2 = 25 = (OP 2 )
then y 3
− A r B
p + x = − 2g , q + y = − 2 f
x 4
Now, Eq. (i) gives ∴ tan 45° =
3y
p2 + q 2 − p ( p + x ) − q (q + y ) 1+
4x
( p + x )2 F
+ =0 4y − 3x
4 ⇒ ± 1=
4x + 3y 33 Let PA = r1 , PB = − r2
⇒ ( x + p ) 2 = 4 px + 4qy
⇒ 4x + 3y = 4y − 3x Put ( 3 + r cos θ, r sin θ) in y 2 = x + 2
⇒ ( x − p ) 2 = 4qy
or − 4x − 3y = 4y − 3x
25 Given that, 1 ⇒ r 2 sin2 θ = ( 3 + r cos θ) + 2
⇒ x= y ...(i)
x2 + y 2 − 2 x − 2 y − 6 = 0 7 ⇒ r 2 sin2 θ − r cos θ − ( 3 + 2) = 0
Centre = C (1, 1), radius = 2 2 or − x = 7y ...(ii) 3+2
1 PA ⋅ PB = − r1 . r2 =
Since, point (a, a) must lie Correct relation is x = y as new sin2 θ
outside the circle. 7
point must lies in Ist quadrant. = ( 3 + 2)(1 + cot2 θ)
= ( 3 + 2) 1 +
1 For maxima and minima, put f ′ (θ) = 0 41 Image of A(2,−1) with respect to line
 [Qtanθ = 3]
 3 3 3 sin3 θ − cos 3 θ = 0 3 x − 2 y + 5 = 0. A′ is given by
4(2 + 3 ) 1 x − 2 y + 1 −2(6 + 2 + 5)
PA ⋅ PB = ⇒ tanθ = = = = −2
3 3 3 −2 13
Y π
⇒ θ= A′∈ (−43
, )
6
π Coordinate of B is intersection point of
A At θ = , f ′ ′ (θ) > 0. So, f (θ) is
3 7 x − 10 y + 1 = 0 and 3 x − 2 y + 5 = 0
π
minimum at θ = . i.e. (−3,−2)
X¢ X 6
(-2,0) O P( 3,0) ∴Equation of BC is
37 Given, x = ct , y = c /t 3+ 2
dy −c dx y −3 = ( x + 4)
B Then, = 2 and =c −4 + 3
dt t dt
dy −1 ⇒ 5x + y + 17 = 0
Y¢ ∴ = 2
dx t B(–3,–2)
34 (SP )(S ′ P ) = a (1 − e cos θ) a (1 + e cos θ) But equation of tangent is px + qy + r
= a2 (1 − e 2 cos 2 θ) = 0. 3x–2y+5=0
= a2 − a2e 2 cos 2 θ p 1 p 1
0
∴ − =− 2 ⇒ = >0
y+1=
= 25 − 9cos 2 θ q t q t2 A¢
Maximum = 25 − 9(0) = 25 [θ = 90° ] p
7x–10
⇒ >0
Minimum = 25 − 9(1) = 16 [θ = 0° ] q
Maximum–Minimum = 25 − 16 = 9 ⇒ p > 0, q > 0 or p < 0, q < 0
35 Let the equations of two given circles 38 Since, the lines x + 3 y + 2 = 0 and
are A(2,–1) C
3 x − y + k = 0 are conjugate w.r.t.
x2 + y 2 + 2g 1 x + 2 f1 y + c 1 = 0 …(i)
x2 y2
and x2 + y 2 + 2g 2 x + 2 f2 y + c 2 = 0 − = 1. 42 We have, a − 2 = b + c
5 3 bc c b
…(ii)
∴ 5 (1) (3) − 3 (3) (− 1) = 2k ⇒ a − 2 bc = b + c
Now, the equations of the chords of
⇒ k = 12
contacts from P (h, k ) to Eqs. (i) and (ii) ⇒ a = b + c + 2 bc
are Hence, equation of conjugate line is
⇒ ( a )2 = ( b + c )2
x ( h + g 1 ) + y ( k + f1 ) 3 x − y + 12 = 0.
⇒ ( b + c )2 − ( a )2 = 0
+ g 1 h + f1 k + c 1 = 0 39 Given, equation can be rewritten as
⇒ b+ c − a=0
and x (h + g 2 ) + y (k + f2 ) + g 2 h x2 y2
− =1 or b+ c + a=0 (rejected)
+ f2 k + c 2 = 0 2 1
⇒ ax + by + c = 0
According to the given condition, Here, a = 2, b 2 = 1
2
(h + g 1 ) (h + g 2 ) The product of length of perpendicular passes through fixed point (−11

, )
× = −1
( k + f1 ) ( k + f2 ) drawn from any point on the hyperbola
43 Here, b ′ = a, ae
′ =b
to the asymptotes is
⇒ h2 + (g 1 + g 2 ) h + g 1 g 2
a 2 b2 2 (1) 2 (b ′ )2 = (a′ )2 − (a′ e )2
+ k 2 + k ( f1 + f2 ) + f1 f2 = 0 = = .
a + b2 2 + 1 3
2
b2
Hence, the locus of point is ⇒ a2 = − b2
x2 + y 2 + (g 1 + g 2 )x + ( f1 + f2 )y 40 The equation of tangent is e2
+ g 1 g 2 + f1 f2 = 0 x y
sec θ − tan θ = 1. Y
which is the equation of a circle. a b
So, the coordinates of A and B are (0, a¢)
36 Equation of tangent at (3 3 cos θ, sin θ)
2 (a cos θ, 0) and (0, − b cot θ), respectively. (0,b)
x
to the ellipse + y 2 = 1 is Let coordinates of P are (h, k ) .
x cos θ
27
∴h = a cos θ, k = − b cot θ
X¢
a ¢e { X
+ y sin θ = 1. k b a
3 3 ⇒ =−
h a sinθ
This intersect on the coordinate axes at (a, 0) or
b 2 h2
(3 3 sec θ, 0) and (0,cosec θ) ⇒ = sin2 θ (b¢, 0)
a 2k2
∴ Sum of intercepts on axes is
b 2 h2 h2
3 3 secθ + cosec θ = f (θ) [say] ⇒ + 2 =1 Y¢
a 2k2 a
On differentiating w.r.t. θ, we get [Q sin2 θ + cos 2 θ = 1] b 2
 b2 
⇒ e2 = (1 − e 2 ) Q1 − e 2 = 2
f ′ (θ) = 3 3 sec θ tan θ − cosec θ cot θ a 2 b2 a2  a 
⇒ − 2 =1 
3 3 sin3 θ − cos 3 θ h2 k
= ⇒ e 2 = (1 − e 2 )(1 − e 2 )
a2 b2
sin2 θ cos 2 θ Hence, the locus of P is 2 − 2 = 1.
x y ⇒ 1 − e2 = ±e
⇒ e 2 − e − 1 = 0 or e 2 + e − 1 = 0 ⇒ (m1 − m2 )x = c − m2 ⇒ 9 m 4 + 1 + 6 m2
−1 ± 5 ⇒ c = (m1 − m2 )x + m2 = 9 m2 (m2 + 1)
⇒ e = [on squaring both sides]
2 Now area of
⇒ 3 m2 = 1
1± 5 0 0 1
or 1
2
1
∆ ABC = x m1 x 1 = cx − m1 x
1 ⇒ m= ±
2 2 3
5−1 1 c 1 If the tangent touches the parabola and
⇒ e = [0 < e < 1]
2 1 circle above X-axis, then slope m should
= |((m1 − m2 )x + m2 )x − m1 x|
44 Equation of diagonal 2 be positive.
AC is y − 0 = − 2( x − 3) 1 ∴ m=
1
and the equation is
= (m1 − m2 )( x − x2 )
⇒ 2x + y = 6 2 3
On solving 2 x + y = 6 and x = 2 y , we [Qx > x2 in (0, 1)] y =
x
+ 3
6 12 3
get y = and x = 1
5 5 Hence f ( x ) = ( x − x2 ) ⇒ 3y = x + 3
2
Y 1 which is the required equation of
f ( x )max = , tangent.
8
C x=2y 1
when x = 48 Given equation is
B 2 x2 y2
+ = 1.
D 45° 16 (16 / 11 ) 2
X¢
A
X 46 r = 3 sin 30° = 3
O 2 Thus, the parametric coordinates are
(3, 0)  16 
P ( x, y ) is any point on circle  4cos φ, sin φ . The equation of
 11 
Y¢ (PA )2 + (PB )2 + (PC )2 + (PD )2
tangent at this point is
So, the centre of square is  ,  .
12 6 x cos φ 11 y sin φ
Y + = 1.
 5 5
4 16
Let slope of side AB or AD is m, then A(0,1) This touches the circle
 m − (− 2) x 2 + y 2 − 2 x − 15 = 0
 = 1
1 + m (−2) cos φ
−1
4
⇒ (m + 2) = ± (1 − 2m ) 30° r 30°
∴ =4
1 cos 2 φ 11sin2 φ
⇒ m = − and m = 3 X¢ +
3 X 16 256
B (–Ö3, 0) D (Ö3, 0)
Hence, slopes of AB and AD are 3 and ⇒ cos 2 φ + 16 − 8cos φ
1  cos 2 φ 11sin2 φ 
− , respectively. = 256  + 
3  16 256 
∴ Equations of sides AB and AD are
C(0, –1) ⇒ 15 cos 2 φ + 11 (1 − cos 2 φ)
y − 0 = 3( x − 3 )
+ 8cos φ − 16 = 0
1
and y − 0 = − ( x − 3) ⇒ 4cos 2 φ + 8cos φ − 5 = 0
3 Y¢
⇒ cos φ =
1 Q cos φ ≠ 5
or y − 3 x + 9 = 0 and 3 y + x − 3 = 0, = x2 + ( y − 1)2 + ( x + 3 )2 + y 2 +
2  2 
respectively. x2 + ( y + 1)2 + ( x − 3 )2 + y 2
π π
⇒ φ= or −
45 Let the coordinate of C be (1,c) = 4( x2 + y 2 + 2) 3 3
c−y = 4(r 2 + 2) [Q x2 + y 2 = r 2 ]
m2 = 49 Since, p, x1 , x2 , ... and q, y 1 , y 2 , K are in
1− x
= 4  + 2 = 11
3 AP with common differences a and b,
c − m1 x  y
⇒ m2 = Qm1 =  4  respectively.
1− x  x
⇒ x i = p + ai and y i = q + ib
47 Any tangent to y 2 = 4 x is of the form
Y x1 + x2 + ... + x n
1 ∴ h=
C(1, c) y = mx + , (Q a = 1), n
m
y)m 2 y1 + y2 + K + y n
B(x, This touches the circle and k =
n
( x − 3)2 + y 2 = 9, whose centre is n n
m1 (3, 0) and radius is 3. ⇒ nh = ∑x
i =1
i and nk = ∑y
i =1
i
m 1 > m2 1
m (3) + −0 n
So, m
m2 + 1
=3 ⇒ nh = ∑( p +
i =1
ia)
X′ X
A(0,0) n
Y′
3 m2 + 1 = ± 3 m m2 + 1
and nh = ∑ (q +
i =1
ib )
n (n + 1) 54 The equation of tangent to the ellipse is

⇒ nh = np + a D c C
2 x y
n (n + 1) cos θ + sin θ = 1 and it meets the
and nk = nq + b a b
2 a
directrix x = at
h− p n+1 k −q n+1 d e
⇒ = and = b
a 2 b 2 O  a b (e − cos θ)
h− p k −q T  , .
∴ = e e sin θ 
a b
A a B Since, focus is S (ae , 0).
Hence, locus of (h, k ) is
b sin θ
b ( x − p ) = a (k − q ). ∴ Slope of SP =
Hence, Statement II is true and since for ⇒ ac + bd = 4 and AC ⋅ BD = 4 a (cos θ − e )
Statement I, n = 3 but ac + bd ≥ 4 [Q AM ≥ GM] b (e – cos θ)
and slope of ST =
So, Statement I is true and Statement II ⇒ AC = BD = 2 and ac = bd = 2 a sin θ (1 − e 2 )
is a correct explanation of Statement I. [Qabcd ≥ 4] b2
⇒ a=b =c =d = 2 Now, as product of slopes = −
50 If t 1 and t 2 are parameters of a and b, a (1 − e 2 )
2
then 52 Statement II is true. = −1, therefore PT substends a right

t1 t2 = − 4 …(i) For the point (2, 2), t 1 = 1 angle at the focus.
 2 For the point (4, 1), t 2 = 2 Hence, circle with PT as diameter passes
Also, t 1  − t 1 −  = − 4 …(ii)
 t1  For the point (6, 2/3), t 3 = 3 through the focus.
For the point  , 16 , t 4 =

On solving Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get 1 1 55 Statement II is true, using in Statement
t1 = 2 4  8 I, ( x − 1) 2 + ( y − 4) 2
2 Now,
3
t1 ⋅ t2 ⋅ t3 ⋅ t 4 = ≠ 1 = ( x − k ) 2 + ( y − 3) 2
Also, m AB = = − t1 = − 2
t2 + t1 4 ⇒ 2 (k − 1)x − 2 y = k 2 − 8
Hence, Statement I is false. k2 − 8
y-intercept = − =–4 [given]
51 Clearly, ac + bd = AC ⋅ BD ≤ 4 2
53 The auxiliary circle of an ellipse
[using Ptolemy’s theorem] y2 ⇒ k = 16 ⇒ k − 16 = 0
2 2
x2
+ 2 = 1, b < 2 is x2 + y 2 = 4
4 b
DAY THIRTY ONE
Vector Algebra
u Vectors and Scalars u Angular Bisectors u Scalar Triple Product
u Types of Vectors u Position Vector (PV) u Vector Triple Product
u Addition, Subtraction u Components of a Vector in 2D and 3D u Linear Combination,
and Scalar Multiplication u Scalar (Dot) Product Linear Independence
of Vectors and Dependence
u Vector (Cross) Product
Vectors and Scalars

Physical quantities are divided into two categories Scalar Quantities and Vector Quantities.
Those quantities which have only magnitude and not related to any fixed direction in space
are called scalar quantities or simply scalars. Examples of scalars are mass, volume, density,
work, temperature etc.,
Vectors are those quantities which have both magnitude as well as direction.
Displacement, velocity, acceleration, momentum, weight, force etc., are examples of vector
–→ →
quantities. A directed line-segment is a vector, denoted as AB (or AB) or simply a (or a).
A a B
(Initial point) (Terminal point)
l
Magnitude (or length) of a vector a is denoted by|a| and it is always a non-negative scalar.
Types of Vectors
(i) A vector whose initial and terminal points coincide is called the zero or null vector and it
PRED
is denoted as 0. MIRROR
(ii) A vector whose magnitude is 1, is called a unit vector. The unit vector in the direction of a
a
is given by and is denoted by a$ . Unit vectors parallel to X-axis, Y-axis and Z-axis are u No. of Questions in Exercises (x)—
a u No. of Questions Attempted (y)—
denoted by i, j and k, respectively. u No. of Correct Questions (z)—
(iii) Vectors are said to be like when they have the same sense of direction and unlike when
they have opposite directions.
(iv) Two vectors a and b are said to be equal, written as a = b, if they have same length and u Prep Level (z / x × 100)—
same direction.
(v) Vectors which are parallel to the same line are called collinear vectors or parallel vector, In order to expect good rank in JEE,
otherwise they are called non-collinear vector. If a and b are two collinear vectors, then your Accuracy Level should be
a = λb for same λ ∈ R. above 75.
(vi) Vectors having the same initial point are called coinitial vectors.
DAY THIRTY ONE VECTOR ALGEBRA 337
(vii) Vectors having the same terminal point are called a 1 , a 2 , a 3 , ... in consecutive order, then their sum is
coterminous vectors. represented by the nth side, but in opposite direction
(viii) A system of vectors is said to be coplanar, if they are (as shown in the adjoining figure).
→ → → →
parallel to the same plane or lie in the same plane (iv) If a and b are two vectors, then the subtraction of b from a
otherwise they are called non-coplanar vectors. → →
is defined as the vector sum of a and − b and it is denoted
(ix) The vector which has the same magnitude as that of a → → → → → →
given vector a but opposite direction, is called the by a− b , i.e., a− b = a+ (− b ).

negative of a and is denoted by − a. (v) To subtract b from a, we reverse the direction of b and
(x) A vector having the same direction as that of a given add it to vector a.
vector a but magnitude equal to the reciprocal of the (vi) Let PQRS be a parallelogram such that PQ = a = SR and
given vector is known as the reciprocal of a and is PS = b = QR. Then, diagonal PR = a + b (addition of
denoted by a −1 . vectors) and diagonal SQ = a − b (subtraction of vectors).
(xi) A vector which is drawn parallel to a given vector through a
S R
a specified point in space is called a localised vector. a–
(xii) Vector whose initial points are not specified are called b
free vectors. b b
(xiii) When a particle is displaced from point A to other point B, b
then the displacement AB is a vector, called displacement a+
P a Q
vector of the particle.
(xiv) Two vectors are called orthogonal, if angle between the (ii) If a is a vector and λ is a scalar (i.e. a real number), then λa
two is a right angle. is a vector whose magnitude is λ times that of a and whose
direction is the same as that of a if λ > 0 and opposite of a
Addition, Subtraction and if λ < 0.
Thus, λa = λ a
Scalar Multiplication of Vectors
There are three laws for vector addition, which are given below.
Important Results
(i) Triangle law If the vectors a and b lie along the two
sides of a triangle in consecutive order (as shown in (i) a + b = b + a (ii) a + (b + c) = (a + b) + c
the adjoining figure), then their sum (resultant) a + b (iii) a − b ≠ b − a (iv) a ± b ≤ a + b
is represented by the third side, but in opposite (v) a ± b ≥ a − b (vi) λ 1 (λ 2a) = (λ 1 λ 2 )a = λ 2 (λ 1a)
direction.
(vii) (λ 1 + λ 2 )a = λ 1 a + λ 2 a (viii) λ (a + b) = λa + λb
b NOTE When the sides of a triangle are taken in order, it leads to zero
a+
b resultant, e.g., In ABC, AB + BC + CA = 0.
O a Angular Bisectors
(ii) Parallelogram law If the vectors lie along two Let a and b are unit vectors, the internal bisector of angle
adjacent sides of a parallelogram (as shown in the between a and b is along a + b and external bisector of angle is
adjoining figure), then diagonal of the parallelogram along a − b.
through the common vertex represents their sum. b
a+b
b b
+ a
a
O a
a–b
(iii) Polygon law If (n − 1) sides of a polygon represents
vector If a and b are not unit vectors, then above angle bisectors are
a b a b
+
a3 a3 along + and − , respectively.
a2 |a | | b| |a | | b|
+
a1 a2 These bisectors are perpendicular to each other.
O a1
338 40 DAYS ~ JEE MAIN MATHEMATICS DAY THIRTY ONE
where Ax , A y and Az are the magnitudes of A x , A y and A z ,

Position Vector (PV) respectively.
Every point P ( x, y, z) in space is associated with a vector Here Ax , A y and Az are called scalar components of A and Ax ,
whose initial point is O(origin) and terminal point is P. This
A y and Az are called Vector components of A.
vector is called position vector and it is given by
If two vectors a = (a1 , a2 , a3 ) and b = (b1 , b2 , b3 ) are equal, then
OP (or r) = x i + y j + z k.
their resolved parts will also equal i.e. a1 = b1 , a2 = b2 and
Using distance formula, the magnitude of OP (or r) is a3 = b3 . If a = a1 i + a2 j + a3 k and b = b1 i + b2 j + b3 k, then
OP = x2 + y2 + z2
(i) a + b = (a1 + b1 )i + (a2 + b2 )j + (a3 + b3 )k
l
If A (a1 , a2 , a3 ) and B (b1 , b2 , b3 ) have position vectors then (ii) a − b = (a1 − b1 )i + (a2 − b2 )j + (a3 − b3 )k
a and b respectively, then AB = b − a
(iii) λa = λa1 i + λa2 j + λa3 k
and AB = | b − a | = (a1 − b1 )2 + (a2 − b2 )2 + (a3 − b3 )2
l
If a and b are the PV of A and B respectively and r be the Scalar (Dot) Product
PV of the point P which divides the join of A and B in the
mb ± na The scalar product of two vectors a and b is given by
ratio m : n, then r = . a ⋅ b = |a || b|cos θ, 0 ≤ θ ≤ π .
m±n
Properties of Scalar Product is listed below:
Here, ‘+’ sign takes for internal division and ‘−’ sign takes
for external division. 1. a ⋅ b = b ⋅ a [commutative law]
l
If a, b and c be the PV of three vertices of ∆ABC and r be the 2. a ⋅ b = 0, if a ⊥ b
a+b+c 3. a ⋅ a =|a |2
PV of the centroid of ∆ABC, then r =
3 4. i ⋅ i = j ⋅ j = k ⋅ k = 1
and i ⋅ j = i ⋅ k = j ⋅ k = j ⋅ i = k ⋅ i = k ⋅ j = 0
Components of a Vector 5. If a = a1 i + a2 j + a3 k and b = b1 i + b2 j + b3 k,
in 2D and 3D then a ⋅ b = a1 b1 + a2 b2 + a3 b3
6. a ⋅ (α ⋅ b) = α (a ⋅ b)
The process of splitting a vector is called resolution of a
vector. The parts of the vector obtained after splitting the 7. a ⋅ (b ± c) = a ⋅ b ± a ⋅ c [distributive law]
vectors are known as the components of the vector. 8. For any two vectors a and b, we have
(i) | a + b |2 = | a |2 + | b |2 + 2 (a ⋅ b)
Let A x is the resolved part of A along X-axis i.e. the projection
(ii) | a − b |2 = | a |2 + | b |2 − 2 (a ⋅ b)
of A on X-axis. Similarly, A y is the resolved part of A along
(iii) (a + b) ⋅ (a − b) = | a |2 − | b |2
Y-axis, i.e. the projection of A on Y-axis.
(iv) a ⋅ b < 0 iff a and b are inclined at an obtuse angle.
Then, by the parallelogram law, (v) a ⋅ b > 0 iff a and b are inclined at an acute angle.
Y 9. If a = a1 i + a2 j + a3 k and b = b1 i + b2 j + b3 k are inclined
at an angle θ, then
P
M a1b1 + a2b2 + a3b3
cos θ =
Ay A a12 + a22 + a32 b12 + b22 + b32
j Ax 10. If r is a vector making angles α , β and γ with OX , OY

X¢ X and OZ respectively, then
O i N
Y¢
cos α = r ⋅ i, cos β = r ⋅ j, cos γ = r ⋅ k
r = | r |cos α i + | r |cos β j + | r |cos γ k
OP = ON + NP or A = A x + A y = Ax i$ + A y $j
If r is a unit vector, then
Where Ax and A y are the magnitudes of Ax and A y .
r = (cos α ) i + (cos β) j + (cos γ) k
Similarly, in three dimension we can represents vector A. 11. Projection of a on b(scalar component of a along b) is
as A = A x + A y + A z = Ax i + A y j + Az k
Y A
a
j Ay
O b
X M
k O Ax i
Az a⋅b
OM =
Z b
12. Components of a along and perpendicular to b are Properties of Scalar Triple Product are listed below:
a⋅b $  a ⋅ b 1. [a b c] = [b c a] = [c a b]
OM = ⋅ b and MA = a −   ⋅ b$ , respectively.
b  b  2. [a b c] = − [b a c] = − [c b a] = − [a c b]
13. Work done If a particle acted on by a force F has 3. If λ is a scalar, then [λa b c] = λ [a b c]
displacement d, then work done = F ⋅ d 4. [a b c1 + c2 ] = [a b c1 ] + [a b c2 ]
5. (a × b) ⋅ c = a ⋅ (b × c)
Vector (Cross) Product 6. The scalar triple product of three vectors is zero, if
The vector product of two vectors a and b is given by any two of them are equal or parallel or collinear.
a × b = |a || b|sin θ ⋅ n$ , where n$ is a unit vector perpendicular 7. If a, b and c are coplanar, then [a b c] = 0
to a and b such that a, b and n$ form a right handed system and 8. If [a b c] = 0, then any two of the vectors are parallel or
θ (0 ≤ θ ≤ π ) is the angle between a and b. a, b and c are coplanar or c = α a + βb.
Properties of vector product are listed below:
9. Four points with position vectors a, b, c and d will be
1. a × b = − (b × a) coplanar, if [b − a, c – a, d – a] = 0.
2. (a × b)2 = |a|2 | b|2 − (a ⋅ b)2 10. Volume of parallelopiped, whose coterminous edges
3. ma × b = m (a × b) = a × mb are a, b and c is [a b c] .
4. a × (b ± c) = a × b ± a × c 11. If a = a1 i + a2 j + a3 k, b = b1 i + b2 j + b3 k
and (b ± c) × a = b × a ± c × a a1 a2 a3
5. a × b = 0 ⇔ a || b, where, a and b are non-zero vectors.
and c = c1 i + c2 j + c3 k, then [a b c] = b1 b2 b3
6. If a = a1 i + a2 j + a3 k and b = b1 i + b2 j + b3 k
c1 c2 c3
i j k
a⋅ a a⋅ b a⋅ c
then, a × b = a1 a2 a3
12. [a × b b × c c × a] = [a b c]2 = b ⋅ a b⋅ b b⋅ c
b1 b2 b3
c⋅ a c⋅ b c⋅ c
7. The vector perpendicular to both a and b is given by
a⋅ u a⋅ v a⋅ w
a × b.
13. [a b c] ⋅ [u v w] = b ⋅ u b ⋅ v b ⋅ w
8. The unit vectors perpendicular to the plane of a and b
a×b c⋅ u c⋅ v c⋅ w
are ± and a vector of magnitude λ perpendicular
|a × b | 14. If a = a1 l+a2 m+a3 n; b = b1 l+b2 m+b3 n and
λ (a × b) a1 a2 a3
to the plane of (a and b or b and a ) is .
|a × b | c = c1 l+c2 m+c3 n, then [a b c] = b1 b2 b3 [l, m, n]
9. If i, j and k are three unit vectors along three mutually c1 c2 c3
perpendicular lines, then
i × i = j × j = k × k = 0, i × j = k, j × i = − k, j × k = i, Tetrahedron and Its Volume
k × j = − i, k × i = j, i × k = − j
A tetrahedron is a three dimensional figure formed by four
10. (i) The area of parallelogram with adjacent sides a and
triangles, as shown in figure
b is a × b .
(ii) The area of quadrilateral with diagonals d 1 and d 2 A (a)
1
is d 1 × d 2 .
2
(iii) The area of triangle with adjacent sides a and b, is (a)
1
a ×b . O
2
(iv) If a, b, c are position vectors of a ∆ABC, then the
1 (b) (c)
area = (a × b) + (b × c) + (c × a) . (b) B C (c)
2
11. Three points with position vectors a, b, c are collinear Volume of tetrahedron
if a × b + b × c + c × a = 0 1
OABC = [a b c]
6
Scalar Triple Product If a, b, c and d are position vectors of vertices A, B, C and D of a
If a, b, c are three vectors, then their scalar triple product is tetrahedron ABCD, then its volume
defined as the dot product of a and b × c. It is denoted by 1
= [a − d b − d c − d ].
[a b c]. Thus, [a b c] = a ⋅ (b × c). 6
If two non-zero vectors a and b are linearly dependent,

Vector Triple Product
l
then it means
If a, b and c are three vector quantities, then the vectors (i) there are non-zero scalar α and β such that α a + βb = 0 .
a × (b × c) and (a × b) × c represents the vector triple product
(ii) a and b are parallel.
and is given by
(iii) a and b are collinear.
a × (b × c) = (a ⋅ c) b − (a ⋅ b) c
(iv) a × b = 0
(a × b) × c = (a ⋅ c) b − (b ⋅ c) a
Otherwise, a and b are linearly independent.
Properties of Vector Triple Product are listed below:
l
If three non-zero vectors a, b and c are linearly dependent,
1. (a × b) × c = a × (b × c) if some or all a, b and c are zero
vectors or a and c are collinear. then it means
2. a × b × a = (a × b) × a = a × (b × a) (i) there are non-zero scalars α , β and γ such that
αa + βb + γc =0
3. Vector a × (b × c) is perpendicular to a and lies in the
plane of b and c. (ii) a, b and c are parallel to same plane.
a ⋅c a ⋅d (iii) a, b and c are coplanar.
4. (a × b) ⋅ (c × d ) = .
b ⋅c b ⋅d (iv) a = α 1 b + α 2c etc.
(v) [a b c] = 0
Linear Combination, Linear Otherwise a, b and c are linearly independent.
Independence and Dependence l

A set of non-zero vectors a 1 , a 2 , a 3 , ……, a n is said to be
linearly independent, if x1a 1 + x2a 2 + ...+ x na n = 0
A vector r is said to be a linear combination of vectors
⇒ x1 = x2 = ... = x n = 0, where x1 , x2 ,... x n are scalars.
a, b, c, K etc., if there exist scalars x, y, z, ... etc., such that
r = x a + yb + z c + K

1 Let us define the length of a vector a i + b j + c k as π
6 Let | a | = 2 2, | b | = 3 and the angle between a and b is .
| a | + | b | + | c |. This definition coincides with the usual 4
definition of length of a vector a i + b j + c k iff If a parallelogram is constructed with adjacent sides
(a) a = b = c = 0 2a − 3 b and a + b, then its longer diagonal is of length
(b) any two of a, b and c are zero (a) 10 (b) 8
(c) any one of a, b and c are zero (c) 2 26 (d) 6
(d) a + b + c = 0 7 If a,b and c are unit vectors, then
2 The non-zero vectors a,b and c are related by a=8b and | a − b | 2 + | b − c | 2 + | c − a | 2 does not exceed to
c = –7b. Then, the angle between a and c is j
AIEEE 2008 (a) 4 (b) 9 (c) 8 (d) 6
π π 8 a and c are unit collinear vectors and | b | = 6, then
(a) π (b) 0 (c) (d)
4 2 b − 3 c = λa , if λ is
3 If a vector r of magnitude 3 6 is directed along the (a) − 9, 3 (b) 9, 3
bisector of the angle between the vectors (c) 3, – 3 (d) None of these
a = 7 i − 4 j − 4 k and b = − 2i − j + 2k, then r is equal to
9 If a and b are unit vectors, then what is the angle
(a) i − 7 j + 2 k (b) i + 7 j − 2 k between a and b for 3 a − b to be a unit vector?
(c) i + 7 j + 2 k (d) i − 7 j − 2 k j
NCERT Exemplar
4 If C is the mid-point of AB and P is any point out side AB (a) 30° (b) 45°
then j
AIEEE 2005 (c) 60° (d) 90°
(a) PA +PB +PC =0 (b) PA +PB + 2PC =0 10 If a and b are unit vectors inclined at an angle α , α ∈ [ 0, π ]
(c) PA +PB =PC (d) PA +PB = 2PC to each other and | a + b | < 1. Then, α belong to
5 If the vectors AB = 3 i + 4 k and AC = 5 i − 2 j + 4 k are the π 2π 2π 
(a)  ,  (b)  , π
sides of a ∆ ABC, then the length of the median through 3 3   3 
π π 3π
A is JEE Mains 2013 (c)  0,  
j
(d)  , 
(a) 18 (b) 72 (c) 33 (d) 45  3 4 4 
11 If a, b and c are unit vectors satisfying a − 3 b + c = 0, 21 Let u, v w be three vectors such that
then the angle between the vectors a and c is | u | = 1,| v | = 2, | w | = 3
π π π π
(a) (b) (c) (d) If the projection of v along u is equal to that of w along u
4 3 6 2
and v and w are perpendicular to each other, then
12 The value of a , for which the points, A, B, C with position | u − v + w | is equal to
vectors 2 i − j + k, i − 3 j − 5 k and a i − 3 j + k
(a) 4 (b) 7 (c) 14 (d) 2
respectively are the vertices of a right angled triangle
π 22 If a, b and c are three mutually perpendicular vectors,
with C = are
2 j AIEEE 2006 then the projection of the vector
a b (a × b )
(a) –2 and –1 (b) –2 and 1 l +m +n along the angle bisector of the
(c) 2 and –1 (d) 2 and 1 |a | |b| | a ×b |
13 If the vectors a = i − j + 2 k, b = 2 i + 4 j + k and vector a and b is
c = λ i + j + µk are mutually orthogonal, then ( λ , µ ) is l 2 + m2
(a) (b) l 2 + m2 + n2
equal to j AIEEE 2010 l + m2 + n2
2
(a) (– 3, 2) (b) (2, – 3) l 2 + m2 l+m

(c) (– 2, 3) (d) (3, – 2) (c) (d)
l + m2 + n2
2 2
14 Let a and b be two unit vectors. If the vectors c = a + 2 b
and d = 5 a − 4 b are perpendicular to each other, then 23 Resolved part of vector a along the vector b is a 1 and that
the angle between a and b is j AIEEE 2012
perpendicular to b is a 2 , then a 1 × a 2 is equal to
π π π π (a × b) b (a × b) a
(a) (b) (c) (d) (a) (b)
6 2 3 4 | b |2 | a |2
15 If p, q and r are perpendicular to q + r, r + p and p + q (c)
(a ⋅ b) (b × a )
(d)
(a ⋅ b) (b × a )
respectively and if | p + q | = 6, | q + r | = 4 3 and | b| 2 |b×a |
| r + p | = 4, then | p + q + r | is
(a)5 2 (b) 10 24 A particle is acted upon by constant forces 4i + j − 3k
(c)5 (d) 15 and 3i + j − k which displace it from a point i + 2j + 3k to
the point 5i + 4j + k The work done in standard units by
16 Let a and b be the position vectors of points A and B with the forces is given by j
AIEEE 2004
respect to origin and | a | = a, | b | = b. The points C and D
(a) 40 units (b) 30 units
divide AB internally and externally in the ratio 2 : 3. If (c) 25 units (d) 15 units
OC and OD are perpendicular, then
(a) 9a 2 = 4 b 2 (b) 4 a 2 = 9b 2 25 If u and v are unit vectors and θ is the acute angle
(c) 9a = 4 b (d) 4 a = 9b between them, then 2 u × 3v is a unit vector for
(a) exactly two values of θ j
AIEEE 2007
17 A vector of magnitude 2 coplanar with i + j + 2 k and
(b) more than two values of θ
i + 2j + k and perpendicular to i + j + k is (c) no value of θ
(a) − j + k (b) i − k (c) i − j (d) i − 2 j + k (d) exactly one value of θ
18 If the positive numbers a, b and c are the 26 If the vectors c , a = x i + y j + z k and b = j are such that
p th, q th and r th terms of GP, then the vectors a, c and b form a right handed system, then c is
log a ⋅ i + log b ⋅ j + log c ⋅ k and (q − r )i + (r − p )j + ( p − q )k (a) z i − x k (b) 0 j
AIEEE 2002
are (c) y j (d) − z i + x k
(a) equal (b) parallel
(c) perpendicular (d) None of these
27 If a = i+ j+ k and b = j − k, then a vector c such that
a × c = b and a ⋅ c = 3 is j
NCERT Exemplar
19 The distance of the point B with position vector 5 2 2 2 5 5
(a) i + j+ k (b) i + j + k
i + 2 j + 3 k from the line passing through the point A, 3 3 3 3 3 3
whose position vector is 4 i + 2 j + 2 k and parallel to the 5
(c) i +
2
j+
1
k (d) None of these
vector 2 i + 3j + 6 k is 3 3 3
(a) 10 (b) 5 (c) 6 (d) 8 28 Vectors a and b are not perpendicular and c and d are
20 Let a = 2 i − j + k, b = i + 2j − k and c = i + j − 2 k be three two vectors satisfying b × c = b × d and a ⋅ d = 0. Then,
vectors. A vector of the type b + λ c for some scalar λ, the vector d is equal to j
AIEEE 2011
2 a ⋅ c b⋅c
whose projection on a is of magnitude , is (a) c +  b (b) b +  c
3  a ⋅ b  a ⋅ b
(a) 2 i + j + 5 k (b) 2 i + 3 j − 3 k a ⋅ c b⋅c
(c) 2 i − j + 5 k (d) 2 i + 3 j + 3 k (c) c −  b (d) b −  c
 a ⋅ b  a ⋅ b
29 If u, v and w are non-coplanar vectors and p, q are real 40 If V is the volume of the parallelopiped having three
numbers, then the equality coterminous edges, as a, b and c, then the volume of the
[ 3 u p v p w ] − [ p v w q u] − [ 2 w q v q u] = 0 parallelopiped having three coterminous edges as
holds for j AIEEE 2009
α = (a ⋅ a ) a + (a ⋅ b ) b + (a ⋅ c )c
(a) exactly two values of (p, q) β = (a ⋅ b ) a + (b ⋅ b ) b + (b ⋅ c ) c
(b) more than two but not all values of (p, q) γ = (a ⋅ c ) a + (b ⋅ c ) b + (c ⋅ c ) c
(c) all values of (p, q) (a) V 3 (b) 3V
(d) exactly one value of (p, q) (c) V 2 (d) 2V
30 Let v = 2i + j − k and w = i+ 3 k. If u is a unit vector, then 41 If a, b and c are non-coplanar vectors and λ is a real
the maximum value of [u v w ] is number, then the vectors a + 2b + 3c , λb + 4c and
(a) − 1 (b) 10 + 6 ( 2λ − 1) c are non-coplanar for
(c) 59 (d) 60 (a) no value of λ
(b) all except one value of λ
31 If a = i − j, b = j − k, c = k − i and d is a unit vector such
(c) all except two values of λ
that a ⋅ d = 0 = [ b c d ], then d is/are
i+ j−k i + j − 2k (d) all values of λ
(a)± (b) ±
3 6 1 1
42 If a = ( 3 i + k ) and b = ( 2i + 3j − 6 k ), then the value
i+ j+k 10 7
(c)± (d) ± k
3 of ( 2a − b ) ⋅ [(a × b ) × (a + 2b )] is j AIEEE 2011
32 The vector ( i × a ⋅ b ) i + ( j × a ⋅ b ) j + (k × a ⋅ b ) k is equal to (a) −3 (b) 5

(c) 3 (d) −5
(a) b × a (b) a (c) a × b (d) b
$ b$ and c$ be three unit vectors such that
43 Let a,
33 The points with position vectors α i + j + k, i − j − k, i + 2j − k,
i + j + βk are coplanar if 3 $
a$ × (b$ × c)
$ = (b+c$ ). If b$ is not parallel to c,
$ then the
(a) (1 − α)(1 + β) = 0 (b) (1 − α)(1 − β) = 0 2
(c) (1 + α)(1 + β) = 0 (d) (1 + α)(1 − β) = 0 angle between a$ and b$ is j
JEE Mains 2016
3π π 2π 5π
34 Let a = i + j + k,b = i − j + 2k and c = xi + ( x − 2) j − k If (a) (b) (c) (d)
4 2 3 6
the vector c lies in the plane of a and b, then x equal to
j
AIEEE 2007 44 If a = j − k and c = i − j − k. Then, the vector b satisfying
(a) 0 (b) 1 a × b + c = 0 and a ⋅ b = 3, is j
AIEEE 2010
(c) – 4 (d) –2 (a) − i + j − 2 k (b) 2 i − j + 2 k
(c) i − j − 2 k (d) i + j − 2 k
35 If the vectors pi + j + k, i + qj + k and i + j + r k
( p ≠ q ≠ r ≠ 1) are coplanar, then the value of 45 Let u be a vector coplanar with the vectors a = 2$i + 3$j – k$
pqr − ( p + q + r ) is j
AIEEE 2011 and b = $j+k$ . If u is perpendicular to a and u ⋅ b=24, then
(a) −2 (b) 2 2
u is equal to
(d) −1 JEE Mains 2018
j
(c) 0
(a) 336 (b) 315 (c) 256 (d) 84
36 Let α = a i + b j + c k, β = bi + c j + a k and γ = c i + a j + bk
be three coplanar vectors with a ≠ b and v = i + j + k. 46 Let a, b and c be three unit vectors such that a is
Then, v is perpendicular to perpendicular to the plane of b and c. If the angle
(a) α (b) β (c) γ π
(d) All of these between b and c is , then | a × b − a × c | 2 is equal to
3
37 If a , b, c are non-coplanar vectors and λ is a real 1 1
number, then [ λ ( a + b ) λ2 b λc ] = [ a b + c b ] for (a) (b)
3 2
(a) exactly two values of λ j
AIEEE 2005 (c) 1 (d) 2
(b) exactly three values of λ
(c) no value of λ 47 The vectors a and b are non-collinear. The value of x, for
(d) exactly one value of λ which the vectors, c = ( 2x + 3) a + b and
d = ( 2x + 3) a − b are collinear is
38 Let a, b and c be three non-zero vectors which are 1 1
pairwise non-collinear. If a + 3 b is collinear with c and (a) (b)
2 3
b + 2 c is collinear with a, then a + 3 b + 6 c is equal to 3
(c) − (d) None of these
(a) a + c (b) a (c) c (d) 0 2
39 If [ a × b b × c c × a ] = λ [ a b c ]2 , then λ is equal to 48 It is given that a, b, c are mutually perpendicular vectors
j
JEE Mains 2014 of equal magnitudes.
(a) 0 (b) 1 Statement I Vector (a + b + c ) is equally inclined to a, b
(c) 2 (d) 3 and c.
Statement II If α , β and γ are the angles at which (b) Statement I is true; Statement II is false
(a + b + c ) is inclined to a, b and c, then α = β = γ. (c) Statement I is false; Statement II is true
(a) Statement I is true, Statement II is true; Statement II is a (d) Statement I is true, Statement II is true; Statement II is a
correct explanation for Statement I correct explanation for Statement I
(b) Statement I is true, Statement II is true; Statement II is 50 Statement I A relation between the vectors r, a and b is
not a correct explanation for Statement I a ×b
r × a = b ⇒r = .
(c) Statement I is true; Statement II is false a ⋅a
(d) Statement I is false; Statement II is true Statement II r ⋅ a = 0.
1 (a) Statement I is true, Statement II is true; Statement II is a
49 Statement I For a = − the volume of the
3 correct explanation for Statement I
parallelopiped formed by vectors i + a j , a i + j + k and (b) Statement I is true, Statement II is true; Statement II is
j + a k is maximum. not a correct explanation for Statement I
Statement II The volume of the parallelopiped having (c) Statement I is true; Statement II is false
three coterminous edges a , b andc is | [ a b c ] |. (d) Statement I is false; Statement II is true
(a) Statement I is true, Statement II is true; Statement II is

$ b = $i + $j and c be a vector such that
1 Let a= 2$i + $j − 2k, 7 If b = 4 i + 3j and c be two vectors perpendicular to each
c – a = 3, (a × b ) × c = 3 and the angle between a and other in the xy-plane. Then, a vector in the same plane
a × b is 30°. Then, a ⋅ c is equal to j
JEE Mains 2017 having projections 1 and 2 along b and c
25 1 respectively, is
(a) (b) 2 (c) 5 (d)
8 8 (a) i + 2 j (b) 2i − j
(c) 2i + j (d) None of these
2 Given, two vectors are i − j and i + 2j, the unit vector
coplanar with the two vectors and perpendicular to first is 8 The unit vector which is orthogonal to the vector
1 1 3 i + 2 j + 6 k and is coplanar with the vectors 2 i + j + k
(a) (i + j) (b) (2 i + j)
2 5 and i − j + k, is
(c) ±
1
(i + j) (d) None of these 2i − 6 j + k 2i − 3j
(a) (b)
2 41 13
3j − k 4i + 3j − 3k
3 Vectors a and b are such that | a | = 1, | b | = 4 and a ⋅ b = 2. (c) (d)
10 34
If c = 2a × b − 3 b, then the angle between b and c is
π 5π π 2π 9 The values of x for which the angle between the vectors
(a) (b) (c) (d)
6 6 3 3 2x 2 i + 4x j + k and 7i − 2j + x k is obtuse and the angle
4 A unit vector d is equally inclined at an angle α with the between the Z-axis and 7i − 2j + x k is acute and less
π
vectors a = cos θ ⋅ i + sin θ ⋅ j, b = − sin θ ⋅ i + cos θ ⋅ j and than is given by
c = k. Then, α is equal to 6
1 1
(a) 0 < x < (b) x > or x < 0
(a) cos−1 
1 
(b) cos−1 
1 
  2 2
 2  3
1
1 π (c) < x < 15 (d) No such value for x
(c) cos−1 (d) 2
3 2
10 If a and b are unit vectors, then the greatest value of
5 Let p = 3 ax 2 i − 2 ( x − 1) j , q = b ( x − 1) i + x j and ab < 0 .
| a + b | + | a − b | is
Then, p and q are parallel for atleast one x in
(a) 2 (b) 4
(a) (0, 1) (b) (1, 0)
(c) 2 2 (d) 2
(c) (1, 2) (d) None of these
11 Let u = i + j, v = i − j and w = i + 2j + 3j. If n is a unit vector
6 If | a | = | b | = | c | = 1 and a ⋅ b = b ⋅ c = c ⋅ a = cos θ, then the
such that u ⋅ n = 0 and v ⋅ n = 0, then | w ⋅ n | is equal to
maximum value of θ is
π π 2π 2π (a) 3 (b) 0
(a) (b) (c) (d) (c) 1 (d) 2
3 2 3 5
12 Let b and c be non-collinear vectors. If a is a vector such (AB) (AC) 1 1

(a) (b) +
that a ⋅ (b + c ) = 4 and a × (b × c ) = ( x − 2x + 6) b
2 AB + AC AB AC
+ sin y ⋅ c then ( x , y ) lies on the line 1 AB 2 + AC 2
(c) (d)
(a) x + y = 0 (b) x − y = 0 AD (AB) 2 (AC) 2
(c) x = 1 (d) y = π
18 Let a, b and c be three non-zero vectors such that no two
13 If a = a1i + a 2 j + a 3 k, b = b1i + b2 j + b3k, 1
of them are collinear and (a × b ) × c =
| b | | c | a . If θ is
c = c1i + c 2 j + c 3k, | c | = 1 and (a × b ) × c = 0, then 3
2
a1 a 2 a 3 the angle between vectors b and c, then a value of sin θ
b1 b2 b3 is equal to is j JEE Mains 2015
c1 c2 c3 2 2 − 2 2 −2 3
(a) (b) (c) (d)
3 3 3 3
(a) 0 (b) 1 (c) | a | 2 | b | 2 (d) | a × b | 2
19. Let ABCD be a parallelogram such that AB = q , AD = p,
14 If a is a unit vector and projection of x along a is 2 and and ∠BAD be an acute angle. If r is the vector that
a × r + b = r, then is equal to coincides with the altitude directed from the vertex B to
1 1
(a) [a − b + a × b] (b) [2a + b + a × b] the side AD, then r is given by
2 2
3(p ⋅ q)  q⋅p
(c) a + a × b (d) a − a × b (a) r = 3 q − p (b) r = − q +  p
(p ⋅ q)  p⋅p 
15 Let a, b and c be unit vectors such that a + b + c = 0.
 p⋅q 3(p ⋅ q)
Which one of the following is correct? (c) r = q −  p (d) r = −3 q + p
 p⋅q (p ⋅ q)
(a) a ×b = b × c = c × a = 0
(b) a ×b=b×c =c ×a ≠ 0 20 Statement I If u and v are unit vectors inclined at an
(c) a ×b=b×c =a ×c = 0 angle α and x is a unit vector bisecting the angle
(d) a × b, b × c and c × a are mutually perpendicular u+ v
between them, then x = .
16 Let G 1, G 2 and G 3 be the centroids of the triangular α
2 cos
faces OBC, OCA and OAB of a tetrahedron OABC. If V1 2
denote the volume of the tetrahedron OABC and V2 that Statement II If ∆ABC is an isosceles triangle with
of the parallelopiped with OG 1, OG 2 and OG 3 as three AB = AC = 1, then vector representing bisector of angle A
concurrent edges, then AB + AC
is given by AD = .
(a) 4V1 = 9V2 (b) 9V1 = 4V2 2
(c) 3V1 = 2V2 (d) 3V2 = 2V1 (a) Statement I is true, Statement II is true; Statement II is a
17 ABC is triangle, right angled at A. The resultant of the (b) Statement I is true, Statement II is true; Statement II is
forces acting along AB and AC with magnitudes not a correct explanation for Statement I
1 1 (c) Statement I is true; Statement II is false
and respectively is the force along AD, where D
AB AC (d) Statement I is false; Statement II is true
is the foot of the perpendicular from A onto BC. The
magnitude of the resultant is
ANSWERS
SESSION 1 1 (b) 2 (a) 3 (a) 4 (d) 5 (c) 6 (c) 7 (b) 8 (a) 9 (a) 10 (b)
11 (b) 12 (d) 13 (a) 14 (c) 15 (a) 16 (a) 17 (a) 18 (c) 19 (a) 20 (b)
21 (c) 22 (d) 23 (c) 24 (a) 25 (d) 26 (a) 27 (a) 28 (c) 29 (d) 30 (c)
31 (b) 32 (c) 33 (a) 34 (d) 35 (a) 36 (d) 37 (c) 38 (d) 39 (b) 40 (a)
41 (c) 42 (d) 43 (d) 44 (a) 45 (a) 46 (c) 47 (c) 48 (a) 49 (c) 50 (b)
SESSION 2 1 (b) 2 (a) 3 (b) 4 (b) 5 (a) 6 (c) 7 (b) 8 (c) 9 (d) 10 (c)
11 (a) 12 (c) 13 (d) 14 (b) 15 (b) 16 (a) 17 (c) 18 (a) 19 (b) 20 (a)

SESSION 1 Also, AB + BM + MA = 0 10 Since, | a + b |2 < 1
[by properties of a triangle] ⇒ 2 + 2cos α < 1
1 We have,
AC − AB α
| a i + bj + ck | = | a | + | b | + | c | ⇒ AB + = AM ⇒ 4cos 2 < 1
2
⇒ a2 + b 2 + c 2 = | a | + | b | + | c | AB + AC
2
⇒ AM = α 1 2π 
⇒ a2 + b 2 + c 2 = a2 + b 2 + c 2 2 ⇒ cos < ⇒ α ∈  , π
+ 2[| a || b | + | b || c | + | c | a |] 3 i + 4 k + 5 i − 2j + 4k 2 2  3 
=
⇒ | a || b | + | b || c | + | c || a | = 0 2 11 3 b = (a + c )
⇒ ab = bc = ca = 0 = 4i − j+ 4k
⇒ 3| b |2 = | a |2 + | c |2 + 2 a ⋅ c
Hence, any two of a, b and c are zero. ∴ |AM | = 42 + 12 + 42 = 33 ⇒ 3(1 ) = 1 + 1 + 2a ⋅ c
2 Since, a = 8 b and c = −7 b ⇒ 2a ⋅c = 1
6 We have, a ⋅ b = 2 2 ⋅ 3 ⋅ 1 = 6
So, a is parallel to b and c is 2 1
⇒ | a | | c |cos θ =
anti-parallel to b. The diagonals are (2a − 3 b ) ± (a + b ) 2
⇒ a and c are anti-parallel. i.e. 3a − 2b and a − 4b 1
⇒ cos θ =
So, the angle between a and c is π. ∴Length of diagonals are 2
| 3 a − 2 b |2 = 9 |a | + 4 |b | − 12a ⋅ b π
3 The required vector ∴ θ=
 a  = 9 ⋅ 8 + 4 ⋅ 9 − 12 ⋅ 6 = 36 3
b
r =λ +  , where λ is a scalar. and | a − 4 b |2 = |a | + 16|b | − 8a ⋅ b
 a  12 Since, position vectors of A, B, C are
 b 
= 8 + 16 ⋅ 9 − 8 ⋅ 6 = 104 2 i − j + k , i − 3 j − 5 k and ai − 3 j + k ,
⇒ r = λ  ( 7 i − 4 j − 4 k )
1
So, the length of the longer diagonal is respectively.
9
104 i.e. 2 26. Now,
(− 2 i − j + 2 k )
1 AC = (a i − 3 j + k ) − (2 i − j + k )
+
3  7 Since, (a + b + c ) 2 ≥ 0 ⇒ 3 + 2 ∑ a ⋅ b ≥ 0 = (a − 2) i − 2 j
λ and BC = (a i − 3 j + k ) − (i − 3 j − 5k )
⇒ r = ( i − 7j + 2 k )
9 or − 2 ∑ a ⋅b ≤ 3 = (a − 1) i + 6 k
Given,| r| 2 = 54 ∴ | a − b |2 + | b − c |2 + | c − a |2 Since, the ∆ABC is right angled at C,
λ2 = 6 − 2 ∑ a ⋅b ≤ 9 then
⇒ (1 + 49 + 4) = 54 ⇒ λ = ± 9 BC ⋅ BC = 0
81 8 We have, b − 3 c = λa
⇒ {(a − 2) i − 2 j } ⋅ {(a − 1) i + 6 k } = 0
Thus, the required vector is Taking scalar product with c, we have
⇒ (a − 2)(a − 1) = 0
r = ± ( i − 7j + 2 k ). (b − 3 c ) ⋅ c = λ (a ⋅ c ) ∴ a = 1 and a = 2
4 Let P be the origin outside of AB and C ⇒ b ⋅ c − 3 (c ⋅ c ) = λ (a ⋅ a )
13 Since, the given vectors are mutually
is mid-point of AB, then [Q| a | = | c | = 1 orthogonal, therefore
C and a and c are collinear vectors] a ⋅b = 2 − 4 + 2 = 0
A B ⇒ b ⋅c − 3 = λ
a ⋅c = λ − 1 + 2µ = 0 ...(i)
⇒ b ⋅c = 3 + λ ...(i)
b ⋅c = 2λ + 4 + µ = 0 ...(ii)
Again, b − 3 c = λa
⇒ | b − 3 c | = |λ a |
P µ = 2 and λ = − 3
⇒ |b − 3 c |2 = λ2 | a |2
PA + PB ⇒ | b |2 + 9 |c |2 − 6 (b ⋅ c ) = λ2 |a |2 Hence, (λ , µ ) = (−3, 2)
PC =
2 ⇒ 36 + 9 − 6 (3 + λ ) = λ2 14 Given that,
⇒ 2 PC = PA + PB [from Eq. (i)] (i) a and b are unit vectors,
5 We know that, the sum of three vectors ⇒ 27 − 6λ = λ2 ⇒ λ2 + 6λ − 27 = 0 i.e.| a | = | b | = 1
of a triangle is zero. (ii) c = a + 2 b and d = 5 a − 4 b
∴ λ = − 9, 3
A
9 We have, ( 3 a − b ) 2 (iii) c and d are perpendicular to each
other, i.e. c ⋅ d = 0
= 3 a 2 + b2 − 2 3 a ⋅ b = 1
Now, c ⋅ d = 0
3 + 1 − 2 3a ⋅b = 1 ⇒ (a + 2 b ) ⋅ (5 a − 4 b ) = 0
[since, a and b are unit vectors] ⇒ 5 a ⋅ a − 4 a ⋅ b + 10 b ⋅ a − 8 b ⋅ b = 0
B
M C Thus, 3 = 2 3 a ⋅ b ⇒ 6a ⋅ b = 3
3 3
∴ AB + BC + CA = 0 a ⋅b = ⇒ | a || b| cos θ = ⇒ a ⋅b =
1
2 2
⇒ BC = AC − AB 2
AC − AB 3 π
⇒ BM = ⇒ cos θ = So, the angle between a and b is .
2 2 3
[since, M is a mid-point of BC] ⇒ θ = 30° [Q |a |= |b|= 1]
15 p ⊥ q + r, q ⊥ r + p and r ⊥ p + q 19 Here, AB = − 3 i + k 23 a 1 = (a ⋅ b )2 b
Now, AB ⋅ (2 i + 3 j + 6 k ) = −6 + 6 = 0 |b |
∴ p ⋅ (q + r ) = 0
q ⋅ (r + p ) = 0 Hence, AB is perpendicular to the given (a ⋅ b ) b
⇒ a2 = a − a1 = a −
r ⋅ (p + q ) = 0 line. | b|2
⇒ p⋅q + p⋅ r = Thus, the required distance
0 (a ⋅ b ) b  (a ⋅ b ) b 
= |AB | = 9 + 1 = 10 Thus, a 1 × a 2 = × a − 
q⋅r + q⋅p= 0 | b|2  | b |2 
r ⋅ p + r ⋅q = 0 20 Given, a = 2 i − j + k , b = i + 2 j − k and (a ⋅ b ) (b × a )
On adding, we get =
c = i + j− 2k | b |2
2 (p ⋅ q + q ⋅ r + r ⋅ p ) = 0 Now, we have;
24 Total force,
Also, |p+ q |= 6 b + λc = (1 + λ ) i + (2 + λ ) j
F = (4 i + j −3 k ) + (3 i + j − k )
+ (−1 − 2λ ) k
⇒ | p + q |2 = 36 ∴ F = 7 i +2 j −4 k
∴Projection of (b + λc ) on
The particle is displaced from
⇒ p2 + q 2 + 2 p ⋅ q = 36 ( b + λc ) ⋅ a 2
a= = [given] A( i +2 j +3 k )
Similarly, q 2 + r 2 + 2q ⋅ r = 48 |a | 3 to B (5 i +4 j + k ).
and r 2 + p2 + 2 r ⋅ p = 16 Now, displacement,
2(1 + λ ) − (2 + λ ) + (−1 − 2λ ) 2 AB = (5 i + 4 j + k) − ( i +2 j + 3 k)
⇒ =
Adding all, we get 4+ 1+ 1 3 = 4 i +2 j −2 k
2(p2 + q 2 + r 2 + p ⋅ q + q ⋅ r + r ⋅ p ) = 100 −λ − 1 2 ∴Work done = F ⋅ AB
⇒ 2 (p2 + q 2 + r 2 ) = 100 ⇒ = = (7 i +2 j −4 k ) ⋅ (4 i +2 j −2 k )
6 3
[Q p ⋅ q + q ⋅r + r ⋅ p = 0] = 28 + 4 + 8
⇒ λ + 1=2 ⇒ λ =1
= 40 units
⇒ p2 + q 2 + r 2 = 50 ∴ b + λc = 2 i + 3 j − 3 k
⇒ | p + q + r |2 = 50 21 We have, projection of v along u = 25 Since, (2u × 3v) is a unit vector.
Projection of w along u ⇒ | 2u × 3v| = 1
|p+ q + r |= 5 2 ⇒ 6|u || v||sin θ|= 1
v⋅ u w ⋅ u
⇒ = 1
16.  3 a + 2 b  ⋅ (3 a − 2 b ) = 0 |u | |u | ⇒ sin θ =
6
 5  ⇒ v⋅ u = w ⋅ u …(i)
[Q|u | = |v | = 1]
Also, v and w are perpendicular to each
A(a) Since, θ is an acute angle, then there is
other.
exactly one value of θ for which
∴ v⋅ w = 0 …(ii)
2 (2u × 3v) is a unit vector.
C (3a2 ++ 23b ( Now,
| u − v + w | = |u |2 + | v |2 + | w |2 26 Since, the vectors a = x i + y j + z k
3
B (b) − 2 (u ⋅ v) − 2 (v ⋅ w ) + 2 (u ⋅ w ) and b = j are such that a, c and b form a
O 90° ⇒ | u − v + w |2 = 1 + 4 + 9 right handed system.
[from Eqs. (i) and (ii)] i j k
⇒ | u − v + w | = 14 ∴ c = b ×a = 0 1 0
(
D 3a – 2 b
3–2 ( 22 A vector parallel to the bisector of the x y z
angle between the vectors a and b is = z i − xk
⇒ 9 |a | − 4 | b | = 0
2 2
a b
+ = a + b. 27 Given, a = i + j + k and b = 0 i + j − k
∴ 9a 2 = 4 b 2 |a | | b |
Let c = xi + yj + zk such that a × c = b
17 A vector coplanar with i + j + 2 k and ∴ Unit vector along the bisector and a ⋅ c = 3
a+b
i + 2 j + k is i + j + 2 k + λ(i + 2j + k ) = Now, a × c = b
= (1 + λ ) i + (1 + 2λ ) j + (2 + λ ) k. |a + b | i j k
It is perpendicular to i + j + k . =
1
(a + b ) ⇒ 1 1 1 = 0 i+ j−k
∴ 1 + λ + 1 + 2λ + 2 + λ = 0 ⇒ λ = −1 2 x y z
So, the required vector is − j + k. Q | a + b | = | a |2 + | b |2 + 2 a ⋅ b 
2
  ⇒ (z − y ) i − j (z − x ) + k ( y − x )
⇒ |a + b | = 1 + 1 + 0 = 2
2
18 Let first term and common ratio of a GP  = 0 i+ j−k
be α and β . Then,
a = α ⋅ β p − 1 , b = α ⋅ βq − 1 , c = α ⋅ β r − 1 ∴ Required projection On comparing, we get
z− y = 0⇒ y = z …(i)
∴ log a = log α + ( p − 1) log β, etc.  a b
= l ⋅ + m − z+ x=1⇒ x=1+ z …(ii)
The dot product of the given two  | a | | a | and y − x= −1 …(iii)
vectors is a ×b  1 Also, a ⋅ c = 3
Σ {log α + ( p − 1)log β} (q − r ) + n ⋅
| a × b | 2
(a + b )
⇒ ( i + j + k ) ⋅( xi + yj + zk ) = 3
= (log α − log β ) Σ (q − r ) ⇒ x+ y + z=3 …(iv)
1
= (l + m )
+ log β Σ p (q − r ) = 0 2
On putting the values of x and y from
Eqs. (i) and (ii) in Eq. (iv), we get
Hence, given vectors are perpendicular. [Q | a | = | b | = 1 and a ⋅ b = a ⋅ (a × b ) (1 + z ) + z + z = 3
= b ⋅ (a × b ) = 0]
2 Using Eqs. (iii) and (i) in Eq. (ii), we get p 1 1

⇒ 3z = 2 ⇒ z =
3 1 ⇒ 1 q 1 =0
d 12 + d 12 + 4d 12 = 1 ⇒ d 1 = ±
On putting the value of z in Eqs. (i) and 6 1 1 r
(ii), we get 1
∴ d2 = ± ⇒p (q r − 1) − 1 (r − 1) + 1 (1 − q ) = 0
2 5
y = and x = 6
3 3 2 ⇒ pqr − p − r + 1 + 1 − q = 0
and d3 = m
These values of x and y also satisfy Eq. 6 ∴ pqr − ( p + q + r ) = − 2
(iii), we get
5 2 2
Hence, required vector is 36 It is given that α, β and γ are coplanar
x= , y = ,z= ±
1
( i + j − 2 k ). vectors.
3 3 3 6
5 2 2 ∴ [α β γ ] = 0
Hence, c = i + j + k , which is the
3 3 3 32 ( i × a ⋅ b ) i + ( j × a ⋅ b ) j + ( k × a ⋅ b ) k a b c
required vector. = [ i a b] i + [ j a b] j + [ k a b] k ⇒ b c a =0
28 Given, a ⋅ b ≠ 0, a ⋅ d = 0 …(i) Let a = a1 i + a2 j + a3 k c a b
b ×c = b ×d b = b1 i + b2 j + b3 k
and ⇒ 3 abc − a3 − b 3 − c 3 = 0
1 0 0
⇒ b × (c − d ) = 0 ⇒ a3 + b 3 + c 3 − 3 abc = 0
∴ [ iab] = a1 a2 a3 = (a2b3 − b2 a3 ) ⇒ (a + b + c ) (a2 + b 2 + c 2
∴ b || (c − d )
b1 b2 b3 − ab − bc − ca) = 0
⇒ c − d = λb
0 1 0 ⇒ a+ b + c = 0
⇒ d = c − λd …(ii) [Q a2 + b 2 + c 2 − ab − bc − ca ≠ 0]
[ j ab] = a1 a2 a3 = (b1 a3 − a1 b3 )
On taking dot product with a, we get ⇒ v⋅α = v⋅β = v⋅ γ = 0
b1 b2 b3
a ⋅d = a ⋅c − λa ⋅ b Hence, v is perpendicular to α, β and γ.
0 0 1
⇒ 0 = a ⋅ c − λ (a ⋅ b ) [from Eq. (i)] 37 Given that,
and [ k ab] = a1 a2 a3
a ⋅c [λ(a + b) λ2 b λ c] = [a b + c b]
⇒ λ= …(iii) b1 b2 b3 λ(a1 + b1 ) λ(a2 + b2 ) λ(a3 + b3 )
a ⋅b
= (a1 b2 − a2b1 ) ∴ λ2b1 λ2b2 λ2b3
(a ⋅ c )
∴ d =c − b ∴ [ i a b] i + [ j a b] j + [ k a b] k λc 1 λc 2 λc 3
(a ⋅ b ) = (a2b3 − b2 a3 )i + (b1 a3 − a1 b3 ) j
a1 a2 a3
29 Since, [3 u p v p w ] − [ p v w q u ] + (a1 b2 − a2b1 ) k = a × b
= b1 + c 1 b2 + c 2 b3 + c 3
− [2w qv qu ] = 0 33 Let P, Q, R and S be the given points
b1 b2 b3
with position vectors αi + j + k ,
∴ 3 p [u ⋅ (v × w )] − pq [v ⋅ (w × u )]
2
i − j − k , i + 2j − k and i + j + βk a1 a2 a3 a1 a2 a3
− 2q 2 [w ⋅ (v × u )] = 0 respectively. Then, ⇒ λ4 b1 b2 b3 = − b1 b2 b3
⇒ (3 p − pq + 2q 2 ) [u ⋅(v × w )] = 0
2
QP = (α − 1) i + 2j + 2 k , c1 c2 c3 c1 c2 c3
But [ u v w] ≠ 0 QR = 0 i + 3 j + 0 k
⇒ 3 p2 − pq + 2q 2 = 0 and QS = 0 i + 2 j + (β + 1) k are coplanar ⇒ λ = −1
4
∴ p=q = 0 ∴ [ QP QR QS ] = 0 So, no real value of λ exists.

i j k α −1 2 2 38 As a + 3 b is collinear with c.
30 Here, u = 1 and v × w= 2 1 – 1 ⇒ 0 3 0 =0 ⇒ a + 3 b = λc …(i)
1 0 3 0 2 β+1 Also, b + 2 c is collinear with a .
= 3i − 7j − k ⇒ b + 2c = µ a …(ii)
⇒ (α − 1)(β + 1) = 0
v × w = 9 + 49 + 1 = 59 From Eq. (i),
⇒ (1 − α )(1 + β ) = 0
a + 3 b + 6 c = (λ + 6) c …(iii)
[u v w] = u ⋅(v × w) ≤ u v × w ≤ 59 34 Since, given vectors a , b and c are From Eq. (ii),
coplanar. a + 3 b + 6 c = (1 + 3µ ) a …(iv)
31 Let d = d 1 i + d 2 j + d 3 k
1 1 1 From Eqs. (iii) and (iv), we get
a ⋅d = ( i − j ) ⋅ (d 1 i + d 2 j + d 3 k )
∴ 1 −1 2 =0 (λ + 6) c = (1 + 3 µ ) a
⇒ d1 − d2 = 0 [Qa ⋅ d = 0]
x x − 2 −1 Since, a is not collinear with c.
⇒ d1 = d2 …(i)
⇒ λ + 6 = 1 + 3µ = 0
Also, d is a unit vector. ⇒ 1 {1 − 2( x − 2)} − 1(−1 − 2 x ) From Eq. (iv), a + 3 b + 6 c = 0
⇒ d 12 + d 22 + d 32 = 1 …(ii) + 1( x − 2 + x ) = 0
Also, [b c d ] = 0 ⇒ 1 − 2x + 4 + 1 + 2x + 2x − 2 = 0 39 We know, [a × b b × c c × a] = [a b c]2
0 1 −1 ⇒ 2x = − 4 ∴ λ =1
⇒ −1 0 1 =0 ⇒ x = −2 40. We have,| [a b c ] | = V
d1 d2 d3 35 Given, a = p i + j + k , b = i + q j + k and Let V1 be the volume of the
⇒ − 1 (− d 3 − d 1 ) − 1 (− d 2 ) = 0 c = i + j + r k are coplanar and parallelopiped formed by the vectors
⇒ d1 + d2 + d3 = 0 p ≠ q ≠ r ≠ 1. α, β and γ.
⇒ 2d 1 + d 3 = 0 Since, a , b and c are coplanar.
[from Eq. (i)] Then, V1 = |[α β γ ] |
⇒ d 3 = − 2d 1 …(iii) ⇒ [a b c ] = 0
a ⋅a a ⋅ b a ⋅c ⇒ 2b = 3j −3k −2i − j − k |c |
and cos γ =
Now, [α β γ ] = a ⋅ b b ⋅ b b ⋅ c [a b c ] = −2 i + 2 j − 4 k |a + b + c |
a ⋅c c ⋅ b c ⋅c ∴ b = − i + j −2k Now, as| a | = | b | = | c | , therefore
cos α = cos β = cos γ
⇒ [α β γ ] = [abc ]2 [abc ] 45 Key Idea If any vector x is coplanar ∴ α =β = γ
⇒ [α β γ] = [abc ]3 with the vector y and z, then Hence, the vector (a + b + c ) is equally
∴ V1 = |[α β γ ] | x = λy+µb inclined to a , b and c.
= |[a b c ]3| = V 3 Here, u is coplanar with a and b 1 a 0
∴ u = λa + µb
41 Let α = a + 2b + 3 c, β = λb + 4 c and 49 V = a 1 1 = a − 1 − a3
Dot product with a , we get ... (i)
γ = (2λ − 1) c 0 1 a
[Qa = 2i$ + 3j$ − k$ , b = j + k , u ⋅ a = 0]
1 2 3 dV
Dot product with b, we get ∴ = 1 − 3 a2 = 0 (say)
Then, [α β γ ] = 0 λ 4 [a b c ] da
u ⋅ b = λ(a ⋅ b ) + µ (b ⋅ b ) 1 d 2V
0 0 (2λ − 1) 24 = 2λ + 2µ ... (ii) Now, a = ± and 2
3 da
[Qu ⋅ b = 24]
⇒ [α β γ ] = λ (2λ − 1) [abc ] = − 6a
Solving Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get
1  d 2V  6
⇒ [α β γ ] = 0, if λ = 0, [Q[a b c ] ≠ 0] λ = −2, µ = 14 ⇒  2 =− (− ve)
2  da   a = 1  3
Dot product with u, we get  3
2
Hence, α, β and γ are non-coplanar for all u = λ(u ⋅ a ) + µ (u ⋅ b ) 1
1 Hence, V is maximum at a = .
values of λ except two values 0 and . u
2
= −2(0) + 14(24) 3
2
1 ⇒ u
2
= 336 50 Since, b = r × a
42 Given, a = (3 i + k )
We have, a × b = a × (r × a )
10
1 46 Since, a ⋅ b = a ⋅ c = 0 and b ⋅ c = 1 = (a ⋅ a ) r − (a ⋅ r ) a
and b = (2 i + 3 j − 6 k ) 2 = (a ⋅ a ) r
7 ∴ | a × b | = | a × c |= 1
∴ (2a − b ) ⋅ {(a × b ) × (a + 2 b )} Q a ⋅r = 0
Now,| a × b − a × c |2 a ×b
= (2a − b ) ⋅ {(a × b ) × a = | a × b |2 + | a × c |2 − 2 (a × b ) ⋅ (a × c ) ∴ r=
+ (a × b ) × 2b} a ⋅a
1 0
= (2a − b ) ⋅ {(a ⋅ a ) b − (b ⋅ a ) a =1+ 1−2 1 =1
0 SESSION 2
+ 2 (a ⋅ b ) b − 2 (b ⋅ b ) a } 2
= (2a − b ) ⋅ {1 (b ) − (0) a 1 We have, a = 2i$ + $j − 2k$
47 Since, d is collinear to vector c.
+ 2 (0) b − 2 (1) a }
∴ c = λd ⇒ a = 4+ 1+ 4 = 3
[a ⋅ b = 0 and a ⋅ a = b ⋅ b = 1]
= (2a − b ) (b − 2a ) ⇒ (2 x + 3)a + b = λ[(2 x + 3)a − b] and b = i$ + $j ⇒|b| 1 + 1 = 2
= − (4 |a |2 − 4 a ⋅ b + |b |2 ) ⇒ 2 xa + 3 a + b = 2λx a + 3λ a − bλ Now, c–a =3 ⇒ c –a
2
=9
= − {4 − 0 + 1} = − 5 ⇒ (2 x − 2λx a + 3a − 3λ a ) ⇒ (c − a )⋅ (c – a ) = 9
43 Given a$ = b$ = c$ = 1 + (b λ + b ) = 0 ⇒
2 2
c + a − 2c ⋅ a = 9 ... (i)
⇒ (2 x − 2λx + 3 − 3λ) a + (λ + 1) b = 0
and a$ × (b$ × c$ ) =
3 $
(b + c$ ) Again, (a × b ) × c = 3
2 ∴ (2 x − 2λx + 3 − 3λ) ⇒ a × b c sin30° = 3
Now, consider = 0 and (λ + 1) = 0 ⇒ c =
6
a$ × (b$ × c$ ) =
3 $
(b + c$ ) ⇒ (2 x + 3) − λ(2 x + 3) = 0 and λ = − 1 a ×b
2 $i $j
⇒ (2 x + 3) (1 − λ) = 0 k$
⇒ (a$ ⋅ c) $ $ = 3 b$ + 3 c$
$ b$ –(a$ ⋅ b)c 3 But a × b = 2 1 – 2 = 2$i − 2$j + k$
2 2 ∴ x = − and λ = 1
2 1 1 0
On comparing, we get
3 3 48. We have, a ⋅ b = b ⋅ c = c ⋅ a = 0 6
a$ ⋅ b$ = − ⇒ a$ b$ cos θ = − and |a | = | b | = |c | ∴ c = =2 ... (ii)
2 2 4+ 4+ 1
Let vector (a + b + c ) be inclined to a , b
3 From Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get
⇒ cos θ = − [Q a$ = b$ = 1] and c at angles α, β and γ, respectively.
2 (2)2 + (3)2 − 2c ⋅ a = 9
Then,
π 5π ⇒ 4 + 9 − 2c ⋅ a = 9 ⇒ c ⋅ a = 2
⇒ cos θ = cos  π −  ⇒ θ = (a + b + c ) ⋅ a
 6 6 cos α =
|a + b + c | |a | 2 Given two vectors lie in xy-plane. So, a
44 We have, a × b + c = 0 a ⋅a + b ⋅ a + c ⋅ a vector coplanar with them is
= a = xi + y j
⇒ a × (a × b ) + a × c = 0 |a + b + c | |a |
|a | Since, a ⊥ (i − j )
⇒ (a ⋅b ) a − (a ⋅ a ) b + a × c = 0 = ⇒ ( x i + y j ) ⋅ (i − j ) = 0
⇒ 3a − 2 b + a × c = 0 |a + b + c |
⇒ x− y =0
|b |
⇒ 2 b = 3a +a ×c Similarly, cos β = ⇒ x= y
|a + b + c | ∴ a = xi + xj
and |a |= x2 + x2 = x 2 Let the required vector be α = p i + q j. 12 By expanding a × (b × c ), we get

Then, the projections of α on b and c are a ⋅ c = x2 − 2 x + 6, a ⋅ b = − sin y
∴ Required unit vector α⋅b α ⋅c
a x(i + j ) 1 and , respectively. Given, a ⋅ (b + c ) = 4
= = = (i + j ) |b| |c |
|a | x 2 2 ⇒ x 2 − 2 x + 2 = sin y
b α ⋅c
∴ α⋅ = 1 and =2 [given] ⇒ sin y = x 2 − 2 x + 2
3 Now, | a × b |2 = | a |2 | b |2 − (a ⋅ b )2 |b | |c |
= ( x − 1)2 + 1 ≥ 1
= 16 − 4 = 12 ⇒ 4 p + 3 q = 5 and 3 p − 4 q = 10 But sin y ≤ 1
and | c |2 = ( 2 a × b − 3 b ) ⇒ p = 2, q = − 1 So, both sides are equal only for x = 1.
⋅ ( 2 a × b − 3 b)
= 4 | a × b |2 + 9 | b |2
α = 2i − j
13 If (a × b ) × c = 0, then c = a × b ,
8 A vector coplanar to |a × b |
= 4 ⋅ 12 + 9 ⋅ 16
(2 i + j + k ), ( i − j + k ) and orthogonal to ∴ (a × b ) ⋅ c = |a × b |
= 192 (3 i + 2 j + 6 k ) 2
a1 a2 a3
⇒ |c |= 8 3 = λ [{(2 i + j + k ) × ( i − j + k )}
⇒ b1 b2 b3 = | a × b |2
Now, b ⋅ c = b ⋅ (2a × b − 3 b ) × (3 i + 2 j + 6 k )]
= − 3 | b |2 = − 48 c1 c2 c3
b ⋅c = λ (21 j − 7 k )
Q cos θ = ∴Required unit vector is 14 Here, a ⋅ x = 2 and a × r + b = r …(i)
| b | |c |
(21 j − 7 k ) (3 j − k )
48 3 ± =± Dot product of Eq. (i) with a gives,
=− =− (21)2 + (7)2 10 a ⋅b =a ⋅r = 2
4⋅ 8 3 2
Cross product of Eq. (i) with a gives
5π 9 Let a = 2 x2 i + 4 x j + k
∴ θ= a × (a × r ) + a × b
6 and b = 7 i − 2 j + x k . =a × r = r − b [from Eq. (i)]
4 Let d ⋅ a = d ⋅ b = b ⋅ c = cosα The angle between a and b is obtuse. ⇒ 2a − r + a × b = r − b
⇒ a ⋅ b < 0 ⇒ 14 x2 − 8 x + x < 0 1
⇒ d ⋅ (a − k ) = 0 and d ⋅ (b − k ) = 0 ∴ r = [2a + b + a × b]
⇒ 7 x (2 x − 1) < 0 2
d is parallel to (a − k) × ( b − k)
x ∈  0, 
1
i j k ∴ …(i) 15 Since, a + b + c = 0
 2
∴ d = cos θ sin θ −1 Taking cross product with a, we get
− sin θ cos θ − 1 Also, it is given, b ⋅ k = x a × b + a × c = 0 or a × b = c × a
(cos θ − sin θ) i + (cos θ b⋅k π 3 Similarly, b ×c = a × b
and < cos =
+ sin θ) j + k |b| 6 2 Thus a × b = b ×c =c ×a
⇒ d=
3 ⇒ 2 x > 3 53 + x2 A
1
cos α = d ⋅ k = ∴ x > 159
2
…(ii)
3
Hence, there is no common value for
 1  c b
⇒ α = cos −1   Eqs. (i) and (ii).
 3
10 Let θ be an angle between unit vectors a
5 Hence, p × q = {3 ax3 and b.
Then, a ⋅ b = cos θ B C
+ 2b ( x − 1)2 } k = f ( x ) k, a
Now,|a + b| =|a| + |b| + 2a ⋅ b
2 2 2
where, f (0) f (1) = 6 ab < 0 Now, as a , b and c are unit vectors and
θ
∴ By intermediate value theorem there = 2 + 2 cos θ = 4 cos 2
2 a + b + c = 0, therefore a , b and c
exists, x in (0, 1) such that f ( x ) = 0. represents an equilateral triangle.
a ⋅a a ⋅ b a ⋅c θ
⇒|a + b | = 2 cos Hence, a × b = b × c = c × a ≠ 0
6 [a b c ] = b ⋅ a b ⋅ b b ⋅ c 2
16 Taking O as the origin, let the position
c ⋅a c ⋅ b c ⋅c θ
Similarly,| a − b | = 2 sin vectors of A, B and C be a , b and c,
1 cos θ cos θ 2 respectively.
= cos θ 1 cos θ ⇒| a + b | + | a − b | Then, the position vectors G 1 , G 2
θ θ b+c c +a
cos θ cos θ 1 = 2  cos + sin  ≤ 2 2 and G 3 are ,
= 1 − 3cos 2 θ + 2cos 3 θ  2 2 3 3
a+b
= (1 − cos θ)2 (1 + 2cos θ) 11 We have, u ⋅ n = 0 and v ⋅ n = 0 and , respectively.
2π 3
⇒ 1 + 2cos θ ≥ 0 ⇒ θ ≤ ⇒ n ⊥ u and n ⊥ v
3 1
u × v ∴ V1 = [a b c ]
⇒ n=± 6
7 Let c = xi + yj |u × v |
and V2 = [OG 1 OG 2 OG 3 ]
Then, b ⊥ c ⇒ b ⋅ c = 0 ⇒ 4 x + 3 y = 0 Now, u × v = ( i + j ) × ( i − j ) = − 2 k
x y Now, V2 = [OG 1 OG 2 OG 3 ]
⇒ = =λ [say] ∴ n=± k
3 −4 b +c c +a a + b 
Hence, =
⇒ x = 3λ , y = − 4λ  3 3 3 
| w ⋅ n | = | ( i + 2j + 3 k ) ⋅ (± k ) | = 3
∴ c = λ (3 i − 4 j )
1
= [ b + c c + a a + b] 18 Given, (a × b ) × c = 1|b||c |a To find The vector r in terms of p and q.
27 3 Let E be the foot of perpendicular from
2 2 1
= [a b c ] = × 6V1 ⇒ − c × (a × b ) = |b||c |a B to side AD.
27 27 3 AE = Projection of vector q
⇒ 9V2 = 4V1 1
⇒ − (c ⋅ b ) ⋅ a + (c ⋅ a ) b = |b||c|a AE = Vector along AE of length AE
3 = | AE| AE
17 Let| BC | = l
 1|b||c| + (c ⋅ b ) a = (c ⋅ a ) b (q ⋅ p ) p
In ∆ ABC, l = AB 2 + AC 2  3  =
| p |2
AB Since, a and b are not collinear.
∴ tanθ = Now, applying triangles law in ∆ABE,
AC 1
c ⋅ b + |b||c | = 0 and c ⋅ a = 0 we get
B
3 AB + BE = AE
1 (q ⋅ p ) p
⇒ |c || b |cos θ + |b|| c | = 0 ⇒ q+r=
D 3 | p |2
|b||c | cos θ +  = 0
 1
⇒ (q ⋅ p ) p
 3 ⇒ r= −q
| p |2
1
q
C ⇒ cos θ + = 0 q ⋅ p
A 3 = −q+ p
AB AC [Q|b| ≠ 0, |c| ≠ 0]  p⋅ p
⇒ sin θ = and cos θ = 1
l l ⇒ cos θ = − 20 In an isosceles ∆ABC in which
3
1 1 AB = AC , the median and bisector from
∴ Resultant vector = i + j 8 2 2
⇒ sinθ = = A must be same line. Statement II is
AB AC 3 3 true.
 1 1 
= i + j 19 Given, u+v
 l sin θ l cos θ  Now, AD =
2
D C
In ∆ ADC, 1 α
and | AD |2 = ⋅ 2 cos 2
AD = AC sin θ = l sin θ cos θ pE 2 2
AB ⋅ AC r α
= So, | AD | = cos
l 2
A B
∴ Magnitude of resultant vector q Unit vector along AD, i.e. x is given by
(i) A parallelogram ABCD such that AD u+v
1  1 1  x= = .
=  +  AB = q and AD = p. | AD | 2 cos α
l 2  sin2 θ cos 2 θ 
(ii) The altitude from vertex B to side 2
l 1
= = AD coincides with a vector r.
( AB ) ( AC ) AD
DAY THIRTY TWO
Three
Dimensional
Geometry
u Coordinates of a Point in a u Equation of Line in Space u Plane
Space u Skew-Lines u Angle between a Line and a
u Section Formula u Coplanar Lines Plane
u Direction Cosines and Ratios
Coordinates of a Point in a Space

From the adjoining figure, we have
l
The three mutually perpendicular lines in a space which divides the space into eight
parts are called coordinates axes. Z
C(0, 0, z)
l
The coordinates of a point are the distances from the A¢(0, y, z)
origin to the feet of the perpendiculars from the
point on the respective coordinate axes. (x, 0, z)B¢ P(x, y, z)
PRED
l
The coordinates of any point on the X , Y and Z-axes
will be as ( x, 0, 0) (0, y, 0) and (0, 0, z) respectively and
X¢
O (0,0,0)
MIRROR
Y¢ Y
the coordinates of any point P in space will be as B(0, y, 0)
( x, y, z). A(x, 0, 0) Z¢ u No. of Questions in Exercises (x)—
C¢(x, y, 0) u No. of Questions Attempted (y)—
X
Distance between Two Points u No. of Correct Questions (z)—
The distance between two points A ( x1 , y1 , z1 ) and B ( x2 , y2 , z2 ) is
| AB| = ( x2 − x1 )2 + ( y2 − y1 )2 + (z2 − z1 )2 u Accuracy Level (z / y × 100)—
Section Formula In order to expect good rank in JEE,

If M ( x, y, z) divides the line joining of points P ( x1 , y1 , z1 ) and Q ( x2 , y 2 , z2 ) in the ratio above 85 & Prep Level should be
above 75.
m : n, then
352 40 DAYS ~ JEE MAIN MATHEMATICS DAY THIRTY TWO
For Internal Division direction of L, then direction angles are replaced by their
supplements, i.e. π − α , π − β, π − γ.
mx2 + nx1 my2 + ny1 mz2 + nz1
x= ,y = and z = l
If the line does not pass through origin, then draw a line
m+n m+n m+n
through origin and parallel to given line and then find its
direction cosines as two parallel lines have same set of
For External Division direction cosines.
mx2 − nx1 my2 – ny1 mz2 − nz1
x= ,y= and z =
m−n m−n m−n
Some Important Deductions
The coordinates of the mid-point of the line joining
 x1 + x2 y1 + y2 z1 + z2  (i) Direction ratios of the line joining two points P ( x1 , y1 , z1 )
P ( x1 , y1 , z1 ) and Q ( x2 , y2 , z2 ) are  , ,  and Q ( x2 , y2 , z2 ) are x2 − x1 , y2 − y1 , z2 − z1 and its
 2 2 2  direction cosines are
x2 − x1 y2 − y1 z2 − z1
, , .
Some Important Results | PQ | | PQ| | PQ |
1. If A ( x1 , y1 , z1 ), B ( x2 , y2 , z2 ) and C ( x3 , y3 , z3 ) are the (ii) If P ( x, y, z) is a point in space and OP = r then
vertices of a ∆ ABC, then (a) x = l | r |, y = m | r |, z = n| r |
 x + x2 + x3 y1 + y2 + y3  (b) l | r |, m | r | and n| r | are projections of r on OX , OY and
(i) Centroid of triangle =  1 , 
 3 3  OZ, respectively.
 i j k  (c) r =| r |(li + mj + nk) and r$ = l i + mj + nk
1
(ii) Area of ∆ ABC =  x2 − x1 y2 − y1 z2 − z1  (d) If r = ai + bj + ck, then a, b, c are DR’s of vector and DC’s
2 
 x3 − x1 y3 − y1 z3 − z1  are given by l =
a
,m =
b
,n =
c
| r| | r| | r|
(iii) If area of ∆ ABC = 0, then these points are collinear.
2. Four non-coplanar points A ( x1 , y1 , z1 ), B ( x2 , y2 , z2 ), (iii) The sum of squares of direction cosines is always unity,
C ( x3 , y3 , z3 ) and D ( x 4 , y4 , z4 ) form a tetrahedron with i.e. l 2 + m2 + n2 = 1
vertices A, B, C and D, edges AB, AC, AD, BC, BD and CD, (iv) Direction cosines are unique but direction ratio are not
faces ABC, ABD, ACD and BCD, then unique and it can be infinite.
 x1 + x2 + x3 + x 4 y1 + y2 + y3 + y4  (v) If a, b, c are DR’s of a line and l, m, n are DC’s of a line, then
 , , a b
(i) Centroid  4 4  l =± , m=±
 z1 + z2 + z3 + z4  a +b +c
2 2 2
a + b 2 + c2
2
 4  c
and n = ±
x2 − x1 y2 − y1 z2 − z1  a + b 2 + c2
2
1
(ii) Volume =  x3 − x1 y3 − y1 z3 − z1 
6  (vi) The DC’s of a line which is equally inclined to the
 4 − x1 y4 − y1 z4 − z1 
x  1 1 1 
coordinate axes are  ± ,± ,± .
 3 3 3
Direction Cosines and Ratios (vii) If l , m and n are the DC’s of a line, then the maximum
If a vector makes angles α , β and γ with the positive directions 1
value of lmn = .
of X -axis, Y-axis and Z-axis respectively, then 3 3
cos α , cos β and cos γ are called its direction cosines and they
are denoted by l , m , n , i.e. l = cos α , m = cos β and n = cos γ. Equations of a Line in Space
If numbers a, b and c are proportional to l , m and n
respectively, then a, b and c are called direction ratios. Equation of line passing through point A(a) and parallel to
vector (b) is r = a + λ b.
Thus, a, b and c are the direction ratios of a vector, provided
l m n If coordinates of A be ( x1 , y1 , z1 ) and the direction ratios of line
= = x − x1 y − y1 z − z1
a b c be a, b and c, then equation of line is = = .
a b c
Important Results x−0 y −0 z−0
NOTE • Equation of X-axis is = = or y = 0 , z = 0
l
A line in space can be extended in two opposite directions 1 0 0
and so it has two sets of direction cosines. x−0 y −0 z−0
• Equation of Y-axis is = = or x = 0 , z = 0
l
In order to get unique set of direction cosines, we must take 0 1 0
the given line as a directed line. x−0 y −0 z−0
• Equation of Z-axis is = = or x = 0 , y = 0
l
Let L is a directed line which makes α,β and γ with positive 0 0 1
direction of X, Y and Z-axis, respectively. If we reverse the
DAY THIRTY TWO THREE DIMENSIONAL GEOMETRY 353
Equation of a line passing through two given points l

The shortest distance between the lines
x − x1 y − y1 z − z1 x − x1 y − y1 z − z1 x − x2 y − y2 z − z2
A ( x1 , y1 , z1 ) and B ( x2 , y2 , z2 ) is = = = = and = = is
x2 − x1 y2 − y1 z2 − z1 a1 b1 c1 a2 b2 c2
Its vector form is r = a + λ (b − a).
x2 − x1 y2 − y1 z2 − z1
The parametric equations of a line through (a1 , a2 , a3 ) with DC’s
l , m and n are x = a1 + lr , y = a2 + mr and z = a3 + nr . a1 b1 c1
a2 b2 c2
SD =
Angle between Two Intersecting Lines ∑ (b c
1 2 − b2c1 )2
1. If DR’s of two lines are a1 , b1 , c1 and a2 , b2 , c2 , then
a1 a2 + b1b2 + c1c2
cos θ =
(a12 + b12 + c12 ) (a22 + b22 + c22 )
l
Two lines r = a + λb and r = c + µd are intersecting if
shortest distance between them is zero.
a1 b1 c1
(i) Condition for parallel lines, = = (c − a) ⋅ (b × d )
a2 b2 c2 i.e. = 0 ⇒ (c − a) ⋅ (b × d ) = 0
| b × d|
(ii) Condition for perpendicular lines, x2 − x1 y2 − y1 z2 − z1
a1 a2 + b1b2 + c1c2 = 0
or a1 b1 c1 =0
2. Angle between two lines with DC’s l1 , m1 , n1 and
a2 b2 c2
l2 , m2 , n 2 is cos −1 (l1 l2 + m1 m2 + n1 n2 )
or sin −1 ( Σ(m1 n2 − m2 n1 )2 ). Distance or shortest distance between two
l m n
(i) Condition for parallel lines, 1 = 1 = 1
parallel lines
l2 m2 n2 l
Shortest distance between parallel lines will be the
(ii) Condition for perpendicular lines, perpendicular distance.
l1 l2 + m1 m2 + n1 n2 = 0
l
If the parallel lines are given by r = a + λb and r = c + µb
|(c − a) × b|
then distance between them is d =
• The angle between any two diagonals of a cube is cos −1   .
1 | b|
NOTE
 3
• The angle between a diagonal of a cube and a face is
 2
Coplanar Lines
cos −1   . Lines which lie in the same plane are called coplanar lines. Any
 3
two coplanar lines are either parallel or intersecting.
• The angle between the diagonal of a cube and edge of
cube is cos −1   .
1 Condition for Coplanarity of Two non-parallel
 3 Lines
• If a straight line makes angles α , β , γ and δ with the Two lines r = a + λ b and r = c + µ d are coplanar or
diagonals of a cube, then intersecting, if (c − a) ⋅ (b × d ) = 0 ⇒ [a b d ] = [c b d ]
4
cos 2 α + cos 2 β + cos 2 γ + cos 2 δ = x − x1 y − y1 z − z1
3 The lines = =
l1 m1 n1
x − x2 y − y2 z − z2
Skew-Lines and
l2
=
m2
=
n2
are coplanar,
Two straight lines in a space which are neither parallel nor
intersecting are called skew-lines. Thus, skew-lines are those x2 − x1 y2 − y1 z2 − z1
lines which do not lie in the same plane. if 
 l1 m1 n1  = 0.
 l2 m2 n2 
Shortest Distance between Two Skew-Lines
l
If l1 and l2 are two skew-lines, then there is one and only
one line perpendicular to each of the line l1 and l2 , which is Plane
known as the line of shortest distance. A plane is a surface such that line joining any two points of
l
The shortest distance between two lines l 1 and l 2 is the the plane totally lies in it.
distance PQ between the points P and Q, where the line of
shortest distance intersects the two given lines.
Equation of a Plane in Different Forms
l
The shortest distance between two skew-lines r = a + λb
1. The general equation of a plane is a x + by + cz + d = 0
(c − a) ⋅ (b × d )
and r = c + µ d is given by SD = and a2 + b 2 + c2 ≠ 0, where, a, b and c are the DR’s of the
|b × d| normal to the plane.
(i) Plane through the origin is a x + by + cz = 0. l

Plane a x + by + cz + d = 0 intersecting a line segment
(ii) Planes parallel to the coordinate planes joining A ( x1 , y1 , z1 ) and B ( x2 , y2 , z2 ) divides it in the ratio
(perpendicular to coordinate axes) x = k parallel to a x1 + by1 + cz1 + d
−
YOZ plane, y = k parallel to ZOX plane and z = k a x2 + by2 + cz2 + d
parallel to XOY plane.
(i) If this ratio is positive, then A and B are on opposite
(iii) Planes parallel to coordinate axes sides of the plane.
by + cz + d = 0 parallel to X -axis (ii) If this ratio is negative, then A and B are on the same
a x + cz + d = 0 parallel to Y-axis side of the plane.
a x + by + d = 0 parallel to Z-axis l
If θ be the angle between the planes a1 x + b1 y + c1 z + d1 = 0
2. If a, b and c are the intercepts of plane with the coordinate and a2 x + b2 y + c2 z + d2 = 0, then
x y z
axes, then equation of plane is + + = 1. It meets the  a1 a2 + b1b2 + c1c2 
a b c θ = cos −1  
 a2 + b 2 + c2 a 2 + b 2 + c2 
coordinate axes at A (a, 0, 0), B (0, b , 0) and C (0, 0, c).  1 1 1 2 2 2 
3. (i) If l , m and n are DC’s of normal to the plane, p is the l

Two planes are parallel if their normals are parallel and the
distance of the origin from the plane, then equation of planes are perpendicular if their normals are perpendicular.
plane is l x + my + nz = p. l
If r ⋅ n1 = d1 (or a1 x + b1 y + c1 z = d1 ) and r ⋅ n2 = d2 (or
(ii) Coordinates of foot of perpendicular, drawn from the a2 x + b2 y + c2 z = d2 ) are two planes, then they are
origin to the plane, is (lp, mp, np).
a b c
(iii) If ON is the normal from the origin to the plane and n$ is (i) parallel if n1 = λn2 or 1 = 1 = 1 .
a2 b2 c2
the unit vector along ON. Then ON = pn$ and equation of
plane is r$ ⋅ n$ = p, where r = xi + yj + zk. (ii) perpendicular if n1 ⋅ n2 = 0 or a1 a2 + b1b2 + c1c2 = 0.
4. Plane through a point ( x1 , y1 , z1 ) is
l
Distance of a point ( x1 , y1 , z1 ) from the plane
| a x1 + by1 + cz1 + d|
a ( x − x1 ) + b ( y − y1 ) + c (z − z1 ) = 0. a x + by + cz + d = 0 is .
where a, b, c are DR’s of normal to the plane. a2 + b 2 + c2
|d|
5. Plane through three non-collinear points Distance of the origin is .
( x1 , y1 , z1 ), ( x2 , y2 , z2 ) and ( x3 , y3 , z3 ) is a + b 2 + c2
2
 x − x1 y − y1 z − z1  l
The distance between two parallel planes
x2 − x1 y2 − y1 z2 − z1 = 0 ax + by + cz + d1 = 0 and a x + by + cz + d2 = 0 is
 
|d1 − d2|
x3 − x1 y3 − y1 z3 − z1 .
a2 + b 2 + c2
6. (i) Equation of plane, passing through a point A with
position vector a and is parallel to given vectors b and c,
is (r − a) ⋅ (b × c) = 0 or [r − a b c] = 0 Angle between a Line
x − a1 y − a2 z − a3 and a Plane
(ii) Its cartesian equation is b1 b2 b3 = 0 x − x1 y − y1 z − z1
If angle between the line = = and the
c1 c2 c3 a b c
plane a1 x + b1 y + c1 z + d = 0 is θ, then (90° − θ) is the angle
7. Plane parallel to the given plane ax + by + cz + d = 0 is
between normal and the line, therefore
ax + by + cz + k = 0, where k is a constant determined by
the given condition. aa1 + bb1 + cc1
cos (90 ° − θ) =
8. (i) Any plane passing through the line of intersection of a + b 2 + c2
2
a12 + b12 + c12
the planes a x + by + cz + d = 0 and a b c
a1 x + b1 y + c1 z + d1 = 0 is (a x + by + cz + d) l
If = = , then line is perpendicular to plane.
a1 b 1 c 1
+ λ (a1 x + b1 y + c1 z + d1 ) = 0
(ii) If r ⋅ n1 = d1 and r ⋅ n2 = d2 are two planes, then their line
l
If a ⋅ a 1 + b ⋅ b 1 + c ⋅ c 1 = 0, then line is parallel to plane.
of intersection is perpendicular to both n1 and n2 , i.e. l
If a ⋅ a 1 + b ⋅ b 1 + c ⋅ c 1 = 0, and a 1 x 1 + b 1 y1 + c 1 z1 + d = 0,
line is parallel to the vectors n1 × n2 . then line lies in the plane.
Some Important Results on plane Important Points Related to Line and Plane
l
If a x + by + cz + d1 = 0 and a1 x + b1 y + c1 z + d2 = 0 are the
l
Projection of a line segment joining the points ( x1 , y1 , z1 ) and
( x2 , y2 , z2 ) on a line with direction cosine l , m, n is
equations of any two planes, then a x + bx + cz + d1 = 0
|( x2 − x1 )l + ( y2 − y1 )m + (z2 − z1 )n|
= a1 x + b1 y + c1 z + d2 gives the equation of straight line.
l
Foot of the perpendicular from a point ( x1 , y1 , z1 ) on the l
Planes bisecting the angle between two intersecting planes
plane a x + by + cz + d = 0 is ( x, y, z), where a1 x + b 1 y + c1 z + d1 = 0 and a2 x + b2 y + c2 z + d2 = 0 are given
x − x1 y − y1 z − z1 (a x1 + by1 + cz1 + d) a1 x + b 1 y + c1 z + d1 (a x + b2 y + c2 z + d2 )
= = =− . by =± 2
a b c a2 + b 2 + c2
a 21 + b12 + c12 a22 + b22 + c22
l
Image of the point ( x1 , y1 , z1 ) in the plane
a x + by + cz + d = 0 is ( x, y, z), where (i) If a1 a2 + b 1b2 + c1c2 < 0, then origin is in acute angle and
x − x1 y − y1 z − z1 2 (a x1 + by1 + cz1 + d) the acute angle bisector is obtained by taking positive sign
= = =− . in the above equation. The obtuse angle bisector is
a b c a2 + b 2 + c2
obtained by taking negative sign in the above equation.
l
Four points ( x i , yi , zi ), where i = 1, 2, 3 and 4 are coplanar, if
(ii) If a1 a2 + b1b2 + c1c2 > 0,then origin lies in obtuse angle and
x2 − x1 y2 − y1 z2 − z1 the obtuse angle bisector is obtained by taking positive
x3 − x1 y3 − y1 z3 − z1 = 0.
  sign in above equation. Acute angle bisector is obtained
x 4 − x1 y4 − y1 z4 − z1 by taking negative sign.

1 If the orthocentre and centroid of a triangle are ( − 3, 5, 1) 8 The line passing through the points ( 5, 1, a ) and ( 3, b, 1)
and ( 3, 3, − 1) respectively, then its circumcentre is  17 13
crosses the YZ -plane at the point  0, , −  . Then,
(a) (6, 2, − 2) (b) (1, 2, 0) (c) (6, 2, 2) (d) (6, − 2, 2)  2 2
2 A line makes the same angle θ with each of the
j
AIEEE 2008
X and Z -axes. If the angle β, which it makes with Y-axis, (a) a = 8, b = 2 (b) a = 2 , b = 8
is such that sin2 β = 3 sin2 θ, then cos 2 θ is equal to (c) a = 4, b = 6 (d) a = 6, b = 4
j
AIEEE 2004 9 The angle between the lines 2x = 3y = − z and
(a)
2
(b)
1
(c)
3
(d)
2 6x = − y = − 4z is j
AIEEE 2005
3 5 5 5 (a) 30° (b) 45° (c) 90° (d) 0°
3 A line makes an angle θ with X and Y-axes both. A 10 The angle between a diagonal of a cube and an edge of
possible value of θ is in the cube intersecting the diagonal is
π π π π π π
(a)  0,  (b)  0,  (c)  ,  (d)  ,  (a) cos−1
1
(b) cos−1
2
 4   2   4 2   3 6 
3 3
4 The projections of a vector on the three coordinate axes (c) tan−1 2 (d) None of these
are 6, − 3 and 2, respectively. The direction cosines of the 11 The angle between the lines whose direction cosines
vector are j
AIEEE 2009 satisfy the equations l + m + n = 0 and l 2 = m 2 + n 2 is
6 3 2 6 3 2 6 3 2
(a) 6, − 3, 2 (b) , − , (c) , − , (d) − , − , j
JEE Mains 2014
5 5 5 7 7 7 7 7 7 π π π π
(a) (b) (c) (d)
5 If the projections of a line segment on the X , Y and 3 4 6 2
Z -axes in 3-dimensional space are 2, 3 and 6 x −3 y +2 z +4
12 If the line, = = lies in the plane,
respectively, then the length of the line segment is 2 −1 3
j
JEE Mains 2013
lx + my − z = 9, then l 2 + m 2 is equal to j
JEE Mains 2016
(a)12 (b) 7 (c) 9 (d) 6
(a) 26 (b) 18
6 A vector r is inclined at equal angles to OX , OY and OZ . (c) 5 (d) 2
If the magnitude of r is 6 units, then r is equal to 13 The direction cosines of two lines at right angles are
(a) 3 (i + j + k) (b) − 3 (i + j + k)  1 1
(1, 2 , 3) and  −2, ,  , then the direction cosine
(c) − 2 3 (i + j + k) (d) None of these  2 3
7 A line L1 passes through the point 3 i and is parallel to the perpendicular to both the given lines are
vector − i + j + k and another line L2 passes through the 25 19 729 24 38 730
(a) , , (b) , ,
point i + j and is parallel to the vector i + k, then point of 2198 2198 2198 2198 2198 2198
intersection of the lines is 1 −7
(c) , − 2, (d) None of these
(a) i + 2 j + k (b) 2 i + j + k (c) i − 2 j − k (d) i − 2 j + k 3 2
14 The foot of perpendicular from ( 0, 2, 3) to the line (1, 1, 1) makes intercepts on the coordinate axes and the
x + 3 y −1 z + 4 sum of whose length is
= = , is
5 2 3 (a) 3 (b) 6 (c) 12 (d) 20
(a) (−2, 3, 4) (b) (2 , − 1, 3) (c) (2, 3, − 1) (d) (3 , 2 , − 1) 24 The coordinates of the point where the line through
15 The projection of the line segment joining (2, 5, 6) and ( 3 , − 4 , − 5) and ( 2 , − 3 , 1) crosses the plane passing
(3, 2, 7) on the line with direction ratios 2 , 1, − 2, is through three points ( 2 , 2 , 1), ( 3 , 0 , 1) and ( 4 , − 1, 0), is
1 1 j NCERT Exemplar
(a) (b) (c) 2 (d) 1
2 3 (a) (1, 2 , 7) (b) (−1, 2 , − 7)
(c) (1, − 2 , 7) (d) None of these
16 The shortest distance between the lines
x +1 y +1 z +1 x − 3 y − 5 z −7 25 The volume of the tetrahedron formed by coordinate
= = and = = , is
7 −6 1 1 −2 1 j NCERT planes and 2x + 3y + z = 6, is
29 (a) 5 (b) 4 (c) 6 (d) 0
(a) 29 units (b) 29 units (c) units (d) 2 29 units
2 26 The equation of the plane passing through ( 2 , 1, 5) and
17 The shortest distance between the diagonals of a parallel to the plane 3x − 4y + 5z = 4 is
rectangular parallelopiped whose sides are a , b , c and (a) 3 x − 4 y + 5 z − 27 = 0 (b) 3 x − 4 y + 5 z + 21 = 0
the edges not meeting it, are (c) 3 x − 4 y + 5 z + 26 = 0 (d) 3 x − 4 y + 5 z + 17 = 0
bc ca ab
(a) , , 27 If Q is the image of the point P( 2, 3, 4) under the
b 2 − c2 c2 − a2 a2 − b 2 reflection in the plane x − 2y + 5z = 6, then the equation
bc ca ab of the line PQ is
(b) , ,
b 2 + c2 c2 + a2 a2 + b 2 x−2 y−3 z−4 x−2 y−3 z−4
(a) = = (b) = =
−1 2 5 1 −2 5
2 bc 2 ca 2 ab x−2 y−3 z−4 x−2 y−3 z−4
(c) , , (c) = = (d) = =
b 2 − c2 c2 − a2 a2 − b 2 −1 −2 5 1 2 5
(d) None of the above 28 If the points (1, 2 , 3) and ( 2 , − 1, 0) lie on the opposite
x −1 y + 1 z −1 x − 3 y −k z sides of the plane 2x + 3y − 2z = k , then
18 If the line = = and = =
2 3 4 1 2 1 (a) k < 1 (b) k > 2
intersect, then k is equal to j
AIEEE 2012 (c) k < 1or k > 2 (d) 1 < k < 2
2 9
(a) − 1 (b) (c) (d) 0 29 The equation of the plane containing the lines
9 2 2x − 5y + z = 3, x + y + 4z = 5 and parallel to the plane
19 If the straight lines x = 1 + s, y = − 3 − λ s, z = 1 + λ s and x + 3y + 6z = 1 is j
JEE Mains 2015
t
x = , y = 1 + t , z = 2 − t , with parameters s and t (a) 2 x + 6y + 12 z = 13 (b) x + 3 y + 6z = − 7
2
(c) x + 3 y + 6z = 7 (d) 2 x + 6y + 12 z = − 13
respectively are coplanar, then λ is equal to j AIEEE 2004
1 30 The equation of a plane through the line of intersection
(a) – 2 (b) –1 (c) − (d) 0
2 of the planes x + 2y = 3, y − 2z + 1 = 0 and
perpendicular to the first plane is j
JEE Mains 2013
20 The distance of the point (1, 0, 2) from the point of
x − 2 y +1 z − 2 (a) 2 x − y − 10z = 9 (b) 2 x − y + 7 z = 11
intersection of the line = = and the (c) 2 x − y + 10z = 11 (d) 2 x − y − 9z = 10
3 4 12
plane x − y + z = 16 is j
JEE Mains 2015 31 An equation of a plane parallel to the plane
(a) 2 14 (b) 8 (c) 3 21 (d) 13 x − 2y + 2z − 5 = 0 and at a unit distance from the origin
is j
AIEEE 2012
21 A vector n is inclined to X -axis at 45°, to Y -axis at 60° and
at an acute angle to Z -axis. If n is a normal to a plane (a) x − 2 y + 2 z ± 3 = 0 (b) x − 2 y + 2 z + 1 = 0
(c) x − 2 y + 2 z − 1 = 0 (d) x − 2 y + 2 z + 5 = 0
passing through the point ( 2, − 1, 1 ), then the equation of
the plane is j
JEE Mains 2013 32 Two systems of rectangular axes have the same origin. If
(a) 4 2 x + 7 y + z = 2 (b) 2 x + y + z = 2 a plane cuts them at distances a, b, c and a′ , b′ , c′ from
(c) 3 2 x − 4 y − 3 z = 7 (d) 2 x − y − z = 2 the origin, then j
AIEEE 2003
1 1 1 1 1 1
22 Let Q be the foot of perpendicular from the origin to the (a) + + + + + 2 =0
a2 b2 c2 a ′2 b ′2 c′
plane 4x − 3y + z + 13 = 0 and R be a point ( − 1, 1, − 6) on
1 1 1 1 1 1
the plane. Then, length QR is j
JEE Mains 2013 (b) 2 + 2 − 2 + 2 + 2 − 2 =0
a b c a′ b′ c′
19 7 3
(a) 14 (b) (c) 3 (d) 1 1 1 1 1 1
2 2 2 (c) 2 − 2 − 2 + 2 − 2 − 2 =0
23 The plane passing through the point ( −2, − 2, 2) and 1 1 1 1 1 1
containing the line joining the points (1, − 1, 2) and (d) 2 + 2 + 2 − 2 − 2 − 2 =0
33 The distance of the point (1, − 5, 9) from the plane (a) Statement I is true, Statement II is true; Statement II is a
x − y + z = 5 measured along a straight line x = y = z is correct explanation of Statement I
j JEE Mains 2016 (b) Statement I is true; Statement II is true; Statement II is not
10 20 a correct explanation of Statement I
(a) 3 10 (b) 10 3 (c) (d)
34 Distance between two parallel planes 2x + y + 2z = 8 (d)Statement I is false; Statement II is true
and 4x + 2y + 4z + 5 = 0 is j JEE Mains 2013 41 Statement I The point A (1, 0, 7) is the mirror image of the
3 5 7 9 x y −1 z − 2
(a) (b) (c) (d) point B (1, 6, 3) in the line= = .
2 2 2 2 1 2 3
35 Find the planes bisecting the acute angle between the x y −1 z − 2
Statement II The line = = bisects the line
planes x − y + 2z + 1 = 0 and 2x + y + z + 2 = 0. 1 2 3
(a) x + z − 1 = 0 (b) x + z + 1 = 0 segment joining A (1, 0, 7) and B (1, 6, 3). j AIEEE 2011
(c) x − z − 1 = 0 (d) None of these

x −1 y − 2 z + 3
36 The angle between the lines = = and the correct explanation for Statement I
2 1 −2 (b) Statement I is true, Statement II is true; Statement II is
plane x + y + 4 = 0 is not a correct explanation for Statement I
(a) 0° (b) 30° (c) 45° (d) 90° (c) Statement I is true; Statement II is false
y −1 z − 3 (d) Statement I is false; Statement II is true
37 If the angle between the line x = = and the
2 λ 42 Consider the following statements
 5 Statement I If the line drawn from the point ( −2 , − 1, − 3)
plane x + 2y + 3z = 4 is cos −1   , then λ is equal to
 14  j AIEEE 2011 meets a plane at right angle at the point (1, − 3 , 3), then
3 2 5 2 the equation of plane is 3x − 2y + 6z − 27 = 0.
(a) (b) (c) (d)
2 5 3 3 Statement II The equation of the plane through the points
( 2 ,1, 0),( 3 , − 2 , − 2) and ( 3 ,1, 7) is 7x + 3y − z = 17.
38 The distance between the line
r = 2i − 2j + 3k + λ(i − j + 4k ) and the plane r ⋅ (i + 5j + k ) = 5 Choose the correct option.
is (a) Statement I is true (b) Statement II is true
10 10 10 3 (c) Both statements are true (d) Both statements are false
(a) (b) (c) (d)
3 3 9 3 10 43 Statement I The point A (3, 1, 6) is the mirror image of
39 Consider the following statements. the point B (1, 3, 4) in the plane x − y + z = 5 .
Statement I If the coordinates of the points A,B,C,D are Statement II The plane x − y + z = 5 bisects the line
(1, 2 , 3),( 4 , 5 , 7),( − 4 , 3 ,− 6) and ( 2 , 9 , 2) respectively, segment joining A (3, 1, 6) and B (1, 3, 4). j AIEEE 2010
π (a) Statement I is true, Statement II is true; Statement II is a
then the angle between the lines AB and CD is .
6 correct explanation for Statement I
x −1 y − 2 z − 3 (b) Statement I is true, Statement II is true; Statement II is
Statement II The straight lines = = and
1 2 3 not a correct explanation for Statement I
x −1 y − 2 z − 3 (c) Statement I is true; Statement II is false
= = are parallel.
2 2 −2 (d)Statement I is false; Statement II is true
Choose the correct option. 44 Statement I A point on the straight line 2x + 3y − 4z = 5
(a) Statement I is true (b) Statement II is true and 3x − 2y + 4 z = 7 can be determined by taking x = k
(c) Both statements are true (d) Both statements are false and then solving the two equations for y and z, where k
is any real number.
40 Consider a line is perpendicular to the plane, then DR’s
of plane is proportional to the line. Statement II If c′ ≠ kc, then the straight line
x −1 y z +1 ax + by + cz + d = 0, kax + kby + c′ z + d ′ = 0, does not
Statement I The lines = = and
1 −1 1 intersect the plane z = α, where α is any real number.
x − 2 y +1 z (a) Statement I is true, Statement II is true; Statement II is a
= = are coplanar and equation of the plane
1 2 3 correct explanation of Statement I
containing them is 5x + 2y − 3z − 8 = 0 (b) Statement I is true; Statement II is true; Statement II is not
x − 2 y +1 z a correct explanation of Statement I
Statement II The line = = is perpendicular
1 2 3 (c) Statement I is true; Statement II is false
to the plane 3x + 6y + 9z − 8 = 0 and parallel to the (d) Statement I is false; Statement II is true
plane x + y − z = 0
45 Consider the lines Statement II The unit vector perpendicular to both the
x+ 1 y+ 2 z+ 1 x− 2 y+ 2 z− 3 − i − 7j + 5 k
L1 : = = , L2 : = = . lines L1 and L2 is .
3 1 2 1 2 3 5 3
Statement I The distance of the point (1, 1, 1) from the (a) Statement I is true, Statement II is true; Statement II is a
plane passing through the point ( −1, − 2, − 1) and whose correct explanation of Statement I
normal is perpendicular to both the lines L1 and L2 is (b) Statement I is true; Statement II is true; Statement II is not
13 a correct explanation of Statement I
.

1 The direction ratios of normal to the plane through (a) (3a , 3a , 3a), (a , a , a) (b) (3a , 2a , 3a), (a , a , a)
π (c) (3a , 2a , 3a), (a , a , 2a) (d) (2a , 3a , 3a), (2a , a , a)
(1, 0 , 0), ( 0 ,1, 0) which makes an angle with the plane
4
8 A parallelopiped is formed by planes drawn through the
x + y = 3 are
points (2, 3, 5) and (5, 9, 7), parallel to the coordinate
(a) 1, 2 ,1 (b) 1, 1, 2 (c) 1, 1, 2 (d) 2 ,1, 1 planes. The length of a diagonal of the parallelopiped is
2 The angle between the lines whose direction cosines are (a) 7 units (b) 38 units
given by 2l − m + 2n = 0 ,lm + mn + nl = 0 , is (c) 155 units (d) None of these
π π π π
(a) (b) (c) (d)
6 4 3 2 9 The distance of the point (1, 3, −7) from the
plane passing through the point (1, − 1, − 1)
3 If L1 is the line of intersection of the planes having normal perpendicular to both the lines
2x − 2y + 3z − 2 = 0, x − y + z + 1 = 0 and L2 is the line
of intersection of the planes x + 2y − z − 3 = 0, x −1 y + 2 z − 4 x − 2 y +1 z + 7
= = and = = , is
3x − y + 2z − 1 = 0, then the distance of the origin from 1 −2 3 2 −1 −1
the plane, containing the lines L1 and L2 is j JEE Mains 2018 j
JEE Mains 2017
1 1 1 1 20 10 5 10
(a) (b) (c) (d) (a) units (b) units (c) units (d) units
4 2 3 2 2 2 2 74 83 83 74
4 If the plane x + y + z = 1 is rotated through an angle 90° 10 Find the distance of the plane x + 2y − z = 2 from the point
about its line of intersection with the plane ( 2 , − 1, 3) as measured in the direction with DR’s ( 2 , 2 , 1).
x − 2y + 3z = 0 , the new position of the plane is (a) 2 (b) − 3 (c) − 2 (d) 3
(a) x − 5 y + 4 z = 1 (b) x − 5 y + 4 z = − 1
11 ∆ABC is such that the mid-points of the sides BC, CA and
(c) x − 8 y + 7 z = 2 (d) x − 8 y + 7 z = − 2 AB are (l, 0, 0), ( 0, m, 0), ( 0, 0, n ), respectively. Then,
5 A variable plane at a distance of 1 unit from the origin cut AB 2 + BC 2 + CA 2
is equal to
the coordinate axes at A , B and C. If the centroid l 2 + m2 + n 2
D ( x , y , z ) of ∆ABC satisfies the relation (a) 2 (b) 4 (c) 8 (d) 16
1 1 1
+ 2 + 2 = k , then k is equal to 12 If α , β , γ and δ are the angles between a straight line with
x2 y z
1 the diagonals of a cube, then
(a) 3 (b) 1 (c) (d) 9 sin2 α + sin2 β + sin2 γ + sin2 δ is equal to
3
5 8 7
6 The lines x = py + q , z = ry + s and x = p′ y + q ′ , 3 3 4
z = r ′ y + s′ are perpendicular, if j
NCERT Exemplar 13 The equation of the line passing through the points
(a) pr + p ′r ′+1 = 0 (b) pp ′+ rr ′+1 = 0 ( 3, 0, 1) and parallel to the planes x + 2y = 0 and
(c) pr + p ′r ′ = 0 (d) pp ′+ rr ′ = 0 3y − z = 0, is j
NCERT Exemplar
x − 3 y − 0 z −1 x − 3 y − 0 z −1
7 A line with direction cosines proportional to 2, 1, 2 meets (a) = = (b) = =
each of the lines x = y + a = z and x + a = 2y = 2 z . The −2 1 3 1 −2 3
coordinates of each of the points of intersection are x − 3 y − 0 z −1
(c) = = (d) None of these
given by 3 1 −2
14 The length of the projection of the line segment joining 18 Let L be the line of intersection of the planes
the points (5, −1, 4) and ( 4, − 1, 3) on the plane, 2x + 3y + z = 1 and x + 3y + 2z = 2. If L makes an angle
x + y + z = 7 is j JEE Mains 2018
α with the positive X -axis, then cos α is equal to
2 2 1 2 1 1 1
(a) (b) (c) (d) (a) (b) 1 (c) (d)
3 3 3 3 2 2 3
15 Let ABC be a triangle with vertices at points A( 2, 3, 5), 19 If the image of the point P(1, − 2, 3) in the plane
B( − 1, 3, 2) and C( λ , 5, µ ) in three dimensional space. If 2x + 3y − 4z + 22 = 0 measured parallel to the line
x y z
the median through A is equally inclined with the axes, = = is Q, then PQ is equal to
then ( λ , µ ) is equal to j JEE Mains 2013 1 4 5 j JEE Mains 2017
(a) (10, 7) (b) (7, 5) (c) (7, 10) (d) (5, 7) (a) 3 5 (b) 2 42 (c) 42 (d) 6 5
16 A plane passes through the point (1, − 2 , 3) and is x −1 y − 3 z − 4
20 The image of the line = = in the plane
parallel to the plane 2x − 2y + z = 0. The distance of the 3 1 −5
point ( −1, 2 , 0) from the plane, is 2x − y + z + 3 = 0 is the line j JEE Mains 2014
(a) 2 (b) 3 (c) 4 (d) 5 x + 3 y −5 z−2

17 The equation of the plane through the line intersection of (a) = =
3 1 −5
the planes x + y + z = 1 and 2x + 3y + 4z = 5, which is x + 3 y −5 z+ 2
perpendicular to plane x − y + z = 0, is (b) = =
−3 −1 5
(a) x + 2 y + 3 z − 4 = 0 x−3 y+5 z−2
(c) = = .
(b) 5 x + 6y + 7 z − 8 = 0 3 1 −5
(c) 120 x + 144 y + 168 z − 5 = 0 x−3 y+5 z−2
(d) = =
(d) x − z + 2 = 0 −3 −1 5
ANSWERS
SESSION 1 1. (a) 2. (c) 3. (c) 4. (c) 5. (b) 6. (c) 7. (b) 8. (d) 9. (c) 10. (c)
11. (a) 12. (d) 13. (a) 14. (c) 15. (d) 16. (d) 17. (b) 18. (c) 19. (a) 20. (d)
21. (b) 22. (c) 23. (c) 24. (c) 25. (c) 26. (a) 27. (b) 28. (d) 29. (c) 30. (c)
31. (a) 32. (d) 33. (b) 34. (c) 35. (b) 36. (c) 37. (d) 38. (a) 39. (d) 40. (b)
41. (b) 42. (c) 43. (a) 44. (b) 45. (a)
SESSION 2 1. (b) 2. (d) 3. (b) 4. (d) 5. (d) 6. (d) 7. (b) 8. (a) 9. (b) 10. (d)
11. (c) 12. (b) 13. (a) 14. (d) 15. (c) 16. (d) 17. (d) 18. (d) 19. (b) 20. (a)

SESSION 1  1
= 6 i+
1
j+
1 
k 10 If three edges of the cube are along x, y
 3 3 3 
1 Since, S divides OG in the ratio 3 : − 1. and z, then diagonal has DR’s 1, 1, 1 and
9 + 3 −5 + 9 −3 − 1  = 2 3 (i + j + k ) edge along X-axis has DR’s 1, 0, 0. The
Then, S =  , ,  angle between them is
 2 2 2  If α is obtuse, then
1 1
= (6, 2, − 2) l =m=n=− and |r | = 6 cos −1 = tan −1 2
3 3
2 A line makes angle θ with X-axis and ∴ r = |r | (li + mj + nk ) 11 We know that, angle between two lines
Z-axis and β with Y-axis.
 1 1 1  is
∴ l = cos θ, m = cos β, n = cos θ = 6 − i− j– k
 3 3 3  a1 a2 + b1 b2 + c 1 c 2
Q l 2 + m2 + n2 = 1 cos θ =
= − 2 3 (i + j + k ) a12 + b12 + c 12 a22 + b22 + c 22
∴ cos 2 θ + cos 2 β + cos 2 θ = 1
⇒ 2cos 2 θ = 1 − cos 2 β l+ m+ n=0
7 Equation of L1 is
⇒ 2cos 2 θ = sin2 β …(i) ⇒ l = − ( m + n)
r = 3 i + λ (− i + j + k )
But it is given that, ⇒ (m + n )2 = l2
= (3 − λ ) i + λj + λ k ⇒ m2 + n2 + 2mn = m2 + n2
sin2 β = 3 sin2 θ …(ii) Equation of L2 is [Ql2 = m2 + n2 , given]
r = ( i + j) + µ ( i + k ) ⇒ 2mn = 0
3 sin2 θ = 2cos 2 θ
= (1 + µ ) i + j + µ k When, m = 0 ⇒ l = − n
⇒ 3(1 − cos 2 θ) = 2cos 2 θ
For point of intersection, we get Hence, (l, m, n ) is (1, 0, − 1).
⇒ 3 = 5cos 2 θ
λ = µ = 1 ⇒ r = 2i + j + k When n = 0, then l = − m
3
∴ cos 2 θ = Hence, (l, m, n ) is (1, 0, –1).
5 8 Equation of line passing through (5, 1, a) 1+ 0+ 0 1 π
∴ cos θ = = ⇒ θ=
3 We know that, and (3, b, 1) is 2× 2 2 3
cos 2 θ + cos 2 θ + cos 2 γ = 1 x−3 y −b z−1
= = …(i) x−3 y + 2 z+ 4
⇒ cos 2 γ = − cos 2θ 5− 3 1−b a−1 12 Since, the line = =
2 −1 3
⇒ cos 2θ ≤ 0  x − x1 y − y1 z − z1 
π π Q x − x = y − y = z − z  lies in the plane lx + my − z = 9,
∴ θ∈ ,   2 1 2 1 2 1  therefore we have 2l − m − 3 = 0
 4 2 
 17
Point  0, , −
13  [Q normal will be perpendicular
 satisfies Eq. (i), we
4 Projection of a vector on coordinate  2 2 to the line]
axes are get ⇒ 2l − m = 3 ...(i)
x2 − x1 , y 2 − y 1 , z2 − z1 17 13 and 3l − 2m + 4 = 9
−b − −1
⇒ x2 − x1 = 6, y 2 − y 1 = − 3, 3
− = 2 = 2 [Q point (3, − 2, − 4) lies on the plane]
z2 − z1 = 2 2 1−b a−1 ⇒ 3l − 2m = 5 ...(ii)
Now, ( x2 − x1 )2 + ( y 2 − y 1 )2 + (z2 − z1 )2  − 15 On solving Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get
  l = 1 and m = − 1
= 36 + 9 + 4 = 7  2
⇒ a−1= = 5 ⇒ a= 6
− 
3 ∴ l 2 + m2 = 2
6
So, the DC’s of the vector are , −
3  
 2 13 Let the direction cosine of the line
7 7
Also, − 3(1 − b ) = 2  − b 
2 17 perpendicular to two given lines is
and ⋅ (l , m, n ), then l + 2m + 3 n = 0 and
7  2 
m n
⇒ 3b − 3 = 17 − 2b ⇒ 5b = 20 ⇒ b = 4 −2l + + =0
5 Given that, the projections of a line 2 3
segment on the X , Y and Z-axes in 9 The given equations of lines can be From the above equation,
3 D-space are, lr = 2, mr = 3 and nr = 6 rewritten as
l m
Q(lr )2 + (mr )2 + (nr )2 = (2)2 + (3)2 + (6)2 x y z x y z =−
= = and = = 1 1 1
⇒ (l 2 + m2 + n2 ) r 2 = 4 + 9 + 36 3 2 −6 2 −12 − 3 2× − ×3 − 3 × (−2) − 1 ×
3 2 3
⇒ r 2 = 49 ⇒ r = 7 ∴ Angle between the lines is n
=
6 Let r be inclined at an angle α to each θ = cos −1 1
1 × − 2 (−2)
axis, then l = m = n = cos α  3 × 2 + 2(−12) − 6(−3)  2
 
Since, l 2 + m2 + n2 = 1  32 + 22 + (− 6)2 (2)2 + (− 12)2 + (− 3)2  l2 m2 n2 1
  ⇒ = = =
⇒ 3 cos 2 α = 1 25 361 81 25 361 81
  + +
1 a1 ⋅ a2 + b2 ⋅ b2 + c 1 ⋅ c 2 36 9 4 36 9 4
If α is acute, then l = m = n = and Qcos θ = 
3 25 19 729
a12 + b12 + c 12 a22 + b + c 22 
2
 ∴ l = ,m= ,n =
|r | = 6
2
2198 2198 2198
∴ r = | r |(l i + mj + n k ) = cos −1 (0) = 90°
14 Let L be foot of perpendicular from 17 Let one vertex of the parallelopiped be i.e. corresponding coordinates of P and
P (0, 2, 3) on the line at the origin O and three coterminous Q should be same.
x − (−3) y − 1 z − (−4 ) edges OA, OB and OC be along OX , OY 2 p + 1 = q + 3, 4 p + 1 = q
= = = t …(i)
5 2 3 and OZ, respectively. The coordinates of and 3 p − 1 = 2q + k
Any point on Eq. (i) is the vertices of the parallelopiped are On solving 2 p + 1 = q + 3 and
L (−3 + 5 t , 1 + 2 t , − 4 + 3 t ). marked in figure. 4 p + 1 = q , we get the values of p and q
Then, DR’s of PL are The edges which do not meet the as
(−3 + 5 t − 0, 1 + 2 t − 2, − 4 + 3 t − 3) diagonal OF are AH , AD and BD and −3
p= and q = − 5
or ( 5 t − 3, 2 t − 1, 3 t − 7). their parallels are BE, CE and CH, 2
respectively. On substituting the values of p and q in
Since, PL is perpendicular to Eq. (i),
therefore 5( 5t − 3) + 2(2t − 1) The vector equation of the diagonalOF is the third equation 3 p − 1 = 2q + k , we
+ 3(3 t − 7) = 0 ⇒ t = 1 r = 0 + λ (ai + bj + ck ) …(i) get
−3
∴ 3   − 1 = 2 (− 5) + k ⇒ k =
So, the coordinate of L is (2, 3,−1). The vector equation of the edge BD is 9
r = b j + µ ai …(ii)  2  2
15 The vector joining the points is We have,
i − 3 j + k. Its projection along the vector 19 The given straight line can be rewritten
(ai + b j + ck ) × ai = ba ( j × i )
2i + j − 2k as
+ ca ( k × i ) x−1 y + 3 z−1
|( i − 3 j + k ) ⋅ (2i + j − 2 k )|
= = − ba k + ca j = = =s
22 + 12 + 22 1 −λ λ
∴ |(ai × bj × ck ) × ai | = b 2 a2 + c 2 a2 x− 0 y −1 z−2
|2 − 3 − 2| = = =t
= =1 and {(ai + bj + ck ) × ai} ⋅ (bj − 0 )
and
3 1 2 −2
= (− ba k + ca j) ⋅ bj
16 The given lines are These two lines are coplanar, if
= abc x1 − x2 y 1 − y 2 z1 − z2
x+1 y +1 z+1
= = Z
7 −6 1 l1 m1 n1 =0
x−3 y − 5 z−7 l2 m2 n2
and = =
1 −2 1 1 − 0 −3 − 1 1 − 2
For line Ist DR’s = (7, − 6, 1) and it passes C (0, 0, c)
E (0, b, c) ⇒ 1 −λ λ =0
through (− 1, − 1, − 1), then equation of
given lines (in vector form) is 1 2 −2
(a,0, c) H F (a , b , c )
r1 = − i − j − k + λ ( 7i − 6 j + k ) 1 −4 −1
Similarly,r2 = 3 i + 5 j + 7 k + µ ( i − 2 j + k ) B (0, b, 0) ⇒ 1 −λ λ =0
which are of the form r1 = a 1 + λ b1 and Y
O 1 2 −2
r2 = a 2 + µ b2 where, (0,0,0)
⇒ 1(2 λ − 2 λ ) + 4(−2 − λ ) − 1(2 + λ ) = 0
a 1 = − i − j − k, b1 = 7 i − 6 j + k A (a, 0, 0) D (a, b, 0) ⇒ − 8 − 4λ − 2 − λ = 0
and a 2 = 3 i + 5j + 7 k, b2 = i − 2 j + k ⇒ −10 = 5λ ⇒ λ = − 2
Now, a 2 − a 1 = (3 i + 5 j + 7 k ) X 20 Given equation of line is
− ( − i − j − k) = 4 i+ 6 j+ 8 k Thus, the shortest distance between x−2 y + 1 z−2
i j k Eqs. (i) and (ii) is given by = = = λ [say] …(i)
3 4 12
and b1 × b2 = 7 −6 1 |{(a i + b j + c k ) × a i} ⋅ (bj − 0 )|
SD = and equation of plane is
1 −2 1 |(ai + bj + ck ) × ai | x − y + z = 16 …(ii)
= i (−6 + 2) − j (7 − 1) + k (−14 + 6) abc bc Any point on the line (i) is
= =
= −4 i − 6 j − 8 k b 2 a2 + c 2 a2 b2 + c 2 (3λ + 2, 4λ − 1, 12λ + 2)
|b1 × b2|= (− 4)2 + (− 6)2 + (− 8)2 Similarly, it can be shown that the Let this point be point of intersection of
shortest distance between OF and AD is the line and plane.
= 16 + 36 + 64 ∴ (3λ + 2) − (4λ − 1) + (12λ + 2) = 16
ca
and that between OF and AH
= 116 = 2 29 a2 + c 2 ⇒ 11λ + 5 = 16
So, the shortest distance between the ab ⇒ 11λ = 11 ⇒ λ = 1
given lines is .
a2 + b 2 ∴ Point of intersection is (5, 3, 14).
( b1 × b2 ) ⋅ ( a 2 − a 1 ) Now, distance between the points (1, 0,
d = x−1 y + 1 z−1
|b1 × b2| 18 Let L1 : = = = p 2) and (5, 3, 14)
2 3 4
|(−4 i − 6 j − 8 k )⋅ (4 i + 6 j + 8 k )| x−3 y − k z−0 = (5 − 1)2 + (3 − 0)2 + (14 − 2)2
= and L2 : = = =q
2 29 1 2 1 = 16 + 9 + 144 = 169 = 13
|(− 4) × 4 + (− 6) × 6 + (− 8) × 8 | ⇒ Any point P on line L1 is of type
= 21 Q cos2 α + cos2 β + cos2 γ = 1
2 29 P (2 p + 1, 3 p − 1, 4 p + 1) and any point
| − 16 − 36 − 64 | 116 Q on line L2 is of type ⇒ cos 2 45° + cos 2 60° + cos 2 γ = 1
= = Q (q + 3, 2q + k , q ) 1 1 3 1
2 29 2 29 ⇒ cos 2 γ = 1 − − = 1 − =
Since, L1 and L2 are intersecting each 2 4 4 4
58
= = 2 29 units other, hence both point P and Q should 1
29 ⇒ cos γ =
coincide at the point of intersection, 2
∴ Direction Ratio’s of normal to the 25 Since, the vertices of the tetrahedron ∴

5
( x + 2 y − 3) − ( y − 2z + 1) = 0
1 are (0, 0, 0),(3, 0, 0), (0, 2, 0) and (0, 0, 6). 2
plane is < cos 45° ; cos 60° , >
2 ∴ Volume of tetrahedron ⇒ 2 x + 4 y − 6 − 5y + 10z − 5 = 0
1 1 1 3 0 0 ⇒ 2 x − y + 10z − 11 = 0
=< , , > 1
2 2 2 = 0 2 0 =6 ⇒ 2 x − y + 10z = 11
6
∴Equation of plane passing through 0 0 6 31 Given, a plane P : x − 2 y + 2z − 5 = 0
( 2, − 1, 1 ) is Equation of family of planes parallel to
26 The equation of the plane parallel to the
1 1 1 the given plane P is
( x − 2 ) + ( y + 1 ) + (z − 1 ) = 0 plane 3 x − 4 y + 5z = 4 is
2 2 2 3 x − 4 y + 5z + k = 0 Q : x − 2 y + 2z + d = 0
⇒ 2( x − 2 ) + 2( y + 1 ) + 2(z − 1 ) = 0 Also, perpendicular distance of Q from
Since, this plane passes through (2, 1, 5).
origin is 1 unit.
⇒ 2( x − 2 ) + ( y + 1 ) + (z − 1 ) = 0 On substituting coordinates (2, 1, 5,) we
0 − 2 (0) + 2 (0) + d
⇒ 2x − 2 + y + 1 + z − 1 = 0 get ⇒ =1
3 × 2 − 4 × 1 + 5 × 5 + k = 0 ⇒ k = − 27 12 + 22 + 22
⇒ 2x + y + z = 2
So, the equation of plane is d
3 x − 4 y + 5z − 27 = 0. ⇒ =1 ⇒ d = ± 3
22 Let foot of perpendicular Q ( x, y , z ) from 3
O(0, 0, 0) 27 Since Q is the image of P, therefore PQ Hence, the required equation of the
x−0 y −0 z−0 is perpendicular to the plane plane parallel to P and at unit distance
= =
4 −3 1 x − 2 y + 5z = 6. from origin is x − 2 y + 2z ± 3 = 0.
{4(0) − 3(0) + 1(0) + 13} ∴ Required equation of line is
=− 32 Consider OX , OY , OZ and Ox, Oy , Oz are
42 + 32 + 12 x −2 y −3 z− 4
= = two systems of rectangular axes.
x y z −13 1 1 −2 5 Let their corresponding equations of
⇒ = = = =−
4 −3 1 26 2 28 On substituting the coordinates of the plane be
3 1 points in the equation x y z
x = − 2, y = , z = − + + =1 …(i)
2 2 2 x + 3 y − 2z − k = 0, we get a b c
 3 1 (2 + 6 − 6 − k )(4 − 3 − k ) < 0 x y z
∴ Q  − 2, , −  and + + =1 …(ii)
 2 2 ⇒ (k − 1)(k − 2) < 0 a′ b ′ c ′
2 ∴ 1< k < 2 Length of perpendicular from origin to
(−1 + 2)2 +  1 −
3 Eqs. (i) and (ii) must be same.
 29 Let equation of plane containing the
 2 1 1
∴ PQ = 2 lines 2 x − 5y + z = 3 and ∴ =
+  −6 + 
1 1 1 1 1 1 1
x + y + 4 z = 5be (2 x − 5y + z − 3) + + + +
 2 + λ( x + y + 4 z − 5) = 0 a2 b 2 c 2 a ′2 b ′2 c ′2
1 121 126 7 ⇒ (2 + λ )x + (λ − 5)y + (4λ + 1) 1 1 1 1 1 1
= 1+ + = =3 ⇒ + 2 + 2 = 2 + 2 + 2
4 4 2 2 z − 3 − 5λ = 0 …(i) a2 b c a′ b′ c′
This plane is parallel to the plane
23 Required equation of plane is 1 1 1 1 1 1
x + 3 y + 6 z = 1. ⇒ + + − − − =0
x−1 y −1 z−1 2 + λ λ − 5 4λ + 1 a2 b 2 c 2 a ′2 b ′2 c ′2
−3 −3 1 =0 ∴ = =
1 3 6 33 Equation of PQ is
0 −2 1 On taking first two equalities, we get x−1 y + 5 z− 9
6 + 3λ = λ − 5 ⇒ 2λ = − 11 = = =λ
⇒ x − 3 y − 6z + 8 = 0 1 1 1
8 8 11
Since, the intercepts are 8, , . ⇒ λ=− So, x = λ + 1, y = λ − 5 and z = λ + 9
3 6 2 lies on the plane x − y + z = 5.
So, their sum is 12. On taking last two equalities, we get ⇒ λ + 1 − λ + 5+ λ + 9 = 5
6λ − 30 = 3 + 12λ ∴ λ = − 10
24 Equation of plane through three points 11
(2, 2, 1), (3, 0, 1) and (4, − 1, 0) is ⇒ − 6λ = 33 ⇒ λ = − So, the coordinate of Q is (− 9, − 15, − 1)
2 and coordinate of P is (1, − 5, 9).
[(r − i + 2j + k )] ⋅ [(i − 2j) × (i − j − k )] = 0
So, the equation of required plane is
i.e. r ⋅ (2i + j + k ) = 7 ∴ | PQ | = (10)2 + (10)2 + (10)2 = 10 3
or 2x + y + z − 7 = 0 …(i)  2 − 11  x +  −11 − 5 y
   
Equation of line through (3, − 4, − 5) and  2  2  34 Given planes are,
(2, − 3, 1) is 2 x + y + 2z − 8 = 0
+  − + 1 z − 3 + 5 ×
44 11
=0 5
x−3 y + 4 z+ 5  2  2 and 2 x + y + 2z + = 0
= = …(ii)
−1 1 6 7 21 42 49 2
⇒ − x− y − z+ =0 Distance between two planes
Any point on line (ii) is 2 2 2 2
(− λ + 3, λ − 4, 6λ − 5.) This point lies 5
⇒ x + 3 y + 6z − 7 = 0 −8 −
|c1 − c2 | 2
on plane (i). = =
Therefore, 30 Intersection of two planes is a2 + b 2 + c 2 22 + 12 + 22
2 (− λ + 3) + (λ − 4) + (6λ − 5) − 7 = 0 ( x + 2 y − 3) + λ ( y − 2z + 1 )
⇒ λ =2 ⇒ x + (2 + λ )y − 2λz + λ − 3 = 0 21
5 7
Hence, the required point is (1, − 2, 7). ∴ 1(1 ) + 2(2 + λ ) + 0(−2λ ) = 0 ⇒ λ = − = 2 =
2 3 2
35 Now, a1 a2 + b1 b2 + c 1 c 2 = 2 − 1 + 2 > 0. = 6i+ 6 j+8k A (–2, –1, –3)

AB ⋅ CD
The acute angle bisecting plane is Qcos θ =
x − y + 2z + 1 = − (2 x + y + z + 2) | AB||CD|
i.e. x+ z+ 1= 0 (3i+3 j+4k ) ⋅ (6i+ 6 j+8k )
cos θ =
36 DR’s of line are 2, 1, −2 and DR’s of 32 + 32 + 42 62 + 62 + 82 B
normal to the plane are 1, 1, 0. 18 + 18 + 32 68 (1, –3, 3)
= = =1
2 1 2
∴ Therefore, their DC’s are , ,− and 34 136 2 × 34
3 3 3 Equation of a plane is given by
∴ θ = cos −1 1 = 0
1 1 A( x − x1 ) + B ( y − y 1 ) + C ( z − z1 ) = 0
, ,0 respectively. Hence, Statement I is false.
2 2 ⇒ 3( x − 1) + (−2)( y + 3) + 6(z − 3) = 0
II. Given, a1 = 1, b1 = 2, c 1 = 3
Now, let θ be the angle b/w line and the ⇒ 3 x − 3 − 2 y − 6 + 6z − 18 = 0
a2 = 2,b2 = 2,c 2 = −2
plane, then a1 1 b 2 ⇒ 3 x − 2 y + 6z − 27 = 0
= , 1 =
+  −  ⋅ 0
2 1 1 1 2 II. Equation of any plane through
cos(90° − θ) = ⋅ + ⋅ a2 2 b2 2
3 2 3 2  3 a1 b
(2,1, 0) is
1 Q ≠ 1 a( x − 2) + b( y − 1) + c (z − 0) = 0 …(i)
⇒ sinθ = ⇒ θ = 45° a2 b2 Since, it passes through the points
2
Hence, given lines are not parallel. (3,-2,-2) and (3,1,7). Then, we get
37 Angle between straight line r = a + λ b Therefore, Statement II is false. a − 3b − 2c = 0 …(ii)
and plane r ⋅ n = d, 40 Statement I The equation of the plane and a + 0b + 7c = 0 …(iii)
b⋅n containing them is On solving Eqs.(ii) and (iii) by
sin θ =
|b || n| x−1 y z+ 1 cross-multiplication, we get
(i + 2 j + λ k )⋅ (i + 2 j + 3 k ) 1 −1 1 =0 a = 7λ,b = 3λ,c = − λ
∴ sin θ = On substituting the value of a,b,c
1 + 4 + λ2 1+ 4+ 9 1 2 3
in Eq. (i), we get
5 + 3λ ⇒ −(5x + 2 y − 3z − 8) = 0 7λ( x − 2) + 3λ( y − 1) − λz = 0
⇒ sin θ = 1 2 3
λ2 + 5 ⋅ 14 Statement II Here, = = ⇒ 7 x + 3 y − z = 17
3 6 9 This is the required equation of the
5 1 1 1
Given, cos θ = ⇒ = = plane.
14 3 3 3
3 and 1(1) + 2(1) + 3(−1) = 0
43 The image of the point (3, 1, 6) with
∴ sin θ = respect to the plane x − y + z = 5is
14 ∴ Statement II is true.
x −3 y −1 z− 6
3 5 + 3λ 41 Since, mid-point on AB is M (1, 3, 5.) = =
⇒ = 1 −1 1
14 λ2 + 5 ⋅ 14 x y −1 z−2 − 2(3 − 1 + 6 − 5)
which lies on = = . =
⇒ 9 (λ + 5) = 9 λ + 30 λ + 25
2 2 1 2 3 1+ 1+ 1
⇒ 9 λ2 + 45 = 9 λ2 + 30 λ + 25 A x −3 y −1 z− 6
⇒ = = = −2
⇒ 30 λ = 20 1 −1 1
∴ λ=
2 ⇒ x = 3−2 = 1
3 y = 1+ 2 = 3
38 Clearly, given line is parallel to the z = 6−2 = 4
M x y–1 z–2
plane. = = which shows that Statement I
1 2 3 is true.
Given point on the line is A (2, − 2,3) and
a point on the plane is B (0, 0, 5) We observe that the line segment
∴ AB = (2 − 0)i + (−2 − 0) j + (3 − 5)k joining the points A (3, 1, 6) and
B
= 2i − 2 j − 2k B (1, 3, 4) has direction ratios 2, – 2, 2
1 3 − 1 5− 2
Now, required distance = Projection of ∴ = = which are proportional to 1, – 1, 1 the
1 2 3 direction ratios of the normal to the
AB or i + 5j + k
⇒ 1=1=1 plane. Hence, Statement II is true.
(2i − 2j − 2k ) ⋅ (i + 5j + k )
= Hence, Statement II is true. Thus, the Statements I and II are true
1 + 25 + 1
Also, direction ratio of AB is and Statement II is correct explanation
2 − 10 − 2 (1 − 1, 6 − 0, 3 − 7) = (0, 6, − 4)
= ...(i) of Statement I.
27 and direction ratio of straight line is
10
44 Statement I 3 y − 4z = 5 − 2k
= (1, 2, 3) ... (ii)
− 2 y + 4z = 7 − 3 k
3 3 These two lines are perpendicular, if
∴ x = k , y = 12 − 5 k and
39 I. AB = OB − OA 0 (1) + 6 ( 2) − 4 (3) = 12 − 12 = 0
31 − 13 k
Hence, Statement I is true. z= is a point on the line
= (4i+5j+7k ) − ( i+2 j+3k ) 4
= 3i+3 j+4k 42 I. N = OB − OA for all real values of k.
CD = OD − OC = ( i − 3 j + 3k ) − ( − 2i − j − 3k ) Statement I is true.
= (2i+9 j+2k ) − (−4i+3 j − 6k ) = 3i − 2 j + 6k Statement II Direction ratios of the
straight line are
< bc ′ − kbc , kac − ac ′ , 0 > and Hence, lines are perpendicular. 6 Given lines are
direction ratios of normal the plane are So, angle between them is π / 2. x = py + q, z = ry + s
< 0, 0, 1 >. 3 L1 is the line of intersection of the plane x −q z−s
Now, 0 × (bc ′ − kbc ) + 0 × (kac − ac ′ ) ⇒ = y =
2 x − 2 y + 3z − 2 = 0 and p r
+ 1× 0= 0 x − y + z + 1 = 0 and L2 is the line of
and x = p ′ y + q ′, z = r ′ y + s′
Hence, the straight line is parallel to intersection of the plane
x − q′ z − s′
the plane. x + 2 y − z − 3 = 0 and ⇒ = y =
3 x − y + 2z − 1 = 0 p′ r′
45 Statement II Lines L1 and L2 are parallel
Since L1 is parallel to x − x1 y − y1 z − z1
to the vectors a = 3 i + j + 2 k and Two lines = =
b = i + 2j + 3 k, respectively. The unit $i $j k$ a1 b1 c1
2 −2 3 = $i + $j x − x2 y − y2 z − z2
vector perpendicular to both L1 and L2 and = = are
  a2 b2 c2
1 −1 1
is
a ×b − i − 7j + 5k perpendicular, if a1 a2 + b1 b2 + c 1 c 2 = 0
= L2 is parallel to
|a × b| 1 + 49 + 25 ∴ Given lines are perpendicular, if
$i $j k$ 
− i − 7j + 5k 1 2 −1 = 3$i − 5$j − 7k$ pp ′+ r r ′ = 0
=
5 3   7 Let the equation of line AB be
Hence, Statement II is true. 3 −1 2  x−0 y + a z−0
= = =k [say]
Also, L2 passes through  , , 0 .
Statement I Plane is 5 8
1 1 1
− ( x + 1) − 7( y + 2) + 5(z + 1) = 0, whose 7 7 
E
13 [put z = 0 in last two planes] A B
distance from (1, 1, 1) is .
5 3 So, equation of plane is
Hence, Statement I is true. x − 5 y − 8 z 
 7 7  C
F
D
Thus, statement I is true, statement II is  1 1 0 = 0
true; Statement II is a correct  Any point on the line is F (k , k − a, k ).
 3 −5 −7

explanation of Statement I.
  Also, the equation of other line CD is
⇒ 7 x − 7 y + 8z + 3 = 0 x+ a y −0 z−0
SESSION 2 = = =λ [say]
Now, perpendicular distance from 2 1 1
1 Let the equation of plane in intercept origin is
x y z Any point on the line is
form is + + = 1.  3  3 1
a b c  2 = = E (2 λ − a, λ, λ ).
 7 + 7 + 8 162 3 2
2 2
Since, it passes through the point (1, 0, 0) Direction ratios of EF are
and (0,1,0). [(k − 2 λ + a), (k − a − λ ), (k − λ )].
x y z 4 The new position of plane is Since, it is given that direction ratios of
∴ Equation of plane is + + = 1 x − 2 y + 3z + λ( x + y + z − 1) = 0
1 1 c EF are proportional to 2, 1, 2.
1 ⇒ (1 + λ )x + (λ − 2)y + (λ + 3)z − λ = 0 k − 2λ + a k − λ − a k − λ
DR’s of normal are 1,1, and of given Since, it is perpendicular to ∴ = =
c 2 1 2
x + y + z − 1 = 0.
plane are 1,1,0. On solving first and second fractions,
1 ∴1+ λ + λ −2+ λ + 3= 0
1⋅1 + 1⋅1 + ⋅ 0 2 we get
π c ⇒λ = −
Now, cos = k − 2λ + a = 2k − 2λ − 2a
4  1  3
 2 + 2 2 Hence, required plane is ⇒ k = 3a …(i)
 c 
x − 8 y + 7z = − 2. On solving second and third fractions,
1 2
⇒ = y we get
2  1  5 Let plane x + + z = 1 cuts the axes at
 2 + 2 2 a b c 2k − 2λ − 2a = k − λ
 c  A (a, 0, 0), B (0, b, 0) and C (0, 0, c ). ⇒ k − λ = 2a
1 1 ⇒ λ = 3a − 2a
Centroid of plane ABC is D  , ,  .
⇒ + 2 = 4 ⇒ c2 = a b c
c2 2  3 3 3 [from Eq. (i)]
1
∴ c = Distance of the plane from the origin ∴ λ=a
2 Hence, coordinates of E are (3 a, 2 a, 3 a)
1
So, the DR’s of normal are 1,1, 2. d = =1 [given] and coordinates of F are (a, a, a).
1 1 1
2 On eliminating m from given equations, + +
a2 b2 c2 8 A parallelopiped is formed by planes
we get 1 1 1 drawn through the points (2, 3, 5) and
2 (l + n ) 2 + nl = 0 ⇒ 1= 2 + 2 + 2 (5, 9, 7), parallel to the coordinate
a b c
[Q put m = 2 l + 2 n] planes.
∴ D ( x, y , z )
⇒ (2l + n ) (l + 2n ) = 0 Let a, b and c be the lengths of edges,
⇒ a = 3 x, b = 3 y , c = 3z
⇒ n = − 2l ⇒ m = − 2l then
1 1 1
or l = − 2n ⇒ + 2 + 2 =9 a = 5 − 2 = 3, b = 9 − 3 = 6
x2 y z
⇒ m = − 2n and c = 7 − 5 = 2
The DR’s are 1, − 2, − 2 and −2, − 2, 1. Hence, the value of k is 9. So, the length of diagonal of a
Now, 1 (−2) − 2 (−2) − 2 (1) = 0 parallelopiped
= a2 + b 2 + c 2 12 Qcos2 α + cos2 β + cos2 γ + cos2 δ = 4 Alternative Method

3 Clearly, DR’s of AB are
= 9 + 36 + 4
and cos 2 α = 1 − sin2 α, similarly for all 4 − 5, − 1 + 1, 3 − 4, i.e. −1, 0, − 1 and DR’s
= 49 = 7 units other angles. of normal to plane are 1, 1, 1.
9 Given, equations of lines are ∴ cos 2 α + cos 2 β + cos 2 γ + cos 2 δ Now, let θ be the angle between the line
x−1 y + 2 z− 4 = 4 − (sin2 α + sin2 β + sin2 γ + sin2 δ ) and plane, then θ is given by
= = ⇒ sin2 α + sin2 β + sin2 γ −1+ 0−1
1 −2 3 sin θ =
+ sin2 δ =  4 −  =
4 8
x−2 y + 1 z+ 7 (−1) + (−1)2 12 + 12 + 12
2
and = =  3 3
2 −1 −1 2 2
= =
Let n = i$ − 2$j + 3k
$ 13 Let a, b and c be the direction ratios of 2 3 3
1
the required line.
and n2 = 2i$ − $j − k
$
Then, its equation is B (4, –1, 3)
∴ Any vector n perpendicular to both x−3 y − 0 z−1
n1 , n2 is given by = = ...(i)
n = n 1 × n2 a b c A (5, –1, 4) q
Since, Eq. (i) is parallel to the planes C
i$ $j $
k x + 2 y + 0z = 0 and 0 x + 3 y − z = 0.
⇒ n= 1 −2 3 Therefore, normal to the plane is
q
2 −1 −1 perpendicular to the line.
∴ a(1) + b (2) + c (0) = 0
= 5$i + 7 $j + 3k
$
and a (0) + b(3) + c (− 1) = 0
∴ Equation of a plane passing through On solving these two equations by Plane : x + y + z = 7
(1, − 1, − 1) and perpendicular to n is cross-multiplication, we get
given by 2
a
=
b ⇒ sinθ = ⇒ cos θ = 1 − sin2 θ
5 ( x − 1) + 7( y + 1) + 3(z + 1) = 0 (2) (− 1) − (0) (3) (0) (0) − (1) (− 1) 3
⇒ 5x + 7 y + 3z + 5 = 0 c = 1− =
2 1
∴ Required distance = 3
(1) (3) − (0) (2) 3
5 + 21 − 21 + 5 a b c Clearly, length of projection
= ⇒ = = =λ [say] 1
52 + 72 + 32 −2 1 3 = AB cos θ = 2 [Q AB = 2]
3
10 ⇒ a = − 2λ, b = λ and c = 3λ
= units 2
83 On substituting the values of a, b and c =
in Eq. (i), we get the equation of the 3
10 Consider the line through (2, − 1, 3) with required line as 15 Centroid of ∆ABC,
2 2 1 x−3 y − 0 z−1
DC’s , , is = = 2 − 1 + λ 3 + 3 + 5 5 + 2 + µ 
3 3 3 −2 1 3 G = , , 
 3 3 3 
x−2 y + 1 z−3
= = =r [say] 14 Key idea length of projection of the line + λ + µ
=  
2/3 2/3 1 /3 1 11 7
segment joining a 1 and a 2 on the plane , , 
 3 3 3 
∴ x=2+
2r
,y = −1 +
2r
,z = 3 +
r (a − a 1 ) × n
r ⋅ n = d is 2 Since, median is always passes through
3 3 3 |n|
Since, it lies on the plane centroid and they are equally inclined.
x + 2 y − z = 2.
Length of projection the line segment 1+ λ 11 7+ µ
joining the points (5, −1, 4) and (4, −1, 3) ∴ −2= −3= −5
2r 4r r 3 3 3
∴ 2+ −2+ −3− =2 on the plane x + y + z = 7 is λ−5 2 µ −8
3 3 3 ⇒ = =
⇒ r =3 B (4, –1, 3) 3 3 3
(a2) ⇒ λ = 7, µ = 10
11 Given, mid-points of sides are
D (l , 0, 0), E (0, m, 0) and F (0, 0, n ) ^ ^ ^
16 Let parallel plane be
n=i+j+k 2 x − 2 y + z + λ = 0. It passes through
A
(1, − 2, 3).
(5, –1, 4) ∴ λ = −9
F E
A(a1) C The distance of (−1, 2, 0) from the plane
2x − 2y + z − 9 = 0
(a − a1 ) × n −2 − 4 − 9
B C AC =  2  is = 5
D  |n |   3 
BC 2
Also, EF 2 = [by mid-point theorem] |(− î − ^
k ) × (î + ^j + ^
k )| 17 Equation of any plane through
4 =
|i + j + k| the intersection of planes can be written
⇒ BC 2 = 4 (m2 + n2 ) as
Similarly, AB 2 = 4(l 2 + m2 ) |î − ^
k| x + y + z − 1 + λ(2 x + 3 y + 4z − 5) = 0
AC =
and CA2 = 4(l 2 + n2 ) 3 ⇒ (1 + 2λ )x + (1 + 3λ )y
AB 2 + BC 2 + CA2 2 2 + (1 + 4λ )z − 1 − 5λ = 0 …(i)
∴ =8 ⇒ AC = =
l 2 + m2 + n2 3 3
The direction ratios, a1 ,b1 ,c 1 , of the plane 3 (i − j + k ) ⋅ ( i ) 1 20 Here, plane, line and its image are
∴ cos α = =
are (1 + 2λ ), (3λ + 1) and (4λ + 1). 3 (1 + 1 + 1) 1
2
3 parallel to each other. So, find any point
The plane in Eq. (i) is perpendicular to on the normal to the plane from which
y
x − y + z = direction ratios, a2 ,b2 ,c 2 are 19 Any line parallel to x = = z and the image line will be passed and then
1,−1 and 1. 1 4 5 find equation of image line.
Since, the planes are perpendicular. passing through P(1, − 2, 3) is
Here, plane and line are parallel to each
∴ a1 a2 + b1 b2 + c 1 c 2 = 0 x y z
P (1, –2, 3) other. Equation of normal to the plane
= = <1, 4, 5>
⇒ 1(1 + 2λ ) − 1(1 + 3λ ) + 1(1 + 4λ ) = 0 1 4 5 through the point (1, 3, 4) is
⇒ 1 + 2λ − 1 − 3λ + 1 + 4λ = 0 x−1 y −3 z− 4
R 2x + 3y – 4z + 22 = 0 = = =k [say]
1 2 −1 1
⇒ 3λ = −1 ⇒ λ = −
3 Any point on this normal is
Q
On substituting this value of λ in Eq. (i), (2k + 1, − k + 3, 4 + k ).
x−1 y + 2 z−3
we obtain the required plane as = = =λ (say) Then,
1 − 2 x + 1 − 3 y 1 4 5  2k + 1 + 1 , 3 − k + 3 , 4 + k + 4  lies
     
 3  3 Any point on above line can be written  2 2 2 
as (λ + 1, 4λ − 2, 5λ + 3).
+  1 −  z − 1 + = 0
4 5 on plane.
6 − k
 3 3 ∴ Coordinates of R are ⇒ 2(k + 1) −  
1 1 2  2 
⇒ x− z+ = 0 (λ + 1, 4λ − 2, 5λ + 3).
3 3 3 8 + k
Since, point R lies on the above plane. +  +3= 0
⇒ x−z+2= 0  2 
This is the required equation of the ∴ 2(λ + 1) + 3(4λ − 2) − 4(5λ + 3) ⇒ k = −2
plane. + 22 = 0 Hence, point through which this image
18 The two normal vectors are ⇒ λ =1 pass is
m = 2i + 3 j + k and n = i + 3 j + 2k So, point R is (2, 2, 8). (2k + 1, 3 − k , 4 + k )
i j k Now, i.e. [2(−2) + 1, 3 + 2, 4 − 2] = (−3, 5 , 2)
The line L is along, m × n = 2 3 1 PR = (2 − 1)2 + (2 + 2)2 + (8 − 3)2 Hence, equation of image line is
1 3 2 = 42 x+ 3 y − 5 z−2
= =
= 3( i − j + k ) 3 1 −5
∴ PQ = 2PR = 2 42
and DC’s of X-axis are (1, 0, 0).
DAY THIRTY THREE UNIT TEST 5 (VECTORS AND 3D GEOMETRY) 367
DAY THIRTY THREE
Unit Test 5
(Vectors and 3D Geometry)
1 The equation of plane perpendicular to 2x + 6y + 6z = 1 6 Let A ( 3, 2, 0), B ( 5, 3, 2), C ( − 9, 6, − 3) are three points
and passing through the points ( 2, 2,1) and ( 9, 3, 6), is forming a triangle. If AD, the bisector of ∠BAC meets BC
(a) 3x + 4y + 5z − 9 = 0 in D, then coordinates of D are
(a)  − , ,  (b)  , −
(b) 3x + 4y − 5z + 9 = 0 19 57 17 19 57 17 
, 
(c) 3x + 4y − 5z − 9 = 0  8 16 16   8 16 16 
(d) 3x + 4y + 5z + 9 = 0
(c)  , , −
17 
(d)  , , 
19 57 19 57 17

2 Let a, b and c be the unit vectors such that a and b are  8 16 16   8 16 16 
mutually perpendicular and c is equally inclined to a and 7 Vectors a and b are inclined at an angle θ = 120° . If | a | = 1,
b at an angle θ. If c = x a + y b + z (a × b ), then
| b | = 2, then [(a + 3 b ) × ( 3 a − b )]2 is equal to
(a) z 2 = 1 − 2x 2
(b) z2 = 1− x2 + y2 (a) 300 (b) 325 (c) 275 (d) 225
(c) z 2 = 1+ 2y 2 8 A point moves so that the sum of the squares of its
(d) None of the above distances from the six faces of a cube given by x = ± 1,
3 If a, b and c are three non-coplanar vectors such that y = ± 1, z = ± 1 is 10 units. The locus of the point is
a + b + c = α d and b + c + d = β a , then a + b + c + d (a) x 2 + y 2 + z 2 = 1 (b) x 2 + y 2 + z 2 = 2
is equal to (c) x + y + z = 1 (d) x + y + z = 2
(a) 0 (b) αa 9 If (a × b )2 + (a ⋅ b )2 = 144 and | a | = 4 , then | b | is equal to
(c) β (d) (α + β) c
(a) 3 (b) 8 (c) 12 (d) 16
4 The plane ax + by = 0 is rotated through an angle α 10 The values of x for which the angle between
about its line of intersection with the plane z = 0. Then, a = 2x 2 i + 4x j + k, b = 7 i − 2 j + x k is obtuse, is
the equation to the plane in new position is
(a) x > 1/ 2 or x < 0 (b) 0 < x < 1/ 2
(a) ax − by ± z a 2 + b 2 cotα = 0 (c) 1/ 2 < x < 15 (d) None of these
(b) ax + by ± z a 2 + b 2 cotα = 0 11 Let a = 3 i + 2 k and b = 2j + k. If c is a unit vector, then
the maximum value of the vector triple product [a b c ], is
(c) ax − by ± z a 2 + b 2 tan α = 0
(a) 61 (b) 59
(d) ax + by ± z a 2 + b 2 tan α = 0 (c) 3 ⋅ 36 (d) None of these
5 If the axes are rectangular, the distance from the point 12 The ratio of lengths of diagonals of the parallelogram
x −3 y −4 z −5 constructed on the vectors a = 3 p − q, b = p + 3 q is (given
( 3, 4, 5) to the point, where the line = =
1 2 2 that | p | = | q | = 2 and the angle between p and q
meets the plane x + y + z = 17 is π
is )
(a) 1 (b) 2 3
(c) 3 (d) None of these (a) 7: 3 (b) 3: 2 (c) 5: 7 (d) 5: 3
368 40 DAYS ~ JEE MAIN MATHEMATICS DAY THIRTY THREE
13 Let p, q and r be three mutually perpendicular vectors of 21 Point (α , β, γ ) lies on the plane x + y + z = 2. Let
the same magnitude. If a vector x satisfies equation a = α i + β j + γ k, k × (k × a ) = 0. Then, γ is equal to
p × {( x − q ) × p} + q × {( x − r ) × q} + r × {( x − p ) × r} = 0 (a) 0 (b) 1
Then, x is given by 1
(c) 2 (d)
1 1 2
(a) (p + q − 2r) (b) (p + q + r)
2 2 22 If the four plane faces of a tetrahedron are represented
1
(c) (2 p + q − r) (d) None of these by the equation r ⋅ (l i + m j ) = 0, r ⋅ (m j + n k ) = 0 ,
3 r ⋅ (nk + p i) = 0 and r ⋅ (l i + m j + nk ) = p, then the volume
14 A line with direction cosines proportional to 2, 1, 2 meets of the tetrahedron is
each of the lines given by the equation x = y + 2 = z ; (a)
p3
(b)
2p 3
x + 2 = 2y = 2z . 6 lmn 3 lmn
The coordinates of the point of intersection are 3 p3 6p 3
(c) (d)
(a) (6, 4, 6), (2, 4, 2) (b) (6, 6, 6), (2, 6, 2) lmn lmn
(c) (6, 4, 6), (2, 2, 0) (d) None of these 23 If a variable plane forms a tetrahedron of constant
15 The vector B satisfying the vector equation A + B = a , volume 64 k 3 with the coordinate planes, then the locus
A × B = b and A ⋅ a = 1, where a and b are given vectors is of the centroid of the tetrahedron is
(b × a ) + a (a 2 − 1) (a × b) + a (a) xyz = k 3 (b) xyz = 2k 3
(a) (b)
a2 a (c) xyz = 12k 3 (d) xyz = 6 k 3
a (a 2 − 1) + b (b 2 − 1)
(c) (d) None of these 24 The line through i + 3 j + 2 k and perpendicular to the line
a2 r = (i + 2 j − k ) + λ ( 2 i + j + k ) and
16 The vector c, directed along the bisectors of the angle r = ( 2 i + 6 j + k ) + µ (i + 2 j + 3 k ) is
between the vectors a = 7 i − 4 j − 4 k, b = − 2 i − j + 2 k and (a) r = (i + 2 j − k) + λ (− i + 5 j − 3 k)
| c | = 5 6 is (b) r = (i + 3 j + 2 k) + λ (i − 5 j + 3 k)
5 5 (c) r = (i + 3 j + 2 k) + λ (i + 5 j + 3 k)
(a) ± (i − 7 j + 2 k) (b) ± (5 i + 5 j + 2 k)
3 3 (d) None of the above
5 5
(c) ± (i + 7 j + 2 k) (d) ± (− 5 i + 5 j + 2 k)
3 3 25 The orthogonal projection A′ of the point A with position
vector (1, 2, 3) on the plane 3x − y + 4z = 0, is
17 Let a, b and c be three non-zero and non-coplanar
(b)  − , , 1
1 5
vectors and p, q and r be three vectors given by (a) (− 1, 3, − 1)
 2 2 
p = a + b − 2 c , q = 3 a − 2b + c and r = a − 4 b + 2c. If the
(c)  , − , − 1
1 5
volume of the parallelopiped determined by a, b and c is (d) (6, − 7, − 5)
2 2 
V1 and the volume of the parallelopiped determined by
p, q and r is V2 , then V2 : V1 is equal to 26 The equation of the plane containing the points A(1, 0, 1)
(a) 7 : 1 (b) 3 : 1 and B ( 3, 1, 2) and parallel to the line joining the origin to
(c) 11 : 1 (d) None of these the point C(1, − 1, 2) is
(a) x + y – z = 0 (b) x + y + z = 0
18 A non-zero vector a is parallel to the line of intersection of
(c) x − y + z = 0 (d) x − y − z = 0
the plane determined by the vectors i , i + j and the plane
determined by the vectors i − j , i + k. Then, the angle 27 The planes 3x − y + z + 1 = 0 and 5x + y + 3z = 0
between a and the vector i − 2 j + 2 k is intersect in the line PQ. The equation of the plane through
π π the point ( 2, 1, 4) and perpendicular to PQ is
(a) (b)
6 4 (a) x + y − 2 z = 5 (b) x + y − 2 z = − 5
π π (c) x + y + 2 z = 5 (d) x + y + 2 z = − 5
(c) (d)
3 2
28 The line of intersection of the planes r ⋅ ( 3 i − j + k ) = 1 and
19 Let a, b and c be three vectors having magnitudes 1, 1 r ⋅ (i + 4 j − 2 k ) = 2 is parallel to the vector
and 2, respectively. If a × (a × c ) + b = 0, then the acute (a) − 2 i + 7 j + 13 k (b) − 2 i − 7 j + 13 k
angle between a and c is
(c) 2 i + 7 j − 13 k (d) None of these
π π
(a) (b)
6 4 29 A line with direction cosines proportional to 2, 1, 2 meets
π each of the lines x = y + a = z and x + a = 2y = 2z . The
3 coordinates of each of the points of intersection are given
20 If a, b and c are unit coplanar vectors, then the scalar by
triple product [ 2 a − b 2b − c 2c − a ] is equal to (a) (3 a, 2a, 3 a), (a, a, 2a) (b) (3 a, 3 a, 3 a), (a, a, a)
(a) 0 (b) 1 (c) − 3 (d) 3 (c) (3 a, 2 a, 3 a), (a, a, a) (d) None of these
30 The sides of a parallelogram are 3 i + 4 j − 6 k and 38 The shortest distance between the lines
2 i − 3 j + 5 k. The unit vector parallel to one of the x − 2 y −1 z − 3 x −1 y − 2 z − 4
= = and = = is equal to
diagonals is 3 2 2 2 3 4
5i + j −k 4i + 3 j − 2k (a) 1.14 units (b) 2.01 units
(a) (b)
27 29 (c) 3.16 units (d) None of these
i − 2 j + 4k x +1 y − 3 y + 2
21 39 The intersecting point of lines, L1 = = =
−3 2 1
31 Let p = 8 i + 6 j and q be two vectors perpendicular to x y −7 z + 7
and L2 = = = is
each other in the xy-plane. Then, the vector in the same 1 −3 2
plane having projections 2 and 4 along p and q (a) (− 3, 2, 1) (b) (2, 1, − 3)
respectively is (c) (1, − 3, 2) (d) None of these
(a) ± 3 (i − 2 j ) (b) ± (i + 2 j )
40 If a and b are unit vectos, then the greatest value of
(c) ± 2 (2 i − j ) (d) None of these
| a + b| + | a − b| is
32 The equation of the plane containing the line (a) 2 (b) 4 (c) 2 2 (d) 2
2x − y + z − 3 = 0 and 3x + y + z = 5 at a distance of
1 41 If a, b and c are non-coplanar vectors and r is a real
from the point ( 2, 1, − 1) is number, then the vectors a + 2b + 3c , λb + 4c and
6
( 2λ − 1) c are non-coplanar for
(a) x+ y+ z−3=0
(a) no value of λ (b) all except one value of λ
(b) 2x − y − z − 3 = 0
(c) all except two values of λ (d) all values of λ
(c) 2x − y + z + 3 = 0
(d) 62 x + 29y + 19z − 105 = 0 42 Let a, b and c be three unit vectors such that a is
perpendicular to the plane of b and c. If the angle
33 The equation of the plane through the point ( 2, − 1, − 3) π
x −1 y + 2 z between b and c is , then | a × b − a × c | is equal to
and parallel to the lines = = and 3
3 2 −4
x y −1 z − 2 (a) 1/3 (b) 1/2 (c) 1 (d) 2
= = is
2 −3 2 43 The distance of the point A( − 2, 3, 1) from the line PQ
through P( − 3, 5, 2) which make equal angles with the
(a) 8 x + 14 y + 13 z + 37 = 0 (b) 8 x − 14 y + 13 y + 37 = 0
axes is
(c) 8 x + 14 y − 13 z + 37 = 0 (d) None of these
2 14 16 5
34 The shortest distance between the lines (a) (b) (c) (d)
3 3 3 3
r = − (i + j + k ) + λ ( 2 i + 3 j + 4 k )
and r = − i + µ ( 3 i + 4 j + 5 k ) is 44 The plane passing through the point (5, 1, 2)
1 1 1 perpendicular to the line 2( x − 2) = y − 4 = z − 5 will meet
(a) 1 (b) (c) (d)
2 3 6 the line in the point
(a) (1, 2, 3) (b) (2, 3, 1)
35 A tetrahedron has vertices at O( 0, 0, 0), A(1, 2, 1), B( 2, 1, 3)
(c) (1, 3, 2) (d) (3, 2, 1)
and C( − 1, 1, 2). The angle between the faces OAB and
ABC is Direction (Q. Nos. 45-48) Each of these questions
(a) cos−1   (b) cos−1  
19 17 contains two statements : Statement I (Assertion) and
 35   31 Statement II (Reason). Each of these questions also has four
(c) 30° (d) 90° alternative choices, only one of which is the correct answer.
36 If p = 2 i − 3 j + 3 k and q = 4 i − 2 j + k be two vectors and r You have to select one of the codes (a ), (b), (c) and (d) given
below.
is a vector perpendicular to p and q and satisfying the
condition. r ( 2 i − 4 j + 2 k ) = −12, then r is equal to
20 2
(a) 2 i − j + 16k (b) (3 i + 10 j + 8 k) (b) Statement I is true, Statement II is true; Statement II is
3 3
1 not a correct explanation for Statement I
(c) (3 i − 10 j + 8 k) (d) None of these (c) Statement I is true; Statement II is false
3
37 The direction ratios of a normal to the plane through (2, 0,
π 45 Consider vectors a and c are non-collinear, then
0) and (0, 2, 0) that makes an angle with the plane
3 Statement I The lines r = 6 a − c + λ ( 2c − a ) and
2x + 3y = 5 is r = a − c + µ (a + 3 c ) are coplanar.
(a) 1 : 1 : 2 (b) 1 : 1 : 3 Statement II There exist λ and µ such that the two values
(c) 2 : 1 : 3 (d) 1 : 1 : 5 .7 of r become same.
46 Consider u and v are unit vectors inclined at an angle α Statement I The equation of the plane through the
and a is a unit vector bisecting the angle between them, intersection of the planes P1 and P2 and the point ( 4, 4, 4)
u+ v is 29x + 23y + 17y = 276.
Statement I Then, a = .
2 cos (α / 2) Statement II Equation of the plane through the line of
Statement II If ABC is an isosceles triangle with intersection of the planes P1 = 0 and P2 = 0 is P1 + λP2 = 0,
AB = AC = 1, then vector representing bisector of ∠ A is λ ≠ 0.
AB + AC 49 The two adjacent sides of a parallelogram are 2i − 4j + 5k
.
2 and i − 2j − 3 k.
47 Suppose π : x + y − 2z = 3, P : ( 2, 1, 6), Q : ( 6, 5 , − 2) Statement I The unit vector parallel to its diagonal is
3 6 2
Statement I The line joining PQ is perpendicular to the i − j + k.
normal to the plane π. 5 5 5
Statement II Q is the image of P in the plane π. Statement II Area of parallelogram is11 5 sq units.
(a) Only Statement I is true (b) Only Statement II is true
48 Consider the equation of planes P1 = x + y + z − 6 = 0 (c) Both statements are ture (d) Both statements are false
and P2 = 2x + 3y + 4z + 5 = 0.
ANSWERS
1. (c) 2. (a) 3. (a) 4. (d) 5. (c) 6. (d) 7. (a) 8. (b) 9. (a) 10. (b)
11. (a) 12. (a) 13. (b) 14. (d) 15. (a) 16. (a) 17. (d) 18. (b) 19. (a) 20. (a)
21. (c) 22. (b) 23. (d) 24. (b) 25. (b) 26. (d) 27. (b) 28. (a) 29. (c) 30. (a)
31. (c) 32. (d) 33. (a) 34. (d) 35. (a) 36. (d) 37. (d) 38. (d) 39. (b) 40. (c)
41. (c) 42. (c) 43. (b) 44. (a) 45. (a) 46. (a) 47. (d) 48. (a) 49. (b)

1 The plane passing through (2, 2, 1), is ∴ a + b + c + d = (α + 1) d The DC’s of a normal to the given plane
a( x − 2) + b( y − 2) + c (z − 1) = 0 and a + b + c + d = ( β + 1) a is
⇒ (α + 1) d = ( β + 1) a a b
Since, it passes through (9, 3, 6). , , 0.
If α ≠ − 1, then (α + 1) d = ( β + 1) a a2 + b 2 a2 + b 2
∴ 7a + b + 5c = 0 …(i)
β+1 a⋅ a + b ⋅ b + k ⋅ 0
Since, it is perpendicular to ⇒ d = a ∴ cos α =
2 x + 6 y + 6z − 1 = 0. α +1 a + b2 + k 2
2
a2 + b 2
∴ 2 a + 6b + 6c = 0 …(ii)
 β + 1 a +b
2 2
a b c ∴ a + b + c = α a =
⇒ = =  α + 1 a2 + b 2 + k 2
−24 −32 40
[from Eqs. (i) and (ii)]  ⇒ k 2 cos 2 α = a2 (1 − cos 2 α )
α ( β + 1)
a b c ⇒ 1 − a + b+c =0 + b 2 (1 − cos 2 α )
⇒ = =  α +1 
3 4 −5 (a2 + b 2 ) sin2 α
⇒ k =
2
The required plane is Hence, a , b and c are coplanar, which is cos 2 α

3 ( x − 2) + 4( y − 2) − 5(z − 1) = 0 a contradiction to the given condition. ∴ k = ± a2 + b 2 tan α
⇒ 3 x + 4 y − 5z − 9 = 0 ∴ α = −1
From Eq. (i),
⇒ a + b+c +d =0
2 Now, a ⋅ c = x ( a ⋅ a ) + y (a ⋅ b ) ax + by ± z a2 + b 2 tan α = 0
+ za ⋅ (a × b )
4 Equation of any plane passing through
the line of intersection of given plane, is 5 Any point on the line is
⇒ x = cos θ
ax + by + kz = 0 …(i) (r + 3, 2r + 4, 2r + 5)
Similarly, y = cos θ
∴ DC’s of Eq. (i) are which lies on the plane
Now, |c |2 = x2 |a |2 + y 2 |b|2 a b x + y + z = 17.
+ z2|a × b|2 , ,
a +b + k
2 2 2
a + b2 + k 2
2 Q (r + 3) + (2r + 4) + (2r + 5) = 17
⇒ 1 − 2 cos θ = z ⇒ 1 − 2 x = z2
2 2 2
∴ r =1
k
where, z = |a b c | Thus, the point of intersection is (4, 6, 7).
a2 + b 2 + k 2
3 Given, a + b + c = α d and So, the required distance
b + c + d = βa
= (4 − 3)2 + (6 − 4)2 + (7 − 5)2 Similarly,|d 2 | = 4 3 17 Given, V1 = [a b c ] and V2 = [ p q r]

= 1+ 4+ 4=3 ∴ d1 : d2 = 7 : 3 1 1 −2
13 |p| = |q | = |r| = c [say] Then, V2 = 3 − 2 1 [a b c ]
(5 − 3)2 + (3 − 2)2
6 Here, AB = =3 1 −4 2
+ (2 − 0) 2 and p ⋅ q = 0 = p ⋅ r = q ⋅ r
Given that, = 15 [a b c ]
(−9 − 3)2 + (6 − 2)2 p × {(x − q ) × p} + q × {(x − r ) × q} ∴ V2 : V1 = 15 : 1
and AC = = 13
+ (−3 − 0)2 + r × {(x − p) × r} = 0 18 The normal to the first plane is along
Since, AD is the bisector of ∠ BAC. ⇒ (p ⋅ p ) (x − q ) − {p ⋅ (x − q )}p + K = 0 i × ( i + j ) = k and the normal to the
BD AB 3 ⇒ c 2 (x − q + x − r + x − p ) − (p ⋅ x ) p second plane is along
∴ = =
DC AC 13 − (q ⋅ x )q − (r ⋅ x ) r = 0 (i − j) × (i + k) = − i − j + k
Since, D divides BC in the ratio 3 : 13. ⇒ c 2 {3 x − ( p + q + r )} − {( p ⋅ x ) p Since, a is perpendicular to the two
∴ The coordinates of D are normals.
+ (q ⋅ x )q + (r ⋅ x ) r} = 0
 3 (−9) + 13 (5) 3 (6) + 13 (3) So, a is along k × (− i − j + k ) = i − j
, , 1
 which is satisfied by x = ( p + q + r ) Hence, the angle between a and the
 3 + 13 3 + 13 2 vector i − 2 j + 2 k is
3 (−3) + 13 (2) 14 Let P (r , r − 2, r ) and Q (2k − 2, k, k ) are the a ⋅ ( i − 2j + 2 k )
 cos −1
3 + 13  general coordinates of points on the two |a ||i − 2 j + 2 k |
given lines. ( i − j ) ( i − 2j + 2k)
=  , , 
19 57 17 = cos −1 ⋅
∴ DR’s of PQ are
 8 16 16  2 3
(r − 2k + 2, r − k − 2, r − k ) 1 π
−1
7 [(a + 3 b ) × (3a − b ) ]2 = [10 (b × a )] 2 r − 2k + 2 r − k − 2 r − k = cos =
∴ = = 2 4
= 100 [|a |2 |b|2 − (a ⋅ b )2 ] 2 1 2
⇒ r = 6, k = 2
19 Since, b = (a × c ) × a
= 100 [1 × 4 − (1 × 2 × cos 120° )2 ]
So, the points of intersection are (6, 4, 6) ⇒ |b| = |a × c ||a | ⇒ 1 = 2 sin θ
= 100 (4 − 1) = 300
π
8 Let P ( x, y , z ) be any point on the locus,
and (2, 2, 2). ∴ θ=
15 Given, A + B = a …(i) 6
then the distances from the six faces are
| x + 1 |, | x − 1 |,| y + 1 |, ⇒ A ⋅ a + B⋅ a = a ⋅ a 20 If a , b and c lie in a plane, then
| y − 1 |, |z + 1 |, |z − 1 | ⇒ 1 + B ⋅ a = a2 2a − b, 2 b − c and 2c − a , also lie in the
⇒ B ⋅ a = a2 − 1 …(ii) same plane. So, their scalar triple
According to the given condition, product is ‘0’.
Also, A ×B=b
|x + 1|2 + | x − 1|2 + | y + 1|2 + | y − 1|2
⇒ a × (A × B) = a × b 21 Since, k × (k × a ) = 0
+ |z + 1 |2 + |z − 1 |2 = 10
⇒ 2 ( x + y 2 + z2 ) = 10 − 6 = 4
2 ⇒ (a ⋅ B) A − (a ⋅ A ) B = a × b ⇒ (α i + β j ) = 0
∴ x2 + y 2 + z2 = 2 ⇒ (a2 − 1) A − B = a × b ⇒ α =β = 0
[from Eq. (ii)] ...(iii) Q α + β + γ =2
9 (a × b )2 + (a ⋅ b )2 = |a |2 |b|2 sin2 θ ∴ γ =2
From Eqs. (i) and (iii), we get
+ |a | |b| cos θ
2 2 2
(a × b ) + a 22 The first three planes meet at the point

= |a |2 |b|2 A = whose position vector is
a2
⇒ 144 = (4)2 |b|2 ⇒ |b| = 3 (a × b ) + a  (0, 0, 0). The first two and the fourth
and B = a −   planes meet at the point whose position
10 Since, a ⋅b< 0  a2  p −p p
⇒ 14 x2 − 8 x + x < 0 (b × a ) + a (a − 1)
2 vector is  , ,  . Similarly, the
∴ B=  l m n
⇒ 14 x2 − 7 x < 0 a2 other two vertices of the tetrahedron
⇒ 7 x (2 x − 1) < 0
16 The required vector c is given by have position vectors
1
∴ 0< x <  a b   − p , p , p  and  p , p , − p  .
2 c =±λ +     
 |a | |b|   l m n l m n 
11 Here, a × b = − 4 i − 3 j + 6 k ∴ Volume of the tetrahedron
= ± λ  (7i − 4j − 4k ) + (−2i − j + 2k )
1 1
Now, [a b c ] = (a × b ) ⋅ c p/l − p/m p/n
9 3  1
= (− 4 i − 3 j + 6 k ) ⋅ c = − p/l p/m p/n
λ
∴ The maximum value of [a b c ] ⇒ c = ± (i − 7 j + 2 k ) 6
9 p/l p/m − p/n
= |− 4 i − 3 j + 6 k ||c | = 61
λ 1 −1 1
⇒ 5 6= 1 + 49 + 4 p3
12 Now, d 1 = a + b = 4 p + 2q 9 = −1 1 1
λ 6 lmn
and d 2 = a − b = 2 p − 4q = 54 [Q|c | = 5 6] 1 1 −1
⇒ d 21 = 16 p2 + 4q 2 + 16 p ⋅ q 9
0 0 2
π ⇒ λ = 15 p3  R1 → R1 + R2 ,
= 16 (4) + 4 (4) + 16  2 × 2 × cos  = 0 2 0
 3 ∴ c =±
15
(i − 7 j + 2 k ) R → R + R 
6 lmn
1 1 −1  2 2 3 
9
= 112
5 |− 4 | p3 2 p3
⇒ |d 1 | = 4 7 = ± ( i − 7j + 2k) = =
3 6 lmn 3 lmn
23 Let the variable plane intersects the ∴ 1 ⋅ a + (−1) b + 2c = 0 31 Since, p and q are perpendicular.
coordinate axes at A (a, 0, 0), B (0, b, 0) ⇒ a − b + 2c = 0 …(ii) ∴ p ⋅q = 0
and C (0, 0, c ). As Eq. (i) passes through (3, 1, 2). Let q = x i + y j, then
Then, the equation of the plane ∴ 2a + b + c = 0 …(iii) (8i + 6j )( xi + yj ) = 0 ⇒ 8 x + 6 y = 0
will be a b c
⇒ = = ∴ y =−
8x
=−
4x
x
+
y z
+ =1 …(i) −1 1 1 6 3
a b c [from Eqs. (ii) and (iii)] −4 x  3x i − 4x j
Let P (α, β, γ ) be the centroid of q = x i +  j =
Hence, required equation of plane be  3  3
tetrahedron OABC, then
x − y − z = 0. x
a b
α = , β = and γ =
c = (3 i − 4 j )
4 4 4 27 Let DC’s of PQ be l , m and n. 3
∴ a = 4 α, b = 4β, c = 4 γ Again, the projection of vector
∴ 3 l − m + n = 0 and 5l + m + 3 n = 0
Now, volume of tetrahedron l m n r = ± ( x1 i + x2 j ) on vector p is 2 and on
∴ = = q is 4.
= (Area of ∆AOB ) OC −3 − 1 5 − 9 3 + 5
8 x1 + 6 x2 6 x1 − 8 x2
∴2= and 4 =
64 k 3 =  ab  c =
1 1 abc l m n
⇒ ⇒ = = 10 10
3 2  6 1 1 −2
(4 α ) (4 β ) × (4 γ ) ⇒ 8 x1 + 6 x2 = 20
⇒ 64 k = 3 Thus, the equation of plane
and 6 x1 − 8 x2 = 40
3×2 perpendicular to PQ will have
x + y − 2z = λ. ⇒ 4 x1 + 3 x2 = 10
αβγ
∴ k =3
and 3 x1 − 4 x2 = 20
6 It passes through (2, 1, 4), therefore
λ = − 5. ⇒ x1 = 4 and x2 = − 2
Hence, locus of P (α, β, γ ) is xyz = 6 k 3 .
Hence, the required equation of plane be ∴ r = ± (4 i − 2 j ) = ± 2 (2 i − j )
24 The required line passes through the x + y − 2z = − 5 32 The plane is
point i + 3 j + 2 k and is perpendicular
28 The line of intersection of the planes (2 + 3λ )x + (λ − 1)y + (λ + 1)z
to the lines
r ⋅ (3i − j + k ) = 1 and r ⋅ ( i + 4j − 2k ) = 2 − 5λ − 3 = 0
r = (i + 2 j − k ) + λ (2 i + j + k ) 1
is perpendicular to each of the normal Its distance from (2, 1, − 1) is .
and r = (2 i + 6 j + k ) + µ ( i + 2 j + 3 k ) vectors. 6
So, it is parallel to the vector. Here, n 1 = 3 i − j + k and (4 + 6λ + λ − 1 − λ − 1 − 5λ − 3)2 1
∴ b = (2 i + j + k ) × ( i + 2 j + 3 k ) n2 = i + 4 j − 2 k ∴ =
(2 + 3λ )2 + (λ − 1)2 + (λ + 1)2 6
= ( i − 5j + 3 k ) ∴ It is parallel to the vector n 1 × n 2
−24
The required equation is = (3 i − j + k ) × ( i + 4 j − 2 k ) ⇒ (5λ + 24)λ = 0 ⇒ λ = or 0
r = ( i + 3 j + 2 k ) + λ ( i − 5j + 3 k ) 5
= − 2 i + 7 j + 13 k
The planes are 2 x − y + z − 3 = 0
25 Let n = 3 i − j + 4 k y + a z
29 Since, lines are x = = and 62 x + 29 y + 19z − 105 = 0
Line through A and parallel to n is 1 1 1
x+ a y z 33 Equation of a plane passing through the
r = i + 2 j + 3 k + λ (3 i − j + 4 k ) and = = point ( 2, − 1, − 3) and parallel to the given
= (3λ + 1) i + (2 − λ ) j 2 1 1
line is
+ (3 + 4λ ) k …(i) Let P ≅ (r , r − a, r ) and Q ≅ (2λ − a, λ, λ )
x−2 y + 1 z+ 3
Eq. (i) must satisfy the plane be the points of I and II lines.
So, DR’s of PQ are 3 2 −4 =0
3 x − y + 4z = 0.
r − 2λ + a, r − λ − a, r − λ . 2 −3 2
A (1, 2, 3)
n According to the given question, ⇒ ( x − 2)(4 − 12) − ( y + 1)(6 + 8)
r − 2λ + a r − λ − a r − λ + (z + 3)(−9 − 4) = 0
= =
2 1 2 ⇒ 8 x + 14 y + 13z + 37 = 0
From I and II terms, r − a = 2a ⇒ i j k
r = 3a
A′ 34 The common normal is 2 3 4
From II and III terms, λ = a
3 4 5
∴ P ≡ (3 a, 2 a, 3 a) and Q ≡ (a, a, a)
∴ 3(3λ + 1) − (2 − λ ) + 4(3 + 4λ ) = 0
r = − i + 2j − k
⇒ 26λ + 13 = 0 30 Let a = 3 i + 4 j − 6 k and r 1
1 b = 2i − 3j + 5 k ∴ Shortest distance = ( j + k ) ⋅ =
⇒ λ=− |r | 6
2 Q Diagonals of a parallelogram in terms
Hence, A′ is  − , ,1 which is the foot
1 5 of its sides are 35 Normal to OAB is OA × OB
 2 2  p = a + b and q = b − a i j k
of the perpendicular from A on the ⇒ p = 5i + j − k and q = − i − 7 j + 11 k = 1 2 1 = 5i − j − 3 k
given plane. The unit vectors along the diagonals are
2 1 3
5i + j − k − i − 7j + 11 k
26 DR’s of OC are (1, − 1, 2). and
Normal to ABC is
25 + 1 + 1 (−1)2 + 49 + 121
Let the equation of plane passing i j k
through (1, 0, 1) is 5i + j − k − i − 7j + 11 k
⇒ and AB × AC = 1 −1 2 = i − 5j − 3 k
a( x − 1) + b( y − 0) + c (z − 1) = 0 …(i) 27 171
−2 −1 1
Since, its normal is perpendicular to OC
If θ is angle between the planes, then 38 Shortest distance Now,|a × b − a × c |2 = |a × b|2

5 + 5 + 9 19 x2 − x1 y2 − y1 z2 − z1 + |a × c|2 − 2 (a × b ) ⋅ (a × c )
cos θ = =
35 ⋅ 35 35 a1 b1 c1 =1+ 1−2
1 0
=1
0 1/2
36 Let r = a1 i + a2 j + a3 k a2 b2 c2
=
Since, r ⊥ p and r ⊥ q i j k 43 Here, α = β = γ
∴ r ⋅ p = 0 and r ⋅ q = 0 a1 b1 c1 Q cos 2 α + cos 2 β + cos 2 γ = 1
⇒ 2a1 − 3 a2 + 3 a3 = 0 1
a2 b2 c2 ∴ cos α =
and 4 a1 − 2a2 + a3 = 0 3
−1 1 1
⇒ 2a1 − 3 a2 + 3 a3 = 0
DC’s of PQ are 
3 2 2 1 1 1 
and 4 a1 − 2a2 + a3 = 0 , , 
 3 3 3
a1 − a2 a3 2 3 4
∴ = = =k =
−3 − (−6) 12 − 2 −4 − (−12) i j k A(–2, 3, 1)
[say] 3 2 2
a1 a2 a
⇒ = = 3 =k 2 3 4
3 10 8
−1 (8 − 6) + 1 (4 − 12) + 1 (9 − 4)
∴ a1 = 3 k , a2 = 10k , a3 = 8 k …(i) =
Again, (a1 i + a2 j + a3 k ) i (8 − 6) + j (4 − 12) + k (9 − 4)
Q
(2 i − 4 j + 2 k ) = −12 −2 − 8 + 5 P(–3, 5, 2) M
=
⇒ 2a1 − 4 a 2 + 2a3 = − 12 ...(ii) 93 PM = Projection of AP on PQ
From Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get 5 1 1
= = 0.52 unit = (− 2 + 3) + (3 − 5) ⋅
6 k − 4 (10 k ) + 2 (8 k ) = − 12 93 3 3
6 k − 40 k + 16 k = − 12 1 2
12 2 39 Any point on the lines L1 and L2 are + (1 − 2) ⋅ =
−18 k = − 12 ⇒ k = = (−3 r1 − 1, 2r1 + 3, r1 − 2) and 3 3
18 3
20 16 (r2 , − 3 r2 + 7, 2r2 − 7) and
∴ a1 = 2, a2 = , a3 =
3 3 Since, they intersect each other, AP = (− 2 + 3)2 + (3 − 5)2 + (1 − 2)2
therefore
∴ r = 2i +
20
j+
16
k = 6
3 3 −3 r1 − 1 = r2 ,2r1 + 3 = − 3r2 + 7
r1 − 2 = 2r2 − 7 4 14
and AM = ( AP )2 − (PM )2 = 6− =
37 Plane passing through a point On solving, we get 3 3
( x1 , y 1 , z1 ) is
r2 = 2 and r1 = − 1 44 Equation of the plane through
A ( x − x1 ) + B ( y − y 1 ) + C (z − z1 ) = 0
Hence, the required point is (2, 1, − 3). (5, 1, 2) is
∴ Plane through (2, 0, 0) is
40 Let θ be an angle between unit vectors a a( x − 5) + b ( y − 1) + c (z − 2) = 0 …(i)
a( x − 2) + b ( y − 0) + c (z − 0) = 0 …(i)
and b. Then, a ⋅ b = cos θ Given plane (i) is perpendicular to the
contains (0, 2, 0), if line
−2a + 2b = 0 ⇒ − a + b = 0 …(ii) Now, |a + b|2 = |a |2 + |b|2 + 2a ⋅ b
θ x−2 y − 4 z− 5
Since, plane = 2 + 2cos θ = 4cos 2 = = …(ii)
2 1/2 1 1
a( x − 2) + b ( y − 0) + c (z − 0) = 0 θ θ
⇒ |a + b | = 2cos |a − b | = 2sin ∴ Equation of normal of Eq. (i) and
π straight line (ii) are parallel
makes an angle with the plane 2 2
3 ⇒ |a + b | + |a − b | a b c
i.e. = = = k (say)
2 x + 3 y = 5. θ θ
= 2  cos + sin  ≤ 2 2
1/2 1 1
π 2a + 3b 
∴ cos = 2 2 ∴
k
a = , b = k, c = k
3 a + b2 + c 2 4 + 9
2
2
41 Let α = a + 2b + 3c , β = λb + 4c
1 2a + 3 b From Eq. (i),
⇒ = and γ = (2λ − 1)c k
2 (a2 + b 2 + c 2 )(13) 1 2 3 ( x − 5) + k ( y − 1) + k (z − 2) = 0
2
1 (2a + 3 b )2 Then, [α β γ ] = 0 λ 4 [a b c ] ⇒ x + 2 y + 2z = 11
⇒ =
4 [ (a + b 2 + c 2 )(13)] 2
2
0 0 (2λ − 1) Any point on Eq. (ii) is
⇒ 13 (a2 + b 2 + c 2 ) = 100 a2 [α β γ ] = λ (2λ − 1) [abc ]  2 + λ , 4 + λ, 5 + λ 
 
Q a=b ⇒ [α β γ ] = 0,  2 
∴ 13 ( 2a2 + c 2 ) = 100 a2 1 which lies on Eq. (iii), then λ = − 2.
If λ = 0, [Q [a b c ] ≠ 0]
⇒ 26 a2 + 13 c 2 = 100 a2 2 ∴ Required point is (1, 2, 3).
74 Hence, α, β and γ are non-coplanar for 45 If the lines have a common point, then
⇒ 13c 2 = 74 a2 ⇒ c = a 1
13 all value of λ except two values 0 and . there exists λ and µ such that
2
74 6− λ =1+ µ
∴ a:b :c = a: a: a 42 Since, a ⋅ b = a ⋅ c = 0, b ⋅ c = 1
13 and −1 + 2λ = − 1 + 3 µ
2
= a : a : 5.7 a ⇒ λ = 3, µ = 2
∴ |a × b | = |a × c | = 1
∴ r = 3a + 5c
= 1 : 1 : 5.7
46 In an isosceles ∆ABC in which AB = AC Since, it passes through (4, 4, 4), then ∴ | v| = x2 + y 2 + z2

the median and bisector from A must be (4 + 4 + 4 − 6) + λ(8 + 12 + 16 + 5) = 0
= (3)2 + (− 6)2 + (2)2
same line, so Statement II is true. 6
⇒ 6 + 41λ = 0 ⇒ λ = − = 9 + 36 + 4
u + v 41
Now, AD =
2 From Eq. (i), we get = 49 = 7
⇒
1
|AD|2 = [|u |2 + |v|2 + 2u ⋅ v] 41( x + y + z − 6) Thus, the unit vector parallel to the
4 −6( 2 x + 3 y + 4z + 5) = 0 diagonal is
1 α ∴ 29 x + 23 y + 17z = 276 v 3i − 6j + 2k
= (2 + 2cos α ) = cos 2 =
4 2 |v| 7
49 Adjacent sides of a parallelogram are
∴ Unit vector along given as a = 2 i − 4 j + 5 k 3 6
= i − j+ k
2
1 and b = i − 2j − 3 k . 7 7 7
AD = (u + v)
α Then, the diagonal of a parallelogram is Also, area of parallelogram
2cos
2 given by v = a + b. i j k
47 Direction ratios of PQ are [since, from the figure, it is clear that ABCD =| a × b | = 2 −4 5
resultant of adjacent sides of a 1 −2 −3
6 − 2, 5 − 1,−2 − 6 i.e. 4, 4, − 8 which are
proportional to the direction ratios of parallelogram is given by the diagonal]
∴ v = 2 i − 4 j + 5k + i − 2j − 3 k = | i (12 + 10) − j (− 6 − 5)
the normal to the plane π, so PQ is
= (2 + 1) i + (− 4 − 2) j + (5 − 3) k + k (− 4 + 4)|
perpendicular to π.
=3i − 6j+ 2k = | 22 i + 11 j + 0 k |
Hence, Statement I is false and
Statement II is true. D = (22)2 + (11)2 + 02
C
48 The equation of plane through the line = (11)2 + (22 + 12 )
of intersection of the planes b = 11 5 sq units
x + y + z = 6 and 2 x + 3 y + 4z + 5 = 0 v
is ( x + y + z − 6) + λ(2 x + 3 y
+ 4z + 5) = 0 …(i)
A a B
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DAY THIRTY FOUR
Statistics
u Measures of Central Tendency u Measure of Dispersion
Measures of Central Tendency

A value which describes the characteristics of entire data, is called an average or a
central value. Generally, an average lies in the central part of the data and therefore such
values are called the measure of central tendency.
There are five measures of central tendency, which are given below :
1. Mean (Arithmetic Mean)

The sum of all the observations divided by the number of observations, is called mean and
it is denoted by x. The most stable measure of central tendency is mean.
l
If x1 , x2 ,..., x n be the n observations, then mean is given by
x + x2 + ... + x n ∑ x i
x= 1 =
n n
n
Σ di
i =1
or x = A + , where di = x i − A and A is assumed mean.
n
l
If corresponding frequencies of n observations are f1 , f2 ,K , fn, then PRED
n
Σ fi x i
n
Σ fi d i MIRROR
f1 x1 + f2 x2 + K + fn x n i =1 i =1 Your Personal Preparation Indicator
x= = or x = A + ,
f1 + f2 + K + fn n
N
Σ fi
i =1
n
Σ
where di = x i − A and N = fi (Without referring Explanations)
i =1
∑ w i xi
l
If corresponding weights are w 1 , w 2 ,K , w n, then weighted mean, x w = . u Accuracy Level (z / y × 100)—
∑ wi u Prep Level (z / x × 100)—
l
If x1 , x2 ,..., x k be the means of k sets of observations of size n1 , n2 ,K , nk respectively,
then their combined mean, In order to expect good rank in JEE,
n x + n2 x2 + K + nk x k
x1 k = 1 1 above 85 & Prep Level should be
n1 + n2 + K + nk above 75.
Here, x1 = Mean of first set of observations

n1 = Number of observations in first set
376 40 DAYS ~ JEE MAIN MATHEMATICS DAY THIRTY FOUR
x2 = Mean of second set of observations to N/2 or just greater than N/2 is called median class and in
n2 = Number of observations in second set and so on. that case,
N
−c
NOTE • The sum of the deviations of the individual values from AM Median = l + 2 × h,
is always zero, i.e. Σ( xi − x ) = 0. f
• The sum of squares of deviations of the individual values is where, l = Lower limit of median class
least when taken from AM i.e. Σ( xi − x ) 2 is least. f = Frequency of median class
h = Size of median class
2. Geometric Mean (GM) c = Cumulative frequency of class preceding the
If x1 , x2 , ... x n are n observations, then nth root of the product median class
of all observations is called geometric mean.
l
If x1 , x2 , K , x n are n non-zero positive observations, then 5. Mode
1 n 
GM = ( x1 ⋅ x2K x n)1 / n = antilog 
 n i =1
Σ
log x i 

Mode is the observation which has maximum frequency.
  l
If x1 , x2 , … , x n are the n observations and corresponding
l
If corresponding frequencies of each observation are frequencies are f1 , f2 ,… , fn , then the observation of
f1 , f2 ,K , fn, then maximum frequency is a modal value.
1 1 n  In a continuous distribution the interval which has
Σ
l
f f
GM = [ x1 1 ⋅ x2 2 K x nfn ] N = antilog  fi log x i  maximum frequency called modal class and in that case,
 N i = 1 
f1 − f0
n mode = l + × h,
where, N = Σ
i =1
fi 2 f1 − f0 − f2
where, l = Lower limit of modal class
f1 = Frequency of modal class
3. Harmonic Mean (HM) f0 = Frequency of the class preceding the modal class
The harmonic mean of any set of non-zero observations, is the f2 = Frequency of the class succeeding the modal class
reciprocal of the arithmetic mean of the reciprocals of the h = Class size
observations. l
Relation between Mean, Median and Mode
l
The harmonic mean of n items x1 , x2 ,..., x n is defined as Mode = 3 Median − 2 Mean (Emperical formula)
−1 l
It is not necessary that a distribution has unique mode.
1 n 1 
HM =
1 1
n
1
= n
1
= Σ 
+ +…+ 1
Σ 1  n i = 1 x i  Measure of Dispersion
x1 x2 xn n i =1 xi A measure of dispersion is designed to state the extent to
l
If corresponding frequencies of each observation are which the individual observations vary from their average.
−1
1 n
fi 
The commonly used measures of dispersion are :
f1 , f2 ,K , fn, then HM =  Σ
i =1

 N xi 
 Range
l
Relation between AM, GM and HM (GM )2 = ( AM ) ⋅ (HM ) The difference between the maximum and the minimum
observations is called range.
4. Median i.e. Range = L − S.
where, L = Maximum observation
If the observations are arranged in ascending or descending
and S = Minimum observation
order, then the value of the middle observation is defined as
L −S
the median. Coefficient of range =
L+S
l
Let x1 , x2 ,.., x n be n observations, arranged in ascending or
descending order, then
If n is odd, then Median =
n+1
th observation
Mean Deviation (MD)
2 The mean, of the absolute deviations of the values of the
 n n   variable from a measure of their average is called Mean
 2  th +  2 + 1 th  observation Deviation (MD).
If n is even, then Median =   n
2 Σ | xi − z|
i =1
l
If in a continuous distribution the total frequency is N,
l
If x1 , x2 ,..., x n are n observations, then MD =
n
then the class whose cumulative frequency is either equal where, z = mean or mode or median
DAY THIRTY FOUR STATISTICS 377
l
If corresponding frequencies of each observation are l
Two different series having n1 and n2 observations and
f1 , f2 ,K , fn, then whose corresponding means and variances are x1 , x2 and
n
σ21 , σ22 . Then, their combined variance,
Σ fi| xi − z| n
MD =
i =1
, where N = Σ fi σ2 =
n1 σ21 + n2 σ22 + n1d12 + n2d22
,
N i =1 n1 + n2
Mean deviation
l
Coefficient of MD = where d1 = ( x1 − x12 ), d2 = ( x2 − x12 )
Corresponding average
n x + n2 x2
l
Mean deviation is least when deviations are taken from and x12 = 1 1
n1 + n2
median.
NOTE
Standard Deviation (SD) • Standard deviation is always less than range.
1/2
• Standard deviation of n natural numbers is σ = 
1 2 
( n − 1) .
The square root of the arithmetic mean of the squares of  12 
4
deviations of the observations from their arithmetic mean is • Mean deviation = σ.
called standard deviation and it is denoted by σ. 5
l
If x1 , x2 ,K , x n are n observations, then Effect of average and dispersion on
change of origin and scale
n
Σ ( xi − x)2 n 1 n 
2 Change of origin Change of scale
σ=
i =1
n
=
1
n i =1
Σ
x2i −  x
 n i = 1 i
Σ Mean Dependent Dependent
 
Median Dependent Dependent
l
If corresponding frequencies of each observation are
Mode Dependent Dependent
f1 , f2 ,K , fn, then
n Standard deviation Independent Dependent
Σ fi( xi − x)2  n  1 n 
2
Variance Independent Dependent
σ=
i =1
N
=
1
N
 Σ f x 2 – 
i =1 i i   N
Σ fi xi
i =1
, l
If x, me , mo and σ represent the mean, median, mode and
   
n standard deviation, respectively, of x1 , x2 , ..., x n. Then,
where N = Σ
i =1
fi (i) Mean of ax1 + b , ax2 + b , K , ax n + b , is ax + b
(ii) Median of ax1 + b , ax2 + b , K , ax n + b , is ame + b
Variance (iii) Mode of ax1 + b , ax2 + b , K , ax n + b , is amo + b
The square of SD is called variance and it is denoted by σ2 . (iv) Standard deviation of ax1 + b , ax2 + b , K , ax n + b , is| a|⋅ σ .
σ
l
Coefficient of variation = × 100%
x

1 The mean of a data set consisting of 20 observations is 4 The mean of the data set comprising of 16 observations
40. If one observation 53 was wrongly recorded as 33, is 16. If one of the observation valued 16 is deleted and
then the correct mean will be j
JEE Mains 2013 three new observations valued 3, 4 and 5 are added to
(a) 41 (b) 49 (c) 40.5 (d) 42.5 the data, then the mean of the resultant data is
99
j
JEE Mains 2015
2 If the variance of 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, ..., 10 is , then the (a) 16.8 (b) 16.0 (c) 15.8 (d) 14.0
12
standard deviation of 3, 6, 9, 12, ..., 30 is 5 If the sum of deviation of a set of values x1, x 2,K xn
297 3 3 99 measure from 59 is 20 and from 54 is 70, then sample
(a) (b) 33 (c) 99 (d)
4 2 2 12 size (n ) and the sample mean is
(a) 10, 61 (b) 10, 55.67 (c) 6, 55.67 (d) 6, 44
3 The mean of n terms is x. If the first term is increased by
1, second by 2 and so on, then the new mean is 6 The average marks of boys in a class is 52 and that of
n girls is 42. The average marks of boys and girls
(a) x + n (b) x +
2 combined is 50. The percentage of boys in the class is
n+1
(c) x + (d) None of these (a) 40% (b) 20% (c) 80% (d) 60%
2
7 The weighted mean of first n natural numbers whose 17 If the mean deviation of number 1, 1 + d , 1 + 2d, ...,
weights are equal to the squares of corresponding 1 + 100d from their mean is 255, then d is equal to
numbers is (a) 10.0 (b) 20.0 (c) 10.1 (d) 20.2
n+1 3n (n + 1) (n + 1) (2n + 1) n (n + 1)
(a) (b) (c) (d) 18 Consider any set of 201 observations x1, x 2,K , x 200, x 201.
2 2 (2n + 1) 6 2
It is given that x1 < x 2 < ... < x 200 < x 201. Then, the mean
8 A distribution consists of three components with deviation of this set of observations about a point k is
frequencies 20, 25 and 30 having means 25, 10 and 15 minimum when k is equal to
respectively. The mean of the combined distribution is (a) x110 (b) x1 (c) x101 (d) x 201
(a) 14 (b) 16 (c) 17.5 (d) 20
19 If the standard deviation of the numbers 2, 3, a and 11 is
9 A car completes the first half of its journey with a velocity
3.5, then which of the following is true? j JEE Mains 2016
v1 and the rest half with a velocity v 2. Then the average
(a) 3a − 26a + 55 = 0
2
(b) 3a − 32a + 84 = 0
2
velocity of the car for the whole journey is
(c) 3a 2 − 34a + 91 = 0 (d) 3a 2 − 23a + 44 = 0
v + v2 2v1v 2
(a) 1 (b) v1v 2 (c) (d) None of these
2 v1 + v 2 20 Mean and standard deviation of 100 observations were
found to be 40 and 10, respectively. If at the time of
10 The median of a set of 9 distinct observations is 20.5. If calculation two observations were wrongly taken as
each of the largest 4 observations of the set is increased 30 and 70 in place of 3 and 27 respectively, find the
by 2, then the median of the new set is correct standard deviation. j NCERT Exemplar
(a) increased by 2 (a) 10.20 (b) 10.24 (c) 10.29 (d) 10.27
(b) decreased by 2
(c) two times the original median 21 Coefficient of variation of two distributions are 50 and
(d) remains the same as that of original set 60 and their arithmetic means are 30 and 25, respectively.
Difference of their standard deviation is j NCERT Exemplar
11 The median of 19 observations of a group is 30. If two
observations with values 8 and 32 are further included, (a) 0 (b) 1 (c) 1.5 (d) 2.5
then the median of the new group of 21 observations will 22 If MD is 12, the value of SD will be
be (a) 15 (b) 12 (c) 24 (d) None of these
(a) 28 (b) 30 (c) 32 (d) 34 ax + b
23 If SD of variate x is σ x , then the SD of , ∀ a, b, p ∈ R
12 If a variable takes the discrete values p
7 5 1 1 is
α + 4, α − , α − , α − 3, α − 2, α + , α − , α + 5
2 2 2 2 a p p a
(a) σx (b) σx (c) σx (d) σx
( where, α > 0), then the median is p a a p
5 1 5 24 If the standard deviation of the observations
(a) α − (b) α − (c) α − 2 (d) α +
4 2 4 −5 , − 4 , − 3, − 2, − 1, 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 is 10. The standard
2n 2n 2n 2n 2n deviation of the observations 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21,
13 Median of C0, C1, C2, C3, ..., Cn (where, n is
even) is 22, 23, 24, 25 will be
(a) 2n
Cn (b) 2n
Cn +1 (a) 10 + 20 (b) 10 + 10
2 2 (c) 10 (d) None of these
2n
(c) Cn −1 (d) None of these
25 A scientist is weighing each of 30 fishes. Their mean
2
weight worked out is 30 g and a standard deviation of
14 If the median and the range of four numbers
2 g. Later, it was found that the measuring scale was
{x , y , 2x + y , x − y }, where 0 < y < x < 2y, are 10 and
misaligned and always under reported every fish weight
28 respectively, then the mean of the numbers is
by 2 g. The correct mean and standard deviation (in
j
JEE Mains 2013
gram) of fishes are respectively j
AIEEE 2011
(a) 18 (b) 10 (c) 5 (d) 14
(a) 28, 4 (b) 32, 2 (c) 32, 4 (d) 28, 2
15 Find the mean deviation from the median of the following
26 The variance of first 50 even natural numbers is
data. j
NCERT Exemplar
j
JEE Mains 2014
Class interval 0-6 6-12 12-18 18-24 24-30
833 437
Frequency 4 5 3 6 2 (a) (b) 833 (c) 437 (d)
4 4
(a) 7.08 (b) 7 (c) 7.1 (d) 7.05
27 Mean of 5 observations is 7. If four of these observations
16 If the mean deviations about the median of the numbers are 6, 7, 8, 10 and one is missing, then the variance of all
a, 2a, … , 5 a is 50, then | a | is equal to the five observations is j
JEE Mains 2013
(a) 3 (b) 4 (c) 5 (d) 2 (a) 4 (b) 6 (c) 8 (d) 2
28 The mean of the numbers a, b, 8, 5, 10 is 6 and the 33 Let x1, x 2,K , xn be n observations. Let w i = l ⋅ xi + k for
variance is 6.80. Then, which one of the following gives i = 1, 2,..., n, where l and k are constants. If the mean of
possible values of a and b? xi ’s is 48 and their standard deviation is 12, the mean of
(a) a = 3, b = 4 (b) a = 0, b = 7 w i ’s is 55 and standard deviation of w i ’s is 15. The values
(c) a = 5, b = 2 (d) a = 1, b = 6 of l and k should be j NCERT Exemplar
29 In an experiment with 15 observations on x, the following (a) l = 1. 25, k = −5 (b) l = −1. 25, k = 5
results were available Σx 2 = 2830, Σx = 170. One (c) l = 2 .5, k = −5 (d) l = 2 .5, k = 5
observation that was 20 was found to be wrong and was 34 If n is a natural number, then
replaced by the correct value 30. Then, the corrected Statement I The mean of the squares of first n natural
variance is (n + 1)( 2n + 1)
number is .
(a) 78.0 (b) 188.66 (c) 177.33 (d) 8.33 6
n (n + 1)
30 For two data sets, each of size 5, the variances are Statement II Σn =
2
given to be 4 and 5 and the corresponding means are (a) Statement I is true, Statement II is true; Statement II is a
given to be 2 and 4, respectively. The variance of the correct explanation for Statement I
combined data set is (b) Statement I is true, Statement II is true; Statement II is
5 11 13 not a correct explanation for Statement I
(a) (b) (c) 6 (d)
2 2 2 (c) Statement I is true; Statement II is false
31 If a variable x takes values xi such that a ≤ xi ≤ b, for
i = 1, 2 ,..., n, then 35 Let x1, x 2,… , xn be n observations and let x be their
(a) a ≤ Var (x) ≤ b
2 2
(b) a ≤ Var (x) ≤ b arithmetic mean and σ 2 be the variance.
a2 Statement I Variance of 2x1, 2x 2,… ,2xn is4σ 2 .
(c) ≤ Var (x) (d) (b − a) 2 ≥ Var (x)
4 Statement II Arithmetic mean 2x1 , 2x 2,… , 2xn is 4x .
32 All the students of a class performed poorly in AIEEE 2012
j

Mathematics. The teacher decided to give grace marks of
10 to each of the students. Which of the following
statistical measures will not change even after the grace not a correct explanation for Statement I
marks were given? j
JEE Mains 2013 (c) Statement I is true; Statement II is false
(a) Mean (b) Median (c) Mode (d) Variance (d) Statement I is false; Statement II is true

1 The mean age of a combined group of men and women 4 If the value observed are 1, 2, 3, ..., n each with
is 25 yr. If the mean age of the group of men is 26 and frequency 1 and n is even, then the mean deviation from
that of the group of women is 21, then the percentage of mean equals to
men and women in the group is n n
(a) n (b) (c) (d) None of these
(a) 40, 60 (b) 80, 20 (c) 20, 80 (d) 60, 40 2 4
2 The average of the four-digit numbers that can be 5 In a class of 19 students, seven boys failed in a test.
formed using each of the digits 3, 5, 7 and 9 exactly Those who passed scored 12, 15, 17, 15, 16, 15, 19,
once in each number, is 19, 17, 18, 18 and 19 marks. The median score of the 19
(a) 4444 (b) 5555 (c) 6666 (d) 7777 students in the class is
(a) 15 (b) 16 (c) 17 (d) 18
3 Suppose a population A has 100 observations 101, 102,
......, 200 and another population B has 100 observations 6 If G is the geometric mean of the product of r sets of
151, 152, ......, 250. If VA and VB represent the variances observations with geometric means G1, G 2, G 3, K , Gr
V respectively, then G is equal to
of the two populations respectively, then A is equal to
VB (a) log G1 + log G2 + K + log Gr
9 4 2 (b)G1 ⋅ G2 K Gr
(a) (b) (c) (d) 1 (c) log G1 ⋅ log G2 ⋅ log G3 K log Gr
4 9 3
7 In a class of 100 students, there are 70 boys whose were raised to a maximum of 100 and variance of new
average marks in a subject are 75. If the average marks marks was calculated. The new variance is
of the complete class is 72, then what is the average (a) 81 (b) 122 (c) 144 (d) 125
marks of the girls?
12 If x1, x 2,..., xn are n observations such that Σxi2 = 400 and
(a) 73 (b) 65 (c) 68 (d) 74 Σxi = 80. Then, a possible value of n among the following
8 An aeroplane flies around a squares the sides of which is
measure 100 mile each. The aeroplane covers at a speed (a) 12 (b) 9 (c) 14 (d) 16
of 100 m/h the first side, at 200 m/h the second side, at 13 In a set of 2n observations, half of them are equal to a
300 m/h the third side and 400 m/h the fourth side. The and the remaining half are equal to − a. If the standard
average speed of the aeroplane around the square is deviation of all the observations is 2, then the value of | a |
(a) 190 m/h (b) 195 m/h (c) 192 m/h (d) 200 m/h is j JEE Mains 2013
9 The first of two samples has 100 items with mean 15 and (a) 2 (b) 2 (c) 4 (d) 2 2
SD = 3. If the whole group has 250 items with mean 9 9
15.6 and SD = 13.44, the SD of the second group is 14 If ∑ ( xi − 5) = 9 and ∑ ( xi − 5)2 = 45, then the standard
i =1 i =1
(a) 4 (b) 5 (c) 6 (d) 3.52
deviation of the 9 items xi , x 2, .., x 9 is j JEE Mains 2018
10 If a variable takes the values 0 , 1, 2 , ... ,n with
(a) 9 (b) 4 (c) 2 (d) 3
frequencies proportional to the binomial coefficients
n
C0,n C1,...,n Cn , then mean of the distribution is 15 If x1 and x 2 are the means of two distributions such that
n n (n + 1) n (n − 1) 2 x1 < x 2 and x is the mean of the combined distribution,
(a) (b) (c) (d) then
2 2 2 n
(a) x < x1 (b) x > x 2
11 The marks of some students were listed out of 75. The
x + x2
SD of marks was found to be 9. Subsequently the marks (c) x = 1 (d) x1 < x < x 2
2
ANSWERS
SESSION 1 1. (a) 2. (b) 3. (c) 4. (d) 5. (a) 6. (c) 7. (b) 8. (b) 9. (c) 10. (d)
11. (b) 12. (a) 13. (a) 14. (d) 15. (b) 16. (b) 17. (c) 18. (c) 19. (b) 20. (b)
21. (a) 22. (a) 23. (a) 24. (c) 25. (b) 26. (b) 27. (a) 28. (a) 29. (a) 30. (b)
31. (d) 32. (d) 33. (a) 34. (b) 35. (c)
SESSION 2 1. (b) 2. (c) 3. (d) 4. (c) 5. (a) 6. (b) 7. (b) 8. (c) 9. (a) 10. (a)
11. (c) 12. (d) 13. (a) 14. (c) 15. (d)

SESSION 1 3 Let the observations be x1 , x2 , ..., x n . x1 + x2 + x3 + ... + x16
4 Given, = 16
1 Given; Σx incorrect = 40 x + x2 + K + x n 16
Then, x = 1 16
20 n ⇒ ∑ x i = 16 × 16
i =1
⇒ Σx incorrect = 20 × 40 = 800 Now, when the first term is increased
Sum of new observations
∴ Σxcorrect = 800 − 33 + 53 = 820 by 1, second term by 2 and so on, then 18
⇒
Σxcorrect
=
820 the observations will be = ∑ y i = (16×16 − 16) + (3 + 4 + 5) = 252
( x1 + 1), ( x2 + 2), ..., ( x n + n ). i =1
20 20
∴ New mean Number of observations = 18
∴Correct mean = 41 18
2 Given, σ = 99 = 33 ⇒ σ = 33
2 =
( x1 + 1) + ( x2 + 2) + K + ( x n + n ) ∑ yi 252
n ∴ New mean = i =1 = = 14
12 4 2
( x1 + x2 + K + x n ) (1 + 2 + K + n ) 18 18
Clearly, SD of required series = +
n n n
= 3σ =
3 33 n (n + 1) n+1
5 We have, ∑ ( x i − 59) = 20 …(i)
2 = x+ = x+ i =1
2n 2
n
11 Since, there are 19 observations. So, the 16 Median of a, 2 a, 3 a, 4 a, …, 50 a is
and ∑ ( x i − 54) = 70 …(ii)
middle term is 10th. 25a + 26 a
i =1
= (25.5) a
From Eq. (i), we get After including 8 and 32, i.e. 8 will come 2
n before 30 and 32 will come after 30. Mean deviation about median
∑ x i − 59n = 20 Here, new median will remain 30. 50
i =1
n 12 Firstly arrange the given data in
∑ x i − median
i =1
⇒ ∑ x i = 20 + 59n …(iii) ascending order. =
n
i =1
7 5 1
α − , α − 3, α − , α − 2, α − , 1
and similarly, from Eq. (ii), we get 2 2 2 ⇒ 50 =
n
1 50
∑ x i = 70 + 54n …(iv) α + , α + 4, α + 5
2 ⋅ 0.5 + 1.5 + 2.5 + … + 24.5)}
{2|a|(
i =1
1 25
From Eqs. (iii) and (iv), we get ∴ Median = [ Value of 4th item ⇒ 2500 = 2|a|⋅ (2 × 0.5 + 24 × 1 )
2 + Value of 5th item] 2
70 + 54n = 20 + 59n 25
1 5 = 2 a ⋅ ( 25)
⇒ 5n = 50 ⇒ n = 10 α −2+ α − 2α −
= 2 = 2 =α − 5 2
Now, from Eq. (iii), we get ∴ |a|= 4
n
2 2 4
∑ x i = 610 13 Total number of terms = n + 1 17 Clearly,
i =1 n
(which is odd) (a + l )
∴ Sample mean = 61 Sum of quantities
n + 1 + 1 ( x) = = 2
6 Let the number of boys and girls be x ∴ Median =   th term n n
 2  1
and y.  n  = [1 + 1 + 100d ] = 1 + 50d
∴ 52 x + 42 y = 50 ( x + y ) =  + 1 th term = 2 nC n /2 2
2  1
⇒ 52 x + 42 y = 50 x + 50 y Now, MD = Σ| x i − x| ⇒ 255
⇒ 2x = 8y 14 First we arrange four numbers n
⇒ x = 4y according to the condition 1
0 < y < x < 2 y i.e. x − y , y , x, 2 x + y = [50d + 49d + 48d
∴ Total number of students in the class 101
2nd term + 3rd term
= x + y = 4 y + y = 5y Median = = 10 + K + d + 0 + d + K + 50d ]
2
∴ Required percentage of boys 2d  50 × 51 
⇒ y + x = 20 …(i) =  
 4y  101  2 
= × 100 % = 80% Range = (2 x + y ) − ( x − y ) = 28
 5y  255 × 101
⇒ x + 2 y = 28 …(ii) ∴d = = 101.
7 Required mean 50 × 51
1 ⋅ 12 + 2 ⋅ 22 + K + n ⋅ n2 x = 12, y = 8 18 Given that, x1 < x2 < x3 < K < x201
=
12 + 22 + K + n2 So, four numbers are 4, 8, 12, 32.
Hence, median of the given observation
n2 (n + 1)2 4 + 8 + 12 + 32 56 201 + 1 
∴ Mean = = = 14 =   th item = x101
1 +2 +K+ n
3 3 3
4 4 4  2 
= 2 =
1 + 22 + K + n2 n (n + 1) (2n + 1)
15 Now, deviation will be minimum of
6 taken from the median.
n (n + 1) 6 3n (n + 1) Class Mid f cf |x − M d| f|x − M d|
= × = Hence, mean deviation will be
2n + 1 2 (2n + 1) interval value x i
4 minimum, if k = x101 .
0-6 3 4 4 11 44
8 Here, x1 = 25, x2 = 10, x3 = 15 19 We know that, if x1 , x2 , ..., x n are n
6-12 9 5 9 5 25
and n1 = 20, n2 = 25, n3 = 30 observations, then their standard
12-18 15 3 12 1 3 Σx
2
Σx2i −  i 
Now, combined mean 1
deviation is given by
n x + n2 x2 + n3 x3 18-24 21 6 18 7 42 n  n 
x13 = 1 1
n1 + n2 + n3 24-30 27 2 20 13 26 (22 + 32 + a2 + 112 )
We have, (3.5)2 =
500 + 250 + 450 1200 4
= = = 16 Total 20 140 2
75 75  2 + 3 + a + 11 
N 20 − 
Now, = = 10, which lies in the  4 
9 Clearly, average velocity 2 2 2
2v 1 v 2 49 4 + 9 + a2 + 121  16 + a 
= HM of (v 1 , v 2 ) = interval 12-18. ⇒ = − 
v1 + v2 l = 12, cf = 9, f = 3 4 4  4 
10 − 9 49 134 + a 2
256 + a + 32a
2
10 After arranging the terms in ascending ∴ Md = 12 + ×6 ⇒ = −
n + 1 3 4 4 16
order median is the   th term,  N  49 4a2 + 536 − 256 − a2 − 32a
 2  − cf ⇒ =
 2  4 16
i.e. 5th term. Q M d = l + × h 
2 ⇒ 49 × 4 = 3a2 − 32a + 280
Here, we increase largest four  
  ⇒ 3a2 − 32a + 84 = 0
observations of the set which will come = 12 + 2 = 14
after 5th term. Σf | x − Md | 140 20 ∴ New mean,
Hence, median remains the same as that ∴Mean deviation = i i = =7 100 × 40 + 3 + 27 − 30 − 70
N 20 x=
of original set. 100
4000 − 70 3930 Variance ⇒ 15 = l(12) + 0

= = = 393
.
100 100 (6 − 7 )2 + (7 − 7 )2 + (8 − 7 )2 ⇒ l =
15
= 1.25
Q Σx2 = N (σ 2 + x2 ) + (10 − 7 )2 + (4 − 7 )2
12
= From Eq. (i),
∴ SD = 100 (100 + 1600) = 170000 5
New Σx2 =170000 − (30)2 − (70)2 + (3 )2 +(27 )2 55 = 1.25 × 48 + k
12 + 0 + 12 + 32 + 32 20
= 170000 − 900 − 4900 + 9 + 729 = 164938 = = =4 ⇒ k = 55 − 60
5 5
New Σx2 ∴ k = −5
∴ New SD = − (New x )2 28 According to the given condition,
N Σn2
(6 − a) 2 + (6 − b ) 2 + (6 − 8) 2  34 Required mean =
164938   n
= − (393
. )2 + (6 − 5) 2 + (6 − 10) 2 n(n + 1)(2n + 1) (n + 1)(2n + 1)
100 6.80 =  
= =
5 6n 6
= 164938
. − 1544.49 = 104.89
⇒ 34 = (6 − a) + (6 − b ) + 4 + 1 + 16
2 2
and Statement II is also a true
= 10.24
⇒ (6 − a) 2 + (6 − b ) 2 = 13 = 9 + 4 Statement.
21 Given, coefficient of variation, C1 = 50
⇒ (6 − a) 2 + (6 − b ) 2 = 32 + 22 35 Clearly, variance of 2 x1 , 2 x2 , ..., 2 x n is
and coefficient of variation, C2 = 60 22 ⋅ σ 2 = 4σ 2 .
We have, x1 = 30 and x2 = 25
∴ a = 3, b = 4
σ σ 29 Given, n = 15, Σ x2 = 2830 2 x1 + 2 x2 + 2 x3 +…+ 2 x n
Q C = × 100 ⇒ 50 = 1 × 100 and AM =
x 30 and Σ x = 170 n
σ2  x1 + x2 + x3 +…+ x n 
⇒ σ 1 = 15 and 60 = × 100 Since, one observation 20 was replaced =2  = 2x
25  n 
by 30, then
⇒ σ 2 = 15
∴ Required difference, Σ x2 = 2830 − 400 + 900 = 3330 SESSION 2
σ 1 − σ 2 = 15 − 15 = 0 and Σ x = 170 − 20 + 30 = 180 1 Let x be the number of men and y be
22 We know that MD = 4 SD
2 the number of women.
Σ x2  Σ x 
5 ∴ Variance, σ 2 = −  Then, we have
n  n 
5 5 x ⋅ 26 + y ⋅ 21
∴ SD = MD = × 12 = 15 2 25 =
4 4 3330  180  x+ y
= − 
ax + b ax + b 15  15 
 n1 x1 + n2 x2 
23 Let u = , then u =
p p 3330 − 2160 QCombined mean = n1 + n2 
= = 78.0 
15
Σ (u − u )2 a2 Σ ( x − x )2 ⇒ 25x + 25y = 26 x + 21 y
∴ SD = =
Σf p2 Σf 30 Here, σ 21 = 4, σ 22 = 5, x1 = 2, x2 = 4, ⇒ x = 4y
n1 = n2 = 5 Now, percentage of men
a2 a
= 2
σ 2x = σx Clearly, combined mean =
x
× 100
p p x+ y
n x + n2 x2
x12 = 1 1
24 The new observations are obtained by n1 + n2 4y
= × 100 = 80%
adding 20 to each previous observation. 1 5y
Hence, the standard deviation of new = (2 + 4) = 3
2 and hence percentage of women
observations will be same i.e. 10.
Combined variance, = 20%
25 Correct mean = Old mean +2
n1 σ 12 + n2 σ 22 + n1 d 12 + n2 d 22 2 Number of required four-digit numbers
= 30 + 2 = 32 σ2 =
n1 + n2 = 4 × 3 × 2 × 1 = 24
As standard deviation is independent of
1 11 and the sum of all the required
change of origin. = [4 + 5 + 1 + 1] =
2 2 four-digit numbers
∴ It remains same.
 104 − 1 
⇒ Standard deviation = 2 31 Since, SD < Range ⇒ σ ≤ (b − a) = (3 + 5 + 7 + 9) × (4 − 1)! ×  
 10 − 1 
26 Here, x = Σx i σ 2 ≤ (b − a)2 ⇒ (b − a)2 ≥ Var ( x )
9999
n = 24 × 6 ×
2 + 4 + 6 + 8 + K + 100 9
=
50 32 Since, variance is independent of Now, required average
50 × 51 change of origin. So, variance will not 24 × 6 × 9999
= = 51 = = 6666
50 change whereas mean, median and 9 × 24
[Q Σ2n = n(n + 1), here n = 50] mode will increase by 10.
1
3 Since, variance is independent of
Variance, σ 2 = Σx2i − ( x )− 2 33 Given, w i = lx i + k change of origin. So, variance of
n M( xi ) = x = 48, σ ( x i ) = 12 observations 101, 102, 200 is same as
1 2 2
σ2 = (2 + 4 + K + 1002 ) − (51)2 = 833 M (w ) = 55 and σ (w ) = 15 variance of 151, 152, ..., 250.
50 ∴ V A = VB
M (w i ) = IM ( x i ) + M (k )
6 + 7 + 8 + 10 + x
27 Mean, 7 = 55 = l × 48 + k …(i) ⇒
VA
=1
5
and σ (w i ) = lσ ( x i ) + σ (k ) VB
⇒ x=4
4 Clearly, mean Total marks of 30 girls 12 Given that, Σ x2i = 400 and Σ x i = 80,
1+ 2+ 3+ K+ n = 7200 − 5250 = 1950 since σ 2 ≥ 0
( x) =
n ∴ Average marks of 30 girls 2
n(n + 1) n + 1 Σ x2i  Σ xi  ≥
= = 1950 ⇒ −  0
2n 2 = = 65 n  n 
30
Now, mean deviation from mean
400 6400
1 8 Using the harmonic mean formula, ⇒ − ≥0
= Σ| x i − x| n n n2
n 1 1 f 1
1  n+1 n+1 H
= ∑ i ⇒H= 1 n f
N i = 1 xi ∴n ≥ 16
=
n 
1−
2
+ 2−
2 ∑ i
N i = 1 xi (a + a + ... + n times )
13 Mean =
n+1  ∴ Average speed + (− a − a − ... − n times)
+K+ n− 1444442444443
2  400
= 2n
1 1 − n 3− n n−1 
100 
1
+
1
+
1
+
1  =0
= + +K+ 
n  2 2 2   100 200 300 400  ( x i − x )2
∴ SD =
1 n − 1 n − 3 = 192 m / h 2n
= +
n  2 2 9 We know, a2 + a2 + ... + 2n times
=
n − 3 n − 1 n1 (σ 21 + d 12 ) + n2 (σ 22 + d 22 ) 2n
+K+ + σ2 = ,
2 2  n1 + n2 (a)2 2n
1 1 2= = |a |
= [(n − 1) + (n − 3) + K + 1] where d 1 = m1 − a, d 2 = m2 − a, a being 2n
n 2
1 n the mean of the whole group.
[n − 1 + 1]
n 14 Since, standard deviation is remain
= 100 × 15 + 150 × m2
2n  2  4 ∴ 15.6 = unchanged, if observations are added or
250 subtracted by a fixed number
5 Clearly, median score = score of ⇒ m2 = 16 9
 19 + 1  = 10th student. Thus,

We have, ∑ (x1 − 5) = 9
  i =1
 2  (100 × 9 + 150 × σ 2 ) + 100 9
Since, seven boys are failed out of 19, 
× (0.6)2 + 150 × (0.4)2 
 and ∑ (x1 − 5)2 = 45
therefore according to given information 13.44 =  i =1
there score will be less than 12. 250 2

⇒ σ =4
9  9 
Now, on arranging these scores in ∑ (x1 − 5)2  ∑ ( x1 − 5)
− 
i =1 i =1
ascending order, we get score of 10th 10 Here, SD =
student is 15. n 9  9 
 
N = ∑ fi = k ( C 0 + nC1 + ... + nC n )
n
6 Taking X as the product of variates i =1

 
X 1 , X 2 , ..., X r , we get = k (1 + 1)n = k 2n where, k is a
2
45  9 
log X = log X 1 + log X 2 + log X 3 ⇒ SD = − 
constant of proportionality. 9  9
+ K + log X r
and Σ f i x i = k (1 ⋅ nC1 + 2 ⋅ nC2 ⇒ SD = 5− 1 = 4=2
⇒ Σ log X = Σ log X 1 + Σ log X 2
+ Σ log X 3 + K + Σ log X r + K + n ⋅ Cn) n
15 Let n1 and n2 be the number of
1 1 (n − 1)(n − 2)
⇒ Σ log X = Σ log X 1 = kn 1 + (n − 1) + + K + 1 observations in two distributions having
n n  2!  means x1 and x2 respectively. Then,
1 1 n x + n2 x2
+ Σ log X 2 + Σ log X 3 = kn 2n − 1 x= 1 1
n n n1 + n2
1 1 n
+ K + Σ log X r ∴ Mean, x = ( n ⋅ 2n − 1 ) = Now consider,
n 2n 2
n x + n2 x2
⇒ log G = log G1 + log G2 x − x1 = 1 1 − x1
11 Given, σ = 9 n1 + n2
+ K + log G r
⇒ G = G1 ⋅ G2 ⋅ K G r Let a student obtains x marks out of 75. n ( x − x1 )
= 2 2 > 0 [Q x2 > x1 ]
4x n1 + n2
Then, his marks out of 100 are . Each
7 Since, total number of students = 100 3 ⇒ x > x1 …(i)
and number of boys = 70 4
observation is multiply by . n ( x − x2 )
∴ Number of girls = (100 − 70) = 30 3 Similarly, x − x2 = 1 1 <0
n1 + n2
Now, the total marks of 100 students 4
∴ New SD, σ = × 9 = 12 ⇒ x < x2 …(ii)
= 100 × 72 = 7200 3
And total marks of 70 boys Hence, variance is σ 2 = 144.
= 70 × 75 = 5250 x1 < x < x2 .
DAY THIRTY FIVE
Probability
u Sample Space and Event u Multiplication Theorem on u Probability Distribution of a

u Probability of an Event Probability Random Variable
u Theorem of Total Probability u Bernoulli Trials and Binomial
u Conditional Probability
u Baye’s Theorem Distribution
Sample Space and Event

The sample space is the set of all possible outcomes of an random experiment and it is
generally denoted by S(e.g. tossing a coin, rolling a die, drawing a card from a pack of
playing cards etc.).
An event is a subset of S. If a die is rolled, then S = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6} is the sample space and
getting an odd number A = {1, 3, 5} is an event.
Types of Events
Equally Likely Event
The given events are said to be equally likely, if none of them is expected to occur in
preference to the other. PRED
Mutually Exclusive/Disjoint MIRROR
A set of events is said to be mutually exclusive, if occurrence of one of them prevents or
denies the occurrence of any of the remaining events. u No. of Questions in Exercises (x)—
If a set of events E1 , E2 ,K , E n are mutually exclusive events, then E1 ∩ E2 ∩ ... ∩ E n = φ. u No. of Questions Attempted (y)—
Exhaustive Events (Without referring Explanations)
A set of events is said to be exhaustive, if atleast one of the events compulsorily occurs.
If a set of events E1 , E2 ,..., E n are exhaustive events, then E1 ∪ E2 ∪ ... ∪ E n = S u Prep Level (z / x × 100)—
NOTE If the set of events E1 , E 2 , K E n are mutually exclusive and exhaustive events then E i ∩ E j = φ,
n
i ≠ j and ∪ E i = S your Accuracy Level should be
i =1
above 75.
Complementary Events
In a random experiment, let S be the sample space and E be an event. If E ⊆ S , then
E c = S − E , S is called the complement of E.
DAY THIRTY FIVE PROBABILITY 385
Probability of an Event Conditional Probability

If the sample space has n points (all possible cases) and an If A and B are two events associated with the sample space of a
event A has m points (all favourable cases), then the random experiment, then conditional probability of the event
m A, given that B has occurred
probability of A is P( A) = .
n  A  P( A ∩ B)
i.e. P  = , P (B) ≠ 0
(i) 0 ≤ P( A) ≤ 1  B P(B)
(ii) P(S ) = 1, P(φ) = 0
(iii) Probability of Odds in favour of A =
P( A )
=
m Properties of Conditional Probability
P( A ) n − m
Let A and B be two events of a sample space S of an
P( A ) n − m experiment, then
(iv) Probability of Odds in against A = =
P( A ) m S   A  A′   A
(i) P   = P   = 1 (ii) P   = 1 − P   ,
 A  A  B  B
Important Results where A′ is complement of A.
If n letters corresponding to n envelopes are placed in the
envelopes at random, then
1
Multiplication Theorem
(i) probability that letters are in right envelopes =
n! of Probability
(ii) probability that letters are not in right envelopes If A and B are two events associated with a random
1 experiment, then
=1−
n!  B  A
P( A ∩ B) = P( A) ⋅P   , = P(B) ⋅ P   ,
(iii) probability that no letter is in right envelope  A  B
1 1 1 1 P( A) ≠ 0 and P(B) ≠ 0
= − + −… + (−1)n
2 ! 3 ! 4! n!
(iv) probability that exactly r letters are in right envelopes Independent Events
1 1 1 1 1 
=  − + − …+ (−1)n − r  Two events are said to be independent, if the occurrence of
r !  2 ! 3 ! 4! (n − r )!
one does not depend upon the other.
l
If E1 , E2 ,..., E n are independent events, then
Addition Theorem of Probability P(E1 ∩ E2 ∩ E3 ∩ K ∩ E n ) = P(E1 ) ⋅ P(E2 ) K P(E n ).
If A and B are two events associated with a random
experiment, then P ( A ∪ B) = P ( A) + P (B) − P ( A ∩ B)
l
If E and F are independent events, then the pairs E and F ,
E and F , E and F are also independent.
If A, B and C are three events associated with a random
experiment, then
P ( A ∪ B ∪ C) = P( A) + P(B) + P(C) − P( A ∩ B)
Theorem of Total Probability
− P(B ∩ C) − P(C ∩ A) + P( A ∩ B ∩ C). If an event A can occur with one of the n mutually exclusive
and exhaustive events B1 , B2 ,..., Bn and the probabilities
For any two events A and B,
P( A / B1 ), P( A / B2 ),... P( A / Bn ) are known, then
P( A ∩ B) ≤ P( A) ≤ P( A ∪ B) ≤ P( A) + P(B). n
P( A) = ∑ P(Bi ) ⋅ P( A / Bi )
Booley’s Inequalities i =1
(i) P( A ∩ B) ≥ P( A) + P(B) − 1
(ii) P( A ∩ B ∩ C) ≥ P( A) + P(B) + P(C) − 2 Baye’s Theorem
Let the sample space S be the union of n non-empty disjoint
NOTE • P( A ∩ B ) = 1 − P( A ∪ B )
subsets (mutually exclusive and exhaustive events).
• P( A ∪ B ) = 1 − P( A ∩ B )
i.e. S = A1 ∪ A2 ∪ K ∪ An and Ai ∩ A j = φ, i ≠ j
• P( A) = P( A ∩ B ) + P( A ∩ B )
For any event B such that
• P(B ) = P(B ∩ A) + P(B ∩ A )
• P (exactly one of E1 , E 2 occurs) B = ( A1 ∩ B) ∪ ( A2 ∩ B)∪K ∪ ( An ∩ B),
= P(E1 ∩ E 2 ′ ) + P(E1 ′∩E 2 ) P( Ai ∩ B) P( Ai )P (B/ Ai )
= P(E1 ) − P(E1 ∩ E 2 ) + P(E 2 ) − P(E1 ∩ E 2 ) P( Ai / B) = = n
= P(E1 ) + P(E 2 ) − 2P(E1 ∩ E 2 )

P(B)
Σ
i =1
P( Ai )P (B/ Ai )
• P (neither E1 nor E 2 ) = P(E1 ′∩E 2 ′ ) = 1 − P(E1 ∪ E 2 )
386 40 DAYS ~ JEE MAIN MATHEMATICS DAY THIRTY FIVE
Probability Distribution Variance

of a Random Variable If a random variable X assumes values x1 , x2 , x3 , … , x n with
the respective probabilities p1 , p2 ,… , pn , then variance of X is
l
A random variable is a real valued function whose domain 2
n
 n 
is the sample space of a random experiment. given by Var ( X ) = ∑ pi x2i −  ∑ pi x i  .
l
A random variable is usually denoted by the capital letters i =1  i =1 
X , Y , Z ,... and so on.
l
If a random variable X takes values, x1 , x2 , x3 , … , x n with Bernoulli Trials and
respective probabilities p1 , p2 , p3 ,… , pn , then
Binomial Distribution
X x1 x2 x3 … xn
P (X) p1 p2 p3 … pn Bernoulli Trials
is known as the probability distribution of X . Trials of a random experiment are called Bernoulli trials, if
they satisfy the following conditions:
l
The probability distribution of random variable X is
defined only when the various values of the random (i) There should be a finite number of trials
variable, e.g. x1 , x2 , x3 , … , x n together with respective (ii) The trials should be independent
probabilities p1 , p2 , p3 , … , pn satisfy pi > 0 (iii) Each trial has exactly two outcomes; success or failure
n
(iv) The probability of success (or failure) remains the
and ∑p
i =1
i = 1, where i = 1, 2, n
same in each trial.
Mean Binomial Distribution

The probability of r successes in n independent Bernoulli
If a random variable X assumes values x1 , x2 , x3 , … , x n with
trials is denoted by P ( X = r ) and is given by
respective probabilities p1 , p2 , p3 , … , pn , then the mean X of X
is defined as P( X = r ) = nCr prq n − r
n where, p = Probability of success
X = p1 x1 + p2 x2 + ... + pi x i or X = ∑ pi x i and q = Probability of failure and p + q = 1
i =1
(i) Mean = np (ii) Variance = npq
The mean of a random variable X is also known as its
mathematical expectation and it is denoted by E (X). (iii) Mean is always greater than variance.

1 If three distinct numbers are chosen randomly from the 4 The probability that atleast one of the events A and B
first 100 natural numbers, then the probability that all occur is 3/5. If A and B occur simultaneously with
three of them are divisible by both 2 and 3 is probability 1/5 , then P ( A′ ) + P (B ′ ) is equal to
4 4 4 4 2 4 6 7
(a) (b) (c) (d) (a) (b) (c) (d)
55 35 33 1155 5 5 5 5
2 If the letters of the word ‘MATHEMATICS’ are arranged 5 A die is thrown. Let A be the event that the number
arbitrarily, the probability that C comes before E, E obtained is greater than 3. Let B be the event that the
before H, H before I and I before S, is number obtained is less than 5. Then, P ( A ∪ B ) is
1 1 1 1 j
AIEEE 2008
(a) (b) (c) (d) 2 3
75 24 120 720 (a) (b)
5 5
3 If A and B are two events, then the probability that (c) 0 (d) 1
exactly one of them occurs is given by 6 For three events, A, B and C, if P (exactly one of A or B
(a) P (A) + P (B) − 2 P (A ∩ B) occurs) = P (exactly one of B or C occurs) = P (exactly
(b) P (A ∩ B ′) − P (A′ ∩ B) 1
(c) P (A ∪ B) + P (A ∩ B) one of C or A occurs) = and P (all the three events
4
(d) P (A′) + P (B ′) + 2P (A′ ∩ B ′)
1 16 Let E and F be two independent events such that

occur simultaneously) = , then the probability that
16 P (E ) > P (F ). The probability that both E and F happen is
atleast one of the events occurs, is j JEE Mains 2017 1 1
and the probability that neither E nor F happens is ,
7 7 7 3 12 2
(a) (b) (c) (d)
32 16 64 16 then
1 1 1 1
7 In a leap year, the probability of having 53 Sunday or 53 (a) P (E ) = , P (F ) = (b) P (E ) = , P (F ) =
3 4 2 6
Monday is j NCERT Exemplar 1 1 1
2 3 4 5 (c) P (E ) = 1, P (F ) = (d) P (E ) = , P (F ) =
(a) (b) (c) (d) 12 3 2
7 7 7 7
17 An unbiased coin is tossed. If the result is a head, a pair
8 A number is chosen at random among the first 120 of unbiased dice is rolled and the sum of the numbers
natural numbers. The probability of the number chosen obtained is noted. If the result is a tail, a card from a
being a multiple of 5 or 15 is well-shuffled pack of eleven cards numbered 2, 3, 4, ...,
1 1 1 1 12 is picked and the number on the card is noted. The
(a) (b) (c) (d)
8 5 24 6 probability that the noted number is either 7 or 8 is
9 Consider two events A and B. If odds against A are as 192 193 193 17
(a) (b) (c) (d)
2 : 1 and those in favour of A ∪ B are as 3 : 1, then 401 401 792 75
1 3 5 3 18 A bag contains 3 red and 3 white balls. Two balls are
(a) ≤ P (B) ≤ (b) ≤ P (B) ≤
2 4 12 4 drawn one-by-one. The probability that they are of
1 3
(c) ≤ P (B) ≤ (d) None of these different colours, is
4 5 3 2
(a) (b)
10 A and B are events such that P ( A ) = 0.4, P (B ) = 0.3 and 10 5
3
P ( A ∪ B ) = 0.5 . Then, P (B / A ) is equal to (c) (d) None of these
j
NCERT Exemplar 5
2 1 3 1  A 1
(a) (b) (c) (d) 19 For two events A and B, if P ( A ) = P   = and
3 2 10 5 B 4
1
11 If A and B are two events such that P ( A ) = , P (B ) = ,
1 B 1
P   = , then
2 3  A 2
 A 1 A′
P   = , then P ( A′ ∩ B′ ) is equal to (a) A and B are independent (b) P   =
3
B 4 j
NCERT Exemplar B 4
B′
(c) P   =
1 3 1 3 1
(a) (b) (c) (d) (d) All of these
12 4 4 16  A′  2
1 1
12 It is given that the events A and B are such that P ( A ) = , 20 Let A and B be two events such that P ( A ∪ B ) = ,
4 6
1 2
P( A / B ) = and P (B / A ) = . Then, P (B ) is equal to 1
P( A ∩ B ) =
1
and P ( A ) = , where A stands for the
2 3 4 4
j
AIEEE 2008
complement of the event A. Then, the events A and B are
1 1 1 2
(a) (b) (c) (d) j
JEE Mains 2014
2 6 3 3
(a) independent but not equally likely
13 Let A and B be two events such that P ( A ) = 0 . 6, (b) independent and equally likely
P (B ) = 0 . 2 and P ( A / B ) = 0 . 5. Then, P ( A′ /B′ ) equals (c) mutually exclusive and independent
j
NCERT Exemplar (d) equally likely but not independent
1 3 3 6 1
(a) (b) (c) (d)
10 10 8 7 21 For independent events A1, ..., An ⋅ P ( Ai ) = ,
i +1
14 If two events A and B are such that P ( A′ ) = 0.3, P (B ) = 0.4 i = 1, 2, .., n. Then, the probability that none of the events
 B  will occur is
and ( A ∩ B′ ) = 0.5, then P   is equal to n (n − 1) 1  1 
 A ∪ B′  (a) (b) (c) (d) n +  
(n + 1) (n + 1) (n + 1)  (n + 1) 
1 1 3 2
(a) (b) (c) (d)
4 5 5 5 22 Let 0 < P ( A ) < 1, 0 < P (B ) < 1 and P ( A ∪ B ) = P ( A ) + P (B )
15 If C and D are two events such that C ⊂ D and P (D ) ≠ 0, − P ( A ) ⋅ P (B ). Then,
then the correct statement among the following is
(a) P   = P (B) − P (A)
B
(b) P (Ac ∪ B c ) = P (Ac ) + P (B c )
(a) P (C / D) ≥ P (C) (b) P (C / D) < P (C)  A
(c) P (A ∪ B)c = P (Ac ) ⋅ P (B c ) (d) P   = P (B / A)
P (D) A
(c) P (C / D) = (d) P (C / D) = P (C)
P (C) B 
23 Let two fair six-faced dice A and B be thrown 30 A person goes to office either by car, scooter, bus or
simultaneously. If E 1 is the event that die A shows up 1 3 2 1
train the probabilities of which being , , and ,
four, E 2 is the event that die B shows up two and E 3 is 7 7 7 7
the event that the sum of numbers on both dice is odd, respectively. The probability that he reaches office late, if
then which of the following statements is not true? 2 1 4 1
he takes car, scooter, bus or train is , , and ,
(a) E1 and E 2 are independent 9 9 9 9
(b) E 2 and E 3 are independent respectively. If he reaches office in time, the probability that
(c) E1 and E 3 are independent he travelled by car is
(d) E1 , E 2 and E 3 are not independent 1 1 2 1
(a) (b) (c) (d)
5 9 11 7
24 Let A, B, C be three mutually independent events.
Consider the two Statements S1 and S 2 31 A pack of playing cards was found to contain only
S1 : A and B ∪ C are independent 51 cards. If the first 13 cards which are examined are all
S 2 : A and B ∩ C are independent red, then the probability that the missing card is black, is
Then, 2 15 16 37
(a) (b) (c) (d)
3 26 39 52
(a) Both S1 and S2 are true (b) Only S1 is true
(c) Only S2 is true (d) Neither S1 nor S2 is true 32 A discrete random variable X has the following
probability distribution.
25 Two independent events namely A and B and the
1 X 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
probability that both A and B occurs is and the
10 P( X ) C 2C 2C 3C C2 2C 2 7C 2 + C
3
probability that neither of them occurs is . Then, the
10 The value of C and the mean of the distribution are
j NCERT Exemplar
probability of occurrence of event B is
1 1
4− 7 4+ 7 4+ 6 4− 6 (a) and 3.66 (b) and 2.66
(a) (b) (c) (d) 10 20
3 3 2 10 1
(c) and 1.33 (d) None of these
26 A committee of 4 students is selected at random from a 15
group consisting 8 boys and 4 girls. Given that there is 33 For a random variable X , E ( X ) = 3 and E ( X 2 ) = 11. Then,
atleast one girl on the committee, the probability that variable of X is
there are exactly 2 girls on the committee, is
(a) 8 (b) 5 (c) 2 (d) 1
j
NCERT Exemplar
7 13 14 34 A random variable X has the probability distribution
99 99 99 2
X 1 3 4 5 6 7 8
27 Two aeroplanes I and II bomb a target in succession.
P(X) 0.15 0.23 0.12 0.10 0.20 0.08 0.07 0.05
The probabilities of I and II scoring a hit correctly are
0.3 and 0.2, respectively. The second plane will bomb For the events E = {X is a prime number} and F = {X < 4},
only, if the first misses the target. The probability that the then the probability P (E ∪ F ) is
target is hit by the second plane, is
(a) 0.87 (b) 0.77 (c) 0.35 (d) 0.50
(a) 0.06 (b) 0.14 (c) 0.32 (d) 0.7
35 Two cards are drawn successively with replacement
28 Three machines E 1, E 2 and E 3 in a certain factory produce from a well-shuffled deck of 52 cards, then the mean of
50%, 25% and 25%, respectively, of the total daily output the number of aces is
of electric tubes. It is known that 4% of the tubes 1 3 2
produced on each of machines E 1 and E 2 are defective (a) (b) (c) (d) None of these
13 13 13
and that 5% of those produced on E 3 are defective. If on
tube is picked up at random from a day’s production, the 36 Consider 5 independent Bernoulli’s trials each with
probability that it is defective, is probability of success p. If the probability of atleast one
j
NCERT Exemplar
failure is greater than or equal to 31/32, then p lies in the
(a) 0.025 (b) 0.125 (c) 0.325 (d) 0.0425
interval
29 A bag contains 4 red and 6 black balls. A ball is drawn  3 11
(a)  ,  (b)  0,  (c)  , 1 (d)  , 
1 11 1 3
at random from the bag, its colour is observed and this  4 12   2   12   2 4 
ball along with two additional balls of the same colour are
returned to the bag. If now a ball is drawn at random 37 A fair coin is tossed a fixed number of times. If the
from the bag, then the probability that this drawn ball is probability of getting 7 heads is equal to getting 9 heads,
red, is j
JEE Mains 2018 then the probability of getting 2 heads is
3 2 1 3 15 2 15
(a) (b) (c) (d) (a) (b) (c) (d) None of these
10 5 5 4 28 15 213
38 A fair coin is tossed n times. If X is the number of times 12 6

(a) (b) 6 (c) 4 (d)
heads occur and P ( X = 4), P ( X = 5) and P ( X = 6) are in 5 25
AP, then n is equal to 40 A multiple choice examination has 5 questions. Each
(a) 13 (b) 7 (c) 11 (d) None of these question has three alternative answers of which exactly
39 A box contains 15 green and 10 yellow balls. If 10 balls one is correct. The probability that a student will get 4 or
are randomly drawn one-by-one with replacement, then more correct answers just by guessing is j JEE Mains 2013
the variance of the number of green balls drawn is 17 13 11 10
(a) (b) (c) (d)
j JEE Mains 2017 35 35 35 35

1 7 white balls and 3 black balls are placed in a row at the player’s expected profit per throw over a long series
random. The probability that no two black balls are of throws? j NCERT Exemplar
adjacent is (a) 0.50 (b) 0.20 (c) 0.70 (d) 0.90

1 7 2 1
(a) (b) (c) (d) 8 In an examination, 20 questions of true-false type are
2 15 15 3
asked. Suppose a students tosses a fair coin to
2 Events A , B and C are mutually exclusive events such that determine his answer to each question. If the coin falls
3x + 1 1−x 1 − 2x
P( A ) = , P (B ) = and P (C ) = . Then, the heads, he answers true, if it falls tails, he answers false.
3 4 2 The probability that he answers atleast 12 questions
set of possible values of x are in the interval correctly is
(a)  ,  (b)  ,  (c)  , 
1 1 1 2 1 13 20
(a)  
(d) [0, 1] 1
 3 2   3 3   3 3  (20 C12 + 20
C13 + ...+ 20 C20 )
 2
10
(b)  
3 If 12 balls are to be placed in 3 identical boxes, then the 1
(20 C11 + 20
C12 + ...+ 20 C20 )
probability that one of the boxes contains exactly 3 balls,  2
20
is
(c)  
j
JEE Mains 2015 1
(20 C11 + 20
C12 + ...+ 20 C20 )
55  2 
11 10 12 11  2
(b) 55   (c) 220  (d) 22  
2 1 1
(a)  
3  3  3  3  3 (d) None of the above
4 If 6 objects are distributed at random among 6 persons, 9 In a multiple choice question there are four alternative
the probability that atleast one person does not get any answers of which one or more than one is correct. A
object is candidate will get marks on the question only if he ticks
313 315 317 319 the correct answer. The candidate decides to tick
(a) (b) (c) (d) answers at random. If he is allowed up to three chances
324 322 324 324
of answer the question, then the probability that he will
5 10 apples are distributed at random among 6 persons. get marks on it is
The probability that atleast one of them will receive none 1 2 1 2
is (a) (b) (c) (d)
14
3 3 5 15
6 C4 137 135
(a) (b) 15
(c) (d) 10 Three natural numbers are taken at random from the set
143 C5 143 143
A = {x |1 ≤ x ≤ 100, x ∈ N}. The probability that the AM of
6 A draws two cards at random from a pack of 52 cards. the numbers taken is 25, is
After returning them to the pack and shuffling it, B draws 77
C2 25
C2 74
C72 75
C2
(a) (b) (c) (d)
two cards at random. The probability that their draws 100
C3 100
C3 100
C97 100
C3
contain exactly one common card is
25 50 25 11 Given that x ∈[ 0, 1] and y ∈[ 0, 1]. Let A be the event of
(a) (b) (c) (d) None of these ( x , y ) satisfying y 2 ≤ x and B be the event of ( x , y )
546 663 663
satisfying x 2 ≤ y . Then,
7 In a dice game, a player pays a stake of ` 1 for each 1
throw of a die. She receives ` 5, if the die shows a 3, ` 2, (a) P (A ∩ B) = (b) A, B are exhaustive
3
if the die shows a 1 or 6 and nothing otherwise. What is (c) A, B are mutually exclusive (d) A, B are independent
12 If two different numbers are taken from the set adjacent to his wife given that each American man is
{0, 1, 2, 3, ..., 10}, then the probability that their sum as well seated adjacent to his wife, is
as absolute difference are both multiple of 4, is 1 1 2 1
(a) (b) (c) (d)
j JEE Mains 2017 2 3 5 5
6 12 14 7 14 If the integers m and n are chosen at random from 1 to
(a) (b) (c) (d)
55 55 45 55 100, then the probability that a number of the form
13 One Indian and four American men and their wives are to 7n + 7m is divisible by 5 equals
be seated randomly around a circular table. Then, the 1 1 1 1
(a) (b) (c) (d)
conditional probability that the Indian man is seated 4 2 8 3
ANSWERS
SESSION 1 1 (d) 2 (c) 3 (a) 4 (c) 5 (d) 6 (b) 7 (b) 8 (b) 9 (b) 10 (b)
11 (c) 12 (c) 13 (c) 14 (a) 15 (a) 16 (a) 17 (c) 18 (c) 19 (d) 20 (a)
21 (c) 22 (c) 23 (d) 24 (a) 25 (d) 26 (d) 27 (c) 28 (d) 29 (b) 30 (d)
31 (a) 32 (a) 33 (c) 34 (b) 35 (c) 36 (b) 37 (c) 38 (b) 39 (a) 40 (c)
SESSION 2 1 (b) 2 (a) 3 (a) 4 (d) 5 (c) 6 (b) 7 (a) 8 (a) 9 (c) 10 (c)
11 (a) 12 (a) 13 (c) 14 (a)

SESSION 1 4 Here, P ( A ∪ B ) = 3 and P ( A ∩ B ) = 1 ⇒ P ( A ) + P (B ) + P (C )
5 5 3
1 Here, n(S ) = 100
C3 − P ( A ∩ B ) − P (B ∩ C ) − P (C ∩ A ) =
From addition theorem, we get 8
Let E = All three of them are divisible 3 1 ∴ P (atleast one event occurs)
by both 2 and 3. = P ( A ) + P (B ) −
5 5 = P( A ∪ B ∪ C )
⇒ Divisible by 6 i.e. {6, 12, 18, ..., 96} 4
⇒ = 1 − P ( A ′ ) + 1 − P (B ′ ) = P ( A ) + P (B ) + P (C )
Thus, out of 16 we have to select 3. 5 − P ( A ∩ B ) − P (B ∩ C )
∴ n(E ) = 16C3 4 6
16 ∴ P ( A ′ ) + P (B ′ ) = 2 − = − P (C ∩ A ) + P ( A ∩ B ∩ C )
C 4 5 5
∴ Required probability = 100 3 = 3
= +
1
=
7 
Q P( A ∩ B ∩ C ) =
1 
C3 1155 5 Clearly, A = {4, 5, 6} and B = {1, 2, 3, 4} 8 16 16  16 
2 Total number of arrangement is ∴ A ∩ B = {4}
11! 11! Now, by addition theorem of probability
7 Since, a leap year has 366 days and
= hence 52 weeks and 2 days. The
2!2!2! 8 ∴ P ( A ∪ B ) = P ( A ) + P (B ) − P ( A ∩ B )
2 days can be (Sun, Mon), (Mon, Tue),
3 4 1
Number of arrangement in which ⇒ P (A ∪ B) = + − = 1 (Tue, Wed), (Wed, Thu), (Thu, Fri),
C, E, H, I and S appear in that order 6 6 6 (Fri, Sat), (Sat, Sun). Therefore,
6! 11! 3
= (11 C 5 ) = 6 We have, P (exactly one of A or B P (53 Sunday or 53 Monday) =
2!2!2! 8.5 ! occurs) = P ( A ∪ B ) − P ( A ∩ B ) 7
∴ Required probability = P ( A ) + P (B ) − 2P ( A ∩ B )
11! 11! 1 1 8 In first 120 natural numbers, total
= ÷ = = According to the question, number of multiples of 5, n ( A ) = 24
8.5 ! 8 5! 120 1
P ( A ) + P (B ) − 2P ( A ∩ B ) = …(i) and total number of multiples of 15,
3 P(Exactly one of the events occurs) 4 n (B ) = 8 and n ( A ∩ B ) = 8.
= P ( A ∩ B ' ) ∪ (B ∩ A ' ) 1 ∴ n ( A ∪ B ) = n ( A ) + n (B ) − n ( A ∩ B )
P (B ) + P (C ) − 2P (B ∩ C ) = …(ii)
= P ( A ∩ B ' ) + P (B ∩ A ' ) 4 = 24 + 8 − 8 = 24
1 24 1
and P (C ) + P ( A ) − 2P (C ∩ A ) = …(iii) ∴ Required probability = =
A B 4 120 5
On adding Eqs. (i), (ii) and (iii), we get
2 [P ( A ) + P (B ) + P (C ) 9 Here, P ( A ) = 1 and P ( A ∪ B ) = 3
3 4
− P ( A ∩ B ) − P (B ∩ C )
3 ∴ P ( A ∪ B ) = P ( A ) + P (B ) − P ( A ∩ B )
= P ( A ) + P (B ) − 2 P ( A ∩ B ) − P (C ∩ A )] = ≤ P ( A ) + P (B )
4
P (C ∩ D ) B′ P (B ′ ∩ A ′ )
15 As, P  C  = P   =
3 1 5
⇒ ≤ + P (B ) ⇒ P (B ) ≥ and
4 3 12 D P (D )  A′ P(A′ )
Also, B ⊆ A ∪ B QC ⊂ D  P (B ′ ) P ( A ′ ) 1
3 = =
⇒ P (B ) ≤ P ( A ∪ B ) = ∴ P (C ∩ D ) = P (C ) P(A′ ) 2
4  
P (C )
∴
5
≤ P (B ) ≤
3 = …(i) 20 Given, P ( A ∪ B ) = 1 , P ( A ∩ B ) = 1
12 4 P (D ) 6 4
Also, as P (D ) ≤ 1 1
10 Given, P ( A ) = 0.4, P (B ) = 03,
. and P(A) =
1 P (C ) 4
P ( A ∪ B ) = 0.5 ∴ ≥ 1 and ≥ P (C ) …(ii)
P (D ) P (D ) ∴ P(A ∪ B) = 1 − P (A ∪ B)
P( A ∩ B )
∴ P   =
B 1 5
 A P( A ) From Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get =1− =
6 6
P ( A ) + P (B ) − P ( A ∪ B ) 1 3
P   =
= C P (C ) P(A) = 1 − P(A) = 1 − =
≥ P (C ) and
P( A )  D  P (D ) 4 4
0.4 + 03 . − 0.5 1 P ( A ∪ B ) = P ( A ) + P (B ) − P ( A ∩ B )
= =
0.4 2 16 P (E ∩ F ) = P (E ) P (F ) = 1 …(i) ⇒
5 3
= + P (B ) −
1
⇒ P (B ) =
1
12 6 4 4 3
1 1
11 Given, P ( A ) = , P (B ) = 1
P (E C ∩ F C ) = P (E C ) ⋅ P (F C ) = ⇒ A and B are not equally likely.
2 3 2 1
Also, P ( A ∩ B ) = P ( A ) ⋅ P (B ) =
and P   =
A 1 1
B 4 ⇒ (1 − P (E )) (1 − P (F )) = …(ii) 4
2 So, events are independent.
∴ P ( A ′∩ B ′ ) = 1 − P ( A ∪ B ) = 1 On solving Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get
− P ( A ) − P (B ) + P ( A ∩ B ) 1 1 21 P (non-occurrence of ( A1 ))
P (E ) = and P (F ) = ,
= 1 − P ( A ) − P (B ) + P   ⋅ P (B )
A 1 i
3 4 =1− =
B as P (E ) > P (F ) (i + 1) (i + 1)
1 1 1 1
= 1 − − + ⋅ = 1− − +
1 1 1 ∴ P (non-occurrence of any of events)
17 The probability of getting the sum 7 or 8
2 3 4 3 2 3 12  n 
=   ⋅   K 
1 2 1
12 − 6 − 4 + 1 from two dice is
6
+
5 11
= . =
3 1  2  3  (n + 1) (n + 1)
= = = 36 36 36
12 12 4 The probability of getting the card with 22 P ( A ∩ B ) = P ( A ) ⋅ P (B )
2
12 Given that, P ( A ) = 1 , P  A  = 1 number 7 or 8 is . It means A and B are independent
4 B 2 11
events, so AC and B C will also be
 B 2 ∴ Required probability independent.
and P  = 1 11 1 2 11 2 193
 A 3 = ⋅ + ⋅ = + = Hence, P ( A ∪ B )C = P ( AC ∩ B C )
2 36 2 11 72 22 792 [De-Morgan’s law]
We know that,
P(A ∩ B) 18 Let A be event that drawn ball is red = P ( AC ) P ( B C )
P   =
A
B P (B ) and B be event that drawn ball is white. As A is independent of B,
P   = P ( A )
Then, AB and BA are two disjoint cases A
 B  P (B ∩ A )
and P   = of the given event. B
 A P(A)
∴ P ( AB + BA ) = P ( AB ) + P (BA )  A 
 B
P   ⋅ P( A )  2  1  Q P ( A ∩ B ) = P (B ) ⋅ P  
    = P ( A ) P   + P (B ) ⋅ P  
B A   B  
 A  3  4 1
∴ P (B ) = = =  A B
P    1
A 3 23 Clearly, E1 = {(4, 1),(4, 2),(4, 3),(4, 4),
  3 3 3 3 3
= ⋅ + ⋅ =
B  2
6 5 6 5 5 (4, 5),(4, 6)}
13 Given that, P ( A ) = 0. 6, P (B ) = 0.2 E2 = {(1, 2),(2, 2),(3, 2),(4, 2),(5, 2),(6, 2)}
19 Given that,
P ( A / B ) = 0. 5 and E3 = {(1, 2), (1, 4), (1, 6), (2, 1),
P (B ∩ A ) 1
P   = ⇒
B 1
P ( A ∩ B ) = P ( A / B ) ⋅ P (B ) = (2, 3), (2, 5), (3, 2), (3, 4), (3, 6), (4, 1),
 A 2 P(A) 2
= (0. 5)(0.2) = 0.1 (4, 3), (4, 5), (5, 2), (5, 4), (5, 6),
P ( A ′∩ B ′ ) P [( A ∪ B )′ ] 1 1 1
P ( A ′/ B ′ ) = = ⇒ P (B ∩ A ) = × = (6, 1), (6, 3), (6, 5)}
P (B ′ ) P (B ′ ) 2 4 8 6 1 6 1
P(A ∩ B) 1 ⇒ P ( E1 ) = = , P ( E2 ) = =
1 − P( A ∪ B ) 
P  =
A 1
⇒ = 36 6 36 6
= B 4 P (B ) 4 18 1
1 − P (B ) and P (E3 ) = =
1 36 2
1 − P( A) − P( B ) + P( A ∩ B ) 3 ⇒ P (B ) = 4P ( A ∩ B ) ⇒ P (B ) =
= = 2 Now, P (E1 ∩ E2 ) = P
1 − 0.2 8
1 1 1
Q P ( A ∩ B ) = = ⋅ = P ( A ) ⋅ P (B ) [getting 4 on die A and 2 on die B]
14 P (B / A ∪ B ′ ) = P {B ∩ ( A ∪ B ′ )} 8 2 4
=
1
= P ( E1 ) ⋅ P ( E2 )
P( A ∪ B ′ ) ∴ Events A and B are independent. 36
P( A ∩ B ) A′ P(A′ ∩ B ) P ( E2 ∩ E3 ) = P
= Now, P   =
P ( A ) + P (B ′ ) − P ( A ∩ B ′ )  B P (B ) [getting 2 on die B and sum of numbers
P ( A ) − P ( A ∩ B ′ ) 07 . − 0.5 1 P ( A ′ ) P (B ) 3 on both dice is odd]
= = = = = 3
07. + 0.6 − 0.5 0.8 4 P (B ) 4 = = P ( E2 ) ⋅ P ( E3 )
36
P ( E1 ∩ E3 ) = P 14 85 4 6 6 4 24 + 24
P( A ) = 1 − = = × + × =
[getting 4 on die A and sum of 99 99 10 12 10 12 120
numbers on both dice is odd] Now, P ( A ∩ B ) = P (2 boys and 2 girls) 48 2
= =
3 8
C ⋅ 4C2 6 × 28 56 120 5
= = P ( E1 ) ⋅ P ( E3 ) = 122 = =
36 C4 495 165
30 Let C , S , B and T be the events of the
and P (E1 ∩ E2 ∩ E3 ) = P P( A ∩ B )
Thus, P (B / A ) = person going by car, scooter, bus and
[getting 4 on die A, 2 on die B P( A ) train, respectively.
and sum of numbers is odd] 56 99 168
= × = 1 3 2 1
= P (impossible event) = 0 P (C ) = , P (S ) = , P (B ) = , P (T ) =
165 85 425 7 7 7 7
Hence, E1 , E2 and E3 are not independent.
27 Let the events be A = Ist aeroplane hit Let L be the event that the person
24 Consider, the target reaching the office in time. Then, L be
P { A ∩ (B ∩ C )} = P ( A ∩ B ∩ C ) the event that the person reaching the
B = IInd aeroplane hit the target
= P ( A ) ⋅ P (B ) ⋅ P (C ) = P ( A ) ⋅ (B ∩ C ) office in late.
and their corresponding probabilities are 7 8
Now, consider P (L / C ) = , P (L / S ) = ,
P ( A ) = 03
. and P (B ) = 0.2
P [ A ∩ (B ∪ C )] = P [( A ∩ B ) ∪( A ∩ C )] 9 9
⇒ P ( A ) = 07
. and P (B ) = 0.8
= P( A ∩ B ) + P( A ∩ C ) 5
P (L / B ) = , P (L / T ) =
8
− P [( A ∩ B ) ∩ ( A ∩ C )] ∴ Required probability 9 9
= P( A ∩ B ) + P( A ∩ C ) − P( A ∩ B ∩ C ) = P ( A ) P (B ) + P ( A ) P (B ) P ( A ) P (B ) + K ∴ Required probability =
= P ( A ) ⋅ P (B ) + P ( A ) P (C ) = (0.7)(0.2) + (0.7)(0.8)(0.7)(0.2) P (C ) ⋅ P (L / C )
P (C / L ) =
− P ( A ) P (B ) P (C ) + (0.7) (0.8)(0.7)(0.8) (0.7)(0. 2) + ...  P (C ) ⋅ P (L /C ) 
 + P (S ) ⋅ P (L /S ) 
= P ( A )[P (B ) + P (C ) − P (B ) P (C )] = 0.14 [1 + (0.56) + (0.56)2 + ...]  
+ P (B ) ⋅ P (L / B ) 
= P ( A ) ⋅ P (B ∪ C ) .   = 0.14 = 0.32 
1
= 014 
 1 − 0.56  0.44  + P (T ) ⋅ P (L /T )
B ∪ C is independent to A, so S 1 is true.
B ∩ C is also independent to A, so S 2 is 1 7
28 Let D be the event that the picked up ⋅
true. 7 9 7 1
tube is defective. = = =
1 7 3 8 2 5 1 8 49 7
25 We have, Let A1 , A2 and A3 be the events that the ⋅ + ⋅ + ⋅ + ⋅
tube is produced on machines E1 , E2 7 9 7 9 7 9 7 9
1 3
P (A ∩ B)= and P ( A ∪ B ) = .
and E2 , respectively.
10 10 31 Let B stand for the event that black card
7 P (D ) = P ( A1 ) P (D | A1 ) 1
Then, P ( A ∪ B ) = 1 − P ( A ∪ B ) = is missing, then P (B ) = P (B ) = .
10 + P ( A2 ) P (D | A2 ) 2
Q P ( A ∪ B ) = P ( A ) + P (B ) − P ( A ∩ B ) + P ( A3 ) P (D | A3 ) …(i) Let E be the event that all the first
13 cards are red.
∴ P ( A ) + P (B ) = P ( A ∪ B ) + P ( A ∩ B ) 50 1 1 1
P ( A1 ) = = , P ( A2 ) = , P ( A3 ) = 26 25 14
7 1 4 100 2 4 4 ∴ P ( E /B ) = ⋅ ... ,
⇒ P ( A ) + P (B ) = + = …(i) 51 50 39
10 10 5 4 1
Also, P (D | A1 ) = P (D | A2 ) = = 25 24 13
1 100 25 P ( E /B ) = ⋅ K
Q P ( A ) ⋅ P (B ) = 51 50 39
10 5 1
P (D | A3 ) = = . P ( B ) ⋅ P ( E /B )
1 100 20 P ( B /E ) =
⇒ P (A) = P ( B ) ⋅ P ( E /B ) + P ( B ) ⋅ P ( E /B )
10P (B ) On putting these values in Eq. (i),
26 ⋅ 25 K 14
1 4 we get =
From Eq. (i), P (B ) + = 1 1 1 1 1 1 26 ⋅ 25 K 14 + 25⋅ 24 K 13
10 {P (B )} 5 P (D ) = × + × + × 26 26 2
2 25 4 25 4 20 = = =
⇒ 10 {P (B )}2 + 1 = 8 P (B ) 1 1 1 17 26 + 13 39 3
Let P (B ) = t , then 10 t 2 + 1 = 8t = + + = = 0.0425
50 100 80 400 32 Since, ΣPi = 1, we have
⇒ 10 t 2 − 8 t + 1 = 0
29 Key idea Use the theorem of total C + 2C + 2C + 3C + C 2
8± 64 − 4 × 10 × 1 8± 2 6
∴ t = = probability + 2C 2 + 7C 2 + C = 1
2 × 10 20 Let E1 = Event that first ball drawn is red i.e. 10C 2 + 9C − 1 = 0
4− 6 E2 = Event that first ball drawn i.e. (10C − 1) (C + 1) = 0
So, P (B ) = is possible.
10 is black 1
⇒ C = ,C = − 1
A = Event that second ball drawn 10
26 Let A denote the event that atleast one is red Therefore, the permissible value
girl will be chosen and B the event that  A 1
4 6 of C =
exactly 2 girls will be chosen. We P ( E1 ) = ,P  =
10  E1  12 10
require P (B | A ). n 7
Since, A denotes the event that atleast ⇒ P ( E2 ) =

6  A
, P  =
4 Mean = ∑xp
i =1
i i = ∑xp
i =1
i i
one girl will be chosen. A denotes that 10  E2  12

1 2
no girl is chosen i.e. By law of total probability =1× + 2×
4 boys are chosen. Then, 10 10
 A  A 2
P ( A ) = P ( E1 ) × P   + P ( E2 ) × P   + 5 
8 2 3 1
C
P ( A ′ ) = 12 4 =
70
=
14 + 3× + 4×
 E1   E2  10 10  10 
C4 495 99
2
 2
1 According to the given condition, 2 Since, 0 ≤ P ( A ) ≤ 1, 0 ≤ P (B ) ≤ 1,
+ 6 × 2   + 7  7   +
1 1

 10    10  10  ∴ P ( X = 7) = P ( X = 9) 0 ≤ P (C ) ≤ 1
n −7 n− 9
7 9
and 0 ≤ P ( A ) + P (B ) + P (C ) ≤ 1
⇒ C7 ⋅   ⋅   = C 9 ⋅   ⋅  
1 4 6 12 5 1 1 1 1
= + + + + n n
3x + 1 1 2
10 10 10 10 100  2  2  2  2 ∴ 0≤ ≤ 1⇒− ≤ x ≤ …(i)
12 49 7 ⇒ n
C7 = nC 9 ⇒ n = 16 3 3 3
+ + +
100 100 10 1− x
[Q nC x = nC y ⇒ x + y = n ] 0≤ ≤ 1 ⇒ −3 ≤ x ≤ 1 …(ii)
= 3.66 2 14
4
1 − 2x
∴ P ( X = 2) = 16C2 ⋅   ⋅  
1 1 1 1
33 Given that, E ( X ) = 3 and (E ( X 2 )) = 11 0≤ ≤ 1⇒ − ≤ x ≤ …(iii)
 2  2 2 2 2
Variance of X = E ( X 2 ) − [E ( X )]2 C2 16 ⋅ 15 15
16 3x + 1 1 − x 1 − 2x
= = = 13 and 0 ≤ + + ≤1
= 11 − (3)2 = 11 − 9 = 2 216 217 2 3 4 2
⇒ 0 ≤ 13 − 3 x ≤ 12
34 Given, E = { X is a prime number} 38 Since, nC 4 1n , nC 5 1n and nC 6 1n are in 1 13
= {2, 3, 5, 7}
2 2 2 ⇒ ≤ x≤ …(iv)
AP. 3 3
∴ P (E ) = P ( X = 2) + P ( X = 3)
∴ nC 4 , nC 5 and nC 6 are also in AP. From Eqs. (i), (ii), (iii) and (iv), we get
+ P ( X = 5) + P ( X = 7)
∴ 2 ⋅ nC 5 = nC 4 + nC 6 1
≤ x≤
1
⇒ P (E ) = 0.23 + 0.12 ∴ On dividing by nC 5 both sides, we get 3 2
+ 0.20 + 0.07 = 0.62 n
C n
C 5 n−5
and F = { X < 4} = {1, 2, 3} 2= n 4 + n 6 = + 3 There seems to be ambiguity in this
C5 C5 n − 4 6 question. It should be mentioned that
⇒ P (F ) = P ( X = 1) + P ( X = 2)
n2 − 9 n + 50 boxes are different and one particular
+ P ( X = 3) =
6(n − 4) box has 3 balls. Then, the required
⇒ P (F ) = 0.15 + 0.23 + 0.12 = 0.5
⇒ n2 − 21 n + 98 = 0 probability
and E ∩ F = {X is prime number as 11
⇒ n = 7,14
12
C 3 × 29 55  2 
well as < 4} = {2, 3} = =  
P (E ∩ F ) = P ( X = 2) + P ( X = 3) 312 3  3
39 Given box contains 15 green and
= 0.23 + 0.12 = 0.35 10 yellow balls. 4 Number of ways of distributing
∴ Required probability ∴ Total number of balls = 15 + 10 = 25 6 objects to 6 persons = 66
P (E ∪ F ) = P (E ) + P (F ) − P (E ∩ F ) 15 3
P (green balls) = = = p Number of ways of distributing
= 0.62 + 0.5 − 0.35= 0.77 25 5 1 object to each person = 6!
= Probability of success ∴ Required probability
35 Let X denote the number of aces. 10 2
Probability of selecting a ace, P (yellow balls) = = =q 6!
=1− 6 =1− 5 =
5! 319
25 5 6 6 324
4 1
p= = = Probability of failure
52 13 and n = 10 = Number of trials. 5 The required probability
And probability of not selecting ace, 3 2 12 = 1 − probability of each receiving
1 12 ∴ Variance = npq = 10 × × = n(E )
q = 1− = 5 5 5 atleast one = 1 −
13 13 n(S )
2
40 Clearly, probability of guessing correct
P ( X = 0 ) =   ,
12 Now, the number of integral solutions
1
 13  answer, p = and probability of of
3 x1 + x2 + x3 + x 4 + x 5 + x 6 = 10
P ( X = 1 ) = 2 ⋅   ⋅   =
1 12 24 2
 13   13  169 guessing a wrong answer, q = such that x1 ≥ 1, x2 ≥ 1, ..., x 6 ≥ 1 gives
3
2 0 n(E ) and the number of integral
∴ The probability of guessing a 4 or
P ( X = 2) =   ⋅   =
1 12 1
solutions of x1 + x2 + K + x 5 + x 6 = 10
 13   13  169 more correct answer
such that x1 ≥ 0, x2 ≥ 0, ..., x 6 ≥ 0 gives
4 5
= 5C 4   ⋅ + 5C 5  
24 1 2 1 n(S ).
Mean = Σ Pi X i = 0 + 1 × +2
169  3 3  3 ∴ The required probability
1 24 2 2 2 1 11 10 − 1
× = + = = 5⋅ 5 + 5 = 5 C 9
C 137
169 169 169 13 3 3 3 = 1 − 10 + 6 − 1 6 − 1 = 1 − 15 5 =
C 6 −1 C 5 143
36 We have, n = 5and r ≥ 1
SESSION 2 6 The probability of both drawing the
∴ P ( X = r ) = nC r p n − r q r , B B B B B B B B
common card x, P ( X ) = (Probability of A
∴ P ( X ≥ 1) = 1 − P ( X = 0) 1 −W −W −W −W −W −W −W −
drawing the card x and any other
31 10! 8! card y) × ( Probability of B drawing the
= 1 − 5C 0 . p 5 .q 0 ≥ n (S ) = n (E ) = 8C3 =
32 (7!) (3!) (3!)(5!) card x and a card other than y)
31 1 51 50
⇒ p5 ≤ 1 − = [because there are 8 places for C C
= 52 1 × 52 1 ∀ x,
32 32 3 black balls] C2 C2
8!
and p ≥ 0 ⇒ p ∈  0, 
1 1
∴ p≤ where x has 52 values.
2  2  (3!)(5!) (8!)(7!)
∴ P (E ) = = ∴ Required probability = Σ P ( X )
10! (10!)(5!)
37 Let the coin was tossed n times and X 51 × 50 × 4 50
(7!)(3!) = 52 × =
be the random variable representing the 7⋅ 6 7 52 × 51 × 52 × 51 663
= =
number of head appearing in n trials. 10 ⋅ 9 15
7 Let X be the money won in one throw. combination is correct. The probability So, A and B are not independent.
Money lost in 1 throw = ` 1 of ticking the alternative correctly at the P ( A ∪ B ) = 1, P ( A ) + P (B )
1 1 2 2
Also, probability of getting 3 = first trial is that at the second trial is = + ≠ P(A ∪ B)
6 15 3 3
Probability of getting 1 or 6  14   1  = 1 and that at the So, A and B are not mutually exclusive.
   
1 1 2  15  14  15
⇒ + = 12 Total number of ways of selecting
6 6 6 third trial is
2 different numbers from
Probability of getting any other number  14   13   1  = 1
      {0, 1, 2, ..., 10} = 11 C2 = 55
i.e. 2 or 4 or 5  15  14   13  15
Let two numbers selected be x and y.
1 1 1 3 Thus, the probability that the candidate
= + + = Then, x + y = 4m …(i)
6 6 6 6 will get marks on the question, if he is
and x − y = 4n …(ii)
Then, probability distribution is allowed up to three trials is
1 1 1 1 ⇒ 2 x = 4(m + n ) and 2 y = 4(m − n )
X 5 2 0 + + = ⇒ x = 2(m + n ) and y = 2(m − n )
15 15 15 5
1 2 3 Thus, x and y both are even numbers.
P(X)
6 6 6
10 Here, n(S ) = 100
C3
x y
As the AM of three numbers is 25, their
Then, expected money that player can 0 4, 8
sum = 75
be won 2 6, 10
∴ n(E ) = the number of integral
5 4 9
E ( X ) = + + 0 = = ` 1. 5 solutions of x1 + x2 + x3 = 75, 4 0, 8
6 6 6
where, x1 ≥ 1, x2 ≥ 1, x3 ≥ 1 6 2, 10
Thus, player’s expected profit 75−1
C3 −1 = 74C2 = 74C72 8 0, 4
= ` 1.5 − ` 1 = 0.50 74 74
C C 10 2, 6
∴ P (E ) = 100 72 = 100 72
8 Let X denote the number of correct C3 C 97
6
answer given by the student. The ∴ Required probability =
repeated tosses of a coin are Bernoulli 11 A = the event of ( x, y ) belonging 55
trials. Since, head on a coin represent to the area OTQPO 13 Let E = event when each American man
the true answer and tail represents the B = the event of ( x, y ) belonging
false answer, the correctly answered of is seated adjacent to his wife and
to the area OSQRO A = event when Indian man is seated
the question are Bernoulli trials.
Y adjacent of his wife.
∴ p = P (a success) = P(coin show up a
1 1 1 x2 = y Now, n ( A ∩ E ) = (4!) × (2!)5
head) = and q = 1 − p = 1 − = y2 = x QWhile grouping each couple, we get 5
2 2 2 1 R Q
So, X has a binomial distribution with groups which can be arranged in (5 − 1)!
1 1 ways, and each of the group can be
n = 20, p = and q = arranged in 2! ways.
2 2 T
r 20 − r and n(E ) = (5!) × (2!)4
 1  1
∴ P (X = r ) = Cr ⋅    
20
S QWhile grouping each American man
 2  2
with his wife, we get 4 groups. These 4
Hence, P (atleast 12 questions are P x
O 1 groups together with indian man and
answered as true) his wife (total 6) can be arranged in
= P ( X ≥ 12) = P (12) + P (13) P (A) =
ar (OTQPO ) (6–1)! ways and each of the group can
+ P (14) + P (15) + P (16) ar(OPQRO ) be arranged in 2! ways.
n( A ∩ E ) (4!) × (2!)5 2
+ P (17) + P (18) + P (19) + P (20) ∴ P   =
1 A
=
∫ 0
x dx
=  x3 /2  =
2 2
1
E n(E )
=
(5!) × (2!)4
=
5
= C12 p q +
20 12 8 20
C13 p q 13 7
1×1  3  0 3
+ 20
C14 p14q 6 + 20
C15 p15q 5 + 20
C16 p16q 4 1 14 We observe that 71 , 72 , 73 and 74 ends in
ar (OSQRO )
P (B ) = =
∫ 0
y dy
=
2
7, 9, 3 and 1 respectively. Thus, 7l ends
+ 20
C17 p q + C18 p q +
17 3 20 18 2 20
C19 p q 19 1
ar (OPQRO ) 1×1 3 in 7, 9, 3 or 1 according as l is of the
+ 20
C20 p 20
ar (OTQS ) form 4k + 1, 4k + 2, 4k − 1 or 4k,
P (A ∩ B) =
= (20 C12 + 20
C13 + 20
C14 ar (OPQRO ) respectively. If S is the sample space,
1 1 then n(S ) = (100)2 . 7m + 7n is divisible by
+ 20
C15 + 20
C16 + 20
C17 + C18 +
20 20
C19
=
∫ 0
x dx − ∫ 0
x2 dx
5 if (i) m is of the form 4k + 1 and n is of
1 1×1 the form 4k − 1 or (ii) m is of the form
+ 20 C20 ) ⋅
220 2 1 1 4k + 2 and n is of the form 4k or (iii) m
= − =
20
is of the form 4k − 1 and n is of the form
=  
1 3 3 3
(20 C12 + C13 + K +
20 20
C20 ) 4k + 1 or (iv) m is of the form 4k and n
 2 2 2
Q P ( A ) + P (B ) = + ≠ 1
3 3 is of the form 4k + 1.
9 The total number of ways of ticking one So, A and B are not exhaustive. Thus, number of favourable ordered
or more alternatives out of 4 is 2 2 4 pairs (m, n ) = 4 × 25 × 25.
4
C1 + 4C2 + 4C3 + 4C 4 = 15. Out of P ( A ) ⋅ P (B ) = ⋅ = ≠ P ( A ∩ B ) 1
3 3 9 Hence, required probability is .
these 15 combinations only one 4
DAY THIRTY SIX
Mathematical
Reasoning
u Statement (Proposition) u Elementary Operations of Logic u Tautology

u Truth Value and Truth Table u Converse, Inverse and u Contradiction (Fallacy)
Contrapositive of an Implication u Algebra of Statement
Sentence
A sentence is a relatively independent grammatical unit. It can stand alone or it can be
combined with other sentences to form a text, a story etc. Sentences can be divided into
different types as declarative, interrogative, imperative, exclamatory and operative
sentences.
Statement (Proposition)
A statement is a sentence which is either true or false but not both simultaneously i.e.
ambiguous sentence are not considered as statements. PRED
The working nature of statement in logic is same as nature of switch in circuit. MIRROR
ON (1) True (T)
i.e. Switch and Statement u No. of Questions in Exercises (x)—
OFF (0) False (F)
Types of statements
1. Simple statement A statement, which cannot be broken into two or more u Accuracy Level (z / y × 100)—
sentences, is a simple statement. u Prep Level (z / x × 100)—
Generally, small letters p, q , r , . . . denote simple statements. In order to expect good rank in JEE,
2. Compound statement A statement formed by two or more simple statements your Accuracy Level should be
using the words such as “and”, “or”, “not”, “if then”, “if and only if”, is called a above 75.
compound statement.
396 40 DAYS ~ JEE MAIN MATHEMATICS DAY THIRTY SIX
3. Substatements Simple statements which when (ii) If p is statement, then negation of p is denoted by ‘ ~ p.’
combined to form a compound statement are called (iii) The truth table for NOT is given by
substatements or components.
p ~p
NOTE • A true statement is known as a valid statement.
• A false statement is known as an invalid statement. T F
• Imperative, exclamatory, interrogative, optative sentences F T
are not statements.
• Mathematical identities are considered to be statements
because they can either be true or false but not both. 2. Conjunction (AND)
4. Open statement A sentence which contains one or A compound sentence formed by two simple A1 A 2
more variables such that when certain values are given sentences p and q using connective “AND” is
to the variable it becomes a statement, is called an called the conjunction of p and q and is
open statement. represented by p ∧ q .
The truth table for operation ‘AND’ is given by
Truth Value and Truth Table
p q p ∧q
l
A statement can be either ‘true’ or ‘false’, which are called
truth values of a statement and it is represented by the T T T
symbols ‘T’ and ‘F’, respectively.
T F F
l
A table that shows the relationship between the truth
values of compound statement, S ( p, q , r , . . .) and the truth F T F
values of its substatements p, q , r , . . . etc., is called the truth F F F
table of statement S.
l
If a compound statement has simply n substatements, then
there are 2 n rows representing logical possibilities. NOTE • The statement p ∧ q is true, if both p and q are true.
• The statement p ∧ q is false, if atleast one of p and q or both
Logical Connectives or Sentencial are false.
Connectives 3. Disjunction (OR)

Two or more statements are combined to form a compound
A compound sentence formed by two simple sentences p and
statement by using symbols. These symbols are called logical
q using connective “OR” is called the disjunction of p and q
connectives.
and is represented by p ∨ q .
Logical connectives are given below
The truth table for operation ‘OR’ is given by
Words Symbols
p q p ∨q
and ∧
or ∨ T T T
implies that (if ..., then) ⇒ T F T
If and only if (implies and is implied by) ⇔ F T T

F F F
Elementary Operations of Logic NOTE • The statement p ∨ q is true, if atleast one of p and q or both
Formation of compound sentences from simple sentence using are true.
logical connectives are termed as elementary operation of logic. • The statement p ∨ q is false, if both p and q are false.
There are five such operations, which are discussed below.
1. Negation (Inversion) of Statement 4. Implication (Conditional)

A compound sentence formed by two simple sentences p
(i) A statement which is formed by changing the truth value
of a given statement by using word like ‘no’ or ‘not’ is and q using connective “if ... then ...” is called the
called negation of a given statement. It represents the implication of p and q and represented by p ⇒ q which is
symbol ‘~’. read as “ p implies q”.
DAY THIRTY SIX MATHEMATICAL REASONING 397
Here, p is called antecedent or hypothesis and q is called

consequent or conclusion.
Tautology
A compound statement is called a tautology, if it has truth
The truth table for if … then is given by
value T whatever may be the truth value of its compounds.
p q p⇒q ~p ~p ∨ q
Statement ( p ⇒ q ) ∧ p ⇒ q is a tautology.
T T T F T The truth table of above statement is prepared as follows.
T F F F F p q p ⇒q p ⇒q ∧ p ( p ⇒ q) ∧ p ⇒ q
F T T T T
T T T T T
F F T T T
T F F F T
It is clear from the truth table that column III is equal to
column V. i.e. statement p ⇒ q is equivalent to ~ p ∨ q . F T T F T
F F T F T
5. Biconditional Statement
Two simple sentences connected by the phrase “if and only
if,” form a biconditional statement. It is represented by the
Contradiction (Fallacy)
symbol ‘⇔’. A compound statement is called contradiction, if its truth
The truth table for if and only if is given by value is F whatever may be the truth value of its components.
Statement ~ p ∧ p is a contradiction.
p q p⇔q ~p ~ q ~p ∨ q p ∨~q (~ p ∨ q )
The truth table of above statement is prepared as follows
∧ (p ∨ ~ q)
p ~p ~p ∧ p
T T T F F T T T
T F F F T F T F T F F
F T F
F T F T F T F F
F F T T T T T T A statement which is neither a tautology nor a contradiction is
a contigency.
NOTE • It is clear from the truth table that column III is equal to
column VIII. i.e. statement p ⇔ q is equivalent to Algebra of Statement
(~ p ∨ q) ∧( p∨ ~ q).
Some of the important laws considered under the category of
• The statement p ⇔ q is true, if either both are true or both
are false. algebra of statements are given as
• The statement p ⇔ q is false, if exactly one of them is false. 1. Idempotent Laws
For any statement p, we have
Converse, Inverse and (a) p ∧ p ≡ p (b) p ∨ p ≡ p
2. Commutative Laws
Contrapositive of an Implication For any two statements p and q , we have
For any two statements p and q, (a) p ∧ q ≡ q ∧ p (b) p ∨ q ≡ q ∨ p
(i) Converse of the implication ‘if p, then q’ is ‘if q, then p’ 3. Associative Laws
i.e. q ⇒ p For any three statements p, q and r , we have
(ii) Inverse of the implication ‘if p, then q’ is ‘if ~ p, then (a) ( p ∧ q) ∧ r ≡ p ∧ (q ∧ r)
~q ’ i.e. ~ p →~ q . (b) ( p ∨ q) ∨ r ≡ p ∨ (q ∨ r)
(iii) Contrapositive of the implication ‘if p, then q’ is ‘if ~q, 4. Distributive Laws
then ~ p’ i.e. ~ q →~ p.
(a) p ∨ (q ∧ r) ≡ ( p ∨ q) ∧ ( p ∨ r)
(b) p ∧ (q ∨ r) ≡ ( p ∧ q) ∨ ( p ∧ r)
NOTE • ~ ( p ⇒ q) ≡ ~ (~ pvq) = { p ∧ (~ q)} ∴ ~ ( p ⇔ q) ≡ { p ∧ (~ q)}
5. Involution Laws
• ~ ( p ⇒ q) ≡ ( p ∧ ~ q) ∨ ( q∧ ~ p) For any statement p, we have ~(~ p) ≡ p
• p⇒q=~p∨q
6. De-morgan’s Laws
• ( p ⇔ q) ⇔ r = p ⇔ ( q ⇔ r ) (a) ~ ( p ∧ q) = ~ p ∨ ~ q
• p ⇔ q = ( p ⇒ q) ∧ ( q ⇒ p) (b) ~ ( p ∨ q) = ~ p ∧ ~ q
7. Complement Laws 9. Duality

For any statement p ,we have l
Two compound statements S1 and S2 are said to be
(a) p ∨ ~ p ≡ T (b) p ∧ ~ p ≡ F duals of each other, if one can be obtained from the
(c) ~ T ≡ F (d) ~ F ≡ T other by replacing ∧ by ∨ and ∨ by ∧.
8. Identity Laws l
The connectives ∧ and ∨ are also called duals of
For any statement p, we have each other.
(a) p ∧ T ≡ p (b) p ∨ F ≡ p l
Symbolically, it can be written as , if
(c) p ∨ T ≡ T (d) p ∧ F ≡ F S ( p, q ) = p ∧ q , then its dual is S * ( p, q ) = p ∨ q .
where, T and F are the true and false statement.

1 Which of the following is not a statement? j NCERT Exemplar 7 The logically equivalent proposition of p ⇔ q is
(a) Smoking is injurious to health (a) (p ∧ q) ∨ (p ∧ q) (b) (p ⇒ q) ∧ (q ⇒ p)
(b) 2 + 2 = 4 (c) (p ∧ q) ∨ (q ⇒ p) (d) (p ∧ q) ⇒ (p ∨ q)
(c) 2 is the only even prime number 8 If both p and q are false, then
(d) Come here (a) p ∧ q is true (b) p ∨ q is true
(c) p ⇒ q is true (d) p ⇔ q is false
2 The negation of the statement
“72 is divisible by 2 and 3” is j
NCERT Exemplar 9 The negation of ‘12 > 4’ is
(a) 72 is not divisible by 2 or 72 is not divisible by 3 (a) 12 ≤ 4 (b) 13 > 5 (c) 12 > 3 (d) 12 ≥ 4
(b) 72 is not divisible by 2 and 72 is not divisible by 3 10 Which among the following is not a negation of ‘The Sun
(c) 72 is divisible by 2 and 72 is not divisible by 3 is a star’?
(d) 72 is not divisible by 2 and 72 is divisible by 3 (a) The Sun is not a star.
3 The dual of the statement ( p ∨ q ) ∨ r is (b) It is not the case that Sun is a star.
(c) It is false that the Sun is a star.
(a) (p ∧ q) ∨ r (b) (p ∧ q) ∧ r
(c) (p ∨ q) ∧ r (d) None of these (d) It is true that the Sun is a star.
4 Choose disjunction among the following sentences 11 Which of the following is not equivalent to p ↔ q ?
(a) It is raining and the Sun is shining (a) p if and only if q
(b) Ram and Shyam are good friends (b) p is necessary and sufficient for q
(c) 2 or 3 is a prime number (c) q if and only if p
(d) Everyone who lies in India is an Indian (d) None of the above
5 Which among the following is not a conjunction? 12 For integers m and n, both greater than 1, consider the
(a) Gautam and Rahul are good friends following three statements j
JEE Mains 2013
(b) The Earth is round and the Sun is hot 2
P : m divides n Q : m divides n R : m is prime, then
(c) 9 > 4 and 12 > 15
(a) Q ∧ R → P (b) P ∧ Q → R
(c) Q → R (d) Q → P
6 If p : a natural number n is odd and q : natural number n
13 If p and q are two statements such that
is not divisible by 2, then the biconditional statement
p : the questions paper is easy
p ⇔ q is j
NCERT
q : we shall pass,
(a) A natural number n is odd if and only if it is divisible by 2 then the symbolic statement ~ p → ~ q means
(b) A natural number n is odd if and only if it is not divisible (a) If the question paper is easy, then we shall pass
by 2 (b) If the question paper is not easy, then we shall not pass
(c) If a natural number n is odd, then it is not divisible by 2 (c) The question paper is easy and we shall pass
(d) None of the above (d) The question paper is easy or we shall pass
14 For the following three statements (b) If you take the dinner, you will get a sweet dish
p : 2 is an even number (c) You get a sweet dish if and only if you take the dinner
q : 2 is a prime number.
r : Sum of two prime numbers is always even, then the 21 Let S be a non-empty subset of R. Consider the following
symbolic statement ( p ∧ q ) → ~ r means statement
(a) 2 is an even and prime number and the sum of two P : There is a rational number x ∈ S such that x > 0 .
prime numbers is always even Which of the following statements is the negation of the
(b) 2 is an even and prime number and the sum of two statement P? j AIEEE 2010
prime numbers is not always even (a) There is a rational number x ∈ S such that x ≤ 0
(c) 2 is an even and prime number, then the sum of two (b) There is no rational number x ∈ S such that x ≤ 0
prime numbers is not always even (c) Every rational number x ∈ S satisfies x ≤ 0
(d) 2 is an even and prime number, then the sum of two (d) x ∈ S and x ≤ 0 ⇒ x is not rational
prime numbers is always even 22 The contra positive of p → (~ q →~ r ) is
15 The converse of the statement (a) (~ q ∧ r ) →~ p (b) (q ∧ ~ r ) →~ p
“If x > y , then x + a > y + a” is j NCERT Exemplar (c) p → (~ r ∨ q) (d) p ∧ (q ∧ r )
(a) If x < y, then x + a < y + a (b) If x + a > y + a, then x > y 23 p ∨ ~ ( p ∧ q ) is a
(c) If x < y, then x + a > y + a (d) If x > y, then x + a < y + a (a) contradiction (b) contingency
16 Consider the following statements (c) tautology (d) None of these
p : If a number is divisible by 10, then it is divisible 24 If p, q and r are simple propositions with truth values T, F,
by 5. T respectively, then the truth value of (~ p ∨ q ) ∧ ~ q → p
q : If a number is divisible by 5, then it is divisible is
by 10. (a) true (b) false
(c) true, if r is false (d) None of these
Then, the correct option is
(a) q is converse of p (b) p is converse of q 25 The statement p → (q → p ) is equivalent to
(c) p is not converse of q (d) Both (a) and (b) j
JEE Mains 2013
17 The negation of the statement. “If I become a teacher, (a) p → q (b) p → (p ∨ q)
(c) p → (p → q) (d) p → (p ∧ q)
then I will open a school”, is j
AIEEE 2012
(a) I will become a teacher and I will not open a school 26 The statement ( p → q ) → [(~ p → q ) → q ] is
(b) Either I will not become a teacher or I will not open a j
JEE Mains 2017
school (a) a tautology
(c) Neither I will become a teacher nor I will open a school (b) equivalent to ~ p → q
(d) I will not become a teacher or I will open a school (c) equivalent to p → ~ q
(d) a fallacy
18 Find the contrapositive of “If two triangles are identical,
then these are similar”. 27 Let p and q be two statements. Then,
(~ p ∨ q ) ∧ (~ p ∧ ~ q ) is a
(a) If two triangles are not similar, then these are not
identical (a) tautology
(b) If two triangles are not identical, then these are not (b) contradiction
similar (c) neither tautology nor contradiction
(c) If two triangles are not identical, then these are similar (d) both tautology and contradiction
(d) If two triangles are not similar, then these are identical 28 The proposition ( p ⇒ ~ p ) ∧ (~ p ⇒ p ) is
19 The contrapositive of the statement (a) contigency
(b) neither tautology nor contradiction
“If 7 is greater than 5, then 8 is greater than 6” is (c) contradiction
j
NCERT Exemplar (d) tautology
(a) If 8 is greater than 6, then 7 is greater than 5
(b) If 8 is not greater than 6, then 7 is greater than 5 29 If p and q are two statements, then
(c) If 8 is not greater than 6, then 7 is not greater than 5 ( p ⇒ q ) ⇔ (~ q ⇒ ~ p ) is a
(d) If 8 is greater than 6,then 7 is not greater than 5 (a) contradiction (b) tautology
(c) neither (a) nor (b) (d) None of these
20 The conditional statement of
“You will get a sweet dish after the dinner” is 30 The proposition S : ( p ⇒ q ) ⇔ (~ p ∨ q ) is
j
NCERT Exemplar (a) a tautology (b) a contradiction
(a) If you take the dinner, then you will get a sweet dish (c) either (a) or (b) (d) neither (a) nor (b)
31 The statement ~ ( p ↔~ q ) is 36 The proposition ~ ( p ⇒ q ) ⇒ (~ p ∨ ~ q ) is

(a) equivalent to p ↔ q (b) equivalent to ~ p ↔ q (a) a tautology (b) a contradiction
(c) a tautology (d) a fallacy (c) either (a) or (b) (d) neither (a) nor (b)
32 The false statement in the following is 37 The negation of the compound proposition is p ∨ (~ p ∨ q )
(a) p ∧ (~ p) is a contradiction
(a) (p ∧ ~ q) ∧ ~ p (b) (p ∨ ~ q) ∨ ~ p
(b) (p → q) ↔ (~ q → ~ p) is a contradiction
(c) ~ (~ p) ↔ p is a tautology (c) (p ∧ ~ q) ∨ ~ p (d) None of these
(d) p ∨ (~ p) is a tautology 38 The negation of ~ s ∨ (~ r ∧ s ) is equivalent to
33 Among the following statements, which is a tautology? j JEE Mains 2015
(a) p ∧ (p ∨q) (b) p ∨ (p ∧ q) (a) s ∧ ~ r (b) s ∧ (r ∧ ~ s)
(c) [p ∧ (p → q)] → q (d) q → [p ∧ (p → q)] (c) s ∨ (r ∨ ~ s) (d) s ∧ r
34 Consider the following statements 39 ~ S ( p, q ) is equivalent to

P : Suman is brilliant. (a) S * (~ p, ~ q) (b) S * (p, ~ q)
(c) S * (~ p, q) (d) None of these
Q : Suman is rich.
R : Suman is honest. 40 Let p : 25 is a multiple of 5.
The negative of the statement.‘Suman is brilliant and q : 25 is a multiple of 8.
dishonest if and only if Suman is rich.’ can be expressed Statement I The compound statement “p and q” is false.
as j AIEEE 2011
Statement II The compound statement “p or q” is false.
(a) ~ (Q ↔ (P ∧ ~ R)) (b) ~ (Q ↔ P ∧ R) Choose the correct option
(c) ~ (P ∧ ~ R) ↔ Q (d) ~ P ∧ (Q ↔~ R)
(a) Only Statement I is correct
35 The statement ( p ⇒ q ) ⇔ (~ p ∧ q ) is a (b) Only Statement II is correct
(a) tautology (b) contradiction (c) Both statements are correct
(d) Both statements are incorrect
(c) neither (a) nor (b) (d) None of these

1 If p : 4 is an even prime number, q : 6 is divisor of 12 and 5 Which of the following is a tautology?
r : the HCF of 4 and 6 is 2, then which one of the (a) (p → q) ∧ (p → q) (b) (p → q) ∨ (p → q)
following is true? (c) (p → q) ∨ (q → p) (d) None of these
(a) (p ∧ q) (b) (p ∨ q) ∧ ~ r 6 Let p and q stand for the statements ‘2 × 4 = 8’
(c) ~ (q ∧ r ) ∨ p (d) ~ p ∨ (q ∧ r )
and ‘4 divides 7’, respectively. Then, what are the truth
2 An equivalent expression for ( p ⇒ q ∧ r ) ∨ (r ⇔ s ) which values for following biconditional statements?
contains neither the biconditional nor the conditional is (i) p ↔ q (ii) ~ p ↔ q
(a) (~ p ∨ q ∧ r ) ∨ ((~ r ∨ s) ∧ (r ∨ ~ s)) (iii) ~ q ↔ p (iv) ~ p ↔ ~ q
(b) (~ p ∧ q ∧ r ) ∨ ((~ r ∨ s) ∧ (r ∨ ~ s)) (a) T T T T (b) F T T T
(c) (~ p ∨ q ∧ r ) ∧ ((~ r ∨ s) ∨ (r ∨ ~ s)) (c) F T F F (d) F T T F
7 The only statement among the followings that is a
3 If ( p ∧ ~ r ) ⇒ (~ p ∨ q ) is false, then the truth values of tautology is AIEEE 2011
j
p, q and r respectively (a) B → [A ∧ (A → B)] (b) A ∧ (A ∨ B)

(a) T, F and F (b) F, F and T (c) A ∨ (A ∧ B) (d) [A ∧ (A → B)] → B
(c) F, T and T (d) T, F and T
8 Which of the following is not correct?
4 The Boolean expression ( p ∧ ~ q ) ∨ q ∨ (~ p ∧ q ) is (a) ~ (p ∧ q) = (~ p) ∨ (~ q)
equivalent to j
JEE Mains 2016 (b) Truth value of p ∧ q = truth value of q ∧ p
(a) ~ p ∧ q (b) p ∧ q (c) ~ (~ p) = p
(c) p ∨ q (d) p ∨ ~ q (d) p ⇔ q ≡ (p ⇒ q) ∨ (q ⇒ p)
9 ~ ( p ⇒ q ) ⇔~ p ∨ ~ q is 14 Consider
(a) a tautology (b) a contradiction Statement I ( p ∧ ~ q ) ∧ (~ p ∧ q ) is a fallacy.
(c) neither a tautology nor a contradiction Statement II ( p → q ) ↔ (~ q → p ) is a tautology.
(d) cannot come to any conclusion j JEE Mains 2013
10 Which of the following is wrong statement? (a) Statement I is true; Statement II is true; Statement II is a
(a) p → q is logically equivalent to ~ p ∨ q correct explanation for Statement I
(b) If the truth values of p, q, r are T, F, T respectively, then (b) Statement I is true; Statement II is true; Statement II is
the truth value of (p ∨ q) ∧ (q ∨ r ) is T not a correct explanation for Statement I
(c) ~ (∨ q ∨ q ∨ r ) ≅ ~ p ∧ ~ q ∧ ~ r (c) Statement I is true; Statement II is false
(d) The truth value of p ∧ ~ (p ∨ q) is always T (d) Statement I is false; Statement II is true
11 If p, q and r are simple propositions, then ( p ∧ q ) ∧ (q ∧ r )
15 Statement I The statement A → (B → A ) is equivalent to
is true, then
A → ( A ∨ B ).
(a) p, q and r are true (b) p, q are true and r is false
(c) p is true and q, r are false (d) p, q and r are false Statement II The statement ~ {( A ∧ B ) → (~ A ∨ B )} is
tautology. j JEE Mains 2013
12 ~ p ∧ q is logically equivalent to
(a) p ⇒ q (b) q ⇒ p (a) Statement I is true, Statement II is false
(c) ~ (p ⇒ q) (d) ~ (q ⇒ p) (b) Statement I is true, Statement II is true; Statement II is
13 Which of the following is true for any two statements p
(c) Statement I is true, Statement II is true; Statement II is a
and q?
(a) ~ [p ∨ ~ q] ≡ ~ p ∧ q (b) ~ p ∧ q is a fallacy
(c) p ∨ ~ q is a tautology (d) p ∨ ~ p is a contradiction
ANSWERS
SESSION 1 1 (d) 2 (a) 3 (b) 4 (c) 5 (a) 6 (b) 7 (b) 8 (c) 9 (a) 10 (d)
11 (d) 12 (a) 13 (b) 14 (c) 15 (b) 16 (d) 17 (a) 18 (a) 19 (c) 20 (a)
21 (c) 22 (a) 23 (c) 24 (a) 25 (b) 26 (a) 27 (c) 28 (c) 29 (b) 30 (a)
31 (a) 32 (b) 33 (c) 34 (a) 35 (c) 36 (a) 37 (a) 38 (d) 39 (a) 40 (a)
SESSION 2 1 (d) 2 (a) 3 (a) 4 (c) 5 (c) 6 (d) 7 (d) 8 (d) 9 (c) 10 (d)
11 (a) 12 (d) 13 (a) 14 (b) 15 (c)

SESSION 1 17 Let us assume that p : ‘I become a teacher’ and q : I will open a
1 In option (a), (b) and (c). school. Then, we can easily ascertain that
Negation of ( p → q ) is ~ ( p → q ) = p ∧ ~ q , which means that ‘I
It is a declarative sentence, which is clearly true, therefore it is
will become a teacher and I will not open a school.’
a true statement.
In option (d), it is an imperative sentence, therefore it is not a 18 Consider the following statements
statement. p : Two triangles are identical.
q : Two triangles are similar.
2 The negation of the given statement is “72 is not divisible by Clearly, the given statement in symbolic form is p ⇒ q .
2 or 72 is not divisible by 3”. So, its contrapositive is given by ~ q ⇒ ~ p.
3 According to definition let s ( p ,q ) = p ∧ q be a compound 19 The contrapositive of the given statement is “If 8 is not greater
statement. Then, s * ( p,q ) = p ∨ q , than 6, then 7 is not greater than 5.
Therefore, the dual of ( p ∨ q ) ∨ r is ( p ∧ q ) ∧ r . 20 The conditional statement of given statement is “If you take the
4 In disjunction, two sentences are connected with ‘OR’. dinner, then you will get a sweet dish”.
5 In the sentence, ‘Gautam and Rahul are good friends’, the word 21 P : There is rational number x ∈ S such that x > 0.
‘and’ is not a connective. So, this sentence is not a conjunction. ~ P : Every rational number x ∈ S satisfies x ≤ 0.
6 Given, p : A natural number n is odd and q : natural number n is 22 The contrapositive of p → q is ~ q →~ p

not divisible by 2. The biconditional statement p ⇔ q i.e. “A ∴Contrapositive of p → (~ q →~ r ) is ~ (~ q →~ r ) →~ p
natural number n is odd if and only if it is not divisible by 2”.  Q~ ( p → q ) ≡ p ∧ ~ q 
≡ (~ q ∧ r ) →~ p
∴~ (~ q →~ r ) ≡~ q ∧ r 
7 ( p ⇒ q ) ∧ (q ⇒ p ) means p ⇔ q. Hence, option (b) is correct.  
8 If both p and q are false, then p ⇒ q is true. 23 p q p∧q ~ ( p ∧ q) p ∨ ~ ( p ∧ q)
9 Negation is a denial of a statement. T T T F T

So, 12 ≤ 4 is correct option. T F F T T
10 The denial of any statement is called its negation. F T F T T
‘It is true that the Sun is a star’ is an assertion of the given
statement. F F F T T
11 Options (a), (b) and (c) are equivalent to p ↔ q.

2
~p∨q (~ p ∨ q ) (~ p ∨ q )
12 P : n ; Q : n ; R : m is prime. 24 p q r ~ p ~q
∧~ q ∧~ q → p
m m
Let m = 5, p = 10, n2 = 100, m = 3, n = 12, n2 = 144 T F T F T F F T
m = 7, n = 14, n2 = 196 25
So, P ,Q and R are true statements. p q q→ p p → ( q → p) p∨q p → ( p ∨ q)
∴ Q ∧R = T∧T→ T = P T T T T T T
13 Given, p : The question paper is easy and q : We shall pass T F T T T T
given.
F T F T T T
The symbolic representation of given option are
(a) : p → q (b) : ~ p → ~ q (c) : p ∧ q (d) : p ∨ q F F T T F T
14 Given, p : 2 is an even number So, statement p → (q → p ) is logically equivalent to p → ( p ∨ q ).
q : 2 is a prime number
r : sum of two prime numbers is always even. 26 The truth table of the given expression is given below :
The symbolic representation of given option (s) are p q x ≡ p → q ~ p ~p → q y ≡ (~ p → q ) → q x→ y
(a) : p ∧ q ∧ r (b) : p ∧ q ∧ ~ r
(c) : p ∧ q ⇒ ~ r (d) : p ∧ q ⇒ r T T T F T T T
15 Converse statement is “If x + a > y + a, then x > y ”. T F F F- T F T
16 The converse of the statement “if p then q” is “if q then p”. F T T T T T T
Given statements are
F F T T F T T
p : if a number is divisible by 10, it is divisible by 5.
q : if a number is divisible by 5, then it is divisible by 10. Hence, it is a tautology.
It is clear that q is converse of p and p is converse of q.
p q ~p ~q (~ p ∨ q ) (~ p ∧ ~ q ) (~ p ∨ q ) ∧ 33 p ∧ ( p ∨ q ) is F, when p ≡ F
27 (~ p ∧ ~ q ) p ∨ ( p ∧ q ) is F, when p ≡ F, q ≡ F
and q → [ p ∧ ( p → q )] is F, when p ≡ F, q ≡ T
T T F F T F F So, for [ p ∧ ( p → q )] → q ≡ [ p ∧ (~ p ∨ q )] → q
≡ [{ p ∧ (~ p )} ∨ ( p ∧ q )] → q
T F F T F F F
34 Suman is brilliant and dishonest, if and only if Suman is rich, is
F T T F T F F expressed as, Q ↔ (P ∧ ~ R )
So, negation of it will be ~ (Q ↔ (P ∧ ~ R )).
F F T T T T T
35
Hence, it is neither tautology nor contradiction. p q ~p p⇒q ~p∧q ( p ⇒ q ) ⇔ (~ p ∧ q )
28 T T F T F F
p ~p p ⇒~p ~p ⇒ p ( p ⇒ ~ p ) ∧ (~ p ⇒ p ) T F F F F T
F T T T T T
F T T F F
F F T T F F
T F F T F
36 By truth table
∴Statement is contradiction.
p q ~ p ~ q p ⇒ q ~( p ⇒ q ) ~ p ∨~ q ~ ( p ⇒ q)
29 ⇒ (~ p ∨~q )
p q ~q ~ p ~q ⇒~ p p⇔q ( p ⇒ q) ⇔ T T F F T F F T
(~ q ⇒ ~ p ) T F F T F T T T
T T F F T T T F T T F T F T T
T F T F F F T F F T T T F T T
F T F T T T T Hence, given proposition is a tautology.

F F T T T T T 37 Since, S : ~ ( p ∨ (~ p ∨ q ))
⇒ S : ~ p ∧ ~ (~ p ∨ q ) (De-Morgan’s Law)
Hence, it is tautology.
⇒ S : ~ p ∧ ( p ∧ ~ q ) (De-Morgan’s law)
30
p q p⇒q (~ p ∨ q ) ( p ⇒ q ) ⇔ (~ p ∨ q ) 38 ~ (~ s ∨ (~ r ∧ s)) ≡ s ∧ (~ (~ r ∧ s)) ≡ s ∧ (r ∨ ~ s)
~p
≡ (s ∧ r ) ∨ (s ∧ ~ s) ≡ (s ∧ r ) ∨ F [Q s ∧ ~ s is false]
T T T F T T ≡ s∧r
T F F F F T 39 Q ~ S ( p, q ) = ~ ( p ∧ q ) = (~ p ) ∨ (~ q ) = S * (~ p, ~ q )
F T T T T T 40 I. Compound statement with ‘AND’ is 25 is a multiple of 5

and 8.
F F T T T T
This is a false statement. Since, p is true but q is false.
Since, all values of given proposition is true, hence it is a [since, 25 is divisible by 5 but not divisible by 8]
tautology.
II. Compound statement with ‘OR’ is
31 25 is a multiple of 5 or it is a multiple of 8.
p q ~p ~q q ↔ q p ↔ ~ q ~ p ↔ q ~( p ↔ ~ q )
This is a true statement. Since, p is true and q is false.
T F F T F T T F
SESSION 2
F T T F F T T F
1 Given that, p : 4 is an even prime number.
T T F F T F F T q : 6 is a divisor of 12 and r : the HCF of 4 and 6 is 2.
F F T T T F F T So, the truth value of the statements p,q and r are F, T and T,
respectively.
~ ( p ↔ ~ q ) is equivalent to ( p ↔ q ). Hence, ~ p ∨ (q ∧ r ) is true.
32 p → q is equivalent to ~ q → ~ p 2 ( p ⇒ q ∧ r ) ∨ ( r ⇔ s) ≡ ( p ⇒ q ∧ r ) ∨ [(~ r ∨ s) ∧ (r ∨ ~ s)]
∴ ( p → q ) ↔ (~ q → ~ p ) ≡ (~ p ∨ q ∧ r ) ∨ [(~ r ∨ s ) ∧ (r ∨ ~ s )]
is a tautology but not a contradiction. [Q p ⇒ q ∧ r ≡ ~ p ∨ (q ∧ r )]
3 Truth table 8
p q ~p ~q ( p ∧ q) ~ ( p ∧ q)
p q r ~ p ~r p ∧~ r ~p∨q ( p ∧ ~r )
⇒ (~p ∨ q ) T T F F T F
T T T F F F T T T F F T F T
T T F F T T T T F T T F F T
T F T F F F F T
F F T T F T
T F F F T T F F ( p ⇔ q)
~ p∨ ~q q∧ p p⇔q p⇒q q⇒ p
F T T T F F T T ∨ ( q ⇒ p)
F T F T T F T T F T T T T T
F F T T F F T T T F F F T T
F F F T T F T T T F F T F T
Since, ( p ∧ ~ r ) ⇒ (~ p ∨ q ) is F. T F T T F T
Then, p = T, q = F, r = F
It is clear from the table that false statement is
4 Consider, ( p ∧ ~ q ) ∨ q ∨ (~ p ∧ q )
p ⇔ q ≡ ( p ⇒ q ) ∨ (q ⇒ p )
≡ [( p ∧ ~ q ) ∨ q] ∨ (~ p ∧ q )
Hence, it is clear from the table that p ⇔ q and
≡ [( p ∨ q ) ∧ (~ q ∨ q )] ∨ (~ p ∧ q )
( p ⇒ q ) ∨ (q ⇒ p ) is not logically equilibrium.
≡ [( p ∨ q ) ∧ t ] ∨ (~ p ∧ q )
≡ ( p ∨ q ) ∨ (~ p ∧ q ) 9
≡ ( p ∨ q ∨ ~ p) ∧ ( p ∨ q ∨ q ) p q p⇔q ~ ( p ⇔ q)
≡ (q ∨ t ) ∧ ( p ∨ q ) ≡ t ∧ ( p ∨ q ) ≡ p ∨ q T T T F
5 Truth Table T F F T
( p→ q ) ( p→ q ) ( p→ q ) F T F T
p q p→ q q→ p
∧ ( p→ q ) ∨ ( p→ q ) ∨ ( q→ p )
F F T F
T T T T T T T
~p ~q ~ p∨ ~q ~ ( p ⇔ q)
T F F T F F T ⇔ ~ p ∨~ q
F T T F T T T
F F F T
F F T T T T T
F T T T
So, only ( p → q ) ∨ (q → p ) is a tautology.
T F T T
6 Since, p is true and q is false ⇒ ~ p is false and ~ q is true.
p ↔ q is F [since, p is true, q is false] T T T F
~ p ↔ q is T [since, ~ p is false, q is false]
~ q ↔ p is T [since, ~ q is true, p is true] Last column shows that result is neither a tautology nor a
~ p ↔ ~ q is F [since, ~ p is false, ~ q is true] contradiction.
10 The truth tables of p → q and ~ p ∨ q are given below
7 A B A∨B A∧B A ∨ ( A ∨ B) A ∨ ( A ∧ B) p q ~p p→ q ~p ∨q
T T T T T T T T F T T
T F T F T T T F F F F
F T T T T
F T T F T F
F F T T T
F F F F F F
B→ Clearly, truth tables of p → q and ~ p ∨ q are same.
A→ B A ∧ (A → B) A ∧ ( A→ B ) → B So, p → q is logically equivalent to ~ p ∨ q .
( A ∧ ( A → B ))
Hence, option (a) is correct.
T T T T
If the truth value of p, q, r are T, F, T respectively, then the
F F T T truth values of p ∨ q and q ∨ r are each equal to T. Therefore,
the truth value of ( p ∨ q ) ∧ (q ∨ r ) is T.
T F T F
Hence, option (b) is correct.
T F T T We know that, ~ ( p ∨ q ∨ r ) ≅ (~ p ∧ ~ q ∧ ~ r )
So, option (c) is correct.
Since, the truth value of all the elements in the column
A ∧(A → B)→ B If p is true and q is false, then p ∨ q is true. Consequently
So, A ∧ ( A → B ) → B is tautology. ~ ( p ∨ q ) is false and hence p ∧ ~ ( p ∨ q ) is false.
Hence, option (d) is wrong.
11 p q r p∧q p∧r ( p ∧ q) ∧ ( q ∧ r ) 14 Statement II ( p → q ) ↔ (~ q → ~ p )

≡ (p → q) ↔ (p → q)
T F F F F F
which is always true, so Statement II is true.
T F T F T F Statement I ( p ∧ ~ q ) ∧ (~ p ∧ q )
T T F T F F ≡ p ∧ ~q ∧ ~ p ∧ q ≡ p ∧ ~ p ∧ ~q ∧ q ≡ f ∧ f ≡ f
Hence, it is a fallacy statement. So, Statement I is true.
T T T T T T
Alternate Method
F F F F F F
Statement II ( p → q ) ↔ (~ q → ~ p )
F F T F F F ~ q → ~ p is contrapositive of p → q
F T F F F F Hence, ( p → q ) ↔ ( p → q ) will be a tautology.
Statement I ( p ∧ ~ q ) ∧ (~ p ∧ q )
F T T F F F
p q ~p ~q p ∧ ~q ~p ∧q ( p ∧ ~ q) ∧
p q ~p ~p ∧q p ⇒ q q ⇒ p ~ ( p ⇒ q ) ~( q ⇒ p ) (~p ∧ q )
12.
T T F F T T F F T T F F F F F
T F F F F T T F T F F T T F F
F T T T T F F T F T T F F T F
F F T F T T F F F F T T F F F
It is clear from the above table that columns 4 and 8 are equal. Hence, it is a fallacy.
Hence, ~ p ∧ q is equivalent to ~ (q ⇒ p ).
15
13
p q ~ p ~q ~p∧ q p ∨ ~ q p ∨ ~ p ~ [ p ∨ ~ q] A B A∨B B→ A A∧B ~ A ~ A ∨ B A → ( A ∨ B)
T T T T T F T T
T T F F F T T F
T F T T F F F T
T F F T F T T F
F T T F F T T T
F T T F T F T T
F F T T F T T F F F F T F T T T
So, ~ p ∧ q ≡ ~ [ p ∨ ~ q] and p ∨ ~ p is a tautology.

406 40 DAYS ~ JEE MAIN MATHEMATICS DAY THIRTY SEVEN
DAY THIRTY SEVEN
Unit Test 6
(Statistics, Probability &
Mathematical Reasoning)
1 While shuffling a pack of playing cards, four are
accidently dropped. The probability that the cards are 7 An automobile driver travels from plane to a hill station,
dropped one from each suit is 120 km distant at an average speed of 30 km/h. Then, he
1 2197 3 makes the return trip at an average speed of 25 km/h. He
256 20825 20825 covers another 120 km distance on plane at an average
speed of 50 km/h. His average speed over the entire
2 If p : Ajay works hard, q : Ajay gets good marks, then distance of 360 km will be
proposition ~ p ⇒ ~ q is equivalent to
30 + 25 + 50 25 + 35 + 15
(a) Ajay does not work hard and yet he gets good marks (a) km/h (b) km/h
3 3
(b) Ajay work hard if and only if he gets good marks 3
(c) km/h (d) None of these
(c) If Ajay does not work hard, then he does not get good marks 1 1 1
+ +
(d) None of the above 30 25 50
3 ~ [( p ∨ q ) ∧ ~ ( p ∧ q )] is equivalent to 8 The marks obtained by 60 students in a certain test are
(a) p ⇔ q (b) ~ p ∧ q given below
(c) ~ (p ⇔ q) (d) None of these
Marks 10-20 20-30 30-40 40-50 50-60 60-70 70-80 80-90 90-100
4 Five-digit numbers are formed using the digits 0, 2, 4, 6,
No. of
8 without repeating the digits. If a number so formed is Students
2 3 4 5 6 12 14 10 4
chosen at random, probability that it is divisible by 20 is
(a) 1/2 (b) 1/3 (c) 1/4 (d) 2/5 Find the median of the above data.
5 For a frequency distribution consisting of (a) 68.33 (b) 70
18 observations, the mean and the standard deviation (c) 71.11 (d) None of these
were found to be 7 and 4, respectively. But on 9 Assuming ( p ∨ q ) is true and ( p ∧ q ) is false, state which
comparison with the original data, it was found that a of the following proposition have true values?
figure 12 was miscopied as 21 in calculations. The (a) ~ p ∧ q (b) ~ p ∨ ~ q (c) p ⇔ q (d) None of these
correct mean and standard deviation are
(a) 6.7, 2.7 (b) 6.5, 2.5 10 Let S be the universal set and n ( X ) = k . The probability of
(c) 6.34, 2.34 (d) None of these selecting two subsets A and B of the set X such that
B = A , is
6 A boy is throwing stones at a target. The probability of 1 1 1 1
hitting the target at any trial is 1/2. The probability of (a) (b) (c) (d)
2 2k − 1 2k 3k
hitting the target 5th time at the 10th throw is
10 10 11 The probability that when 12 balls are distributed among
5 63 C5 C4
(a) (b) (c) (d) three boxes, the first box will contain three balls, is
210 29 210 210
29 12
C3 ⋅ 2 9 12
C3 ⋅ 212
312 312 312
DAY THIRTY SEVEN UNIT TEST 6 (STATISTICS, PROBABILITY & MATHEMATICAL REASONING) 407
12 A fair coin is tossed 100 times. The probability of getting 22 The probability that the 14th day of a randomly chosen
tails an odd number of times is month is a Saturday, is
1 1 3 1 1
(a) (b) (c) (d) None of these (a) (b)
2 8 8 12 7
1
13 One mapping is selected at random from all the (c) (d) None of these
84
mappings of the set A = {1, 2, 3, … , n} into itself. The
probability that the mapping selected is one to one is 23 The mean of the numbers
30
given by C0 30C2 30C4 30
C30
1 1
, , ,......, equals to
(a) (b) 1 3 5 31
nn n! 2 30 2 26
(n − 1)! (a) (b)
(c) (d) None of these 31 31
n n −1 2 26
14 A natural number is selected at random from the set 31 × 15
X = {x : 1 ≤ x ≤ 100}. The probability that the number
24 If the mean of a binomial distribution is 25, then its
satisfies the inequation x 2 − 13x ≤ 30 is
standard deviation lies in the interval
9 3 2
(a) (b) (c) (d) None of these (a) [0, 5) (b) (0, 5]
50 20 11
(c) [0, 25) (d) (0, 25)
15 If 0 < P ( A ) < 1, 0 < P (B ) < 1
and P ( A ∪ B ) = P ( A ) + P (B ) − P ( A ) P (B ) , then 25 Let p : She is intelligent and q : She is studious. The
symbolic form of “it is not true that she is not intelligent or
(a) P   = 0 B  = 0
A
(b) P   she is not studious” is
B   A
(a) p ∧ ~ q (b) ~ p ∧ q
(c) P (A′ ∩ B ′) = P (A′) P (B ′) (d) P (A /B) + P (B / A) = 1
(c) p ∧ q (d) None of these
16 A man is known to speak the truth 3 out of 4 times. He
26 The negation of p → (~ p ∨ q ) is
throws a die and reports that it is a six. The probability
that it is actually a six is (a) p ∨ (p ∨ ~ q) (b) p →~ (p ∨ q)
3 1 3 (c) p → q (d) p ∧ ~ q
8 5 4 27 The proposition of ( p ∨ r ) ∧ (q ∨ r ) is equivalent to
17 A letter is taken at random from the letters of the word (a) (p ∧ q) ∨ r (b) (p ∨ q) ∧ r
‘STATISTICS’ and another letter is taken at random from (c) p ∧ (q ∨ r ) (d) p ∨ (q ∧ r )
the letters of the word ‘ASSISTANT’. The probability that 28 Which of the following statement has the truth value ' F ' ?
they are the same letters is
(a) A quadratic equation has always a real root.
1 13 19 5
(a) (b) (c) (d) (b) The number of ways of seating 2 persons in two chairs
45 90 90 18
out of n persons is P (n, 2).
2 2 (c) The cube roots of unity are in GP.
18 An ellipse of eccentricity is inscribed in a circle and
3 (d) None of the above
a point within the circle is chosen at random. The
probability that this point lies outside the ellipse is 29 The variates x and u are related by hu = x − a, then
1 2 1 2 correct relation between σ x and σu is
(a) (b) (c) (d)
3 3 9 9 (a) σ x = hσu (b) σu = hσ x
(c) σ x = a + hσu (d) σu = a + hσ x
19 Four-digit numbers are formed using each of the digit
1, 2, ..., 8 only once. One number from them is picked up 30 Given that, x ∈[ 0 , 1] and y ∈[ 0 , 1]. If A is the event of
at random. The probability that the selected number ( x , y ) satisfying y 2 ≤ x and B is the event of ( x , y )
contains unity is satisfying x 2 ≤ y . Then,
1 1 1
(a) (b) (a) P (A ∩ B) =
2 4 3
1 (b) A, B are exhaustive
8 (c) A, B are mutually exclusive
(d) A, B are independent
20 The mean of 10 numbers is 12.5, the mean of the first six
is 15 and the last five is 10. The sixth number is 31 There are two independent events A and B. The
1
(a) 12 (b) 15 probability that both A and B occurs is and the
(c) 18 (d) None of these 8
1
21 The geometric mean of numbers 7, 72 , 73 , ..., 7n is probability that neither of them occurs is . Then, the
4
(a) 7 7 / n (b) 7 n / 7 probability of the two events are, respectively
(c) 7 ( n − 1) / 2 (d) 7 ( n + 1) / 2
7 ± 17 2 5 ± 14 3 Direction (Q. Nos. 37-40) Each of these questions contains

(a) , (b) ,
16 7 ± 17 16 5 ± 14 two statements : Statement I (Assertion) and Statement II
(Reason). Each of these questions also has four alternative
(c)  ,  ,  , 
1 1 1 1
(d) None of these
 3 2  2 3 choices, only one of which is the correct answer. You have to
select one of the codes (a ), (b), (c) and (d ) given below.
32 If p ⇒ (q ∨ r ) is false, then the truth values of p, q , r are (a) Statement I is true, Statement II is true; Statement II is a
respectively. correct explanation for Statement I
(a) T, F, F (b) F, F, F (c) F, T, T (d) T, T, F (b) Statement I is true, Statement II is true; Statement II is
33 In a factory, workers work in three shifts say shift A,
shift B and shift C and they get wages in the ratio 4 : 5 : 6
depending on the shift A, B and C, respectively. Number
of workers in the shifts are in the ratio 3: 2 :1. If total 37 Suppose two groups of scores A and B are such that
number of workers is 1500 and wages per worker in A = ( x , x + 2, x + 4) and B = ( x − 2, x + 2, x + 6)
shift A is ` 400. The mean wage of a worker is Statement I Group B has more variability than group A.
(a) ` 467 (b) `500 (c) ` 600 (d) ` 400 Statement II The value of mean for group B is more than
34 The odd in favour of standing first of three students that of group A.
appearing in an examination are 1:2, 2:5 and 1:7, 38 Let p : He is poor. q : He is happy.
respectively. The probability that either of them will stand
Statement I The symbolic form of the statement “It is not
first, is
125 75 32 4
true that if he is poor, then he is happy” is ~ ( p ⇒ q ).
(a) (b) (c) (d) Statement II The negation of the above statement
168 168 168 168
2n
is ( p ⇒ ~ q ).
35 Median of C0 ,2 n C1,2 n C2 ,......, 2 nCn (when n is odd) is
39 Let A and B be two independent events.
1  2n 
(a)  C( n − 1) + 2 nC( n + 1)  Statement I If P ( A ) = 0 . 3 and P ( A ∪ B ) = 0.8, then P (B )
2 2 2  2
is .
(b) 2 nCn / 2 7
(c) 2 nCn Statement II P (E ) = 1 − P (E ) , where E is any event.
40 Statement I The statements ( p ∨ q ) ∧ ~ p and ~ p ∧ q
36 The contrapositive of ( p ∨ q ) → r is are logically equivalent.
(a) ~ r → (p ∨ q) (b) r → (p ∨ q) Statement II The end columns of the truth table of both
(c) ~ r → (~ p ∧ ~ q) (d) p → (q ∨ r ) statements are identical.
ANSWERS
1 (b) 2 (c) 3 (a) 4 (c) 5 (b) 6 (b) 7 (c) 8 (a) 9 (b) 10 (b)
11 (b) 12 (a) 13 (c) 14 (b) 15 (c) 16 (a) 17 (c) 18 (b) 19 (a) 20 (b)
21 (d) 22 (c) 23 (b) 24 (a) 25 (c) 26 (d) 27 (a) 28 (a) 29 (a) 30 (a)
31 (a) 32 (a) 33 (a) 34 (a) 35 (a) 36 (c) 37 (c) 38 (c) 39 (b) 40 (a)

4
120 + 120 + 120
1 Required probability = 5213 = 2197 7 Average speed = 11 Since, each ball can be put into any one
C4 20825 120 120 120 of the three boxes, so that total number
+ +
30 25 50 of ways in which 12 balls can be put
2 Given, proposition is equivalent to “If 3 into three boxes is 312 .
Ajay does not work hard, then he does = km/h
1 1 1 The three balls can be chosen in 12 C3
not get good marks”. + +
30 25 50 ways and remaining 9 balls can be put
3 It is clear from the table that column in the remaining 2 boxes in 29 ways.
8
IIIrd and IVth are identical. ∴Required probability
12
C 3 ⋅ 29
Class fi cf =
p q p⇔q ~ [( p ∨ q ) ∧ ~ ( p ∧ q )] 312
10-20 2 2
T T T T
20-30 3 5
12 P ( X = odd number)
T F F F = P ( X = 1) + P ( X = 3) +
30-40 4 9
F T F F K + P ( X = 99)
40-50 5 14 100 100
C1   C3  
F F T T 1 1
50-60 6 20 = 100
+ 100
+K
 2  2
60-70 12 32 100
C 99  
4 The total number of numbers formed is 1
+ 100
5! − 4! = 96. 70-80 14 46  2
100
If a number is divisible by 20, then the
C 99 )  
80-90 10 56 1
last digit is 0 and tens digit must be = (100 C1 + 100
C3 + K + 100
90-100 4 60  2
even. The number of such numbers with 100
= 299 .  
zero at the end is 4! = 24. 1 1
N =
24 1 Here, N = 60 ⇒ = 30  2 2
∴ Required probability = = 2
96 4 ⇒ median class is 60-70. 13 Total number of cases = n n
Σ xi N ∴The number of favourable cases
5 Given, =7 −c
18 = n(n − 1) …2 ⋅ 1 = n!
∴ Median = l + 2 ×h
⇒ Σ x i = 126 f ∴ Required probability
30 − 20 n ! (n − 1)!
Now, correct Σ x i = 126 − 21 + 12 = 117 = 60 + × 10 = n =
Σ x i 117 12 n n n −1
∴ True mean = = = 6. 5
18 18 100 14 Total number of ways = 100
= 60 +
Σ xi2
12 Given, x2 − 13 x ≤ 30
Since, − (Mean)2 = 42
= 68.33
2
18 ⇒  x − 13  ≤ 289
 
Σ x2i  2 4
∴ = 42 + (7) 2 9
18 17 13 17
p q p ∨ q p ∧ q ~p ~ p ∨~ q p⇔ q ⇒− ≤ x− ≤
⇒ Σ x2i = 1170 2 2 2
∧q
Now, correct Σ x2i = 1170 − 212 + 122 ⇒ −2 ≤ x ≤ 15
= 873 T F T F F T F Q x∈N
∴True variance F T T F T T F ∴ x ∈ {1, 2, 3, …,15}
Σ x2i
= − (Mean)2 ∴ Required probability
18 10 Total number of subsets of X is 2k .
15 3
873 ∴ Total number of possible out comes = =
= − (6.5)2 k 100 20
18 = 2 C2
= 48.5 − 42.25= 6.25 Let n(E ) = The number of selections of 15 Given,
∴ True standard deviation two non-intersecting subsets whose P ( A ∪ B ) = P ( A ) + P (B ) − P ( A ) P (B )
= True variance union is X . ∴ P ( A ∩ B ) = P ( A ) P (B )
= 6.25 = 2.5 1 Q A and B are independent events.
= ( k C 0 + kC1 + kC2 + … )
2 ⇒ P ( A ′∩ B ′ ) = P ( A ′ ) P (B ′ )
6 Here, p = 1 and q = 1 1
2 2 = × 2k 16 Let E = The event that six occurs
2
∴ Required probability and A = The event that the man reports
4 5 ∴ Required probability
= 9C 4     ×
1 1 1 that it is a six
1
 2  2 × 2k
∴ P   =
2 2k −1 E P ( E ) P ( A /E )
10 = 2k =  A  P ( E ) P ( A /E ) + P ( E ′ ) P ( A /E ′ )
= 9C 4    2k − 1 
1 2
C2
2k  
 2  2  =
(1 /6)(3 /4)
=
3
9× 8 ×7 × 6 63 1 (1 /6)(3 /4) + (5/6)(1 /4) 8
= = 9 = k
(1 × 2 × 3 × 4) × 210 2 2 −1
17 Letters of the word STATISTICS are A, C, Let the sixth number be x, then 26 Clearly,
I, I, S, S, S, T, T, T. Letters of the word 35 p → (~ p ∨ q ) ≡ (~ p ) ∨ ((~ p ) ∨ q )
1× x+ 4×
ASSISTANT are A, A, I, N, S, S, S, T, T. 10 = 4 ≡ ((~ p ) ∨ (~ p )) ∨ q
Common letters are A, I, S and T. 1+ 4 [by associative law]
Probability of choosing A is ⇒ 50 = x + 35 ≡ (~ p ) ∨ q [by idempotent law]
1 2 2 ⇒ x = 15
× = .
10 9 90 Now, ~ ( p → (~ p ∨ q )) ≡ ~ ((~ p ) ∨ q )
Probability of choosing I is 21 GM = (7 ⋅ 72 K 7n )1 /n ≡ ~ (~ p ) ∧ (~ q )
1/n
2 1 2  n( n + 1 )  n +1
× = . ≡ p∧ ~ q
10 9 90 =  7 2  =7 2
  27 Using Distributive law,

Probability of choosing S is
3
× =
3 9
. 22 Clearly any month, out of 12 months, ( p ∨ r ) ∧ (q ∨ r ) ≡ ( p ∧ q ) ∨ r
10 9 90 1
can be chosen with probability = 28 Clearly, the roots of a quadratic equation
Probability of choosing T is 12 can be imaginary. So, this statement has
3 2 6
× = . Now, as there are 7 possible ways in truth value F.
10 9 90 which the month can start and it will be x a
∴ Probability of required event a Saturday on 14th day if the first day of 29 Here, u= −
2 2 9 6 19 h h
= + + + = the month is Sunday.
We know that standard deviation is not
90 90 90 90 90 1
∴ Its probability = dependent on change of origin.
18 Let equation of ellipse be 7 σ
Hence, the required probability ∴ σ u = x ⇒ σ x = hσ u
x2 y2 h
+ 2 = 1 (where, a > b ) =
1 1
× =
1
.
a2 b 12 7 84 30 A = The event of ( x, y ) belonging to the
23 Consider area OTQPO
and B = The event of ( x, y ) belonging to
(1 + x ) = C 0 +
30 30 30
C2 x C1 x + 30 2
the area OSQRO
+ ....+ 30C30 x30 ...(i)
a C and (1 − x )30 = 30C 0 −30C1 x + 30C2 x2 Y x2 = y
A a
B − ... + 30C30 x30 ...(ii)
On adding Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get y2 = x
30
C0 + 30
C2 x2 + K + 30
C30 x30 1
R
Q
1
= [(1 + x )30 + (1 − x )30 ]
2 T
∴ Area of an ellipse = π ab Now, on integrating over 0 to 1, we get
1
= πa × a 1 − e 2  30 30
C2 x3 C30 x31 
30 S
C0x + + ....+
πa  31  0 P

2
8 3
= π a2 1 − = 1 O 1
X
9 3 1  (1 + x ) 31
(1 − x )  31
= −
and area of circle = π a2 2  31 31  0 1
Now, required probability 30 30 30 P (A) =

ar (OTQPO )
=
∫ 0
x dx
C0 C2 C30 1×1
π a2 ⇒ + + ....+ ar (OPQRO )
π a2 − 1 3 31 1
3 =2 =  x3 /2  =
= 2 2
π a2 1 230  3  0 3
3 = [231 ] =
2 × 31 31
1
19 The total number of four-digit numbers Now, as there are 16 terms, therefore
P (B ) =
ar (OSQRO )
=
∫ 0
y dy
=
2
formed with the digits 1, 2,K , 8 is required mean ar (OPQRO ) 1×1 3
8
C 4 × 4!. 30
C 0 30C2 30
C30
+ + ....+ ar (OTQS )
Now, the total number of four-digits
= 1 3 31 P (A ∩ B) =
numbers formed with the digits 1, 2, …, 16 ar (OPQRO )
1 1
8 and containing unity as one of the
digits is 7 C3 × 4!.
230
230 226 =
∫ 0
x dx −
2 1 1
= − =
∫ 0
x2dx
= 31 = = 1×1 3 3 3
∴ Required probability 16 31 × 16 31
7
C × 4! 1 2 2
Note (i) P ( A ) + P ( B) = + ≠ 1
= 8 3 = 24 Since, 0≤ npq < np
C 4 × 4! 2 3 3
⇒ 0 ≤ SD < 5 [Q p ≠ 0] So, A and B are not exhaustive.
20 Let the mean of the last four digit be A 2 . ⇒ SD ∈ [0, 5) 2 2 4
6 × 15 + 4 × A 2 (ii) P ( A ) ⋅ P( B) =
⋅ = ≠ P ( A ∩ B)
Then, 12.5 = 25 Here, ~ p : She is not intelligent. 3 3 9
6+ 4 So, A and B are not independent.
~ q : She is not studious.
⇒ 125 = 90 + 4 A 2 So, the required symbolic form is (iii) P( A ∩ B) ≠ 0, so A and B are not
35
⇒ A2 = ~ (~ p ∨ ~ q ) or p ∧ q . mutually exclusive.
4
31 Given, P ( A ∩ B ) = 1 1  2n 
and number of workers in shift C = 250 = C n +1 + 2 nC n +1
8 2  2
−1
2
+1 −1 

1 Now, let the sum of wages per person in
and P (A ∩ B) = three shifts = x, then 1  2n 
4 = C n −1 + 2 nC n +1 
1 Wages in shift A =
4
×x 2  2 2 
∴ P ( A )⋅ P ( B ) = 15
8 36 Contrapositive of ( p ∨ q ) → r is
4
and P (A ∪ B) =
1 ⇒ × x = 400
15 ~ r →~ ( p ∨ q ) ≡ ~ r → (~ p ∧ ~ q )
4
1 ⇒ x = 1500 37 Since, A = ( x, x + 2, x + 4)
⇒ P ( A ) ⋅ P (B ) = Now, wages in shift B
8 and B = ( x − 2, x + 2, x + 6)
5
and P ( A ∪ B ) = 1 − =
1 3 = × 1500 = 500 per person ∴Mean of A
4 4 15 x+ x+ 2+ x+ 4
3 1 and wages in shift C = = x+2
⇒ = P ( A ) + P (B ) − 6
3
4 8 = × 1500 = 600 per person and mean of
[QP ( A ∪ B ) = P ( A ) + P (B ) − P ( A ∩ B )] 15 x−2+ x+ 2+ x+ 6
7 ∴Mean wage B = = x+2
⇒ P ( A ) + P (B ) = 750 × 400 + 500 × 500 + 250 × 600
3
8 Hence, group B has more variability
1 1500
Let P ( A ) = x, then P (B ) = than group A.
8x = ` 467 per worker
[Q From the given data difference in
1 7
∴ x+ = 34 Let the three students be A, B and C. scores of group A is 2 but difference in
8x 8 Also, let E , F and G denote the events of scores of group B is 4.]
8 x2 + 1 7
⇒ = standing first of three students A, B and 38 Clearly, Statement I is true but
8x 8 C respectively. Then, we have Statement II is false, as negation of given
⇒ 8x + 1 = 7x
2
1 1 2 2
P (E ) = = ; P (F ) = = statement is p ⇒ q .
or 8 x2 − 7 x + 1 = 0 1+ 2 3 2+ 5 7
7 ± 49 − 32 1 1 39 P ( A ∪ B ) = 1 − P( A ∪ B )
∴ x= and P (G ) = = .
16 1+ 7 8 ⇒ 0.8 = 1 − P ( A ∩ B )
7 ± 17 ⇒ 0.8 = 1 − P ( A ) P ( B )
P (A) = Since, the events E, F and G are
16 mutually exclusive. ⇒ 0.8 = 1 − 0.7 × P (B )
2
⇒ P (B ) = ∴P (E ∪ F ∪ G ) = P (E ) + P (F ) + P (G ) ∴
2
P (B ) =
7 ± 17 7
1 2 1
= + +
32 We know, p ⇒ q is false when p is true 3 7 8 40
and q is false. 56 + 48 + 21 125
= = p q ~p p ∨ q ( p ∨ q) ∧ ~ p ~ p ∧ q
∴ p ⇒ (q ∨ r ) is false when p is true and 168 168
(q ∨ r ) is false, and we know q ∨ r is false T T F T F F
only when both q and r are false.
35 Since, n is odd, therefore
2n 2n 2n 2n
C 0 , C1 , C2 ,..., C n are even in T F F T F F
Hence, truth values of p,q, and r are number.
respectively T, F, F. F T T T T T
Now,
1  n + 1
th
median =  
33 Clearly, number of workers in shift A F F T F F F
 observation
3
= × 1500 = 750 2  2 
6 th
It is clear from the table both statements
n+1 
Number of workers in shift B +  + 1 observation are true and Statement II is a correct
   explanation for Statement I.
2 2 
= × 1500 = 500
6
40 DAYS ~ JEE MAIN MATHEMATICS DAY THIRTY EIGHT
DAY THIRTY EIGHT
Mock Test 1
(Based on Complete Syllabus)
Instructions
1. This question paper contains of 30 Questions of Mathematic, divided into two Sections :
Section A Objective Type Questions and Section B Numerical Type Questions.
2. Section A contains 20 Objective questions and all Questions are compulsory (Marking Scheme : Correct + 4, Incorrect –1) .
3. Section B contains 10 Numerical value questions out of which only 5 questions are to be attempted (Marking Scheme : Correct + 4, Incorrect 0) .
Section A : Objective Type Questions

1 Let f ( x ) satisfies the requirements of Lagrange’s mean 5 A square OABC is formed by line pairs xy = 0 and
value theorem in [0, 2]. If f ( 0) = 0 and | f ′ ( x )| ≤
1
for all x xy + 1 = x + y , where O is the origin. A circle with centre
2 C1 inside the square is drawn to touch the line pair xy = 0
in [0, 2], then and another circle with centre C2 and radius twice that of
(a) f (x) ≤ 2 (b) | f (x)| ≤ 1 C1, is drawn to touch the circle C1 and the other line pair.
(c) f (x) = 2 x (d) f (x) = 3 for atleast one x in [0, 2] The radius of the circle with centre C1 is
2 2 2
2 A woman purchases 1 kg of onions from each of the 4 (a) (b)
3 ( 2 + 1) 2 ( 2 + 1)
places at the rate of 1kg, 2kg, 3kg, 4kg per rupee
respectively. On the average she has purchased x kg of 2 2+1
(c) (d)
onions per rupee, then the value of x is 3 ( 2 + 1) 3 2
(a) 2 (b) 2.5 6 A function y = f ( x ) has a second order derivative
(c) 1.92 (d) None of these f ′ ′ ( x ) = 6 ( x − 1). If its graph passes through the point
3 The statement ~ ( p ∨ q ) ∨ (~ p ∧ q ) is logically (2, 1) and at that point the tangent to the graph is
equivalent to y = 3x − 5 , then the function is
(a) p (b) ~p (c) q (d) ~ q (a) (x − 1)3 (b) (x + 1)3
(c) (x + 1)2 (d) (x − 1)2
 π 3π 
4 If A = {θ : 2 cos 2 θ + sin θ ≤ 2} and B = θ : ≤θ ≤ , 1 
 2 2  7 If z is non-real and i = −1, then sin−1  ( z − 1) be the
then A ∩ B is equal to i 
3π π 5π
(a) θ : π ≤ θ ≤  (b) θ : ≤ θ ≤  angle of a triangle, if
 2   2 2  (a) Re (z) = 1, Im (z) = 2
π 5π 3π Re(z) = 1, − 1 ≤ Im (z) ≤ 1
(c) θ : ≤ θ ≤ or π ≤ θ ≤ 
(b)
 2 6 2  (c) Re (z) + Im (z) = 0
(d) None of the above (d) None of these
DAY THIRTY EIGHT MOCK TEST 1 413
8 The ends A and B of a rod of length 5 are sliding along where p is distance of the tangent from the origin, then
the curve y = 2x 2 . Let x A and xB be the x-coordinate of the locus of the point Q is
the ends. At the moment when A is at (0, 0) and B is at x2 y2 1 x2 y2 1
dx (a) + = 1+ 2 2 (b) − = 1− 2 2
(1, 2) the derivative B has the value equal to a2 b 2 a b a2 b 2 a b
dx A x2 y2 1 x2 y2 1
(c) 2 + 2 = 2 2 (d) 2 − 2 = 2 2
1 1 1 1 a b a b a b a b
(a) (b) (c) (d)
3 5 8 9
18 The lines r = a + λ(b × c ) and r = b + µ(c × a ) will intersect if
9 Suppose the function g n ( x ) = x 2 n +1 + a n x + bn ; (n ∈ N ) (a) a × c = b × c (b) a ⋅ c = b ⋅ c
1
satisfies the equation ∫ ( px + q ) g n ( x ) dx = 0 for all (c) b × a = c × a (d) None of these
−1
linear functions (px+q), then 19 The volume of the parallelopiped formed by vectors $i + a$j,
(a) a n = b n = 0 (b) b n = 0, a n = –
3 a $i + $j + k$ and $j + ak$ is maximum, when a equals to
2n + 3 −1 1
(c) a n = 0, b n = –
3
(d) a n =
3
, bn = –
3 (a) 3 (b) − 3 (c) (d)
2n + 3 2n + 3 2n + 3 3 3
20 Solution of the differential equation
10 The function f ( x ) = max. {(1 − x ),(1 + x ), 2}, x ∈ ( −∞, ∞ ), is ( 3xy 2 + x sin( xy ))dy + ( y 3 + y sin( xy ))dx = 0 is
(a) continuous at all points except at x = 1and x = −1
(a) xy 3 − cos xy = C (b) xy 3 + cos xy = C
(b) differentiable at all points except at x = 1and x = −1
(c) xy 2 − cos xy = C (d) xy 2 + sin xy = C
(c) differentiable at all points
(d) None of the above Section B : Numerical Type Questions
11 The two vertices of a triangle are ( 4 , − 3) and ( − 2, 5). If the 21 The number of ordered pairs (α , β), where α , β ∈ ( −π, π )
orthocentre of the triangle is at (1, 2), then the third vertex is 1
satisfying cos (α − β ) = 1 and cos (α + β ) = is
(a) (− 33, − 26) (b) (33, 26) e
(c) ( 26, 33) (d) None of these
22 The coefficient of x 50 in (1 + x )41 (1 − x + x 2 )40 is
12 The unit vectors a and b are perpendicular and the unit
vector c is inclined at an angle θ to both a and b. If 23 The value of log7 log7 7 7 7 is k + m log7 n, then value
c = αa + βb + γ(a × b ), then which is not true ? of | k | + | m| + | n| is equal to
(a) γ 2 = 1 − 2α 2 (b) α = 2β
1 + cos 2θ 
1/ 2 1 + x   p
(c) γ 2 = − cos 2θ (d) β 2 = 24 The integral ∫ [ x ] + log  1 − x   dx is equal to q , then
2 − 1/ 2
 
θ θ
value of p 2 + q 2 is equal to
2 2
13 If 0° ≤ θ ≤ 180° and 81 sin + 81 cos = 30, then θ is
(a) 30° (b) 45° (c) 120° (d) 150° 25 A natural number x is chosen at random from the first one
14 The sum of n terms of the following series hundred natural numbers. The probability that
( x − 20)( x − 40)
` 1 + (1 + x ) + (1 + x + x ) + . . . will be
2 < 0 is 7/a, then a is equal to
( x − 30)
1− x n x (1 − x n )
(a) (b)
1− x 1− x  r r − 1
26 If A r =  , where r is a natural number, then
(c)
n (1 − x) − x (1 − x n )
(d) None of these r − 1 r 
(1 − x)2
| A1 | + | A 2 | + ... + | A 2018 | must be equal to k 2 , then value
15 Let function f : R → R be defined by f ( x ) = 2x + sin x for of k is equal to
x ∈ R , then f is
4 θ (tan θ − 2 θ tan θ )
(a) one-one and onto (b) one-one but not onto 27 lim is equal to
(c) onto but not one-one (d) Neither one-one nor onto
θ→ 0 (1 − cos 2θ )
16 For the arithmetic progression a, a + d , a + 2d , a + 3 d , 28 Normals AO , AA1, AA 2 are drawn to parabola y 2 = 8x

..., a + 2nd , the mean deviation from mean is from the point A (h, 0). If ∆OA1 A2 is equilateral, then
n (n + 1) d n (n + 1) d
(a) (b) possible values of h is
2n − 1 2n + 1
n (n − 1) d 29 A dictionary is printed consisting of 7 lettered words only
2n + 1 that can be made with a letter of the word CRICKET. If the
x y 2 2 words are printed in alphabetical order, as in an ordinary
17 At a point P on the ellipse + = 1, tangent PQ is dictionary, then the number of words before the word
a 2 b2
1 CRICKET is
drawn. If the point Q be at a distance from the point P,
p 30 If a, b, c > 0, a 2 = bc and a + b + c = abc, then the least
value of a 4 + a 2 + 7 must be equal to
414 40 DAYS ~ JEE MAIN MATHEMATICS DAY THIRTY EIGHT

1 (b) Since, f( x ) satisfies the Lagrange’s x − 1 + iy x −1
Y ⇒ = real ⇒ + y = real
mean value theorem. y = sin q i i
1
f( x ) − f(0 )
∴ f ′(c ) = y =1
x −0
1/2 2 ⇒ x −1 =0 ⇒ x =1
 z − 1 =
where, 0 < c < x < 2 i.e. 0 < c < 2 X'
p 3p/2 2p
X ∴ sin −1  −1
 sin ( y )
p/2 5p/6  i 
⇒ f( x ) = x f ′(c )
So, − 1 ≤ y ≤ 1
⇒ |f ( x )| = |x f ′ (c )|
1 –1 ∴Re(z) = x = 1, − 1 ≤ Im ( z ) ≤ 1
= |x ||f ′ (c )| ≤ 2 ⋅ = 1
2
⇒ |f ( x )| ≤ 1 Y' 8 (d) We have, y = 2 x2
1 π 5π ( AB)2 = ( xB – x A )2 + ( 2 x2B – 2 x2A ) 2 = 5
2 (c) Cost of 1kg onion, purchased from ⇒ sin θ ≥ ⇒ ≤ θ ≤ …(i)
2 2 6 ⇒ ( xB – x A )2 + 4 ( x2B – x2A ) 2 = 5
place 1 = ` 1
Cost of 1kg onion, purchased from Case II sin θ ≤ 0 and 2 sin θ − 1 ≤ 0 On differentiating w.r.t. x A and denoting
1 1 dxB
place 2 = ` ∴ sin θ ≤ 0 and sin θ ≤ = D, we get
2 2 dx A
Cost of 1kg onion, purchased from ⇒ sin θ ≤ 0 2( xB – x A )( D – 1 ) + 8 ( x2B – x2A )
3π
place 3 = `
1 ⇒ π≤θ≤ ...(ii) ( 2 xB D – 2 x A ) = 0
3 2
On putting x A = 0; xB = 1, then
Cost of 1kg onion, purchased from From Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get
π 5π 3π 2 (1 – 0 )( D – 1 ) + 8 (1 – 0 )(2 D – 0 ) = 0
A ∩ B = θ : ≤ θ ≤
1
place 4 = ` or π ≤ θ ≤  ⇒ 2 D – 2 + 16 D = 0
4  2 6 2 
1
Now, average rate of 1kg onion 5 (a) Diagonal of the square = 2 ⇒ D=
9
 1+ 1 + 1 + 1 
  Y 9 (b) We have,
= ` 2 3 4  = ` 25 y –1 = 0 B
1
∫
C ( px + q )( x2 n + 1 + a n x + bn ) dx = 0
 4  48 −1
  C2
25 Equating the odd component to be
Thus, in ` , we get 1 kg onoin. 2r zero and integrating, we get
48
C1 x –1 = 0 2p 2a n p
∴In `1, we get r + + 2 bn q = 0 for all p, q
2n + 3 3
48
kg onion = 1 . 92 kg X'
O A
X Hence, bn = 0
25 Y' 3
and an = –
Alternate Method Also, d = r 2 + 3 r + 2 2 r 2n + 3
Harmonic mean will give the correct 10 (c) We have, f( x ) = max ⋅ {1 − x, x + 1, 2}
2
answer, here ⇒ 2 = 3 2r + 3 r ⇒ r =
3( 2 + 1) Let us draw the graph of y = f ( x ), as
4 4 × 12
HM = = shown below
1 1 1 12 + 6 + 4 + 3 6 (a) Given that, f ′′( x ) = 6 ( x − 1 )
1+ + +
2 3 4 Y
f ′ ( x ) = 3 ( x − 1 )2 + C 1 …(i)
48 y = x +1
= = 1 . 92 kg But at point (2, 1) the line y = 3 x − 5 is
3
25
tangent to the graph y = f ( x ). 2
y=2
3 (b) ~( p ∨ q ) ∨ (~ p ∧ q )  dy 
∴   = 3 or f ′ ( 2 ) = 3 1
≡ (~ p ∧ ~ q ) ∨ (~ p ∧ q )  dx  (x = 2 )
X' X
≡ ~ p ∧ (~ q ∨ q ) From Eq. (i), f ′(2 ) = 3 (2 − 1 )2 + C 1 –2 –1 0 1 2 3 4
≡ ~ p ∧ t ≡ ~p ⇒ 3 = 3 + C1 ⇒ C1 = 0
–1
y = 1– x
4 (c) Consider, 2 cos2 θ + sin θ ≤ 2 and ∴ f ′( x ) = 3 ( x − 1 )2 –2
π 3π ⇒ f ( x ) = ( x − 1 )3 + C 2
≤θ≤ ⇒ 2 − 2 sin 2 θ + sin θ ≤ 2 Y'
2 2 Q f(2 ) = 1
⇒ sin θ (2 sin θ − 1 ) ≥ 0 From the graph it is clear that, f ( x ) is
∴ 1 + C2 = 1 ⇒ C2 = 0
Case I sin θ ≥ 0 and 2 sin θ − 1 ≥ 0 continuous everywhere but not
Hence, f ( x ) = ( x − 1 )3 differentiable at x = −1, 1.
1
∴ sin θ ≥ 0 and sin θ ≥ 7 (b) By the properties of inverse
2 11 (b) Let the third vertex be ( h , k ) .
z−1
trigonometric function = real k −2
i Now, the slope of AO orAD is .
h −1
DAY THIRTY EIGHT MOCK TEST 1 415
A (h , k ) 14 (c) Let S n Now, the coordinates of the point Q are

= 1 + ( 1 + x ) + ( 1 + x + x2 ) + . . . given as follows
x − a cos θ
+ (1 + x + x2 + x3 + . . . + xn − 1 ).
1 −a sin θ
Then, S n = {(1 − x ) =
E (1 − x ) b cos2 θ + a 2 sin 2 θ
2
+ ( 1 − x2 ) + ( 1 − x3 )
+ (1 − x ) + . . . + upto n terms}
4 y − b sin θ
O (1,2)
1 b cos θ
= [ n − ( x + x2 + x3 + . . . =
(1 − x ) b2 cos2 θ + a 2 sin 2 θ
D C (–2, 5) + upto n terms)]
B (4, –3) 1 b2 cos2 θ + a 2 sin 2 θ
1  x(1 − xn )  = =
5+3 = n − p ab
Slope of BC is =−
4 (1 − x )  1 − x 
−2 −4 3 a sin θ
n (1 − x ) − x(1 − xn ) x = a cos θ −
− 3 −2 5 = ab
Slope of BE is =− (1 − x )2
4 −1 3 b cos θ
and y = b sin θ +
k −5 15 (a)Q f( x ) = 2 x + sin x ab
and slope of AC is .
h +2 ∴ f ′ ( x ) = 2 + cos x > 0 for all x 2 2
 y
⇒   +   = 1 + 2 2 is the
x 1
k − 2  4 Since, f ( x ) is strictly increasing. So, f is a   b
Since, AD ⊥ BC , × −  = − 1 a b
h − 1  3 one-one.
required locus.
⇒ 3h = 4k − 5 …(i) Here, lim f ( x ) = −∞ and lim f ( x ) = ∞
x→ −∞ x→ ∞
18 (b) Clearly, the lines r = a + λ( b × c ) and
Again, BE ⊥ AC ,
Hence, f is onto. r = b + µ(c × a ) will intersect, if the
5 k −5
− × = −1 16 (b) Clearly, mean
shortest distance between them is zero.
3 h +2
1 i.e. (a − b ) ⋅ {( b × c ) × (c × a )} = 0
⇒ 3 h = 5 k − 31 …(ii) x= [a + (a + d ) + (a + 2d ) + . . .
(2 n + 1 ) ⇒ (a − b ) ⋅ {[ bc a ]c − [ bc c ] a } = 0
h = 33 and k = 26 + (a + 2 nd )] ⇒ ((a − b ) ⋅ c )[ bc a ] = 0
1 2 n + 1  ⇒ a ⋅c − b ⋅c = 0
12 (b) Here,|a | = |b | = |c | = 1, a ⋅ b = 0 = (a + a + 2 nd )
(2 n + 1 )  2 
⇒ a ⋅c = b ⋅ c
and cos θ = a ⋅ c = b ⋅ c
= a + nd 1 a 0
Now, c = α a + β b + γ (a × b ) …(i)
⇒ a ⋅ c = α( a ⋅ a ) + β ( a ⋅ b )
Now, mean deviation from mean 19 (d) Let V= a 1 1 = a − 1 − a3
2n
1
+ γ {a ⋅ (a × b )} = ∑
(2 n + 1 ) r = 0
|(a + rd ) − (a + nd ) | 0 1 a
⇒ cos θ = α | a |2 ⇒ cos θ = α dV
1 2n ∴ = 1 − 3a2 = 0
Similarly, by taking dot product on both = ∑|( r − n )d |
(2 n + 1 ) r = 0
da
sides of Eq. (i) by b, we get 1
1 ⇒ a =±
β = cos θ = × 2d (1 + 2 + . . . + n ) 3
∴ α =β (2 n + 1 )
d2 V
n( n + 1 ) Now, = − 6a
∴ From Eq. (i), we get = d da 2
2n + 1
|c |2 = |α a + βb + γ (a × b ) |2  d2 V  6
⇒  2 =−
= α2 |a |2 + β2 |b |2 + γ 2 |a × b |2 17 (a) Equation of the tangent at P is  da   a = 1  3
+ 2αβ (a ⋅ b ) + 2αγ {a ⋅ (a × b )} x − a cos θ y − b sin θ  3
=
+ 2βγ {b ⋅ (a × b )} a sin θ − b cos θ Hence, it is maximum at
⇒ 1 = α2 + β2 + γ 2 |a × b|2 ⇒ xb cos θ + ay sin θ = ab 1
a = .
π
⇒ 1 = 2α2 + γ 2 |a |2 ⋅ |b |2 sin 2  The distance of the tangent from the 3
 2
ab
⇒ 1 = 2α2 + γ 2 origin is p = 20 (a) We have, (3 xy2 + x sin( xy )) dy
b2 cos θ + a 2 sin 2 θ
⇒ γ 2 = 1 − 2 cos2 θ = − cos 2θ + ( y3 + y sin( xy )) dx = 0
1 − γ2 1 + cos 2θ 1 b2 cos2 θ + a 2 sin 2 θ
⇒ α 2 = β2 = = ⇒ = ⇒ (3 xy2 dy + y3 dx )
2 2 p ab
13 (a) Let 81 sin θ = t
2
+ sin( xy )( xdy + ydx ) = 0
Given, 81 sin
2
θ
+ 81 cos
2
θ
= 30
Q
1/p ⇒ d ( xy3 ) + sin( xy )d ( xy ) = 0
On integrating, we get
81 P (a cos θ, b sin θ)
∴ t + = 30 ⇒ t 2 − 30 t + 81 = 0 xy3 − cos( xy ) = C
t
⇒ ( t − 27 ) ( t − 3 ) = 0 ⇒ t = 27, 3 21 (4) Since, cos (α − β ) = 1, α − β = 2nπ
⇒ 81 sin θ = 34 sin θ = 33 , 3 1
2 2
But −2 π < α − β < 2 π

⇒ 4 sin 2 θ = 3 , 4 sin 2 θ = 1 [Q α, β ∈ ( − π, π )]
3 1 π π
⇒ sin θ = ± ,± ⇒θ= , ∴ α −β=0
2 2 6 3
416 40 DAYS ~ JEE MAIN MATHEMATICS DAY THIRTY EIGHT
Now, cos (α + β ) =
1 ∴ a = 25 ⇒ h = 4 + 2 t 21 = 4 + 2 ⋅ 12 = 28
e
26 (2018)|A r | = r − ( r − 1 )2 2
29 (530) Number of words starting with CC
1
⇒ cos 2 α = < 1, which is true for four ∴ |A 1 | + |A 2 | + . . . + |A 2018 | is 5!
e 2018 Number of words starting with CE is 5!
values of α, as −2 π < 2 α < 2 π.
= ∑ {r
r =1
2
− ( r − 1 )2 } Number of words starting with CI is 5!
50
22. (0) Coefficient of x in Number of words starting with CK is 5!
= (2018 )2 − (0 )2 = (2018 )2
(1 + x )41 (1 − x + x2 )40 Number of words starting with CRC is 4!
∴ k = 2018
= Coefficient of x50 in Number of words starting with CRE is
(1 + x ) (1 + x3 )40 4!
= Coefficient of x50 in 4 (θ tan θ − 2θ 2 tan θ) Now, the first word starting with CRI is
27 (2) lim
(1 + x ) (1 + 40 C 1 x3 + . . . + 40 C 16 ( x3 ) 16 θ→0 1 − cos 2 θ CRICEKT and next of it is CRICETK and
+ 40 C 17 ( x3 ) 17 + . . . ) 4 (θ sec 2 θ + tan θ − 4 θ tan θ next of it is CRICKET.
=0 Hence, number of words before the
− 2 θ2 sec 2 θ)
1 1 1 = word CRICKET
23 (6) log 7 log 7 7 2
+ +
2 sin 2 θ
= 4 × 5!+ 2 × 4!+ 2
4 8
[using L’Hospital’s rule] = 480 + 48 + 2 = 530

= log 7  + + 
1 1 1
2 4 8
4 (sec 2 θ + 2 θ sec 2 θ tan θ  30 (19)Qbc = a 2
= log 7   = 1 − log 7 23 = 1 − 3 log 7 2
7  
+ sec 2
θ − 4 tan θ − 4 θ sec 2
θ and b + c = abc − a
8  
 −4θ sec 2 θ − 4 θ2 sec 2 θ tan θ) = a (a 2 ) − a
⇒ k = 1, m = − 3 and n = 2 = lim  
θ→0 4 cos 2θ = a3 − a
∴ |k| + |m| + |n|
∴b and c are the roots of the equation
=1 + 3 + 2 =6 [using L’Hospital’s rule]
4 (1 + 0 + 1 ) x2 − ( b + c )x + bc = 0
1 /2  1 + x = =2
24 (5) Let I = ∫ − 1 /2 [ x ] + log    dx 4 ie, x2 − (a 3 − a )x + a 2 = 0
 1 − x  QRoots ( b, c ) are real.
0 1 /2 28 (28) Let
= ∫ − 1 /2
[ x ] dx + ∫ 0
[ x ] dx + 0
A 1 = (2 t 21 , 4 t 1 ), A 2 = (2 t 21 , − 4 t 1 )
∴ (a 3 − a )2 − 4 ⋅ 1 ⋅ a 2 ≥ 0
⇒ (a 3 − a + 2a ) (a 3 − a − 2a ) ≥ 0
 1 + x  Y
Q log  1 − x  is an odd function  or a 2 (a 2 + 1 )(a 2 − 3 ) ≥ 0
    A1 ⇒ a2 ≥ 3
0 1 /2
= ∫ − 1 /2
− 1 dx + ∫ 0
0 dx or a 4 + a 2 + 7 ≥ 32 + 3 + 7 = 19
1 X'
A (h, 0)
X
or a 4 + a 2 + 7 ≥ 19
= − ( x )0−1 /2 + 0 = − O
2
∴ p2 + q 2 = 1 + 4 = 5 A2
( x − 20 ) ( x − 40 )
25 (25) Since, <0 Y'
( x − 30 )
π 2 1
⇒ x ∈ ( − ∞, 20 ) ∪ (30, 40 ) Clearly, ∠A 1 OA = ⇒ =
6 t1 3
Let E = {1, 2, 3, . . . , 19, 31, 32, . . . , 39},
⇒ t1 = 2 3
then n ( E ) = 28
Equation of normal at A 1 is
Now, required probability
28 7 y = − t 1 x + 4 t 1 + 2 t 31
P( E ) = =
100 25 Since, A ( h , 0 ) lies on it,
DAY THIRTY NINE MOCK TEST 2 417
DAY THIRTY NINE
Mock Test 2
Instructions
Section A : Objective Type Questions y

φ 
1 The average weight of students in a class of 35 students dy y x
4 The solution of the differential equation = + is
is 40 kg. If the weight of the teacher be included, then dx x y
φ′  
1 x
average rises by kg; the weight of the teacher is
2
(a) x φ  = k (b) φ   = kx
y y
(a) 40.5 kg (b) 50 kg (c) 41 kg (d) 58 kg x x
1
2 Let f ( x ) = ,[ ⋅ ] being the greatest integer function, (c) y φ   = k (d) φ   = ky
y y
[sin x ] x x
then
(a) f (x) is not continuous, where x ∈ (2nπ, 2nπ + π),n ∈ I
π 5 If a ≤ tan−1 x + cot −1 x + sin−1 x ≤ b, then a + b is equal to
(b) f (x) is differentiable at x = π π
4 (a) 0 (b) (c) (d) π
π 2 4
(c) f (x) is differentiable at x =
2 6 The two consecutive terms in the expansion of ( 3 + 2x )74
(d) None of the above whose coefficients are equal, are
1 (a) 11, 12 (b) 7, 8
3 If ∫ f ( x ) sin x cos x dx = log [f ( x )] + C, then
2(b 2 − a 2 ) (c) 30, 31 (d) None of these
f ( x ) is equal to 7 A parabola is drawn with its focus at (3, 4) and vertex at
1 1 the focus of the parabola y 2 − 12x − 4y + 4 = 0. The
(a) (b)
a 2 sin2 x + b 2 cos2 x a 2 sin2 x − b 2 cos2 x equation of the parabola is
1 1 (a) y 2 − 8 x − 6y + 25 = 0 (b) y 2 − 6x + 8 y − 25 = 0
(c) 2 (d) 2
a cos2 x − b 2 sin2 x a cos2 x + b 2 sin2 x (c) x 2 − 6x − 8 y + 25 = 0 (d) x 2 + 6x − 8 y − 25 = 0
418 40 DAYS ~ JEE MAIN MATHEMATICS DAY THIRTY NINE
8 If p, p′ denote the lengths of the perpendiculars from the 15 The equation of perpendicular bisectors of sides AB and
focus and the centre of an ellipse with semi-major axis of AC of a ∆ABC are x − y + 5 = 0 and x + 2y = 0 ,
length a respectively on a tangent to the ellipse and r respectively. If the coordinates of vertex A are (1, − 2),
denotes the focal distance of the point, then then equation of BC is
(a) ap ′ = rp + 1 (b) rp = ap ′ (a) 14 x + 23 y − 40 = 0 (b) 14 x − 23 y + 40 = 0
1
(c) ap = rp ′ + (d) ap = rp ′ (c) 23 x + 14 y − 40 = 0 (d) 23 x − 23 y + 40 = 0
3
16 If | z − 25 i | ≤ 15, then | max amp ( z ) − min amp ( z )| is
9 The equation of the locus of the pole with respect to the equal to
x2 y2
+ 2 = 1, of any tangent line to the auxiliary (a) cos−1   (b) π − 2 cos−1  
ellipse 3 3
2
a b 5 5
x2 y2 π
circle, is the curve 4 + 4 = λ2 , where + cos−1   (d) sin−1   − cos−1  
3 3 3
(c)
a b 2 5 5 5
1
(a) λ 2 = a 2 (b) λ 2 =
a2 17 If ABCD is a cyclic quadrilateral such that
(c) λ 2 = b 2
1
(d) λ 2 = 2 12 tan A − 5 = 0 and 5 cos B + 3 = 0, then the quadratic
b equation whose roots are cos C and tan D is
( 2 x + 3 ) ( 4 − 3 x )3 ( x − 4 ) (a) 39x 2 + 88 x + 48 = 0
10 The solution set for ≤0
( x − 2 )2 x 5 (b) 39x 2 − 16x − 48 = 0
(c) 39x 2 − 88 x + 48 = 0
(a)  − ∞, −  ∪  0,  ∪ (4 , ∞)
3 4
 2  3
(b)  − , 0 ∪  , 4 
3 4 18 A mirror and a source of light are situated at the origin
 2  3  O and a point on OX , respectively. A ray of light from the
(c) (−∞, 0) ∪ (2, ∞) source strikes the mirror and is reflected. If the DR’s of
(d) None of the above the normal to the plane of mirror are 1, −1, 1, then DC’s
for the reflected ray are
11 f ( x ) = x − cot −1 x − log( x + 1 + x 2 ) is increasing in 1 2 2 1 2 2
(a) , , (b) − , ,
(a) (−∞, ∞) (b) (−∞, 2) 3 3 3 3 3 3
(c) (2, 5) (d) (−∞, 10) 1 2
(c) − , − , −
2 1 2 2
(d) − , − ,
12 The contrapositive of the statement, ‘‘if x is a prime 3 3 3 3 3 3
number and x divides ab, then x divides a or x divides 19 If both roots of the equation 4x 2 − 2x + a = 0, a ∈ R , lies
b’’, can be symbolically represented using logical in the interval ( −1, 1), then
connectives on appropriately defined statements p, q , r 1 1
(a) −2 < a ≤ (b) −6 ≤ a ≤
and s as 4 4
(a) (~ r ∨ ~ s) → (~ p ∧ ~ q) (c) a >
1
(d) a < − 2
(b) ( r ∧ s) → (~ p ∧ ~ q) 4
(c) (~ r ∧ ~ s) → (~ p ∨ ~ q) 20 Let λ and θ be real numbers. Then, the set of all values of
(d) ( r ∨ s) → (~ p ∨ ~ q) λ for which the system of linear equations
13 The area bounded by the lines y = 2, x = 1, x = a and the λx + (sin θ )y + (cos θ )z = 0
curve y = f ( x ), which cuts the last two lines above the x + (cos θ )y + (sin θ )z = 0
2 − x + (sin θ )y − (cos θ )z = 0
first line for all a > 1, is equal to [( 2a )3 / 2 − 3a + 3 − 2 2 ]..
3 has a non-trivial solution, is
Then, f ( x ) equals (a) [0, 2 ] (b) [− 2 , 0]
(a) 2 2 x , x > 1 (b) 2 x , x > 1 (c) [− 2 , 2 ] (d) None of these
(c) 2 x , x > 1 (d) None of these
Section B : Numerical Type Questions
14 Area of a triangle with vertices (a, b ), ( x1, y1 ) and ( x 2 , y 2 ), π
where a, x1 and x 2 are in GP with common ratio r and

21 If the value of integral ∫ 0
[ 2 sin x ] dx , where [ x ] denotes
b, y1 and y 2 are in GP with common ratio s, is given by 2π
greatest integer function, is , then value of T is equal
1 T
(a) ab (r − 1) (s − 1) (s − r )
2 to
1
(b) ab (r + 1) (s + 1) (s − r ) 22 Suppose A 1 , A 2 ,..., A 30 are thirty sets,each having
2
(c) ab (r − 1) (s − 1) (s − r ) 5 elements and B1, B2 ,...., Bn are n sets each with
30 n
(d) None of the above 3 elements, let ∪ A i = ∪ Bj = S and each element of
i =1 j =1
S belongs to exactly 10 of the A i ′ s and exactly 9 of the Then, largest value of | A | is

Bj ′ s Then, n is equal to
sin3 x cos 3 x
27 The value of the expression + is
23 An experiment succeeds twice as often as it fails. Then, 1 + cos x 1 − sin x
the probability that in the next 4 trials there will be atleast 1 π 
2 successes, is p/q, then value of pq is equal to cos  − x  , then value of a is equal to ………… .
a 4 
24 A variable plane at a constant distance P, from origin
28 Number of ways in which 5 boys and 4 girls can be
cuts axes at A, B and C, the locus of centroid of
arranged on a circular table such that no two girls sit
1 1 1 k2
tetrahedron OABC is 2 + 2 + 2 = 2 , then value of k 2 together and two particular boys are always together is
x y z p ………… .
is equal to
1 1 1 1
25 A parallelogram is constructed on the vectors a = 3 α − β , 29 If S n = 1 + + + K+ n −1 and 2 − S n < , then the
2 22 2 100
b = α + 3 β, if | α | = | β | = 2 and angle between α and β is least value of n must be ………… .
π
, length of a diagonal of the parallelogram is p 3, then
3  1
30 If X and Y are independent binomial variates B  5,  and
value of p is equal to …………  2
sin θ  1
 1 1  B 7,  . If the value of P ( X + Y = 3) is λ, then the value
 2
26 Let A = − sin θ 1 sin θ  , where 0 ≤ θ ≤ 2π.
  of 4096λ must be ………… .
 −1 − sin θ 1 

1 (d) Let the weight of teacher be x kg, ∴Sum of two =
1
…(iii)
cos θ sin 2 θ
5 (d) We know, − π ≤ sin −1 x ≤ π
2
then
+
1 35 × 40 + x 2 2 a2 b2
40 + =
2 35 + 1 π Again, r = SP = a (1 − e cos θ)
∴ 0≤ + sin −1 x ≤ π
81
⇒ × 36 = 35 × 40 + x 2
a − ae cos θ
2 ⇒ 0 ≤ tan −1 x + cot −1 x + sin −1 x ≤ π ∴ ap = = r p′
⇒ 81 × 18 = 1400 + x cos2 θ sin 2 θ
⇒ a = 0 and b = π +
⇒ 1458 = 1400 + x ⇒ x = 58 a2 b2
Hence, a + b = π
Hence, the weight of teacher is 58 kg. [using Eqs. (ii) and (iii)]
6 (c) General term of (3 + 2 x ) 74 is
2 (a) We have, f( x ) = 1 Tr + 1 = C r (3 ) 2 x
74 74 −r r r
9 (b) The equation of the auxiliary circle
[sin x ]
Let two consecutive terms be Tr +1 th is x2 + y2 = a 2 .
Clearly, sin x ∉ [0, 1) and Tr +2 th terms. Let ( h , k ) be the pole, then equation of
[Qif 0 ≤ sin x < 1, [sin x ] = 0] According to the question the polar of ( h , k ) with respect to the
π
⇒ x ∉ [2 nπ, (2 n + 1 ) π ] − (4 n + 1 ) , n ∈ I Coefficient of Tr + 1 = Coefficient of Tr +2 given ellipse is
2 hx ky
⇒ 74
C r 3 74 −r2r = 74
C r + 1 3 74 − (r + 1 )2r + 1 + 2 =1
Thus, f ( x ) is not continuous if a2 b
x ∈ (2 nπ, 2 nπ + π ), n ∈ I.
74
Cr +1 3
⇒ 74
= Since, this is tangent to the circle.
Cr 2 |0 + 0 − 1|
3 (a) Given that, ∫ f( x ) sin x cos x dx ⇒ =±a
74 − r 3 2 2
1 ⇒ =  h + k 
= log [ f ( x )] + C r+1 2  2  2
a  b 
2( b2 − a 2 )
⇒ 148 − 2 r = 3 r + 3
h2 y2 1
On differentiating both sides, we get ∴ r = 29 ⇒ 4
+ 4 = 2
d  log[ f ( x )] a b a
f ( x )sin x cos x =  + C  Hence, two consecutive terms are 30
Hence, locus of ( h , k ) is
dx  2( b2 − a 2 )  and 31.
x2 y2 1
⇒ f ( x )sin x cos x =
1
. 7 (c) Given, equation can be rewritten as 4
+ 4 = 2
2( b2 − a 2 ) a b a
( y − 2 )2 = 12 x
1
f ′( x ) Here, vertex and focus are (0, 2) and (3, 2). 10 (d) Given inequality can be rewritten as
f( x ) ∴Vertex of the required parabola is (2 x + 3 )(3 x − 4 )3 ( x − 4 )
≥0
f ′( x ) (3, 2) and focus is (3, 4 ). ( x − 2 )2 x5
⇒ 2( b2 − a 2 )sin x cos x =
[ f ( x )]2 The axis of symmetry is x = 3 and ⇒ (2 x + 3 ) (3 x − 4 )3 ( x − 4 ) ( x − 2 ) 2
On integrating both sides, we get latusrectum = 4 ⋅ 2 = 8 x5 ≥ 0, x ≠ 0, 2
− b2 cos2 x − a 2 sin 2 x = −
1 Hence, required equation is ⇒ (2 x + 3 )(3 x − 4 )3 ( x − 4 )x5 ≥ 0;
f( x )
( x − 3 )2 = 8 ( y − 2 ) x ≠ 0, 2 [Q( x − 2 )2 > 0]
1 3 4
∴ f( x ) = 2 ⇒ x2 − 6 x − 8 y + 25 = 0 x=− , , 4, 0
a sin 2 x + b2 cos2 x 2 3
2
y2
8 (d ) Tangent to the ellipse x2 + =1
φ 
y + – + – +
a b2
dy y  x at P (a cos θ, b sin θ) is
4 (b) Given, − = –3/2 0 4/3 4
φ′   ⇒ x ∈( −∞, −  ∪ (0,  ∪ [4 , ∞ )
dx x y x y 3 4
cos θ + sin θ = 1 …(i)
 x a b 2  3 
 y   xdy − y dx  Now, p = perpendicular distance from
φ′    
 x x2  1 focus S (ae , 0 ) to the line (i)
⇒ = dx 11 (a) Given that,
 y x ae
φ  cos θ + 0 − 1 f ( x ) = x − cot −1 x − log ( x + 1 + x2 )
 x a
= On differentiating w.r.t. x, we get
 y  y cos2 θ sin 2 θ
φ′   d   + 1 1
 x  x 1 a2 b2 f ′( x ) = 1 + −
⇒ ∫  y
= ∫ x dx + log k 1 + x2 ( x + 1 + x2 )
φ  1 − e cos θ
 x = …(ii)  x 
cos2 θ sin 2 θ 1 + 
 y +  + x2 
⇒ log φ   = log x + log k a2 b2  1 
 x
Also, p′ = perpendicular distance from = 1+
1
−
1
 y 1 + x2
⇒ φ  = kx centre (0, 0) to the line (i) . 1 + x2
 x
1 + x2 + 1 − 1 + x2 1 1 1 14
= 1 ⇒ y −6 = − ( x + 7)
1 + x2 = ab r s 1 23
2
r2 s2 1 ⇒ 14 x + 23 y − 40 = 0
2 + x2 − 1 + x2
=
1 + x2 1 0 0 16 (b) We have,
ab
So, f ( x ) is an increasing function in = r s−r 1−r Y
2 2
(− ∞, ∞ ) . r s2 − r2 1 − r2
12 (c) Let p = x is a prime number [applying C 2 → C 2 − C 1
q = x divides ab and C 3 → C 3 − C 1 ] 15 15
r = x divides a ab z2 q1 z1
= {(s − r )(1 − r 2 ) − (1 − r )(s2 − r 2 )}
and s = x divides b 2 25
ab
= (s − r )(1 − r ){1 + r − (s + r )} q2
The given statement becomes in logical 2
form is p ∧ q → r ∨ s ab
= (s − r )(1 − r )(1 − s ) q1
Its contrapositive is 2 X
~(r ∨ s) → ~(p ∧ q ) ab
= (s − r )( r − 1 )(s − 1 )
⇒ (~ r ∧ ~ s ) → (~ p ∨ ~ q ) 2
Clearly, max amp ( z ) = amp ( z2 )
13 (a) We have, 15 (a) Let the coordinates of B and C are and min amp ( z ) = amp ( z 1 )
a
2 ( x 1 , y 1 ) and ( x2 , y2 ) respectively. Now,
∫ [ f( x ) − 2 ]dx = 3 [(2a )
3 /2
x + 1 y1 − 2 
Then, P  1 amp ( z 1 ) = θ 1 = cos −1   = cos −1  
15 3
1 ,  lies on  25  5
−3a + 3 − 2 2 ]  2 2 
perpendicular bisector π π  15 
and amp ( z2 ) = + θ2 = + sin −1  
x − y + 5 = 0. 2 2  25 
On differentiating both sides w.r.t. a,
π
+ sin −1  
we get 3
=
Y x1 + 1 y1 − 2 2 5
∴ − = −5
2 2 ∴ |max amp( z ) − min amp ( z )|
⇒ x 1 − y 1 = − 13 …(i) π 3 3
y = f(x) = + sin −1 − cos −1
Also, PN is perpendicular to AB. 2 5 5
x=2
y1 + 2 π π 3 3
∴ ×1 = −1 = + − cos −1 − cos −1
x1 − 1 2 2 5 5
= π − 2 cos −1  
3
A (1, –2) 5
0
=
2y
X′ X
x−y 17 (b) Clearly, tan A = 5 = − tan C ,
x+
+5 Q
x=a =0 12
x=1 P
3
Y′
N
cos B = − = − cos D
5
f (a ) − 2 =  2a ⋅ 2 − 3 
2 3
[Qin cyclic quadrilateral,
3  2  B M C A + C = π and B + D = π]
(x1, y1) (x2, y2)
⇒ f (a ) − 2 = 2 2a − 2 5
Now, tan C = −
⇒ f (a ) = 2 2a , a > 1 ⇒ y1 + 2 = − x1 + 1 12
⇒ f( x ) = 2 2 x , x > 1 12
⇒ x 1 + y 1 = −1 …(ii) ⇒ cos C = − =α (say)
13
14 (a) Since, a , x1 and x2 are in GP with On solving Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get 3 4
and cos D = ⇒ tan D = = β (say)
common ratio r. x 1 = −7 , y 1 = 6 5 3
∴ Required equation is
∴ x 1 = ar, x2 = ar 2 So, the coordinates of B are ( −7, 6 ).
x2 − (α + β )x + αβ = 0
Also, b, y 1 and y2 are in GP with Similarly, the coordinates of C are
x2 −  −
12 4 
+  x +  −
12 4 
common ratio s.  11 , 2  . ×  =0
   13 3   13 3 
∴ y 1 = bs, y2 = bs2  5 5
⇒ 39 x2 − 16 x − 48 = 0
The area of triangle is given by Hence, equation of BC is
a b 1 a b 1 2 18 (d) Let the source of light be situated at
1 1 −6 A (a , 0, 0), where a ≠ 0.
∆ = x1 y1 1 = ar bs 1 y −6 = 5 ( x + 7)
2 2 11 Let AO be the incident ray and OB be
x2 y2 1 ar 2 bs2 1 +7
5 the reflected ray, ON is the normal to
the mirror at O.
λ sin θ
cos θ 4 4 × 8 1 × 16
A(a, 0, 0) N(1, –1, 1) =6 × + +
B 1 cos θ
sin θ = 0 81 81 81
X −1 sin θ − cos θ 72 8
= =
81 9
⇒ λ[− cos2 θ − sin 2 θ]
∴p = 8, q = 9
− sin θ[ − cos θ + sin θ]
q/2 q/2 Hence, pq = 8 × 9 = 72
+ cos θ [sin θ + cos θ] = 0
24 (16) Let the equation of plane be
⇒ − λ + sin θ cos θ − sin 2 θ x y z
+ + = 1.
+ sin θ cos θ + cos2 θ = 0 a b c
O (0, 0, 0)
⇒ − λ + 2 sin θ cos θ + cos2 θ − sin 2 θ = 0 Let the centroid of tetrahedron OABC
θ is (α, β, γ ), then
Then, ∠AON = ∠NOB = (say) ⇒ − λ + sin 2θ + cos 2θ = 0
2 π 0+a +0+0 0+0+ b+0
DR’s of OA are (a , 0, 0 ) and so its DC’ s ⇒ λ = 2 cos  2θ −  ...(i) α= , β= ,
 4 4 4
are (1, 0, 0). 0+ 0+0+c
π
1 1 1 Q −1 ≤ cos  2θ −  ≤ 1 ∀θ ∈ R γ=
DC’s of ON are ,− ,  4 4
3 3 3
π ⇒ a = 4 α, b = 4 β, c = 4 γ
∴ cos =
θ 1 ∴ − 2 ≤ 2 cos  2θ −  ≤ 2 ∀θ ∈ R
2 3  4 Since, distance of plane from origin is P,
Let l , m and n be the DC’ s of the ⇒ − 2≤ λ≤ 2 [using Eq. (i)] 1
P=
reflected ray OB. Hence, λ ∈ [ − 2 , 2 ]. 1 1 1
+ +
l+1 1 m+0 1 π a 2 b2 c 2
= =−
Then,
2 cos
θ 3
,
2 cos
θ 3
21 (3) Let I = ∫ 0
[2 sin x ] dx
⇒
1
+
1
+
1
=
1
2 2 π /6 π /2 a 2 b2 c 2 P2
n+0 1
= ∫ 0
[2 sin x ] dx + ∫ π /6
[2 sin x ] dx
On putting the values of a, b and c,
and = 5 π /6 π
θ +∫
2 cos 3
π /2
[2 sin x ] dx + ∫ 5 π /6
[2 sin x ] dx then
2 1 1 1 1
π /2 5 π /6 + + =
2 =0 +∫ 1 dx + ∫ 1 dx + 0 16 α2 16 β2 16 γ 2 P2
⇒ l = − 1, π /6 π /2
3 π /2 5 π /6 Hence, the locus of centroid is
= [ x] + [ x]
π /6 π /2
2 2
m = − ,n = π π 5π π 2π 1
+
1
+
1 16
=
3 3 = − + − = ∴ T =3 x2 y2 z2 P2
1 2 2 2 6 6 2 3
⇒ l = − ,m = − ,n = ∴ k 2 = 16
3 3 3 22 (45) Given, A’s are 30 sets with five
Hence, DC’s of the reflected ray are elements each, so 25 (4) Clearly, AC = a + b
30
1 2 2
− ,− , .
3 3 3
∑ n( A
i=1
i ) = 5 × 30 = 150 …(i)
D C
19 (a) Let f( x ) = 4 x − 2 x + a
2
If there are m distinct elements in S and
a+b
Since, both roots of f ( x ) = 0 lie in the each element of S belongs to exactly 10 b
b
of the A i ′s, then
interval ( −1, 1 ), we can take
30
D ≥ 0, f( −1 ) > 0 and f(1 ) > 0
∑ n( A i ) = 10 m …(ii)
A
1. Consider D ≥ 0, i=1
a B
⇒ ( −2 ) − 4 ⋅ 4 ⋅ a ≥ 0
2
From Eqs.(i) and (ii), we get m = 15 ⇒ |AC |2 = |a |2 + |b|2 + 2 a ⋅ b
n
1
⇒ a≤
4
…(i) Similarly, ∑ n( B ) = 3 n
j =1
j
⇒ |AC |2 = {|3 α − β |2 + |α + 3 β|2
2. Consider f( −1 ) > 0, n
+ 2 (3 α − β ) ( α + 3 β )}
4 ( −1 )2 − 2( −1 ) + a > 0
and ∑ n( B ) = 9 m
j =1
j
= 9 α2 + β2 − 6 αβ + α2 + 9 β2 + 6 α ⋅ β
⇒ a > −6 …(ii) ∴ 3n = 9m
3. Consider f(1 ) > 0, 9m
+ 6 α2 − 6 β2 + 16 α ⋅ β
⇒ n = = 3 × 15 = 45
4 (1 )2 − 2(1 ) + a > 0 3
⇒ |AC | = 16 α + 4 β2 + 16 α . β
2 2
⇒ a > −2 ...(iii) 23 (72) Given, p = 2 q π

⇒ |AC |2 = 64 + 16 + 16 |α ||β |cos
From Eqs. (i), (ii) and (iii), we get 2 1 3
Q p+q =1 ⇒ p = and q =
1 3 3
−2<a ≤ ⇒ |AC |2 = 64 + 16 + 16 × 2 × 2 ×
1
4 Now, required probability 2
2 2 3 1
= 4 C 2     + 4 C 3    
20 (c) Since the system of given equation 2 1 2 1 ⇒ |AC |= 4 7
has a non-trivial solution, therefore 3 3 3 3
4
Similarly,|BD| = |a − b | = 4 3
+ 4 C 4  
2
3 ∴ p=4
π
cos  − x  ∴ n>7
26 (4) Clearly, 1
A =
1 sin θ 1 2 4  Hence, least value of n is 8.
|A | = − sin θ 1 sin θ ∴ a =2 30 (220) We have,
−1 − sin θ 1 28 (288) Let two particular boys as one P ( X + Y = 3 ) = P ( X = 0, Y = 3 )
⇒ |A | = 2(1 + sin 2 θ) boy, we have only four boys. + P ( X = 1, Y = 2 ) + P ( X = 2, Y = 1 )
Now, 0 ≤ sin 2 θ ≤ 1, for all θ ∈ [0, 2 π ]. ∴5 boys can be seated at a round table + P ( X = 3, Y = 0 )
⇒ 2 ≤ 2 + 2 sin 2 θ ≤ 4 , for all when two particular boys are always P ( X = 0 ) P( Y = 3 ) + P( X = 1 ) P( Y = 2 )
θ ∈ [0, 2 π ] together = 3 ! 2 !
+ P ( X = 2 ) P ( Y = 1 ) + P( X = 3 ) P( Y = 0 )
∴Largest value of|A | is 4. ⇒ 4 girls have are 4 places.
[∴X and Y are independent]
∴4 girls can be arranged in 4! ways. 5 7 5 7

= C 0   ⋅ C 3   + 5 C 1   7C 2  
27 (2) Let 5 1 7 1 1 1
(sin 3 x + cos3 x ) + (cos4 x − sin 4 x ) ∴Required number = 3 ! 2 ! 4 ! = 6 ⋅ 2 ⋅ 24 2 2 2 2
A =
(1 + cos x )(1 − sin x ) = 288
 1 
n
(sin 3 x + cos3 x ) + (cos x + sin x ) 1  1 −   
2  5 7 5 7
 + 5 C 2   C 2   + 5 C 3   C 0  
1 1 1 1 1
(cos2 x + sin 2 x ) (cos x − sin x ) 29 (8) ∴S n = = 2 − n −1
7 7
= 1 − 1  2 2 2 2 2
(1 + cos x )(1 − sin x )  
 2 12
=   [(1 ) (35 ) + (5 )(21 ) + (10 )(7 ) + (10 )(1 )]

1
(sin x + cos x ){(1 − sin x cos x )
1 1 2
+ (cos x − sin x )} or 2 − S n = <
= 2n − 1 100 220 55
1 + cos x − sin x − sin x cos x = 12 = =λ (given)
Q2 − S < 1  2 1024
⇒ A = sin x + cos x …(i)  n
100  55
∴ 4096 λ = 4096 × = 4 × 55 = 220
π 2n − 1 > 100 > 26 1024
sin  + x 
1 or
=
2 4  ⇒ 2n − 1 > 26
Again from Eq. (i), we get ⇒ n −1 > 6
424 40 DAYS ~ JEE MAIN MATHEMATICS DAY FOURTY
DAY FOURTY
Mock Test 3
Instructions
3 If m1 and m2 are the roots of the equation

x 2 + ( 3 + 2)x + 3 − 1 = 0, then the area of the triangle
1 Two circles in complex plane are formed by the lines y = m1x , y = − m2 x and y = 1 is
C1 : | z − i | = 2 1  3 + 2 1  3 + 2
(a)   (b)  
C 2 : | z − 1 − 2i | = 4. Then, 2  3 −1  2  3 + 1
(a) C1 and C2 touch each other 1  − 3 + 2
(c)   (d) None of these
(b) C1 and C2 intersect at two distinct points 2  3 −1 
(c) C1 lies within C2 4 The equation of the ellipse whose axes are coincident
(d) C2 lies within C1 with the coordinate axes and which touches the straight
lines 3x − 2y − 20 = 0 and x + 6y − 20 = 0, is
cos 2x
2 If ∫ dx = − log | cot x + cot 2 x − 1 | + A + C, (a)
x2
+
y2
=1 (b)
x2
+
y2
= 10
sin x 5 8 40 10
2 2 2 2
x y x y
then A is equal to (c) + =1 (d) + =1
40 10 10 40
1  2 + 1 − tan2 x 
(a) log  5 A variable straight line through the point of intersection of
2  2 − 1 − tan x 
2
x y x y
the lines + = 1 and + = 1 meets the coordinate
 2 + 1 − sec2 x 
a b b a
1
(b) log  axes in A and B.
2  2 − 1 − sec x 
2
I. The locus of mid-point of AB is the curve
 2 + 1 − sin x  2 2xy (a + b ) = ab ( x + y ).
1
(c) log  II. The locus of mid-point of AB is the curve
2  2 − 1 − sin x 
2
2xy ( x + y ) = ab (a + b ).
(d) None of the above (a)Both I and II are true (b) Only I is true
(c) Only II is true (d) Both I and II are false
DAY FOURTY MOCK TEST 3 425
2x − sin−1 x a 1 1
6 If the function f ( x ) = , x ≠ 0 is continuous at
2x + tan−1 x 16 If the value of the determinant 1 b 1 is positive, then
each point of its domain, then the value of f ( 0) is 1 1 c
1 2 1
(a) 2 (b) (c) (d) − (a) abc > 1 (b) abc > − 8
3 3 3
(c) abc < − 8 (d) abc > − 2
7 If two distinct chords, drawn from the point ( p, q ) on the
circle x 2 + y 2 = px + qy , (where pq ≠ 0) are bisected by
17 A bag contains a white and b black balls. Two players A
and B alternately draw a ball from the bag, replacing the
the X-axis, then
ball each time after the draw. A begins the game.
(a) p 2 = q 2 (b) p 2 = 8 q 2
If the probability of A winning (that is drawing a white
(c) p 2 < 8 q 2 (d) p 2 > 8 q 2
ball) is twice the probability of B winning (that is
8 If A and B are different matrices satisfying A 3 = B 3 and drawing a black ball), then the ratio a : b is equal to
A 2B = B 2 A , then (a) 1 : 2 (b) 2 : 1
(a) det (A 2 + B 2 ) must be zero (c) 1 : 1 (d) None of these
(b) det (A – B) must be zero
(c) det (A 2 + B 2 ) as well as det (A – B) must be zero 18 If ( 5 + 2 6 )n = I + f ; n, I ∈ N and 0 ≤ f < 1 , then I equals
1 1 1 1
(d) Atleast one of det (A 2 + B 2 ) or det (A – B) must be zero (a) −f (b) −f (c) +f (d) −f
f 1+ f 1+ f 1− f
9 A fair coin is tossed 100 times. The probability of getting
tails 1, 3, …, 49 times is 19 The median of a set of 11 distinct observations is 20.5. If
1 1 1 1 each of the last 5 observations of the set is increased by
(a) (b) (c) (d)
2 4 8 16 4, then the median of the new set
10 The distance between the line (a) is increased by 2
(b) is decreased by 2
r = 2 $i − 2 $j + 3 k$ + λ ( $i − $j + 4 k$ ) (c) is two times the original a median
and the plane r ⋅ ( $i + 5 $j + k$ ) = 5 is (d) remains the same as that of the original set
10 3 10 10 x dx + y dy y3
(a) (b) (c) (d) 20 Solution of the differential equation =
3 10 3 3 9 x dx − y dy x3
11 The negation of the compound preposition p ∨ (~ p ∨ q ) is is given by
(a) (p ∧ ~ q)∧ ~ p (b) (p ∧ ~ q)∨ ~ p
3/2
x3/2 + y3/2
log   + log + tan−1  
3 y y
(a) +c = 0
(c) (p ∧ ~ q)∨ ~ p (d) (p ∧ q) ∧ q 2 x x3/2 x
x −1 x3/2 + y3/2
 log   + log + tan−1   + c = 0
2 y y
, for x ≠ 1 (b)
  x
12 If f ( x ) =  2x 2 − 7x + 5 , then f ′ (1) is equal to 3 x x3/2
 −1 / 2 , for x = 1 x + y −1  y 
3/2
(c) log   + log 
2 y
 + tan  3 / 2  + c = 0
1 2 1 1 3 x  x  x 
(a) − (b) − (c) − (d)
9 9 3 3 (d) None of the above
  −2  π 
13 The value of tan cos −1   −  is Section B : Numerical Type Questions
  7  2
2 2 1 4 21 Sixteen metre of wire is available to fence off a flower bed
(a) (b) (c) (d)
3 5 3 5 5 in the form of a sector. If the flower bed has the maximum
surface then radius is ………… .
14 A boat is being rowed away from a cliff of 150 m height.
At the top of the cliff the angle of depression of boat 22 A circle is drawn to pass through the extremities of the
changes from 60° to 45° in 2 min. Then, the speed of the latusrectum of the parabola y 2 = 8x . It is given that, this
boat (in m/h) is circle also touches the directrix of the parabola. The
4500 4500 radius of this circle is equal to ………… .
(a) (b) ( 3 − 1)
3 3
4300 4500 23 The number of permutations of the letters a, b, c, d such
(c) (d) ( 3 + 1)
3 3 that b does not follow a, c does not follow b and d does
not follow c, is ………… .
15 The equation of a line of intersection of planes
4x + 4y − 5z = 12 and 8x + 12y − 13z = 32 can be written  2x + 3 dy
24 If f ′ ( x ) = sin (log x ) and y = f   and at x = 1 is
as  3 − 2x  dx
x −1 y + 2 z x −1 y − 2 z
(a) = = (b) = = equal to p sin log(q ), then value of p + q is equal to
2 −3 4 2 3 4
………… .
x y+1 z−2 x y z−2
(c) = = (d) = =
2 3 4 2 3 4
25 If x + y + z = 1 and x, y, z are positive numbers such that 1 x 4 (1 − x )4 m

28 If the value of ∫ dx is − π, then value of mn
(1 − x )(1 − y )(1 − z ) ≥ kxyz , then k equals ………… . 2
0 1+ x2 n
is equal to
26 If f ( x ) is a function satisfying f ( x + y ) = f ( x ) f ( y ) for all
n
29 If the area inside the parabola 5x 2 − y = 0 but outside the
x , y ∈ N such that f (1) = 3 and Σ f ( x ) = 120,
x =1
then the parabola 2x 2 − y + 9 = 0 is p 3, then value of p is equal to
value of n 4 is ………… . 30 If $i − 3$j + 5k$ bisects the angle between a$ and
27 Number of solutions of the equation sin x = [ x ], where [.] − $i + 2$j + 2k$ when a$ is a unit vector, then
denotes the largest integer function, is λ $i + µ$j + γk$
a$ = , then the value of λ 2 − 2µ + v must be
105

1 (c) Given equations can be rewritten as = − log |cot x + cot 2 x − 1 | 4 (c) The general equation of the tangent
x + ( y − 1) = 2
2 2 2
 2 + 1 − tan 2 x to the ellipse is
1
and ( x − 1 )2 + ( y − 2 )2 = 42 + log  + C y = mx ± a 2 m 2 + b2 …(i)
2  2 − 1 − tan x
2
Here, centres are C 1 (0, 1 ) and C 2 (1, 2 ) 3
Since, y = x − 10 is a tangent to the
and radii are But I = − log |cot x + cot 2 x − 1 | 2
r1 = 2, r2 = 4 . + A + C [given] ellipse, therefore its comparing with
Now, C 1C 2 = (1 − 0 )2 + (2 − 1 )2  2 + 1 − tan 2 x 
Eq. (i), we get
1
∴ A = log   3
= 12 + 12 = 2 m = and a 2 m 2 + b2 = 100
2  2 − 1 − tan x 
2
2
Q |r1 − r2 | = |2 − 4| = 2 ⇒ 9 a 2 + 4 b2 = 400 …(ii)
C 1C 2 < |r1 − r2 |
3 (a) Since, m 1 and m 2 are the roots of
Similarly, line
the equation
cos 2 x 1 10
y=− x+
2 (a) Let I = ∫ sin 2 x
dx x2 + ( 3 + 2 ) x + ( 3 − 1 ) = 0. 6 3
Y y=–m2x is a tangent to the ellipse, therefore its
cos2 x − sin 2 x y = m 1x
= ∫ sin 2 x
dx comparing with Eq. (i), we get
1
A B y=1 m =−
6
X¢ X 100
= ∫ cot 2 x − 1 dx O and a 2 m 2 + b2 =
9
On putting cot x = sec θ ⇒ a 2 + 36 b2 = 400 …(iii)
⇒ − cosec 2 x dx = sec θ tan θ dθ, On solving Eqs. (ii) and (iii), we get
Y¢
we get a 2 = 40
∴ m 1 + m 2 = − (2 + 3)
sec θ tan θ
I = ∫ sec 2 θ − 1 × dθ and b2 = 10
− cos ec 2 x and m 1m2 = 3 − 1
Hence, required equation of the ellipse
sec θ tan 2 θ ⇒ m 1 < 0, m 2 < 0
=− ∫ 1 + sec 2 θ
dθ
So, the point of intersections are
is
x2 y2
+ = 1.
sin 2 θ  1   1  40 10
A , 1  and B  − , 1
=− ∫ cos θ + cos 3
θ
dθ
 m1   m2 
5 (b) Any line through the point of
1 − cos2 θ and O(0, 0 ). intersection of given lines is
=−∫ dθ
cos θ + cos3 θ 1  x + y − 1 + λ  x + y − 1 = 0
1 1    
(1 + cos2 θ) − 2 cos2 θ m1 a b  b a 
=− ∫ cos θ (1 + cos2 θ) dθ ∴ Area of ∆OAB = −
1 −1
1 1  1 λ  1 λ
x  +  + y  +  = (1 + λ )
2 m2 a b b a
d (sin θ)
= − ∫ sec θ dθ + 2 ∫ 0 0 1  b + aλ   a + bλ 
1 + cos2 θ ⇒x   + y  = (1 + λ )
 ab   ab 
= − log |sec θ + sec 2 θ − 1 | 1 1 1 1 m 1 + m2 x y
= + = ⇒ + =1
1  2 + 1 − cos2 θ 2 m1 m2 2 m 1 m2  ab (1 + λ )   ab (1 + λ ) 
+ log  + C    
1 2 + 3   b + aλ   a + bλ 
2  2 − 1 − cos θ
2
=  
2  3 −1 
Y Y 12 (b) Given,
 x −1
, x ≠1
 2
B A (p, q ) f( x ) = 2 x − 7 x + 5
(h, 0) 1
 − , x =1
M  3
M (x1, y1) X¢ X
O  1 , x ≠1

Y¢ B C f( x ) = 2 x − 5
1
X¢ X As, there are two distinct chords AB and  − , x =1
O A  3
Y¢ AC from A ( p, q ) which are bisected on f (1 + h ) − f(1 )
This meets the X-axis at X-axis there must be two distinct values f ′ (1 ) = lim
h →0 h
ab (1 + λ )  of h satisfying Eq. (i), then D
A ≡  , 0 1
−  − 
1
 b + aλ  = ( b2 – 4 ac ) > 0, we have
2 (1 + h ) − 5  3 
(–3 p ) 2 – 4 (2 )( p2 + q 2 ) > 0 = lim
and meets the Y-axis at h →0 h
ab (1 + λ )  ⇒ p2 > 8 q 2 1 1
B ≡  0,  +
 a + bλ  8 (c) Since, A 3 = B3 and A 2 B = B2 A 2h − 3 3
= lim
h →0 h
Let the mid-point of AB is M ( x 1 , y 1 ). ∴ A 3 − A 2 B = B3 − B2 A
3 + 2h − 3 2
Then,
⇒ ( A 2 + B2 )( A − B) = 0 = lim =−
h →0 3 h ( 2h − 3) 9
ab (1 + λ )
x1 = ⇒ det ( A 2 + B2 ) det ( A − B) = 0
2 ( b + aλ ) f(1 − h ) − f(1 )
Lf ′ (1 ) = lim
ab (1 + λ ) 9 (b) 1
Here, p = and q =
1 h →0 −h
and y1 =
−  − 
2 2 1 1
2 ( a + bλ )
∴P ( X = 1 ) + P ( X = 3 ) +…+ P ( X = 49 ) 2(1 − h ) − 5  3 
1 1 2 ( b + aλ ) 2 ( a + bλ ) = lim
∴ + = + h →0 −h
y 1 ab (1 + λ ) ab (1 + λ )
100 100
x1
C 1   C 3  
1 1
= 100
+ 100
= lim −
2
=−
2
2 2 2 h →0 3 (2 h + 3 )
= ( b + aλ + a + bλ ) 9
ab (1 + λ ) 100
C 49  
1 2
+…+ 100
∴ f ′(1 ) = −
2 2 9
= ( b + a ) (1 + λ )
ab (1 + λ ) 100
=  
1
( 100 C 1 + C 3 +…+ 13 (a) tan cos −1  − 2  − π 
100 100
C 49 )
( x 1 + y 1 ) 2 (a + b ) 2 
⇒ =  7 2
x 1y 1 ab 100
Q( 100 C 1 + C 3 +…+ 100 C 99 ) = 299   2 − π
⇒ 2 x 1 y 1 (a + b ) = ab ( x 1 + y 1 )   = tan  π − cos −1   
100
C 99 = 100
C1  7 2 
 but 
Hence, the locus of mid-point of AB is  100 C = 100 C , … , 100 C = 100 C   2
2xy (a + b ) = ab ( x + y )  97 3 51 49
 = tan sin −1  
∴ 2 ( 100 C + 100 C +…+ 100 C ) = 299   7
6 (b) Since, f( x ) is continuous 1 3 49

= tan  tan −1  2  = 2
 
100
=  
 2 x − sin −1 x  1 1
∴ lim   = f(0 ) × 298 =  3 5  3 5
x→ 0 2 x + tan −1 x
  2 4
14 (b) Let PQ = 150 m
 1  10 (c) Line is parallel to plane as
2 − 
 1 − x 2
 ( i$ − $j + 4 k$ ) ⋅ ( i$ + 5 $j + k$ ) = 0 Q
∴ f (0 ) = lim 60°
x→0 1
2+ General point on the line is 45°
1 + x2 ( λ + 2 , − λ − 2 , 4 λ + 3 ). For λ = 0 point
150 m
1 on this line is (2, –2, 3) and distance

2−
= 1 =1 from r ⋅ ( $i + 5 $j + k$ ) = 5 or
1 3
2+ x + 5 y + z = 5 , is
1 45° 60°
|2 + 5 ( −2 ) + 3 − 5|
[Qapply L’Hospital’s Rule] d = B
A P
1 + 25 + 1
7 (d) Let AB be a chord of the circle |− 10| PQ
10 In ∆APQ, tan 60° =
through A (p,q) and M (h, 0) be the ⇒ d = =
3 3 3 3 AP
mid-point of AB. Therefore, the 150
coordinates of B are (–p + 2h, – q). ⇒ AP = …(i)
11 (a) Negation of p ∨ (~ p ∨ q ) 3
Since, B lies on the circle
⇒ ~ [ p ∨ (~ p ∨ q )] ≡~ p ∧ ~ (~ p ∨ q ) and in ∆BPQ,
x2 + y2 = px + qy, then
≡~ p ∧ (~ (~ p )∧ ~ q ) PQ
(– p + 2 h ) 2 + (– q ) 2 tan 45° =
≡~ p ∧ ( p ∧ ~ q ) AB + AP
= p (– p + 2 h ) + q (– q )
≡ ( p ∧ ~ q )∧ ~ p 150
⇒ 2 p2 + 2q 2 – 6 ph + 4 h 2 = 0 ⇒ AB + = 150
3
⇒ 2 h 2 – 3 ph + ( p2 + q 2 ) = 0 …(i)
150 a (a + b ) 16-2r
⇒ AB = ( 3 − 1) = = P1 [say]
3 a 2 + b2 + ab
AB
∴ Speed of boat = and probability of B winning
2 a 2 + ab
1 150 = 1 − P1 = 1 − 2 r r
= × ( 3 − 1 ) × 60 a + b2 + ab
2 3 q
b2
4500 = = P2 [say]
= ( 3 − 1 ) m/h a + b2 + ab
2
3
Given, P1 = 2 P2 Then, S = surface area of sector
15 (b) Given equation of planes are a 2 + ab 2 b2 θ
⇒ = 2 = × πr 2
4 x + 4 y − 5 z = 12 …(i) a + b + ab a + b2 + ab
2 2
360
and 8 x + 12 y − 13 z = 32 …(ii)
⇒ a 2 + ab − 2 b2 = 0 We know, θ =
length of arc
Let DR’s of required line be ( l , m , n ) .
⇒ (a − b )(a + 2 b ) = 0 radius
⇒ a − b = 0 [Qa + 2 b ≠ 0 ] 16 − 2r
=
4l + 4m − 5n = 0 r
⇒ a =b
and 8 l + 12 m − 13 n = 0 θ 16 − 2 r 2
∴ a : b=1:1 ∴ S = πr 2 = ⋅r
⇒
l
=
m
=
n 2π 2r
8 12 16 18 (d) I + f + f ′ ⇒ S = (8 − r ) ⋅ r = 8 r − r 2
l m n = (5 + 2 6 )n + (5 − 2 6 )n
⇒ = =
2 3 4 dS
= 2k [even integer] ⇒ = 8 − 2r
Now, we take intersection point with dr
z = 0 is given by ∴ f + f′ = 1
Now, for area to be maximum,
4 x + 4 y = 12 …(iii) Now, dS
( I + f ) f ′ = (5 + 2 6 )n (5 − 2 6 )n =0
and 8 x + 12 y = 32 …(iv) dr
On solving Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get the = (1 )n = 1 ⇒ r =4
point (1, 2, 0). ⇒ ( I + f ) (1 − f ) = 1
1
22 (4) Extremities of the latusrectum of the
x −1 y −2 z ⇒ I= −f
∴ Required line is = = ⋅ parabola are (2, 4) and (2, – 4).
2 3 4 1−f
Since, any circle drawn with any focal
a 1 1 chord at its diameter touches the
19 (d) Since, n = 11, then median term
16 (b) Let ∆ ′ = 1 b 1 directrix, thus equation of required
11 + 1 
1 1 c =   th term = 6 th term circle is
 2 
( x − 2 )2 + ( y − 4 )( y + 4 ) = 0
= abc + 2 − a − b − c > 0 As, last five observations are increased
⇒ x2 + y2 − 4 x − 12 = 0
or abc + 2 > a + b + c ...(i) by 4. Hence, the median of the 6th
a + b+c observations will remain same. ∴ Radius = (2 )2 + 12 = 4
Q AM > GM ⇒ > (abc ) 1 /3
3
x dx + y dy y3
a + b + c > 3 (abc ) 1 /3 ...(ii) 20 (d) We have, =
From Eqs. (i) and (ii), x dx − y dy x3 23 (11) We have the following cases.
abc + 2 > 3 (abc ) 1 /3 d( x ) + d( y ) y
3 /2 3 /2 3 /2
⇒ = Case I a
Let (abc ) 1 /3 = x d ( x3 / 2 ) − d ( y3 / 2 ) x3 / 2
Then, x + 2 > 3 x
3 du + dv v
⇒ = In this case we have only two
⇒ ( x − 1 )2 ( x + 2 ) > 0 du − dv u possibilities, namely, a c bd and a d c b
∴ x + 2 > 0⇒x > − 2 where u = x and v = y
3 /2 3 /2
⇒ u du + u dv = v du − v dv Case II b
⇒ x3 > − 8 ⇒ abc > − 8
⇒ u du + v dv = v du − u dv
a u du + v dv v du − u dv
17 (c) Here, P( W ) = ⇒ = In this case we have only three
a + b u 2 + v2 u 2 + v2
possibilities, namely, ba d c, bd a c and
d( u + v )
2 2
= −2 d tan −1   + c
b v
and P( B) = ⇒ bd c a
a + b u 2 + v2 u
On integrating, we get Case III c
∴ Probability of A winning
log ( u 2 + v2 ) = −2 tan −1   + c
v
= P( W ) + P ( W ) P ( B ) P ( W ) + K
u In this case we have only three
P( W) 3 /2
=
log( x3 + y3 ) + tan −1  
1 y c possibilities, namely, c a d b, c bd a and
1 − P( W ) P( B) ⇒ =
2  x 2 c ba d
a
a + b 21 (4) Let r be the radius of the sector and Case IV d
=
b a angle subtended at the centre
1− ⋅
a + b a + b be θ.
In this case we have only three 27 (2) y = sin x = [ x ] Y y = 2 x2+ 9

possibilities, namely, d c ba , d a c b and Graphs of y = sin x and y = [ x ] are as
d ba c shown.
Hence, the total number of ways ( 3, 15)
Y (– 3, 15)
= 2 + 3 + 3 + 3 = 11 (0, a
)
y = 5x 2
 2x + 3  1 X
24 (17) Given that, y = f   –p
O
 3 − 2x  X¢
2
X
–2 –1 1 p 2
dy  2x + 3  d  2x + 3  2
⇒ = f′     –1 The two parabolas are
dx  3 − 2 x  dx  3 − 2 x  Y¢ 1 1
x2 = y, x2 = ( y − 9 )
  2x + 3   Hence, two solutions are x = 0 and 5 2
= sin  log   π
  3 − 2x   x= . 3
∴ Area = 2 ∫ ( y 1 − y2 ) dx
2 0
 (3 − 2 x )(2 ) − (2 x + 3 )( −2 ) 
 
1 x4 (1 − x )4
 (3 − 2 x )2 
28 (154) Let I = ∫
0
1 + x2
dx 3
= 2 ∫ [(2 x2 + 9 ) − 5 x2 )] dx
0
12   2x + 3  
x4  x2 − 4 x + 5 −
= sin  log  
1 4 
= ∫  dx 3
(3 − 2 x )2  3 − 2x    = 2 ∫ (9 − 3 x2 ) dx
 0
1 + x2  0
1
 dy  = 2[9 x − x3 ]0 3
12 = ∫ (x − 4 x5 + 5 x4 ) dx
6
⇒   = sin log (5 )
 dx  (x = 1 ) (3 − 2 )2
0 4
1 x ∴ Area = 12 3
−4∫ dx
= 12 sin log (5 )
0 ( 1 + x2 )
∴ p = 12
Here, p = 12, q = 5 1
= ∫ (x − 4 x5 + 5 x4 ) dx − 4
6
∴ p + q = 17
0 30 (1817) We must have
1  2 1  2 k$ + 2 $j − $i
25 (64) Clearly,
x+ y
≥ xy ;
y+ z
≥ yz ∫ 0
x − 1 +

 dx
1 + x2 
α ( $i − 3 $j + 5 k$ ) = a$ +
3
2 2 ⇒
1
x+ z  x 7 4 x6 
and ≥ xz = − + x5  3a$ = α (3 i$ − 9 $j + 15 k$ ) − 2 k$ − 2 $j + $i
2  7 6 0
( x + y ) ( y + z) ( x + z) ⇒ 3a$ = (3α + 1 ) $i − (9α + 2 )$j
∴ ⋅ ⋅  x3 
1
2 2 2 − 4 − x + tan −1 x  + (15 α − 2 )k$

≥ xy ⋅ yz ⋅ xz  3 0
π ∴ 3|a$ | = |(3α + 1 ) i$ − (9α + 2 )$j
=  − + 1  − 4  − 1 + 
1 4 1
⇒ (1 − z )(1 − x )(1 − y ) ≥ 8 xyz
7 6  3 4 + (15α − 2 ) k$ |
[Q x + y + z = 1 ]
22 ⇒
∴ k =8 = − π
7 3 = {(3α + 1 )2 + (9α + 2 )2 + (15α − 2 )2 }
Hence, k 2 = 64
∴ m = 22, n = 7
26 (256) f( x ) = f(1 + 1 + 1 + . . . + x Hence, m × n = 22 × 7 = 154
⇒ 9 = 135 α2 − 18 α + 9
times) 2
29 (12) Given parabolas are ∴ α = 0,
= f (1 ) f (1 ) f (1 ). . . . . . . . x times
5 x2 − y = 0 35
= [ f (1 )] x = 3 x $i − 2 $j − 2 k$
and 2x − y + 9 = 0 2
n n For α = 0, a$ =
∴ ∑ f( x ) = ∑ 3
x=1 x=1
x
= 3 1 + 32 + . . . +3 n Now, eliminating y from above 3
equations, we get (not acceptable)
3 1 – 3n ⋅ 3 5 x2 − ( 2 x2 + 9 ) = 0 2 $ 2 $
= For α = ,a = ( i − 3 $j + 5 k$ )
1–3 ⇒ 3x = 9 ⇒ x = ± 3
2 35 35
3n + 1 – 3  a − lr  (2 k$ + 2 $j − $i )
= Q sum = 1 − r  −
2   3
Given parabolas intersect at ( 3, 15 )
3 n +1– 3 1 $ $ $
and ( − 3, 15 ). = (41 i − 88 j − 40 k )
∴ = 120 ⇒ 3 n + 1 = 243 = 35 105
2
⇒ n+1 =5 On comparing, we get
⇒ n =4 λ = 41, µ = − 88, v = − 40
∴ n 4 = 256 ∴λ2 − 2µ + v = (41 )2 + 2(88 ) − 40
= 1681 + 176 − 40 = 1817
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February Attempt Online JEE Main 2021 1
JEE Main 2021

(February, March, July & August Attempt)
Instructions
This question paper contains of 30 Questions of Physics, divided into two Sections : Section A Objective Type
Questions and Section B Numerical Type Questions.
Section A contains 20 questions and all Questions are compulsory (Marking Scheme : Correct + 4, Incorrect –1) .
Section B contains 10 questions out of which only 5 questions are to be attempted
(Marking Scheme : Correct + 4, Incorrect 0) .
24 FEBRUARY SHIFT I
Section A : Objective Type Questions 5. Consider two satellites S1 and S 2 with periods of
1. The work done by a gas molecule in an isolated system is revolution 1 h and 8 h respectively, revolving around a
− x
2 planet in circular orbits. The ratio of angular velocity of
given by, W = αβ 2e αKT , where x is the displacement, k is satellite S1 to the angular velocity of satellite S 2 is
the Boltzmann constant and T is the temperature, α and a. 8 : 1 b. 1 : 8
β are constants. c. 2 : 1 d. 1 : 4
Then, the dimensions of β will be 6. Each side of a box made of metal sheet in cubic shape is
2
a. [M L T ] 2 0
b. [M L T ] 0 a at room temperature T , the coefficient of linear
expansion of the metal sheet is α. The metal sheet is
c. [M L T − 2 ] d. [M L 2 T − 2 ] heated uniformly, by a small temperature ∆T , so that its
2. Two stars of masses m and 2m at a distance d rotate new temperature is T + ∆T . Calculate the increase in the
about their common centre of mass in free space. The volume of the metal box.
period of revolution is a. 4 πa 3α∆T b. 4a 3α∆T
1 3Gm d3 4
a. b. 2 π c. πa 3α∆T d. 3a 3α∆T
2π d3 3Gm 3
3Gm 1 d3 7. If Y, K and η are the values of Young’s modulus, bulk
c. 2 π d.
d 3
2π 3Gm modulus and modulus of rigidity of any material,
respectively. Choose the correct relation for these
3. Four identical particles of equal masses 1 kg made to parameters.
move along the circumference of a circle of radius 1 m
9Kη 9Kη
under the action of their own mutual gravitational a. Y = N/m 2 b. Y = N/m 2
attraction. The speed of each particle will be 2η + 3K 3K − η
Yη 3YK
(1 + 2 2 )G G c. K = N/m 2 d. η = N/m 2
a. b. (1 + 2 2 ) 9η − 3Y 9K + Y
2 2
c. G(1 + 2 2 ) d.
G
(2 2 − 1) 8. If the velocity-time graph has the shape AMB, what would
2 be the shape of the corresponding acceleration-time
4. Moment of inertia (MI) of four bodies, having same mass graph ?
and radius, are reported as Velocity (v)
I1 = MI of thin circular ring about its diameter,
I2 = MI of circular disk about an axis perpendicular to the A B
disk and going through the centre,
I3 = MI of solid cylinder about its axis Time (t)
and I4 = MI of solid sphere about its diameter. Then,
M
5
a. I1 + I 2 = I 3 + I4 b. I1 + I 3 I 4
2 Online JEE Main 2021 February Attempt
a a
a. t c. t m
k
a a
M
b.
d. t
t
9. n mole of a perfect gas undergoes a cyclic process ABCA M+ m M M− m M

a. A b. A c. A d. A
(see figure) consisting of the following processes. M M+ m M M−m
A → B : Isothermal expansion at temperature T , so that
the volume is doubled from V1 to V2 = 2V1 and pressure
12. A cell E 1 of emf 6 V and internal resistance 2 Ω is
changes from p1 to p2. connected with another cell E 2 of emf 4 V and internal
resistance 8Ω (as shown in the figure). The potential
B → C : Isobaric compression at pressure p2 to initial difference across points X and Y is
volume V1. E1 E2
P X Y
C → A : Isochoric change leading to change of pressure
from p2 to p1. 6 V, 2 Ω 4 V, 8 Ω
Total work done in the complete cycle ABCA is

p
A a. 2.0 V b. 3.6 V
p1
c. 5.6 V d. 10.0 V
13. A current through a wire depends on time as
i = α 0t + βt 2, where α 0 = 20 A/s and
p2
C
B
β = 8 As − 2. Find the charge crossed through a section of
the wire in 15 s.
a. 260 C b. 2100 C
V c. 11250 C d. 2250 C
V1 V2=2V1
14. Two equal capacitors are first connected in series and
a. 0 b. nRT ln 2 then in parallel. The ratio of the equivalent capacities in
c. nRT  ln 2 +  d. nRT  ln 2 − 
1 1 the two cases will be
 2  2 a. 1 : 2 b. 2 : 1 c. 4 : 1 d. 1 : 4
10. Match List-I with List-II. 15. A cube of side a has point charges
+ Q located at each of its vertices except at the origin,
List-I List-II
where the charge is − Q. The electric field at the centre of
A. Isothermal 1. Pressure constant cube is
x
B. Isochoric 2. Temperature constant
+Q +Q
C. Adiabatic 3. Volume constant
D. Isobaric 4. Heat content is constant +Q +Q
Choose the correct answer from the options given below. +Q

A B C D z
–Q
(a) 1 3 2 4 +Q +Q
a
(b) 3 2 1 4
(c) 2 4 3 1 y
(d) 2 3 4 1
−Q $ + y$ + z$ ) Q $ + y$ + z$ )
a. (x b. (x
11. In the given figure, a mass M is attached to a horizontal 3 3 πε0a 2 3 3 πε0a 2
spring which is fixed on one side to a rigid support. The −2Q 2Q
c. $ + y$ + z$ )
(x d. (x$ + y$ + z$ )
spring constant of the spring is k. The mass oscillates on
3 3 πε0a 2 3 3 πε0a 2
a frictionless surface with time period T and amplitude A.
When the mass is in equilibrium position as shown in the 16. If an emitter current is changed by 4 mA, the collector
figure, another mass m is gently fixed upon it. The new current changes by 3.5 mA. The value of β will be
amplitude of oscillation will be a. 7 b. 0.875 c. 0.5 d. 3.5
17. In the given figure, the energy levels of hydrogen atom 22. An unpolarised light beam is incident on the polariser of a
have been shown alongwith some transitions marked polarisation experiment and the intensity of light beam
A, B, C, D and E. The transitions A, B and C respectively emerging from the analyser is measured as 100 lumens.
represent Now, if the analyser is rotated around the horizontal axis
+eV (direction of light) by 30° in clockwise direction, the
Continuum intensity of emerging light will be ....... lumens.
0 eV
n=5 –0.54 eV 23. A ball with a speed of 9 m/s collides with another identical
n=4 – 0.85 eV ball at rest. After the collision, the direction of each ball
n=3 –1.51 eV makes an angle of 30° with the original direction. The ratio
B C D of velocities of the balls after collision is x : y , where x is
n=2 –3.4 eV ........... .
A E
24. A hydraulic press can lift 100 kg when a mass m is placed
n=1 –13.6 eV on the smaller piston. It can lift ...... kg when the diameter
a. The first member of the Lyman series, third member of of the larger piston is increased by 4 times and that of the
Balmer series and second member of Paschen series. smaller piston is decreased by 4 times keeping the same
b. The ionisation potential of hydrogen, second member of mass m on the smaller piston.
Balmer series and third member of Paschen series. 25. An inclined plane is bent in such a way that the vertical
c. The series limit of Lyman series, second member of x2
Balmer series and second member of Paschen series. cross-section is given by y = where, y is in vertical and x
4
d. The series limit of Lyman series, third member of Balmer
in horizontal direction. If the upper surface of this curved
series and second member of Paschen series.
plane is rough with coefficient of friction µ = 0.5, the
18. Given below are two statements : maximum height in cm at which a stationary block will not
Statement I Two photons having equal linear slip downward is .......... cm.
momenta have equal wavelengths. 26. A resonance circuit having inductance and resistance
Statement II If the wavelength of photon is decreased, 2 × 10− 4 H and 6.28 Ω respectively oscillates at 10 MHz
then the momentum and energy of a photon will also frequency. The value of quality factor of this resonator is
decrease. .......... .
In the light of the above statements, choose the correct [Take, π = 3.14]
answer from the options given below. 27. An audio signal v m = 20 sin 2π(1500 t) amplitude modulates
a. Both Statement I and Statement II are true.
a carrier v c = 80 sin 2π(100000 t)
b. Both Statement I and Statement II are false.
c. Statement I is true but Statement II is false. The value of per cent modulation is ......... .
d. Statement I is false but Statement II is true. 28. In connection with the circuit drawn below, the value of
19. The focal length f is related to the radius of curvature r current flowing through 2kΩ resistor is ....... × 10− 4 A.
of the spherical convex mirror by
r r 1kΩ
a. f = r b. f = − r c. f = − d. f = +
2 2 2 kΩ 5V
20. In a Young’s double slit experiment, the width of the
one of the slit is three times the other slit. The
amplitude of the light coming from a slit is proportional 10 V
to the slit-width. Find the ratio of the maximum to the
minimum intensity in the interference pattern.
29. An electromagnetic wave of frequency
5 GHz, is travelling in a medium whose relative electric
a. 4 : 1 b. 2 : 1 c. 1 : 4 d. 3 : 1
permittivity and relative magnetic permeability both are 2.
Section B : Numerical Type Questions Its velocity in this medium is ...... × 107 m/s.
21. The coefficient of static friction between a wooden 30. A common transistor radio set requires 12 V (DC) for its
block of mass 0.5 kg and a vertical rough wall is 0.2. operation. The DC source is constructed by using a
The magnitude of horizontal force that should be transformer and a rectifier circuit, which are operated at
applied on the block to keep it adhere to the wall will 220 V (AC) on standard domestic AC supply. The number
be ........ N. [Take, g = 10 ms − 2] of turns of secondary coil are 24, then the number of
turns of primary are ............ .
Answers For solution scan

the QR code
1. (c) 2. (b) 3. (*) 4. (d) 5. (a) 6. (d) 7. (c) 8. (a) 9. (d) 10. (d)
11. (b) 12. (c) 13. (c) 14. (d) 15. (c) 16. (a) 17. (d) 18. (c) 19. (d) 20. (a)
21. (25) 22. (75) 23. (1) 24. (25600) 25. (25) 26. (2000) 27. (25) 28. (25) 29. (15) 30. (440)
Note (*) None of the option is correct.

24 FEBRUARY SHIFT II
Section A : Objective Type Questions 7. Given below are two statements:
1. When a particle executes SHM, the nature of graphical Statement I p-n junction diodes can be used to function as
representation of velocity as a function of displacement transistor, simply by connecting two diodes, back to back,
is which acts as the base terminal.
a. circular b. elliptical Statement II In the study of transistor, the amplification
c. parabolic d. straight line factor β indicates ratio of the collector current to the base
2. Two electrons each are fixed at a distance 2d. A third current.
charge proton placed at the mid-point is displaced In the light of the above statements, choose the correct
slightly by a distance x( x < < d) perpendicular to the line answer from the options given below.
joining the two fixed charges. Proton will execute simple a. Statement I is false but Statement II is true.
harmonic motion having angular frequency? b. Both Statement I and Statement II are true.
(m = mass of charged particle) c. Both Statement I and Statement II are false.
1 1
 2q 2  2  πε md 3  2 d. Statement I is true but Statement II is false.
a.   b.  0 2 
3
 πε0 md   2q  8. In the given figure, a body of mass M is held between two
1 1 massless springs, on a smooth inclined plane. The free
 q2  2  2 πε0 md 3  2 ends of the springs are attached to firm supports. If each
c.  3
 d.  
 2πε0 md   q2  spring has spring constant k, then the frequency of
oscillation of given body is
3. On the basis of kinetic theory of gases, the gas exerts
pressure because its molecules
k
a. continuously lose their energy till it reaches wall
b. are attracted by the walls of container
k M
c. continuously stick to the walls of container
d. suffer change in momentum when impinge on the walls of α
container
4. A soft ferromagnetic material is placed in an external 1 k 1 2k
magnetic field. The magnetic domains a. b.
2π 2M 2π Mg sin α
a. increase in size but no change in orientation
b. have no relation with external magnetic field 1 2k 1 k
c. d.
c. decrease in size and changes orientation 2π M 2π Mg sin α
d. may increase or decrease in size and change its orientation
9. Figure shows a circuit that contains four identical
5. A resistors with resistance R = 20. Ω, two identical
C
B inductors with inductance L = 2.0 mH and an ideal
The logic circuit shown above is equivalent to battery with electromotive force E = 9 V. The current i just
after the switch S is closed will be
A
a. C
B
S
A L R
b. A
C +
B R
E=9 V – i
R L
A
c. C
B
R
a. 2.25 A b. 3.0 A c. 3.37 A d. 9 A
A
d. C 10. The de-Broglie wavelength of a proton and α-particle are
B
equal. The ratio of their velocities is
6. The period of oscillation of a simple pendulum is a. 4 : 3 b. 4 : 1 c. 4 : 2 d. 1: 4
L
T = 2π . Measured value of L is 1.0 m from metre scale 11. If one mole of an ideal gas at ( p1, V1) is allowed to expand
g
reversibly and isothermally
having a minimum division of 1 mm and time of one
complete oscillation is 1.95 s measured from stopwatch (A to B ), its pressure is reduced to one-half of the original
of 0.01 s resolution. The percentage error in the pressure (see figure). This is followed by a constant
determination of g will be volume cooling till its pressure is reduced to one-fourth
a. 1.13% b. 1.03% c. 1.33% d. 1.30% of the initial value (B → C ). Then, it is restored to its initial
state by a reversible adiabatic compression (C to A). c. lightly doped and have narrow depletion layer
The net work done by the gas is equal to d. heavily doped and have wide depletion layer
P 18. Match List-I with List-II.
A
List-I List-II
p1
A. Source of microwave 1. Radioactive decay of nucleus
p1 frequency
B
2 B. Source of infrared 2. Magnetron
p1
C frequency
4
C. Source of gamma rays 3. Inner shell electrons
V D. Source of X-rays 4. Vibration of atoms and
V1 2V1 molecules
 1  RT
a. RT  ln 2 −  b. − 5. LASER
 2(γ − 1)  2(γ − 1)
6. R - C circuit
c. 0 d. RT ln2
12. An X-ray tube is operated at Choose the correct answer from the options given below.
1.24 million volt. The shortest wavelength of the A B C D A B C D
produced photon will be a. 6 4 1 5 b. 6 5 1 4
a. 10− 3 nm b. 10− 1 nm c. 2 4 6 3 d. 2 4 1 3
c. 10− 2 nm d. 10− 4 nm 19. A particle is projected with velocity v 0 along X-axis. A
13. Which of the following equations represents a damping force is acting on the particle which is proportional
travelling wave? to the square of the distance from the origin, i.e.
a. y = A sin(15x − 2t )
2
b. y = Ae − x (vt + θ) ma = − αx 2. The distance at which the particle stops is
1 1
c. y = Ae x cos(ωt − θ) d. y = A sin x cosωt  3 mv 02  2
b. 
2 mv 0  3
a.   
14. According to Bohr atom model, in which of the  2α   3α 
following transitions will the frequency be maximum 1 1
?  2 mv 02  2  3 mv 02  3
c.   d.  
a. n = 4 to n = 3 b. n = 2 to n = 1  3α   2α 
c. n = 5 to n = 4 d. n = 3 to n = 2
20. A body weights 49 N on a spring balance at the North pole.
15. If the source of light used in a Young's double slit What will be its weight recorded on the same weighing
experiment is changed from red to violet, then machine, if it is shifted to the equator ?
a. the consecutive fringe lines will come closer GM
(Use, g = 2 = 9.8 ms − 2 and radius of earth, R = 6400 km)
b. the central bright fringe will become a dark fringe R
c. the fringes will become brighter
a. 49 N b. 48.83 N
d. the intensity of minima will increase
c. 49.83 N d. 49.17 N
16. A circular hole of radius   is cut out of a circular
a
2 Section B : Numerical Type Questions
disc of radius a as shown in figure. The centroid of 21. A uniform metallic wire is elongated by
the remaining circular portion with respect to point O 0.04 m when subjected to a linear force F . The elongation, if
will be its length and diameter is doubled and subjected to the
Y-axis same force will be ……… cm.
22. A cylindrical wire of radius 0.5 mm and conductivity 5 × 107

S/m is subjected to an electric field of 10 mV/m. The
expected value of current in the wire will be x 3π mA. The
a/2 value of x is ……… .
O a X–axis
23. A uniform thin bar of mass 6 kg and length 2.4 m is bent to
make an equilateral hexagon. The moment of inertia about
an axis passing through the centre of mass and
perpendicular to the plane of hexagon is ………
1 10 5 2 × 10− 1 kg - m2.
a. a b. a c. a d. a
6 11 6 3
24. Two solids A and B of mass 1 kg and 2 kg respectively are
17. Zener breakdown occurs in a p-n junction having p moving with equal linear momentum. The ratio of their
and n both A
kinetic energies (KE) A : (KE) B will be , so the value of A will
a. lightly doped and have wide depletion layer 1
b. heavily doped and have narrow depletion layer be ……… .
25. The root mean square speed of molecules of a given 27. A signal of 0.1 kW is transmitted in a cable. The
mass of a gas at 27°C and 1 atmosphere pressure is 200 attenuation of cable is − 5 dB per km and cable length is
ms − 1. The root mean square speed of molecules of the 20 km. The power received at receiver is 10−x W. The
x
gas at 127°C and 2 atmosphere pressure is ms − 1. The value of x is ……… .
3 P 
value of x will be ……… . [Gain in dB = 10 log10  0  ]
 Pi 
26. A point charge of + 12 µC is at a distance 6 cm vertically
above the centre of a square of side 12 cm as shown in 28. A series L-C -R circuit is designed to resonate at an
figure. The magnitude of the electric flux through the angular frequency ω 0 = 105 rad/s. The circuit draws 16 W
square will be ……… × 103 N - m2 / C . power from 120 V source at resonance. The value of
resistance R in the circuit is ……… Ω.
+q
29. Two cars are approaching each other at an equal speed
of 7.2 km/h. When they see each other, both blow horns
6 cm
having frequency of 676 Hz. The beat frequency heard
by each driver will be ……… Hz. [Velocity of sound in air is
340 m/s.]
30. An electromagnetic wave of frequency 3 GHz enters a
12 dielectric medium of relative electric permittivity 2.25
cm
cm
from vacuum. The wavelength of this wave in that

12
medium will be ……… × 10− 2 cm.

the QR code
1. (b) 2. (c) 3. (d) 4. (d) 5. (d) 6. (a) 7. (a) 8. (c) 9. (a) 10. (b)
11. (a) 12. (a) 13. (a) 14. (b) 15. (a) 16. (c) 17. (b) 18. (d) 19. (d) 20. (b)
21. (2) 22. (5) 23. (8) 24. (2) 25. (400) 26. (226) 27. (8) 28. (900) 29. (8) 30. (667)
25 FEBRUARY SHIFT I
Section A : Objective Type Questions km, respectively. If TA and TB are the time periods of A
and B respectively, then the value of TB − TA is
1. Given below are two statements: one is labelled as
Assertion A and the other is labelled as Reason R.
Assertion (A) When a rod lying freely is heated, no
thermal stress is developed in it. B
A
Reason (R) On heating, the length of the rod increases. E
In the light of the above statements, choose the correct
answer from the options given below
a. Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation
of A. (Given, radius of Earth = 6400 km, mass of Earth
b. A is false but R is true. = 6 × 1024 kg)
c. A is true but R is false. a. 1.33 × 103 s b. 3.33 × 102 s
d. Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A. c. 4.24 × 103 s d. 4.24 × 102 s
2. A student is performing the experiment of resonance 4. The angular frequency of alternating current in an L-C-R
column. The diameter of the column tube is 6 cm. The circuit is 100 rad/s. The components connected are
frequency of the tuning fork is 504 Hz. Speed of the shown in the figure. Find the value of inductance of the
sound at the given temperature is 336 m/s. The zero of coil and capacity of condenser.
the meter scale coincides with the top end of the
resonance column tube. The reading of the water level in R=60 Ω
the column when the first resonance occurs is 15 V
a. 13 cm b. 16.6 cm
c. 18.4 cm d. 14.8 cm R′=40 Ω L 20 V
C 10 V
3. Two satellites A and B of masses 200 kg and 400 kg are
revolving around the Earth at height of 600 km and 1600
a. 0.8 H and 150 µF b. 0.8 H and 250 µF 12. An engine of a train moving with uniform acceleration,
c. 1.33 H and 250 µF d. 1.33 H and 150 µF passes the signal-post with velocity u and the last
5. A proton, a deuteron and an α-particle are moving with compartment with velocity v. The velocity with which
same momentum in a uniform magnetic field. The ratio middle point of the train passes the signal post is
of magnetic forces acting on them is ……… and their v2 + u2 v −u u+v v2 − u2
speed is ……… in the ratio. a. b. c. d.
2 2 2 2
a. 1 : 2 : 4 and 2 : 1 : 1 b. 2 : 1 : 1 and 4 : 2 : 1
c. 4 : 2 : 1 and 2 : 1 : 1 d. 1 : 2 : 4 and 1 : 1 : 2 13. Match List-I with List-II
6. Given, below are two statements List-I List-II
Statement I A speech signal of 2 kHz is used to modulate a A. h (Planck's constant) 1. [M L T −1]
carrier signal of 1 MHz. The
bandwidth requirement for the signal is B. E (kinetic energy) 2. [M L2 T −1]
4 kHz.
C. V (electric potential) 3. [M L2 T −2 ]
Statement II The side band frequencies are 1002 kHz and
998 kHz. In the light of the above statements, choose the D. P (linear momentum) 4. [M L2I−1T −3 ]
correct answer from the options given below
a. Statement I is true but Statement II is false. Choose the correct answer from the options given
b. Statement I is false but Statement II is true. below.
A B C D
c. Both Statement I and Statement II are true.
a. 3 4 2 1
d. Both Statement I and Statement II are false.
b. 2 3 4 1
7. If the time period of a 2 m long simple pendulum is 2 s, c. 1 2 4 3
the acceleration due to gravity at the place, where d. 3 2 4 1
pendulum is executing SHM is 14. Magnetic fields at two points on the axis of a circular coil
a. π 2 ms −2 b. 9.8 ms −2 c. 2 π 2 ms −2 d. 16 ms −2
at a distance of 0.05 m and 0.2 m from the centre are in
8. The pitch of the screw gauge is 1 mm and there are 100 the ratio 8 : 1. The radius of coil is
divisions on the circular scale. When nothing is put in a. 0.2 m b. 0.1 m
between the jaws, the zero of the circular scale lies 8 c. 0.15 m d. 1.0 m
divisions below the reference line. When a wire is placed
between the jaws, the first linear scale division is clearly 15. A solid sphere of radius R gravitationally attracts a
visible while 72nd division on circular scale coincides particle placed at 3R from its centre with a force F1. Now,
with the reference line. The radius of the wire is R
a spherical cavity of radius   is made in the sphere (as
a. 1.64 mm b. 0.82 mm
 2
c. 1.80 mm d. 0.90 mm shown in figure) and the force becomes F 2. The value of
F1 : F 2 is
9. A 5 V battery is connected across the points X and Y.
Assume D1 and D 2 to be normal silicon diodes. Find the
current supplied by the battery, if the positive terminal
of the battery is connected to point X.
B A
D1
10 Ω O 2R m
D2
5Ω
a. 25 : 36 b. 36 : 25
X Y
c. 50 : 41 d. 41 : 50
a. ~ 0.5 A b. ~ 1.5 A 16. Two radioactive substances X and Y originally have N1
c. ~ 0.86 A d. ~ 0.43 A and N2 nuclei, respectively. Half-life of X is half of the
10. An α-particle and a proton are accelerated from rest by a half-life of Y. After three half-lives of Y, number of nuclei
N
potential difference of 200 V. After this, their de-Broglie of both are equal. The ratio 1 will be equal to
λp N2
wavelengths are λ α and λ p, respectively. The ratio is 1 3
λα a. b.
8 1
a. 3.8 b. 8 c. 7.8 d. 2.8
8 1
7 5 c. d.
11. A diatomic gas having C p = R and C V = R , is heated at 1 3
2 2
constant pressure. The 17. In an octagon ABCDEFGH of equal side, what is the sum
ratio dU : dQ : dW is of AB + AC + AD + AE + AF + AG + AH
a. 5 : 7 : 3 b. 5 : 7 : 2 c. 3 : 7 : 2 d. 3 : 5 : 2 if, AO = 2$i + 3$j − 4k$ ?
A B
23. In a certain thermodynamical process, the pressure of a
gas depends on its volume as kV 3. The work done when
H C
the temperature changes from 100°C to 300°C will be
O ……… nR, where n denotes number of moles of a gas.
G D
24. A small bob tied at one end of a thin string of length 1m
is describing a vertical circle, so that the maximum and
F E
minimum tension in the string are in the ratio 5 : 1. The
a. −16$i − 24 $j + 32k$ b. 16 $i + 24 $j − 32k$ velocity of the bob at the highest position is ……… m/s.
c. 16 i$ + 24 $j + 32k$ d. 16 i$ − 24 $j + 32k$
(Take, g = 10 m/s 2)
25. In the given circuit of potentiometer, the potential
difference E across AB (10 m length) is larger than E 1 and
Assertion A The escape velocities of planet A and B are E 2 as well. For key K1(closed), the jockey is adjusted to
same. But A and B are of unequal mass. touch the wire at point J1, so that there is no deflection in
Reason R The product of their mass and radius must be the galvanometer. Now, the first battery (E 1) is replaced
same, M1R1 = M 2R 2 by second battery (E 2) for working by making K1 open and
K 2 closed. The galvanometer gives then null deflection at
In the light of the above statements, choose the most
J 2. The value of E 1 /E 2 is a / b,, where a = ……… .
appropriate answer from the options given below.
K1
(a) Both A and R are correct but R is not the correct
explanation of A. E1
(b) A is correct but R is not correct.
(c) Both A and R are correct and R is the correct explanation of G
A. E2 K2
E
(d) A is not correct but R is correct.
A
19. The current ( i) at time t = 0 and t = ∞ respectively for the K
given circuit is 20 cm J1
5Ω 5Ω
i
E J2
Rh 60 cm
1Ω 4Ω
B 1m
L
26. The same size images are formed by a convex lens when
the object is placed at 20 cm or at 10 cm from the lens.
18E 5E 10E 5E 5E 18E 5E 10E The focal length of convex lens is ………… cm.
a. , b. , c. , d. ,
55 18 33 18 18 55 18 33 27. 512 identical drops of mercury are charged to a potential
20. Two coherent light sources having intensity in the ratio of 2 V each. The drops are joined to form a single drop.
Imax − Imin The potential of this drop is ………… V.
2x produce an interference pattern. The ratio
Imax + Imin 28. A coil of inductance 2H having negligible resistance is
will be connected to a source of supply whose voltage is given
2 2x 2x 2x 2 2x by V = 3t V (where, t is in second). If the voltage is applied
a.
x+1
b.
2x + 1
c.
x+1
d.
2x + 1
when t = 0, then the energy stored in the coil after 4 s is
………… J.
Section B : Numerical Type Questions 29. A monoatomic gas of mass 4.0 u is kept in an insulated
21. A transmitting station releases waves of wavelength container. Container is moving with velocity 30 m/s. If
960 m. A capacitor of 2.56 µF is used in the resonant container is suddenly stopped, then change in
x
circuit. The self-inductance of coil necessary for temperature of the gas (R = gas constant) is . Value of
3R
resonance is ……… × 10−8 H.
x is …… .
22. The electric field in a region is given 30. The potential energy (U) of a diatomic molecule is a
3 4  N function dependent on r (interatomic distance) as
E =  E 0$i + E 0$j . The ratio of flux of reported field α β
5 5  C U = 10 − 5 − 3
through the rectangular surface of area 0.2 m2 (parallel r r
to YZ-plane) to that of the surface of area 0.3 m 2 (parallel where, α and β are positive constants. The equilibrium
a/ b
to XZ- plane) is a : b, where a = ……… .  2α 
distance between two atoms will be   , where a =
$ $j and k$ are unit vectors along X, Y and Z-axes,
[Here i,  β
respectively] ……… .

the QR code
1. (a) 2. (d) 3. (a) 4. (b) 5. (b) 6. (c) 7. (c) 8. (b) 9. (d) 10. (d)
11. (b) 12. (a) 13. (b) 14. (b) 15. (c) 16. (c) 17. (b) 18. (b) 19. (d) 20. (d)
21. (10) 22. (1) 23. (50) 24. (5) 25. (1) 26. (15) 27. (128) 28. (144) 29. (3600) 30. (1)
Section A : Objective Type Questions 5. Thermodynamic process is shown below on a p-V
1. If e is the electronic charge, c is the speed of light in free diagram for one mole of an ideal gas.
2
1 |e | T2
space and h is Planck's constant, the quantity If V2 = 2V1, then the ratio of temperature is
4 πε 0 hc T1
has dimensions of p
a. [MLT 0 ] b. [MLT −1] 1(p1, V1, T1)
c. [M 0L0 T 0 ] d. [LC −1]
pV1/2=constant
2. A stone is dropped from the top of a building. When it

crosses a point 5 m below the top, another stone starts 2(p2, V2, T2)
to fall from a point 25 m below the top. Both stones
reach the bottom of building simultaneously. The height V
of the building is V1 V2
a. 45 m b. 25 m c. 35 m d. 50 m 1
a. b. 2
3. A sphere of radius a and mass m rolls along a horizontal 2
plane with constant speed v 0. It encounters an inclined 1
c. d. 2
plane at angle θ and climbs upwards. Assuming that it 2
rolls without slipping, how far up the sphere will travel? 6. Given below are two statements:
Statement I In a diatomic molecule, the rotational
energy at a given temperature obeys Maxwell's
distribution.
a v0 Statement II In a diatomic molecule, the rotational energy
θ at a given temperature equals the translational kinetic
energy for each molecule.
v 02 v 02
a. b. In the light of the above statements, choose the correct
2 g sin θ 5 g sin θ
answer from the options given below.
10 v 02 2 v 02 a. Both Statement I and Statement II are true.
c. d.
7 g sin θ 5 g sin θ b. Both Statement I and Statement II are false.
c. Statement I is true but Statement II is false.
4. The point A moves with a uniform speed along the d. Statement I is false but Statement II is true.
circumference of a circle of radius 0.36 m and covers 30°
in 0.1 s. The perpendicular projection P from A on the 7. Two identical springs of spring constant 2k are attached
diameter MN represents the simple harmonic motion of to a block of mass m and to fixed support (see
P. The restoration force per unit mass when P touches M figure).When the mass is displaced from equilibrium
will be position on either side, it executes simple harmonic
motion. The time period of oscillations of this system is
A
0.1s
0.36 m 30° 2k 2k
M N
O P m
m m
a. 2 π b. 2π
2k k
a. 100 N b. 9.87 N c. π
m
d. π
m
c. 50 N d. 0.49 N k 2k
8. Y = A sin (ωt + φ0) is the time-displacement equation of diameter of the pinhole is slightly increased, it will affect
A the diffraction pattern such that
SHM. At t = 0, the displacement of the particle is Y = a. its size increases and intensity increases
2
and it is moving along negative x-direction. Then, the b. its size increases, but intensity decreases
initial phase angle φ0 will be c. its size decreases, but intensity increases
π 5π π 2π d. its size decreases and intensity decreases
a. b. c. d.
3 6 6 3
15. An electron of mass m e and a proton of mass
9. A charge q is placed at one corner of a cube as shown in m p = 1836 m e are moving with the same speed.
figure. The flux of electrostatic field E through the λ
The ratio of their de-Broglie wavelength electron will be
shaded area is λproton
Z 1
a. 1 b. 1836 c. d. 918
1836
16. The wavelength of the photon emitted by a hydrogen
atom when an electron makes a transition from n = 2 to
n = 1state is
a. 121.8 nm b. 194.8 nm
c. 490.7 nm d. 913.3 nm
q Y 17. If a message signal of frequency fm is amplitude
modulated with a carrier signal of frequency f c and
X radiated through an antenna, the wavelength of the
q q q q corresponding signal in air is
a. b. c. d. c c c c
48ε0 4 ε0 8ε0 24 ε0 a. b. c. d.
fc − fm fc + fm fc fm
10. An electron with kinetic energy K1 enters between
18. For extrinsic semiconductors when doping level is
parallel plates of a capacitor at an angle α with the increased,
plates. It leaves the plates at angle β with kinetic energy
a. Fermi level of p-type semiconductor will go upward and
K 2. Then, the ratio of kinetic energies K1 : K 2 will be Fermi level of n-type semiconductors will go downward
cos β cos β b. Fermi level of p-type semiconductors will go downward
a. b.
cos α sin α and Fermi level of n-type semiconductor will go upward
sin 2 β cos 2 β c. Fermi level of p and n-type semiconductors will not be
c. 2
d. affected
cos α cos 2 α
d. Fermi level of both p-type and n-type semiconductors will
11. In a ferromagnetic material, below the Curie go upward for T > TF K and downward for T < TF K, where TF
is Fermi temperature
temperature, a domain is defined as
a. a macroscopic region with zero magnetisation 19. Match List-I with List-II.
b. a macroscopic region with saturation magnetisation
c. a macroscopic region with randomly oriented magnetic List-I List-II
dipoles A. Rectifier 1. Used either for stepping up or
d. a macroscopic region with consecutive magnetic dipoles stepping down the AC voltage
oriented in opposite direction
B. Stabiliser 2. Used to convert AC voltage into DC
12. An L-C-R circuit contains resistance of 110 Ω and a supply voltage
of 220 V at 300 rad/s angular frequency. If only
C. Transformer 3. Used to remove any ripple in the
capacitance is removed from the circuit, current lags rectified output voltage
behind the voltage by 45°. If on the other hand, only
inductor is removed the current leads by 45° with the D. Filter 4. Used for constant output voltage
applied voltage. The rms current flowing in the circuit will even when the input voltage or load
be current change
a. 1A b. 1.5 A c. 2A d. 2.5 A
Choose the correct answer from the options given
13. The stopping potential for electrons emitted from a below.
photosensitive surface illuminated by light of wavelength A B C D A B C D
491 nm is 0.710 V. When the incident wavelength is a. 2 1 3 4 b. 2 4 1 3
changed to a new value, the stopping potential is 1.43 V. b. 2 1 4 3 c. 3 4 1 2
The new wavelength is
20. The truth table for the followng logic circuit is
a. 309 nm b. 329 nm
c. 382 nm d. 400 nm A
14. Consider the diffraction pattern obtained from the
sunlight incident on a pinhole of diameter 0.1µm. If the Y
B
A B Y reduced by 52 K, its efficiency is doubled. The

0 0 0 temperature in kelvin of the source will be …………… .
a. 0 1 1 26. Two small spheres each of mass 10 mg are suspended

1 0 1 from a point by threads 0.5 m long. They are equally
charged and repel each other to a distance of 0.20 m.
1 1 0 a
The charge on each of the sphere is × 10−8 C. The
21
A B Y value of a will be …………… .
0 0 1
[Given, g = 10 ms −2]
b. 0 1 0
27. Two identical conducting spheres with negligible volume
1 0 0 have 2.1 nC and – 0.1 nC charges, respectively. They are
1 1 1 brought into contact and then separated by a distance of
0.5 m. The electrostatic force acting between the spheres
A B Y is …………… × 10 −9 N.
0 0 1 1
[Given, 4 πε 0 = SI unit]
c.
0 1 0 9 × 109
1 0 1
28. The peak electric field produced by the radiation coming
1 1 0 x µ 0c V
from the 8 W bulb at a distance of 10 m is .
10 π m
A B Y
The efficiency of the bulb is 10% and it is a point source.
0 0 0 The value of x is ………… .
0 1 1
d. 29. A current of 6 A enters one corner P of an equilateral
1 0 0 triangle PQR having three wires of resistance 2 Ω each
1 1 1 and leaves by the corner R. The currents i l in ampere is
………… .
21. Two particles having masses 4 g and 16 g respectively 6A
are moving with equal kinetic energies. The ratio of the
2Ω
magnitudes of their linear momentum is n : 2. The value
of n will be ………… .
P
22. The initial velocity v i required to project a body vertically i1 I2
upward from the surface of the Earth to reach a height
of 10R, where R is the radius of the Earth, may be 2Ω 2Ω
described in terms of escape velocity v e such that
x
vi = × v e . The value of x will be ………… .
y 2Ω
Q R
23. The percentage increase in the speed of transverse
waves produced in a stretched string, if the tension is 30. The wavelength of an X-ray beam is 10 Å. The mass of a
increased by 4%, will be ………… %. fictitious particle having the same energy as that of the
x
X-ray photons is h kg. The value of x is ………… .
24. If P × Q = Q × P, the angle between P and Q is 3
θ (0° < θ < 360°). The value of θ will be ……………°. (h = Planck's constant)
25. A reversible heat engine converts one-fourth of the heat

input into work. When the temperature of the sink is

the QR code
1. (c) 2. (a) 3. (*) 4. (b) 5. (b) 6. (c) 7. (c) 8. (c) 9. (d) 10. (d)
11. (b) 12. (c) 13. (c) 14. (c) 15. (b) 16. (a) 17. (c) 18. (b) 19. (b) 20. (b)
21. (1) 22. (10) 23. (2) 24. (180) 25. (104) 26. (630) 27. (7.56) 28. (2) 29. (2) 30. (10)
26 FEBRUARY SHIFT I
Objective Type Questions a.
2πR
b.
g
c.
1 g
d. 2π
R
1. Find the gravitational force of attraction between the g 2πR 2π R g
ring and sphere as shown in the figure, where the plane 7. An alternating current is given by the equation
of the ring is perpendicular to the line joining the i = i1 sin ωt + i 2 cos ωt. The rms current will be
centres. If 8 R is the distance between the centres of a 1 2 1
a. (i1 + i 22 )1/ 2 b. (i1 + i 2 ) 2
ring (of mass m) and a sphere (of mass M), where both 2 2
have equal radius R. 1 1
c. (i12 + i 22 )1/ 2 d. (i1 + i 2 )
2 2
8. The normal density of a material is ρ and its bulk
m M modulus of elasticity is K. The magnitude of increase in
R R density of material, when a pressure p is applied
uniformly on all sides, will be
X Y ρK ρp K pK
a. b. c. d.
p K ρp ρ
8 GmM 2 2 GMm 1 GMm 8 GmM 9. A particle is moving with uniform speed along the
a. ⋅ b. ⋅ 2 c. ⋅ d. ⋅ circumference of a circle of radius R under the action of a
9 R 3 R 3 8 R2 27 R 2
central fictitious force F which is inversely proportional to
2. Consider the combination of two capacitors C 1 and C 2, R 3. Its time period of revolution will be given by
with C 2 > C 1, when connected in parallel, the equivalent a. T ∝ R 2 b. T ∝ R 3 / 2
capacitance is 15/4 time the equivalent capacitance of c. T ∝ R 5 / 2 d. T ∝ R 4 / 3
the same connected in series. Calculate the ratio of 10. A planet revolving in elliptical orbit has
C
capacitors 2 . I. a constant velocity of revolution
C1
15 111 29 15 II. has the least velocity when it is
a. b. c. d. nearest to the Sun
11 80 15 4
III. its areal velocity is directly
3. In a typical combustion engine,
2
the work done by a gas proportional to its velocity
− βx
molecule is given W = α 2βe kT , where x is the IV. areal velocity is inversely
proportional to its velocity.
displacement, k is the Boltzmann constant and T is the
V. to follow a trajectory such that
temperature. If α and β are constants, dimensions of α
the areal velocity is constant.
will be
Choose the correct answer from the options given below.
a. [MLT −2 ] b. [M 0 LT 0 ] c. [M 2 LT −2 ] d. [MLT −1]
a. Only I b. Only IV
4. If λ 1 and λ 2 are the wavelengths of the third member of c. Only III d. Only V
Lyman and first member of the Paschen series
11. Given below are two statements : one is labelled as
respectively, then the value of λ 1 : λ 2 is
a. 1 : 9 b. 7 : 108 c. 7 : 135 d. 1 : 3
Assertion A Body P having mass M moving with speed u
5. A short straight object of height 100 cm lies before the has head-on collision elastically with another body Q
central axis of a spherical mirror, whose focal length has having mass m initially at rest. If m << M, body Q will have a
absolute value f = 40 cm. The image of object produced maximum speed equal to 2u after collision.
by the mirror is of height 25 cm and has the same Reason R During elastic collision, the momentum and
orientation of the object. One may conclude from the kinetic energy are both conserved.
information.
a. Image is real, same side of concave mirror
b. Image is virtual, opposite side of concave mirror
a. A is not correct but R is correct.
c. Image is real, same side of convex mirror
b. Both A and R are correct but R is not the correct
d. Image is virtual, opposite side of convex mirror
explanation of A.
6. Assume that a tunnel is dug along a chord of the earth, c. Both A and R are correct and R is the correct explanation of
R A.
at a perpendicular distance   from the earth's centre,
 2 d. A is correct but R is not correct.
where R is the radius of the earth. The wall of the tunnel 12. Four identical solid spheres each of mass m and radius a
is frictionless. If a particle is released in this tunnel, it will are placed with their centres on the four corners of a
execute a simple harmonic motion with a time period? square of side b. The moment of inertia of the system
about one side of square, where the axis of rotation is In the light of the above statements, choose the correct
parallel to the plane of the square is answer from the options given below.
4 8 a. A is true but R is false.
a. ma 2 + 2mb 2 b. ma 2 + mb 2
5 5 b. Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.
8 4 c. Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation
c. ma 2 + 2mb 2 d. ma 2
5 5 of A.
d. A is false but R is true.
13. In a Young's double slit experiment, two slits are
separated by 2 mm and the screen is placed one metre
18. LED is constructed from GaAsP semiconducting material.
The energy gap of this LED is 1.9 eV. Calculate the
away. When a light of wavelength 500 nm is used, the
wavelength of light emitted and its colour.
fringe separation will be
[h = 6.63 × 10−34 Js and c = 3 × 108 ms −1]
a. 0.25 mm b. 0.50 mm
a. 1046 nm and red colour b. 654 nm and orange colour
c. 0.75 mm d. 1 mm
c. 1046 nm and blue colour d. 654 nm and red colour
14. Find the electric field at point P (as shown in figure) on
the perpendicular bisector of a uniformly charged thin
19. A large number of water drops, each of radius r,
combine to have a drop of radius R. If the surface
wire of length L carrying a charge Q. The distance of the
3 tension is T and mechanical equivalent of heat is J, the
point P from the centre of the rod is a = L. rise in heat energy per unit volume will be
2
2T  1 1  2T 3T 3T  1 1 
a.  −  b. c. d.  − 
J  r R rJ rJ J  r R
20. Five equal resistances are connected in a network as

a E shown in figure. The net resistance between the points A
L and B is
O P
D
Q R
3Q Q R R
a. b.
4 πε0L2 3 πε0L2
R A
Q Q B
c. d.
2 3 π ε0L2 4 πε0L2
E C
R
15. If two similar springs each of spring constant K1 are R 3R
a. 2R b. c. d. R
joined in series, the new spring constant and time period 2 2
would be changed by a factor
1
a. , 2 b.
1
, 2
2 4
1 1 21. A person standing on a spring balance inside a stationary
c. , 2 2 d. , 2 2 lift measures 60 kg. The weight of that person, if the lift
4 2
descends with uniform downward acceleration of 1.8
16. The temperature θ at the junction of two insulating m/s 2 will be ……… N. [g = 10 m/s 2]
sheets, having thermal resistances R1 and R 2 as well as
top and bottom temperatures θ1 and θ 2 (as shown in 22. In an electrical circuit, a battery is connected to pass 20 C
figure) is given by of charge through it in a certain given time. The potential
difference between two plates of the battery is maintained
θ2 at 15 V. The work done by the battery is ……… J.
R2
23. The circuit contains two diodes each with a forward
θ
R1
resistance of 50 Ω and with infinite reverse resistance. If
the battery voltage is 6V, the current through the 120 Ω
θ1 resistance is ……… mA.
θ 2 R 2 − θ1 R1 θ R − θ 2R1 θ1 R 2 + θ 2R1 θ1 R1 + θ 2R 2 D1 130Ω
a. b. 1 2 c. d.
R 2 − R1 R 2 − R1 R1 + R 2 R1 + R 2
17. Given below are two statements: One is labelled as

Assertion A and the other is labelled as Reason R. D2
100Ω
Assertion A An electron microscope can achieve better
resolving power than an optical microscope.
Reason R The de-Broglie's wavelength of the electrons 120Ω
emitted from an electron gun is much less than
wavelength of visible light. 6V
24. A radiation is emitted by 1000 W bulb and it generates 27. A container is divided into two chambers by a partition.
an electric field and magnetic field at P, placed at a The volume of first chamber is 4.5 L and second
distance of 2 m. The efficiency of the bulb is 1.25%. The chamber is 5.5 L. The first chamber contain 3.0 mol of
value of peak electric field at P is x × 10−1 V/m. Value of x gas at pressure 2.0 atm and second chamber contain 4.0
is ……… . mol of gas at pressure 3.0 atm. After the partition is
removed and the mixture attains equilibrium, then the
(Rounded-off to the nearest integer)
common equilibrium pressure existing in the mixture is
[Take, ε 0 = 8.85 × 10−12 C 2N–1m–2 , c = 3 × 108 ms −1] x × 10−1 atm. Value of x is ……… .
25. A boy pushes a box of mass 2 kg with a force 28. The mass per unit length of a uniform wire is 0.135 g/cm.
F = (20i$ + 10$j) N on a frictionless surface. If the box was A transverse wave of the form y = − 0.21sin ( x + 30t) is
initially at rest, then ……… m is displacement along the produced in it, where x is in metre and t is in second.
X-axis after 10 s. Then, the expected value of tension in the wire is
26. As shown in the figure, a block of mass 3 kg is kept on a x × 10−2 N. Value of x is ……… (Round-off to the nearest
horizontal rough surface of coefficient of friction 1/ 3 3. integer)
The critical force to be applied on the vertical surface as 29. In a series L-C-R resonant circuit, the quality factor is
shown at an angle 60° with horizontal such that it does measured as 100. If the inductance is increased by two
not move, will be 3x. The value of x will be ……… fold and resistance is decreased by two fold, then the
3 1 quality factor after this change will be ……… .
[ g = 10 ms −2; sin 60° = ; cos 60° = ]
2 2 30. The maximum and minimum amplitude of an amplitude
modulated wave is 16 V and 8 V, respectively. The
modulation index for this amplitude modulated wave is
µ = 1/3√3 m= √3kg x × 10−2. The value of x is ……… .
60°

the QR code
1. (d) 2. (*) 3. (b) 4. (c) 5. (d) 6. (d) 7. (a) 8. (b) 9. (a) 10. (d)
11. (c) 12. (c) 13. (a) 14. (c) 15. (a) 16. (c) 17. (b) 18. (d) 19. (d) 20. (d)
21. (492) 22. (300) 23. (20) 24. (137) 25. (500) 26. (3.33) 27. (25.5) 28. (1215) 29. (400) 30. (33.33)
Note (*) None of the option is correct.
Objective Type Questions 4. A tuning fork A of unknown frequency produces 5
1. If C and V represent capacity and voltage respectively, beats/s with a fork of known frequency 340 Hz. When
C fork A is filled, the beat frequency decreases to 2 beats/s.
then what are the dimensions of λ , where = λ ? What is the frequency of fork A?
V
a. [M −2L−3I2 T 6 ] b. [M −3L−4I3 T 7 ] a. 342 Hz b. 345 Hz c. 335 Hz d. 338 Hz
c. [M −1L−3I−2 T −7 ] d. [M −2L−4I3 T 7 ] 5. A particle executes SHM, the graph of velocity as a
2. The length of metallic wire is l1 when tension in it is T1. It function of displacement is
a. a circle b. a parabola
is l 2 when the tension is T2. The original length of the
c. an ellipse d. a helix
wire will be
l1 + l 2 T2 l1 + T1l 2 T2 l1 − T1l 2 T1l1 − T2 l 2 6. The trajectory of a projectile in a vertical plane is
a. b. c. d.
2 T1 + T2 T2 − T1 T2 − T1 y = αx − βx 2 , where α and β are constants and x and y are
respectively the horizontal and vertical distances of the
3. An aeroplane with its wings spread 10 m, is flying at a projectile from the point of projection. The angle of
speed of 180 km/h in a horizontal direction. The total projection θ and the maximum height attained H are
intensity of Earth's field at that part is 2.5 × 10−4 Wb/m 2 respectively given by
and the angle of dip is 60°. The emf induced between the α2 α2
tips of the plane wings will be a. tan −1 α , b. tan −1 β ,
4β 2β
a. 108.25 mV b. 54.125 mV
−1 4α 2 −1  β  α
2
c. 88.37 mV d. 62.50 mV c. tan α , d. tan   ,
β α β
7. A cord is wound round the circumference of wheel of charge 5 mC is allowed to slide down from rest at a
radius r. The axis of the wheel is horizontal and the height of 1m. If the coefficient of friction is 0.2, find the
moment of inertia about it is I. A weight mg is attached to time taken by the body to reach the bottom.
the cord at the end. The weight falls from rest. After 1 3
[Take, g = 9.8 m/s 2, sin 30° = , cos 30° = ]
falling through a distance h, the square of angular 2 2
velocity of wheel will be
2mgh 2mgh 2 gh
a. b. c. 2gh d. C
I + 2mr 2 I + mr 2 I + mr 2 5m
/C g,
0N 1k 1m
8. The internal energy (U), pressure (p) and volume (V) of an 2 0
ideal gas are related as U = 3pV + 4. The gas is E=
a. diatomic only b. polyatomic only 30°
c. Either monoatomic or diatomic d. monoatomic only a. 0.92 s b. 0.46 s c. 2.3 s d. 1.3 s
Assertion (A) and the other is labelled as Reason (R).
14. Two masses A and B, each of mass M are fixed together
by a massless spring. A force acts on the mass B as
Assertion (A) For a simple microscope, the angular size of shown in figure. If the mass A starts moving away from
the object equals the angular size of the image. mass B with acceleration a, then the acceleration of
Reason (R) Magnification is achieved as the small object mass B wil be
can be kept much closer to the eye than 25 cm and hence,
it subtends a large angle. F B A
In the light of the above statements, choose the most Ma − F MF
appropriate answer from the options given below. a. b.
M F + Ma
a. A is true but R is false.
F + Ma F − Ma
b. Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation c. d.
of A. M M
c. Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A. 15. Draw the output signal Y in the given combination of
d. A is false but R is true. gates
10. Given below are two statements:
Statement I An electric dipole is placed at the centre of a
hollow sphere. The flux of electric field through the sphere A 0 1 2 3 4 5 t(s)
is zero but the electric field is not zero anywhere in the
sphere.
Statement II If R is the radius of a solid metallic sphere B
and Q be the total charge on it. The electric field at any 0 1 2 3 4 5 t(s)
point on the spherical surface of radius r (< R ) is zero but
the electric flux passing through this closed spherical
surface of radius r is not zero. A
Y
answer from the options given below. B
a. Both Statement I and Statement II are true.
b. Statement I is true but Statement II is false.
c. Both Statement I and Statement II are false.
a.
d. Statement I is false but Statement II is true. 0 1 2 3 4 5 t(s)
11. The recoil speed of a hydrogen atom after it emits a
photon in going from n = 5 state to n = 1state will be
a. 4.17 m/s b. 2.19 m/s c. 3.25 m/s d. 4.34 m/s
12. Find the peak current and resonant frequency of the
following circuit (as shown in figure). b.
0 1 2 3 4 5 t(s)
100 mH 100 µF
V=30sin100 t
c.
0 1 2 3 4 5 t(s)
120 Ω
a. 0.2 A and 50 Hz b. 0.2 A and 100 Hz
c. 2 A and 100 Hz d. 2 A and 50 Hz
13. An inclined plane making an angle of 30° with the d.
horizontal is placed in a uniform horizontal electric field 0 1 2 3 4 5 t(s)
200 N/C as shown in the figure. A body of mass 1kg and
16. A radioactive sample is undergoing α-decay. At any time

A
t1, its activity is A and another time t 2 , the activity is .
5
What is the average life time for the sample? 50 cm S
60 cm
ln 5 t −t t −t ln (t 2 + t1)
a. b. 1 2 c. 2 1 d.
t 2 − t1 ln 5 ln 5 2
17. A scooter accelerates from rest for time t1 at constant 1.2 m

rate a1 and then retards at constant rate a 2 for time t 2
25. A particle executes SHM with amplitude a and time
and comes to rest. The correct value of t / t will be
a1 + a 2 a2 a1
1 2
a1 + a 2 period T . The displacement of the particle when its speed
a. b. c. d. is half of maximum speed is xa /2. The value of x is
a2 a1 a2 a1
........... .
18. Given below are two statements:
Statement I A second's pendulum has a time period of 1 s. 26. 27 similar drops of mercury are maintained at 10 V each.
All these spherical drops combine into a single big drop.
Statement II It takes precisely one second to move
The potential energy of the bigger drop is ............ times
between the two extreme positions.
that of a smaller drop.
answer from the options given below. 27. Time period of a simple pendulum is T. The time taken to
a. Both Statement I and Statement II are false. complete 5/8 oscillations starting from mean position is
α
b. Statement I is false but Statement II is true. T. The value of α is ......... .
β
c. Statement I is true but Statement II is false.
d. Both Statement I and Statement II are true. 28. In the reported figure of Earth, the value of acceleration
19. A wire of 1 Ω has a length of 1m. It is stretched till its due to gravity is same at point A and C but it is smaller
than that of its value at point B (surface of the Earth). The
length increases by 25%. The percentage change in
value of OA : AB will be x : y. The value of x is .......... .
resistance to the nearest integer is
a. 56% b. 25% c. 12.5% d. 76% C
20. The incident ray, reflected ray and the outward drawn 3200 km
normal are denoted by the unit vectors a, b and c, B
respectively. Then, choose the correct relation for these
vectors. A
a. b = a + 2c b. b = 2a + c c. b = a − 2(a ⋅ c )c d. b = a − c
Earth O
Numerical Type Questions
21. The volume V of a given mass of monoatomic gas R=6400 km
changes with temperature T according to the relation
V = kT 2/ 3. The work done when temperature changes by
90 K will be xR. The value of x is……… . 29. 1 mole of rigid diatomic gas performs a work of Q/5
[R = universal gas constant] when heat Q is supplied to it. The molar heat capacity of
xR
22. If the highest frequency modulating a carrier is 5 kHz, the gas during this transformation is , The value of x is
8
then the number of AM broadcast stations ........... .
accommodated in a 90 kHz bandwidth are ......... .
[R = universal gas constant]
23. Two stream of photons, possessing energies equal to
twice and ten times the work function of metal are 30. The Zener diode has a Vz = 30 V. The current passing
incident on the metal surface successively. The value of through the diode for the following circuit is ......... mA.
ratio of maximum velocities of the photoelectrons
4kΩ
emitted in the two respective cases is x : y. The value of x
is .............. .
24. A point source of light S, placed at a distance 60 cm in
front of the centre of a plane mirror of width 50 cm, 90 V 5kΩ
hangs vertically on a wall. A man walks in front of the
mirror along a line parallel to the mirror at a distance 1.2
m from it (see in the figure). The distance between the
extreme points, where he can see the image of the light
source in the mirror is .......... cm.

the QR code
1. (d) 2. (c) 3. (a) 4. (c) 5. (c) 6. (a) 7. (b) 8. (b) 9. (c) 10. (b)
11. (a) 12. (a) 13. (d) 14. (d) 15. (d) 16. (c) 17. (b) 18. (b) 19. (a) 20. (c)
21. (60) 22. (9) 23. (1) 24. (150) 25. (3) 26. (243) 27. (7) 28. (4) 29. (25) 30. (9)
March Attempt Online JEE Main 2021 17
16 MARCH SHIFT I
Section A : Objective Type Questions C. angle of incidence is equal to that of the angle of
emergence
1. One main scale division of a vernier callipers is a cm and
nth division of the vernier scale coincide with (n − 1)th D. angle of emergence is double the angle of incidence
division of the main scale. The least count of the callipers Choose the correct answer from the options given below.
(in mm) is a. Statements (A), (B) and (C) are true.
10 na 10 a  n − 1 10a b. Only statement (D) is true.
a. b. c.  a d.
(n − 1) (n − 1)  10 n  n c. Only statements (A) and (B) are true.
d. Statements (B) and (C) are true.
2. For changing the capacitance of a given parallel plate
capacitor, a dielectric material of dielectric constant K is 6. A plane electromagnetic wave of frequency 500 MHz is
used, which has the same area as the plates of the travelling in vacuum along y-direction. At a particular
3 point in space and time, B = 80 . × 10−8 z$ T . The value of
capacitor. The thickness of the dielectric slab is d, electric field at this point is
4
where d is the separation between the plates of parallel (speed of light = 3 × 108 ms −1;
plate capacitor. The new capacitance $ z$ are unit vectors along x , y and z-direction).
$ y,
x,
(C′) in terms of original capacitance (C 0) is given by the a. −24 x$ V/m b. 2.6x$ V/m c. 24 x$ V/m d. −2.6x$ V/m
following relation
3+ K 4+K 7. The maximum and minimum distance of a comet from
a. C ′ = C0 b. C ′ = C0 the Sun are 16 . × 1012 m and 80
. × 1010 m, respectively. If
4K 3
4K 4 the speed of the comet at the nearest point is
c. C ′ = C0 d. C ′ = C0 6 × 104ms −1, then the speed at the farthest point is
K+3 3+ K
. × 103 m/s
a. 15 . × 103 m/s
b. 60
3. A block of mass m slides along a floor, while a force of . × 103 m/s
c. 30 d. 4.5 × 103 m/s
magnitude F is applied to it at an angle θ as shown in
figure. The coefficient of kinetic friction is µ k. Then, the 8. A bar magnet of length 14 cm is placed in the magnetic
block's acceleration a is given by meridian with its North pole pointing towards the
(g is acceleration due to gravity) geographic North pole. A neutral point is obtained at a
distance of 18 cm from the centre of the magnet. If
F B H = 0.4 G, then the magnetic moment of the magnet is
(1 G = 10−4T)
a. 2.88 × 103 J T −1 b. 2.88 × 102 J T −1
θ c. 2.88 J T −1 d. 28.8 J T −1
9. The volume V of an enclosure contains a mixture of three
gases, 16 g of oxygen, 28 g of nitrogen and 44 g of
carbon dioxide at absolute temperature T . Consider R as
universal gas constant. The pressure of the mixture of
cos θ − µ k  g − sin θ cos θ − µ k  g − sin θ
F F F F gases is
a. − b.
m  m  m  m  88RT 3RT 5 RT 4RT
a. b. c. d.
F  F
c. cos θ − µ k  g + sin θ  d. cos θ + µ k  g − sin θ
F  F V V 2V V
m  m  m  m  10. In thermodynamics, heat and work are
4. The pressure acting on a submarine is 3 × 10 Pa at a 5 a. path functions
certain depth. If the depth is doubled, the percentage b. intensive thermodynamic state variables
increase in the pressure acting on the submarine would c. extensive thermodynamic state variables
be (Assume that atmospheric pressure is 1× 105 Pa, d. point functions
density of water is 103kg m−3, g = 10 ms −2) 11. Four equal masses, m each are placed at the corners of a
200 200 5 3 square of length (l) as shown in the figure. The moment
a. % b. % c. % d. %
3 5 200 200 of inertia of the system about an axis passing through A
5. The angle of deviation through a prism is minimum and parallel to DB would be
when D l C
m m
δ
l l
m m
A. incident ray and emergent ray are symmetric to the prism A l B
B. the refracted ray inside the prism becomes parallel to its a. 1ml 2 b. 2ml 2 c. 3ml 2 d. 3ml 2
base
18 Online JEE Main 2021 March Attempt
12. A conducting wire of length l, area of cross-section A and a(ms–2)

electric resistivity ρ is connected between the terminals
of a battery. A potential difference V is developed
between its ends, causing an electric current. If the
length of the wire of the same material is doubled and d.
the area of cross-section is halved, the resultant current 18
would be 2
1 VA 3 VA 1 ρl VA
a. b. c. d. 4 0
4 ρl 4 ρl 4 VA ρl 200 400 x(m)
13. Time period of a simple pendulum is T inside a lift, when 15. A 25 m long antenna is mounted on an antenna tower.
the lift is stationary. If the lift moves upwards with an The height of the antenna tower is 75 m. The wavelength
acceleration g/2, then the time period of pendulum will (in m) of the signal transmitted by this antenna would be
be
T a. 300 b. 400 c. 200 d. 100
a. 3T b.
3 16. For an electromagnetic wave travelling in free space, the
3 2 relation between average energy densities due to
c. T d. T
2 3 electric (U e ) and magnetic (U m ) fields is
14. The velocity-displacement graph describing the motion a. Ue = Um b. Ue > Um
of a bicycle is shown in the following figure. c. Ue < Um d. Ue ≠ Um
17. An R-C circuit as shown in the figure is driven by an AC
v(ms-1) source generating a square wave. The output wave
pattern monitored by CRO would look close to
50
R
10 C CRO
0 200 400 x(m)
The acceleration-displacement graph of the bicycle’s

motion is best described by
a(ms-2)
a.
b.
a.
18
2 c.
0 200 400 x(m)
a(ms-2) d.
18. The stopping potential in the context of photoelectric

b. effect depends on the following property of incident
18 electromagnetic radiation
a. phase b. intensity
2
c. amplitude d. frequency
0 200 400 x(m) 19. A block of 200 g mass moves with a uniform speed in a
a(ms ) -2 horizontal circular groove, with vertical side walls of radius
20 cm. If the block takes 40 s to complete one round, the
normal force by the side walls of the groove is
a. 0.0314 N b. 9.859 × 10−2 N
c. c. 6.28 × 10−3 N d. 9.859 × 10−4 N
18 20. A conducting bar of length L is free to slide on two
2 parallel conducting rails as shown in the figure
0 200 400 x(m)
24. The first three spectral lines of H-atom in the Balmer

v series are given λ 1 , λ 2 , λ 3 considering the Bohr atomic
model, the wavelengths of first and third spectral lines
× ×
R1
B
R2 ( λ 1 / λ 3 ) are related by a factor of approximately x × 10−1.
The value of x to the nearest integer, is ……… .
× ×
25. The value of power dissipated across the Zener diode
(Vz = 15 V) connected in the circuit as shown in the figure
is x × 10−1 W.
Two resistors R1 and R2 are connected across the ends of
Rs=35 Ω
the rails. There is a uniform magnetic field B pointing into
the page. An external agent pulls the bar to the left at a
constant speed v.
The correct statement about the directions of induced 22 V
Vz=15 V RL=90 Ω
currents I1 and I 2 flowing through R1 and R2 respectively is
a. both I1 and I 2 are in anti-clockwise direction.
b. both I1 and I 2 are in clockwise direction.
c. I1 is in clockwise direction and I 2 is in anti-clockwise The value of x, to the nearest integer, is ……… .
direction.
26. A sinusoidal voltage of peak value 250 V is applied to a
d. I1 is in anticlockwise direction and I 2 is in clockwise
direction.
series L-C-R circuit, in which R = 8 Ω, L = 24 mH and
C = 60µF. The value of power dissipated at resonant
Section B : Numerical Type Questions condition is x kW. The value of x to the nearest integer is
21. In the figure given, the electric current flowing through …… .
the 5 kΩ resistor is x mA. 27. In the logic circuit shown in the figure, if input A and B
are 0 to 1 respectively, the output at Y would be x. The
3 kΩ
value of x is …… .
5 kΩ 3 kΩ
A
3 kΩ
21 V, 1 kΩ
28. The resistance R = V /I, where V = (50 ± 2) V and
The value of x to the nearest Integer is …3… . I = (20 ± 02
. ) A. The percentage error in R is
x %. The value of x to the nearest integer is……… .
22. A fringe width of 6 mm was produced for two slits
separated by 1 mm apart. The screen is placed 10 m
29. Consider a frame that is made up of two thin massless
rods AB and AC as shown in the figure. A vertical force P
away. The wavelength of light used is x nm. The value of
of magnitude 100 N is applied at point A of the frame.
x to the nearest integer is ……… .
23. Consider a 20 kg uniform circular disc of radius 0.2 m. It
is pin supported at its centre and is at rest initially. The
disc is acted upon by a constant force F = 20 N through a A
massless string wrapped around its periphery as shown
in the figure. 70°
P B
C
145°
F = 20 N
Suppose the disc makes n number of revolutions to attain Suppose the force is P resolved parallel to the arms AB and
an angular speed of 50 rad s −1. The value of n to the AC of the frame. The magnitude of the resolved component
nearest integer, is ………. . along the arm AC is x N. The value of x, to the nearest
(Given, in one complete revolution, the disc rotates by 6.28 integer, is ……… .
rad.) [Given, sin(35° ) = 0. 573, cos(35° ) = 0.819, sin(110° ) = 0.939,
cos(110° ) = − 0. 342]
30. A ball of mass 10 kg moving with a velocity 10 3 ms −1 After collision

Y
along X-axis, hits another ball of mass 20 kg, which is at
rest. After collision, the first ball comes to rest and the
second one disintegrates into two equal pieces. One of
the pieces starts moving along Y-axis at a speed of 10 X-axis
m/s. The second piece starts moving at a speed of 20 θ
m/s at an angle θ (degree) with respect to the X-axis.
The configuration of pieces after collision is shown in the
figure. The value of θ to the nearest integer is ……… .

the QR code
1. (d) 2. (c) 3. (b) 4. (a) 5. (a) 6. (a) 7. (c) 8. (c) 9. (c) 10. (a)
11. (c) 12. (a) 13. (d) 14. (a) 15. (d) 16. (a) 17. (c) 18. (d) 19. (d) 20. (c)
21. (3) 22. (600) 23. (20) 24. (15) 25. (5) 26. (4) 27. (0) 28. (5) 29. (82) 30. (30)
16 MARCH SHIFT II
Section A : Objective Type Questions L/min ? The radius of the tap and viscosity of water are
0.5 cm and 10−3 Pa-s, respectively.
1. The following logic gate is equivalent to
(Density of water = 10 3 kg/m 3 )
A a. Unsteady to steady flow b. Remains steady flow
Y c. Remains turbulent flow d. Steady flow to unsteady flow
B . t 2$i + 3t $j + 9k$ )
5. A mosquito is moving with a velocity v = (05
a. NOR Gate b. OR Gate m/s and accelerating in uniform conditions. What will be
c. AND Gate d. NAND Gate the direction of mosquito after 2s?
a. tan −1  from X-axis b. tan −1  from Y-axis
2 2
. kg is hanging
2. A large block of wood of mass M = 599  3  3
from two long massless cords. A bullet of mass m = 10 g
c. tan −1  from Y-axis d. tan −1  from X-axis
5 5
is fired into the block and gets embedded in it. The  2  2
system (block + bullet) then swing upwards, their centre
of mass rising a vertical distance h = 98
. cm before the 6. Find out the surface charge density at the intersection of
(block + bullet) pendulum comes momentarily to rest at point X = 3 m plane and X-axis, in the region of uniform
the end of its arc. The speed of the bullet just before line charge of 8 nC/m lying along the Z-axis in free space.
collision is a. 0.424 nC m−2 b. 47.88 nC m−2
(Take g = 9.8 ms −2) c. 0.07 nC m−2 d. 4.0 nC m−2
7. The de-Broglie wavelength associated with an electron
and a proton were calculated by accelerating them
through same potential of 100 V. What should nearly be
the ratio of their wavelengths? (m p = 100727
. u,
m e = 000055
. u)
a. 1860 : 1 b. (1860) 2 : 1 c. 41.4 : 1 d. 43 : 1
h 8. For the given circuit, comment on the type of
m M transformer used.
v
Il IL 0.11 A
a. 841.4 m/s b. 811.4 m/s
c. 831.4 m/s d. 821.4 m/s L
p s O
3. A charge Q is moving dI distance in the magnetic field B . 220 V 60 W V2
A
Find the value of work done by B. D
a. 1 b. Infinite
c. Zero d. −1
a. Auxilliary transformer b. Auto transformer
4. What will be the nature of flow of water from a circular
tap, when its flow rate increased from 0.18 L/min to 0.48 c. Step-up transformer d. Step down transformer
9. The half-life of Au198 is 2.7 days. The activity of 1.50 mg of 16. Two identical antennas mounted on identical towers are
Au198 if its atomic weight is 198 g mol−1 is (NA = 6 × 1023 / separated from each other by a distance of 45 km. What
mol) should nearly be the minimum height of receiving
a. 240 Ci b. 357 Ci c. 535 Ci d. 252 Ci antenna to receive the signals in line of sight ?
10. Calculate the value of mean free path ( λ ) for oxygen (Assume, radius of earth is 6400 km.)
a. 19.77 m b. 39.55 m c. 79.1 m d. 158.2 m
. × 105
molecules at temperature 27°C and pressure 101
17. The magnetic field in a region is given by B = B 0   k$ . A
Pa. Assume the molecular diameter 0.3 nm and the gas x
is ideal. a
. × 10−23 JK −1)
(k = 138 square loop of side d is placed with its edges along the X
a. 58 nm b. 32 nm c. 86 nm d. 102 nm and Y-axes. The loop is moved with a constant velocity
v = v 0i$. The emf induced in the loop is
11. The refractive index of a converging lens is 1.4. What will
be the focal length of this lens if it is placed in a medium Y
of same refractive index ? (Assume the radii of curvature Z
of the faces of lens are R1 and R 2 respectively)
R1R 2 d
a. 1 b. Infinite c. d. Zero
R1 − R 2 d
X
12. In order to determine the Young's modulus of a wire of B v 2d Bv d B v d2 B0v 0d 2
radius 0.2 cm (measured using a scale of least count a. 0 0 b. 0 0 c. 0 0 d.
2a 2a a 2a
= 0001
. cm) and length 1m (measured using a scale of
least count = 1mm), a weight of mass 1kg (measured 18. Amplitude of a mass-spring system, which is executing
using a scale of least count = 1g) was hanged to get the simple harmonic motion decreases with time. If mass =
elongation of 0.5 cm (measured using a scale of least 500 g, decay constant = 20 g/s, then how much time is
count 0.001 cm). What will be the fractional error in the required for the amplitude of the system to drop to half
value of Young's modulus determined by this experiment? of its initial value ? (ln 2 = 0.693)
a. 0.14% b. 0.9% c. 9% d. 1.4% a. 34.65 s b. 17.32 s c. 0.034 s d. 15.01 s
13. A bimetallic strip consists of metals A and B. It is
mounted rigidly as shown. The metal A has higher 19. Calculate the time interval between 33% decay and 67%
coefficient of expansion compared to that of metal B. decay if half-life of a substance is 20 min.
When the bimetallic strip is placed in a cold bath, it will a. 60 min b. 20 min c. 40 min d. 13 min
20. Red light differs from blue light as they have

a. different frequencies and different wavelengths
b. different frequencies and same wavelengths
A B
c. same frequencies and same wavelengths
d. same frequencies and different wavelengths
a. bend towards the right b. not bend but shrink

21. The energy dissipated by a resistor is 10 mJ in 1s when
an electric current of 2 mA flows through it. The
c. Neither bend nor shrink d. bend towards the left
resistance is ……… Ω.
14. A resistor develops 500 J of thermal energy in 20 s, when (Round off to the nearest integer)
a current of 1.5 A is passed through it. If the current is
increased from 1.5 A to 3 A, what will be the energy 22. In a parallel plate capacitor set up, the plate area of
developed in 20 s? capacitor is 2 m2 and the plates are separated by 1m. If
a. 1500 J b. 1000 J c. 500 J d. 2000 J the space between the plates are filled with a dielectric
material of thickness 0.5 m and area 2 m2 (see figure) the
15. Statement I A cyclist is moving on an unbanked road capacitance of the set-up will be …… ε 0.
with a speed of 7 kmh−1 and takes a sharp circular turn (Dielectric constant of the material = 3.2)
along a path of radius of 2 m without reducing the
speed. The static friction coefficient is 0.2. The cyclist will (Round off to the nearest integer)
not slip and pass the curve ( g = 9.8 m / s 2) d
Statement II If the road is banked at an angle of 45°,
cyclist can cross the curve of 2 m radius with the speed of
18.5 kmh−1 without slipping.
In the light of the above statements, choose the correct K
answer from the options given below.
a. Statement I is false and statement II is true.
b. Statement I is true and statement II is false.
c. Both statement I and statement II are false. d/2
d. Both statement I and statement II are true.
23. A force F = 4 i$ + 3$j + 4k$ is applied on an intersection other bank just opposite to his starting point is ………° (in
point of x = 2 plane and X-axis. The magnitude of torque degree).
of this force about a point (2, 3, 4) is …… . (Round off to the nearest integer)
(Round off to the nearest integer) 28. A closed organ pipe of length L and an open organ pipe
contain gases of densities ρ1 and ρ2 respectively. The
24. If one wants to remove all the mass of the earth to
compressibility of gases are equal in both the pipes.
infinity in order to break it up completely. The amount of
2 Both the pipes are vibrating in their first overtone with
energy that needs to be supplied will be x GM , where x x ρ
5 R same frequency. The length of the open pipe is L 1
3 ρ2
is ……… .
(Round off to the nearest integer) where x is …… .
(M is the mass of earth, R is the radius of earth and G is the (Round off to the nearest integer)
gravitational constant.) 29. A solid disc of radius a and mass m rolls down without
25. A deviation of 2° is produced in the yellow ray when slipping on an inclined plane making an angle θ with the
2
prism of crown and flint glass are achromatically horizontal. The acceleration of the disc will begsinθ,
combined. Taking dispersive powers of crown and flint b
glass are 0.02 and 0.03 respectively and refractive index where b is ……… .
for yellow light for these glasses are 1.5 and 1.6, (Round off to the nearest integer)
respectively. The refracting angles for crown glass prism (g = acceleration due to gravity)
will be ……° (in degree). (θ = angle as shown in figure)
(Round off to the nearest integer)
26. A body of mass 2 kg moves under a force of a
(2i$ + 3$j + 5k$ )N. It starts from rest and was at the origin P
initially. After 4 s, its new coordinates are (8, b, 20). The
value of b is ……… .
(Round off to the nearest integer) θ
27. A swimmer can swim with velocity of 12 km/h in still 30. For an ideal heat engine, the temperature of the source
water. Water flowing in a river has velocity 6 km/h. The is 127°C. In order to have 60% efficiency the temperature
direction with respect to the direction of flow of river of the sink should be …… °C.
water he should swim in order to reach the point on the (Round off to the nearest integer)

the QR code
1. (a) 2. (c) 3. (c) 4. (d) 5. (*) 6. (a) 7. (d) 8. (c) 9. (b) 10. (d)
11. (b) 12. (d) 13. (d) 14. (d) 15. (d) 16. (b) 17. (c) 18. (a) 19. (b) 20. (a)
21. (2500) 22. (3) 23. (20) 24. (3) 25. (12) 26. (12) 27. (120) 28. (4) 29. (3) 30. (113)
17 MARCH SHIFT I
Section A : Objective Type Questions a. −15 − 20 3 , 15 − 20 3 b. 15 + 20 3 , 15 − 20 3
1. A triangular plate is shown below. A force F = 4 i$ − 3$j is c. 15 − 20 3 , 15 + 20 3 d. −15 + 20 3 , 15 + 20 3
applied at point P. The torque at point P with respect to 2. When two soap bubbles of radii a and b( b > a) coalesce,
point O and Q are the radius of curvature of common surface is
Y ab a+ b b −a ab
a. b. c. d.
b −a ab ab a+ b
3. A polyatomic ideal gas has 24 vibrational modes. What is

F P the value of γ?
a. 1.03 b. 1.30
c. 1.37 d. 10.3
10
cm
cm
4. If an electron is moving in the nth orbit of the hydrogen

10
atom, then its velocity v n for the nth orbit is given as

60° 60° 1 1
X a. v n ∝ n b. v n ∝ c. v n ∝ n 2 d. v n ∝
O 10 cm Q n n2
5. An electron of mass m and a photon have same energy 11. A solenoid of 1000 turns per metre has a core with
E. The ratio of wavelength of electron to that of photon is relative permeability 500. Insulated windings of the
(c being the velocity of light) solenoid carry an electric current of 5 A. The magnetic
1/ 2 1/ 2
flux density produced by the solenoid is
a. 
1 2m 
b. 
1 E 
 
c E  c  2m  (Permeability of free space = 4 π × 10−7 H/m)
π
1/ 2 a. πT b. 2 × 10−3 πT c. T d. 10−4 πT
c. 
E 
 d. c (2mE )1/ 2 5
 2m 
12. A mass M hangs on a massless z ω
6. Two identical metal wires of thermal conductivities K1 rod of length l which rotates at
and K 2 respectively are connected in series. The effective a constant angular frequency. B
α
thermal conductivity of the combination is The mass M moves with steady
2K 1K 2 K1 + K 2
a. b. speed in a circular path of I
K1 + K 2 2K 1K 2 constant radius. Assume that
K1 + K 2 K K the system is in steady circular
c. d. 1 2
K 1K 2 K1 + K 2 motion with constant angular
7. The vernier scale used for measurement has a positive velocity ω. The angular
zero error of 0.2 mm. If while taking a measurement, it momentum of M about point A
is LA which lies in the positive A r M
was noted that '0' on the vernier scale lies between 8.5
cm and 8.6 cm, vernier coincidence is 6, then the correct z-direction and the angular
value of measurement is ……… cm. momentum of M about B is LB .
a. 8.36 b. 8.54 The correct statement for this
c. 8.58 d. 8.56 system is
8. An AC current is given by I = I1sinωt + I2 cos ωt. A hot wire a. LA and L B are both constant in magnitude and direction
b. LB is constant in direction with varying magnitude
ammeter will give a reading c. LB is constant, both in magnitude and direction
I12 − I 22 I12 + I 22 d. LA is constant, both in magnitude and direction
a. b.
2 2 13. For what value of displacement the kinetic energy and
I1 + I 2 I1 + I 2 potential energy of a simple harmonic oscillation
c. d.
2 2 2 become equal?
A A
9. A modern grand-prix racing car of mass m is travelling on a. x = 0 b. x = ± A c. x = ± d. x =
2 2
a flat track in a circular arc of radius R with a speed v. If
the coefficient of static friction between the tyres and 14. A Carnot's engine working between 400 K and 800 K has
the track is µ s , then the magnitude of negative lift f L a work output of 1200 J per cycle. The amount of heat
acting downwards on the car is energy supplied to the engine from the source in each
(Assume forces on the four tyres are identical and g = cycle is
acceleration due to gravity) a. 3200 J b. 1800 J c. 1600 J d. 2400 J
v 15. The thickness at the centre of a plano convex lens is 3
mm and the diameter is 6 cm. If the speed of light in the
material of the lens is 2 × 108ms −1, then the focal length
of the lens is
a. 0.30 cm b. 15 cm c. 1.5 cm d. 30 cm
R
16. The output of the given combination gates represents
A
Y
B
 v2   v2 
a. m  + g b. m  − g a. XOR gate b. NAND gate
µ
 s R  µ
 s R  c. AND gate d. NOR gate
 v2   v2 
c. m  g −  d. − m  g +  17. A boy is rolling a 0.5 kg ball on the frictionless floor with
 µ sR   µ sR  the speed of 20 ms −1. The ball gets deflected by an
10. A car accelerates from rest at a constant rate α for some obstacle on the way. After deflection it moves with 5% of
time after which it decelerates at a constant rate β to its initial kinetic energy. What is the speed of the ball
come to rest. If the total time elapsed is t seconds, the now ?
total distance travelled is a. 19.0 ms −1 b. 4.47 ms −1 c. 14.41 ms −1 d. 1.00 ms −1
4αβ 2 2αβ 2 αβ αβ 18. Which level of the single ionized carbon has the same
a. t b. t c. t2 d. t2
(α + β) (α + β) 2(α + β) 4(α + β) energy as the ground state energy of hydrogen atom?
a. 1 b. 6 c. 4 d. 8
19. Two ideal polyatomic gases at temperatures T1 and T2 are (Round off to the nearest integer)
mixed so that there is no loss of energy. If f1 and f 2, m1
and m 2 , n1 and n2 be the degrees of freedom, masses,
number of molecules of the first and second gas
respectively, the temperature of mixture of these two
gases is Ta Tb
n T + n 2T2 n f T + n 2 f 2T2
a. 1 1 b. 1 1 1 M
n1 + n 2 n1 f1 + n 2 f 2
Fig. 1
n1 f1T1 + n 2 f 2T2 n1 f1T1 + n 2 f 2T2
c. d.
f1 + f 2 n1 + n 2
20. A current of 10 A exists in a wire of cross sectional area M

of 5 mm2 with a drift velocity of 2 × 10−3 ms −1. The number Fig. 2
of free electrons in each cubic metre of the wire is
a. 2 × 106 b. 625 × 1025 c. 2 × 1025 d. 1 × 1023 27. The following bodies,
1. a ring 2. a disc
Section B : Numerical Type Questions 3. a solid cylinder 4. a solid sphere
of same mass m and radius R are allowed to roll down
21. For VHF signal broadcasting, ……… km 2 of maximum without slipping simultaneously from the top of the
service area will be covered by an antenna tower of
inclined plane. The body which will reach first at the
height 30 m, if the receiving antenna is placed at ground.
bottom of the inclined plane is ……… .
Let radius of the Earth be 6400 km.
(Round off to the nearest integer). (Take π as 3.14) (Mark the body as per their respective numbering given
in the question)
22. The angular speed of truck wheel is increased from 900
rpm to 2460 rpm in
26 s. The number of revolutions by the truck engine
during this time is ……… .
(Assuming the acceleration to be uniform).
23. The equivalent resistance of series combination of two S h
resistors is s. When they are connected in parallel, the
equivalent resistance is p. If s = np, then the minimum
value for n is ……… .
(Round off to the nearest integer) θ
24. Four identical rectangular plates with length, l = 2 cm and 28. A parallel plate capacitor whose capacitance C is 14 pF is
breadth, b = 3 / 2 cm are arranged as shown in figure. charged by a battery to a potential difference V = 12 V
xε
The equivalent capacitance between A and C is 0 . The between its plates. The charging battery is now
d disconnected and a porcelain plate with
value of x is ……… . K = 7 is inserted between the plates, then the plate would
(Round off to the nearest integer) oscillate back and forth between the plates with a
constant mechanical energy of ……… pJ.
(Assume no friction)
A B C
D 29. Two blocks ( m = 0.5 kg and M = 4 .5 kg) are arranged on a
horizontal frictionless table as shown in figure. The
coefficient of static friction between the two blocks is
3/7. Then, the maximum horizontal force that can be
applied on the larger block so that the blocks move
together is …… N.
d d d (Round off to the nearest integer. Take, g = 9.8 ms −2)
25. The radius in kilometre to which the present radius of m

Earth (R = 6400 km) to be compressed so that the escape F
M
velocity is increased 10 times is ……… .
26. Consider two identical springs each of spring constant k 30. If 2.5 × 10−6 N average force is exerted by a light wave on
and negligible mass compared to the mass M as shown. a non-reflecting surface of 30 cm2 area during 40 min of
Fig.1 shows one of them and Fig.2 shows their series time span, the energy flux of light just before it falls on
combination. The ratios of time period of oscillation of the surface is …… W / cm2.
T
the two SHM is b = x , where value of x is ……… . (Round off to the nearest integer. Assume complete
Ta
absorption and normal incidence conditions are there.)

the QR code
1. (b) 2. (a) 3. (a) 4. (b) 5. (b) 6. (a) 7. (b) 8. (b) 9. (b) 10. (c)
11. (a) 12. (d) 13. (c) 14. (d) 15. (d) 16. (b) 17. (b) 18. (b) 19. (b) 20. (b)
21. (1206) 22. (728) 23. (4) 24. (2) 25. (64) 26. (2) 27. (4) 28. (864) 29. (21) 30. (25)
17 MARCH SHIFT II
Section A : Objective Type Questions a. y (x , t ) = 003
. [sin 51
. x– . × 103 )t ]
(02
1. A rubber ball is released from a height of 5 m above the b. y (x , t ) = 006
. [sin 51
. x– . × 103 )t ]
(15
floor. It bounces back repeatedly, always rising to 81/100 c. y (x , t ) = 006
. [sin 08
. x– . × 103 )t ]
(05
of the height through which it falls. Find the average d. y (x , t ) = 003
. [sin 51
. x– . × 103 )t ]
(15
speed of the ball. 8. Which one is the correct option for the two different
(Take, g = 10 ms −2 ) thermodynamic processes?
a. 3.0 ms −1 b. 3.5 ms −1 c. 2.0 ms −1 d. 2.5 ms −1
2. If one mole of the polyatomic gas is having two Adiabatic
vibrational modes and β is the ratio of molar specific p
 C p
heats for polyatomic gas  β =  , then the value of β is (A)
 CV  Isothermal
a. 1.02 b. 1.2 c. 1.25 d. 1.35
3. A block of mass 1 kg attached to a spring is made to V
oscillate with an initial amplitude of 12 cm. After 2 min,
the amplitude decreases to 6 cm. Determine the value of Isothermal
the damping constant for this motion. p
(Take, ln 2 = 0693
. )
. × 102 kg/s
a. 069 b. 3.3 × 102 kg/s (B)
. × 10−2 kg/s
c. 116 d. 5.7 × 10−3 kg/s
Adiabatic
4. Which one of the following will be the output of the given
circuit ? T
A
Y V Isothermal
B (C)
Adiabatic
a. NOR Gate b. NAND Gate c. AND Gate d. XOR Gate
5. An object is located at 2 km beneath the surface of the
water. If the fractional compression ∆V / V is 1.36% , the T
ratio of hydraulic stress to the corresponding hydraulic Isothermal
strain will be …………… . p
(Take, density of water is 1000 kg m −3 and g = 981
. ms −2 ) (D)
. × 107 Nm−2
a. 196 . × 107 Nm−2
b. 144
. × 109 Nm−2
c. 226 . × 109 Nm−2
d. 144 Adiabatic
6. A geostationary satellite is orbiting around an arbitrary

planet P at a height of 11R above the surface of P, R being T
the radius of P. The time period of another satellite in a. C and A b. C and D
hours at a height of 2R from the surface of P is ………… . c. Only A d. B and C
P has the time period of 24 h.
a. 6 2 b. 6/ 2 c. 3 d. 5
9. The velocity of a particle is v = v 0 + gt + Ft 2. Its position is
x = 0 at t = 0, then its displacement after time (t = 1) is
7. A sound wave of frequency 245 Hz travels with the speed g F
of 300 ms −1 along the positive X-axis. Each point of the a. v 0 + g + F b. v 0 + +
2 3
wave moves to and fro through a total distance of 6 cm. g
c. v 0 + +F d. v 0 + 2 g + 3F
What will be the mathematical expression of this 2
travelling wave ?
10. A carrier signal C (t) = 25sin(2512

. × 1010t) is amplitude 15. Match List-I with List-II
. × 108t)
modulated by a message signal m(t) = 5sin(157 List-I List-II
and transmitted through an antenna. What will be the
bandwidth of the modulated signal ? A. Phase difference between 1. π
; current leads voltage
a. 8 GHz b. 2.01 GHz current and voltage in a 2
c. 1987.5 MHz d. 50 MHz purely resistive AC circuit
11. Two cells of emf 2E and E with internal resistance r1 and B. Phase difference between 2. zero
current and voltage in a
r2 respectively are connected in series to an external
pure inductive AC circuit
resistor R (see figure). The value of R, at which the
potential difference across the terminals of the first cell C. Phase difference between 3. π
; current lags voltage
becomes zero is current and voltage in a 2
2E E pure capacitive AC circuit
D. Phase difference between 4. tan −1 XC − X L 

 
current and voltage in an  R 
L-C-R series circuit
Choose the most appropriate answer from the options

given below.
R A B C D
r r a. 1 3 4 2
a. r1 + r2 b. 1 − r2 c. 1 + r2 d. r1 − r2
2 2 b. 2 4 3 1
c. 2 3 4 1
12. A hairpin like shape as shown in figure is made by d. 2 3 1 4
bending a long current carrying wire. What is the
magnitude of a magnetic field at point P which lies on the 16. Two identical blocks A and B each of mass m resting on
centre of the semicircle? the smooth horizontal floor are connected by a light
spring of natural length L and spring constant k. A third
I block C of mass m moving with a speed v along the line
joining A and B collides with A. The maximum
r compression in the spring is
P I
C A B
I m m m
µ I µ I µ I µ I
a. 0 (2 − π ) b. 0 (2 + π ) c. 0 (2 + π ) d. 0 (2 − π ) m mv
4 πr 4 πr 2 πr 2 πr a. v b.
2k 2k
13. The four arms of a Wheatstone bridge have resistances mv m
as shown in the figure. A galvanometer of 15 Ω c. d.
k 2k
resistance is connected across BD. Calculate the current
through the galvanometer when a potential difference of 17. The atomic hydrogen emits a line spectrum consisting of
10 V is maintained across AC . various series. Which series of hydrogen atomic spectra
is lying in the visible region ?
B
Ω 10 a. Brackett series b. Paschen series
0 Ω c. Lyman series d. Balmer series
10
A C
G
18. Two identical photocathodes receive the light of
60 frequencies f1 and f 2, respectively. If the velocities of the
Ω Ω
5 photoelectrons coming out are v1 and v 2 respectively,
D then
2h 2h
a. v12 − v 22 = [ f1 − f 2 ] b. v12 + v 22 = [ f1 + f 2 ]
m m
1 1
c. v1 − v 2 =  ( f1 + f 2 )  d. v1 − v 2 =  ( f1− f 2 ) 
2h 2 2h 2
10V
 m   m 
a. 2.44 µA b. 2.44 mA
19. What happens to the inductive reactance and the
c. 4.87 mA d. 4.87 µA
current in a purely inductive circuit, if the frequency is
14. Two particles A and B of equal masses are suspended halved ?
from two massless springs of spring constants k1 and k 2, a. Both inductive reactance and current will be halved.
respectively. If the maximum velocities during b. Inductive reactance will be halved and current will be
oscillations are equal, the ratio of the amplitude of A and doubled.
B is c. Inductive reactance will be doubled and current will be
k2 k1 k1 k2 halved.
a. b. c. d. d. Both inductive reactance and current will be doubled.
k1 k2 k2 k1
20. A sphere of mass 2 kg and radius 0.5 m is rolling with an 2 3

−1
26. The electric field in a region is given by E = E 0 $i + E 0$j
initial speed of 1 ms goes up an inclined plane which 5 5
makes an angle of 30° with the horizontal plane, without with E 0 = 4.0 × 103 N/C. The flux of this field through a
slipping. How long will the sphere take to return to the rectangular surface area 0.4 m 2 parallel to the
starting point A ? yz-plane is ………… N-m 2 C −1.
27. The disc of mass M with uniform surface mass density σ

is shown in the figure. The centre of mass of the quarter
xa x a
disc (the shaded area) is at the position , , where
3π 3 π
x is ………… .
30° (Round off to the nearest integer)
A
(a is an area as shown in the figure)
a. 0.60 s b. 0.52 s c. 0.57 s d. 0.80 s
Y
21. The electric field intensity produced by the radiation a
coming from a 100 W bulb at a distance of 3 m is E. The
electric field intensity produced by the radiation coming θ
x X
from 60 W at the same distance is E , where the value
5
of x is …………… .
22. A body of mass 1 kg rests on a horizontal floor with
1
. It is
which it has a coefficient of static friction
3 28. The image of an object placed in air formed by a convex
desired to make the body move by applying the refracting surface is at a distance of 10 m behind the
minimum possible force F newton. The value of F will be surface. The image is real and is at 2/3 of the distance of
……………… .
the object from the surface .The wavelength of light
inside the surface is 2/3 times the wavelength in air. The
(Take, g = 10 ms −2 ) x
radius of the curved surface is m. The value of x is
23. A boy of mass 4 kg is standing on a piece of wood having 13
mass 5 kg . If the coefficient of friction between the wood ……………… .
and the floor is 0.5, the maximum force that the boy can
29. A 2 µF capacitor C 1 is first charged to a potential
exert on the rope, so that the piece of wood does not
move from its place is …………… N. (Round off to the difference of 10 V using a battery. Then, the battery is
nearest integer) (Take, g = 10 ms −2) removed and the capacitor is connected to an
uncharged capacitor C 2 of 8 µF. The charge in C 2 on
equilibrium condition is ………… µC.
T
T S1 S2
f
R T
T 2µF 8µF
10V C1 C2
24. Suppose you have taken a dilute solution of oleic acid in

such a way that its concentration becomes 0.01 cm 3 of 30. Seawater at a frequency f = 9 × 102 Hz, has permittivity
oleic acid per cm 3 of the solution. Then, you make a thin ε = 80ε 0 and resistivity r = 0 . 25 Ω-m. Imagine a parallel
film of this solution (monomolecular thickness) of area 4
plate capacitor is immersed in seawater and is driven by
cm 2 by considering
1 an alternating voltage source V (t) = V0 sin(2πft). Then, the
 3 3 −3 2 conduction current density becomes 10x times the
100 spherical drops of radius   × 10 cm . Then,
 40π  1
displacement current density after timet = s. The
the thickness of oleic acid layer will be x × 10–14 m, 800
where x is ……………… . value of x is …………… .
 1 
25. A particle of mass m moves in a circular orbit in a central  Take, = 9 × 109N - m2C −2
potential field U( r) = U 0r 4. If Bohr's quantisation  4 πε 0 
conditions are applied, radii of possible orbitals rn vary
with n1/ α , where α is ………………… .

the QR code
1. (d) 2. (b) 3. (c) 4. (d) 5. (d) 6. (c) 7. (d) 8. (b) 9. (b) 10. (d)
11. (b) 12. (b) 13. (c) 14. (d) 15. (d) 16. (a) 17. (d) 18. (a) 19. (b) 20. (c)
21. (3) 22. (5) 23. (30) 24. (25) 25. (3) 26. (640) 27. (4) 28. (30) 29. (16) 30. (6)
18 MARCH SHIFT I
Section A : Objective Type Questions B
1. An oil drop of radius 2 mm with a density A C

3 g cm−3 is held stationary under a constant electric field i
. × 105 Vm −1 in the Millikan’s oil drop experiment.
355
What is the number of excess electrons that the oil drop D
. m/s 2)
will possess? (Take, g = 981
a. 12T b. 6T c. 9T d. 1T
a. 48.8 × 1011 b. 1.73 × 1010 c. 17.3 × 1010 d. 1.73 × 1012
2. Match List-I with List-II. 7. The time period of a simple pendulum is given by
T = 2π l / g . The measured value of the length of
List-I List-II pendulum is 10 cm known to a 1mm accuracy. The time
A. 10 km height over Earth’s (i) Thermosphere for 200 oscillations of the pendulum is found to be 100 s
surface using a clock of 1s resolution. The percentage accuracy
in the determination of g using this pendulum is x. The
B. 70 km height over Earth’s (ii) Mesosphere value of x to the nearest integer is
surface
a. 2% b. 3% c. 5% d. 4%
C. 180 km height over Earth’s (iii) Stratosphere 8. A constant power delivering machine has towed a box,
surface
which was initially at rest, along a horizontal straight line.
D. 270 km height over Earth’s (iv) Troposphere The distance moved by the box in time t is proportional
surface to
a. t 2 / 3 b. t 3 / 2 c. t d. t 1/ 2
A B C D
a. (iv) (iii) (ii) (i) b. (i) (iv) (iii) (ii) 9. What will be the average value of energy along one
c. (iii) (ii) (i) (iv) d. (ii) (i) (iv) (iii) degree of freedom for an ideal gas in thermal equilibrium
at a temperature T ? (k B is Boltzmann constant)
3. Imagine that the electron in a hydrogen atom is replaced
1 2 3
by a muon (µ). The mass of muon particle is 207 times a. kBT b. kBT c. kBT d. kBT
that of an electron and charge is equal to the charge of 2 3 2
an electron. The ionisation potential of this hydrogen 10. A radioactive sample disintegrates via two independent
atom will be decay processes having half-lives T1(/12) and T1(/22) ,
a. 13.6 eV b. 2815.2 eV c. 331.2 eV d. 27.2 eV respectively. The effective half-life T1/ 2 of the nuclei is
4. A plane electromagnetic wave of frequency 100 MHz is T1(/12) + T1(/22)
a. T1/ 2 = b. T1/ 2 = T1(/12) + T1(/22)
travelling in vacuum along the x-direction. At a particular T1(/12) − T1(/22)
. × 10−8 kT
point in space and time, B = 20 $ (where, k$ is unit
T1(/12) T1(/22)
vector along z-direction). What is E at this point? c. T1/ 2 = d. None of these
T1(/12) + T1(/22)
a. 0.6 $j V/m b. 6.0 k$ V/m c. 6.0 $j V/m d. 0.6 k$ V/m
11. The p-V diagram of a diatomic ideal gas system going
5. A thin circular ring of mass M and radius r is rotating under cyclic process as shown in figure. The work done
about its axis with an angular speed ω. Two particles during an adiabatic process CD is (use, γ = 14
. )
having mass m each are now attached at diametrically
opposite points. The angular speed of the ring will A D
200N/m2
become
M M + 2m M M − 2m 100N/m2 C
a. ω b. ω c. ω d. ω B
M+ m M M + 2m M + 2m
p
6. Four identical long solenoids A, B, C and D are connected
to each other as shown in the figure. If the magnetic field
at the centre of A is 3T, the field at the centre of C would 1 3 4
be (Assume that, the magnetic field is confined with in V(m3)
the volume of respective solenoid) a. − 500 J b. − 400 J c. 400 J d. 200 J
12. In Young’s double slit arrangement, slits are separated 18. Your friend is having eye sight problem. She is not able
by a gap of 0.5 mm, and the screen is placed at a to see clearly a distant uniform window mesh and it
distance of 0.5 m from them. The distance between the appears to her as non-uniform and distorted. The doctor
first and the third bright fringe formed when the slits are diagnosed the problem as
illuminated by a monochromatic light of 5890 Å is a. astigmatism
a. 1178 × 10−9 m b. 1178 × 10−6 m b. myopia with astigmatism
c. 1178 × 10−12 m d. 5890 × 10−7 m c. presbyopia with astigmatism
d. myopia and hypermetropia
13. A particle is travelling 4 times as fast as an electron.
Assuming the ratio of de-Broglie wavelength of a particle 19. A loop of flexible wire of irregular shape carrying current
to that of electron is 2 : 1, the mass of the particle is is placed in an external magnetic field.
1
a. times the mass of electron Identify the effect of the field on the wire.
16
a. Loop assumes circular shape with its plane normal to the
b. 8 times the mass of electron field.
c. 16 times the mass of electron b. Loop assumes circular shape with its plane parallel to the
1 field.
d. times the mass of electron
8 c. Wire gets stretched to become straight.
14. The position, velocity and acceleration of a particle moving d. Shape of the loop remains unchanged.
with a constant acceleration can be represented by
20. The time period of a satellite in a circular orbit of radius R
is T . The period of another satellite in a circular orbit of
Acceleration
Position
Velocity
x(t) v(t) a(t) radius 9R is

a.
a. 9 T b. 27 T
c. 12 T d. 3 T
t t t Section B : Numerical Type Questions

Acceleration
21. A particle performs simple harmonic motion with a

Position
Velocity
x(t) v(t) a(t)

period of 2 s. The time taken by the particle to cover a
b. displacement equal to half of its amplitude from the
mean position is 1/ a s. The value of a to the nearest
integer is ……… .
t t t
22. The circuit shown in the figure consists of a charged
Acceleration
capacitor of capacity 3 µF and a charge of 30 µC. At time

Position
x(t) v(t) a(t)

Velocity
c. t = 0, when the key is closed, the value of current flowing

through the 5 MΩ resistor is x µA. The value of x to the
nearest integer is ……… .
t t t
C = 3µF 5MΩ
Acceleration
Position
Velocity
x(t) v(t) a(t)

q = 30µC
d.
t t t
15. In the experiment of Ohm’s law, a potential difference of 23. The voltage across the 10Ω resistor in the given circuit is
5.0 V is applied across the end of a conductor of length x volt.
10.0 cm and diameter of 5.00 mm. The measured current 50Ω
in the conductor is 2.00 A. The maximum permissible
percentage error in the resistivity of the conductor is 10Ω
20Ω
a. 3.9 b. 8.4 c. 7.5 d. 3.0
16. In a series L-C-R resonance circuit, if we change the
170 V
resistance only, from a lower to higher value,
a. the bandwidth of resonance circuit will increase
b. the resonance frequency will increase
The value of x to the nearest integer is …… .
c. the quality factor will increase
d. the quality factor and the resonance frequency will remain 24. Two separate wires A and B are stretched by 2 mm and 4
constant mm respectively, when they are subjected to a force of 2
N. Assume that both the wires are made up of same
17. An AC source rated 220 V, 50 Hz is connected to a material and the radius of wire B is 4 times that of the
resistor. The time taken by the current to change from
radius of wire A. The length of the wires A and B are in
its maximum to the rms value is
the ratio of a : b. Then, a / b can be expressed as 1/ x ,
a. 2.5 ms b. 25 ms c. 2.5 s d. 0.25 ms
where x is ……… .
25. A person is swimming with a speed of 10 m/s at an angle 28. As shown in the figure, a particle of mass 10 kg is placed
of 120° with the flow and reaches to a point directly at a point A. When the particle is slightly displaced to its
opposite on the other side of the river. The speed of the right, it starts moving and reaches the point B. The speed
flow is x m/s. The value of x to the nearest integer of the particle at B is x m/s. (Take, g = 10 m/s 2)
is ……… .
The value of x to the nearest integer is ….… .
26. A parallel plate capacitor has plate area 100 m2 and
A C
plate separation of 10 m. The space between the plates
is filled upto a thickness 5 m with a material of dielectric
constant of 10. The resultant capacitance of the system B
Horizontal
. × 10−12 fm −1.
is x pF. The value of ε 0 = 885 surface
The value of x to the nearest integer is …… . 10 m
5m
27. A ball of mass 10 kg moving with a velocity 10 3 m/s
along the X-axis, hits another ball of mass 20 kg which is
at rest. After the collision, first ball comes to rest while 29. An n-p-n transistor operates as a common emitter
the second ball disintegrates into two equal pieces. One
piece starts moving along Y-axis with a speed of 10 m/s. amplifier with a power gain of 10 6. The input circuit
resistance is 100Ω and the output load resistance is 10 k
The second piece starts moving at an angle of 30° with Ω. The common emitter current gain β will be ......... .
respect to the X-axis. The velocity of the ball moving at
30° with X-axis is x m/s. The configuration of pieces after
collision is shown in the figure below. The value of x to 30. A bullet of mass 0.1 kg is fired on a wooden block to
the nearest integer is .......... . pierce through it, but it stops after moving a distance of
50 cm into it. If the velocity of bullet before hitting the
Y-axis Piece-1 wood is 10 m/s and it slows down with uniform
deceleration, then the magnitude of effective retarding
v1 = 10 m/s force on the bullet is x N. The value of x to the nearest
integer is ......... .
X-axis
30°
v2

the QR code
1. (b) 2. (a) 3. (b) 4. (c) 5. (c) 6. (d) 7. (b) 8. (b) 9. (a) 10. (c)
11. (a) 12. (b) 13. (d) 14. (b) 15. (a) 16. (a) 17. (a) 18. (b) 19. (a) 20. (b)
21. (6) 22. (2) 23. (70) 24. (32) 25. (5) 26. (161) 27. (20) 28. (10) 29. (100) 30. (10)
18 MARCH SHIFT II
Section A : Objective Type Questions 2. An object of mass m1 collides with another object of
1. Which of the following statements are correct? mass m 2, which is at rest. After the collision, the objects
A. Electric monopoles do not exist, whereas magnetic move with equal speeds in opposite direction. The ratio
monopoles exist. of the masses m 2 : m1 is
B. Magnetic field lines due to a solenoid at its ends and a. 3 : 1 b. 2 : 1 c. 1 : 2 d. 1 : 1
outside cannot be completely straight and confined. 3. For an adiabatic expansion of an ideal gas, the fractional
C. Magnetic field lines are completely confined within a change in its pressure is equal to (where, γ is the ratio of
toroid. specific heats)
D. Magnetic field lines inside a bar magnet are not parallel. dV V 1 dV dV
a. − γ b. − γ c. − d.
E. χ = − 1is the condition for a perfect diamagnetic material, V dV γ V V
where χ is its magnetic susceptibility.
4. A proton and an α-particle, having kinetic energies K p and
a. C and E b. B and D K α , respectively, enter into a magnetic field at right angles.
c. A and B d. B and C The ratio of the radii of trajectory of proton to that of
α-particle is 2 : 1. The ratio of K p : K α is
a. 1: 8 b. 8 : 1 c. 1 : 4 d. 4 : 1
5. A plane electromagnetic wave propagating along 11. The decay of a proton to neutron is
y-direction can have the following pair of electric field (E) a. not possible as proton mass is less than the neutron mass
and magnetic field (B) components. b. possible only inside the nucleus
a. E y , B y or E z , Bz b. E y , Bx or E x , B y c. not possible but neutron to proton conversion is possible
c. E x , Bz or E z , Bx d. E x , B y or E y , Bx d. always possible as it is associated only with β + decay
6. Consider a uniform wire of mass M and length L. It is bent 12. In a series L-C -R circuit, the inductive reactance ( X L) is 10
into a semicircle. Its moment of inertia about a line Ω and the capacitive reactance ( X C ) is 4 Ω. The resistance
perpendicular to the plane of the wire passing through (R) in the circuit is 6 Ω. The power factor of the circuit is
the centre is a.
1
b.
1
c.
1
d.
3
1 ML2 2 ML2 ML2 1 ML2 2 2 2 2 2
a. b. c. d.
4 π2 5 π2 π2 2 π2
13. The angular momentum of a planet of mass M moving
7. The velocity-displacement graph of a particle is shown in around the Sun in an elliptical orbit is L . The magnitude
the figure. of the areal velocity of the planet is
4L L 2L L
v a. b. c. d.
M M M 2M
v0
14. The function of time representing a simple harmonic
π
motion with a period of is
ω
a. sin (ωt ) = cos (ωt ) b. cos (ωt ) + cos (2ωt ) + cos (3ωt )
π
O x0
x c. sin 2 (ωt ) d. 3cos  − 2ωt 
4 
The acceleration-displacement graph of the same
particle is represented by
15. A solid cylinder of mass m is wrapped
with an inextensible light string and, is
a a
placed on a rough inclined plane as
shown in the figure. The frictional force
a. b. acting between the cylinder and the
inclined plane is
O x O x
(The coefficient of static friction, µ s , is 0.4)
7
a. mg b. 5 mg
a a 2 60°
O x mg
c. d. c. d. 0
5
O x
16. The time taken for the magnetic energy to reach 25% of
its maximum value, when a solenoid of resistance R,
inductance L is connected to a battery, is
8. The correct relation between α (ratio of collector current a.
L
ln 5 b. infinite c.
L
ln 2 d.
L
ln 10
to emitter current) and β (ratio of collector current to R R R
base current) of a transistor is
α β 1 β 17. A particle of mass m moves in a circular orbit under the
a. β = b. α = c. β = d. α = central potential field, U( r) = − C / r , where C is a positive
1+ α 1− α 1− α 1+ β
constant. The correct radius-velocity graph of the
9. Three rays of light, namely P particle’s motion is
red (R), green (G) and blue (B) r r
are incident on the face PQ
B
of a right angled prism PQR
a. b.
as shown in figure G
The refractive indices of the R v v
material of the prism for red, O O
green and blue wavelength R r r
Q
are 1.27, 1.42 and 1.49,
respectively. The colour of the ray(s) emerging out of the
face PR is c. d.
a. green b. red c. blue and green d. blue
v v
10. If the angular velocity of Earth’s spin is increased such O O
that the bodies at the equator start floating, the duration 18. An ideal gas in a cylinder is separated by a piston in such
of the day would be approximately a way that the entropy of one part is S1 and that of the
(Take 2 g = 10 ms −2 , the radius of Earth, R = 6400 × 103 m, other part is S 2. Given that S1 > S 2. If the piston is
take π = 314
. ) removed, then the total entropy of the system will be
a. 60 min b. does not change S1
a. S1 × S 2 b. S1 − S 2 c. d. S1 + S 2
c. 1200 min d. 84 min S2
19. Consider a sample of oxygen behaving like an ideal gas. (Take value of g to be 10 ms −2)
At 300 K, the ratio of root mean square (rms) velocity to
the average velocity of gas molecule would be 24 kg
(Molecular weight of oxygen is 32 g/mol; R = 8. 3 J K −1 A
mol −1)
3 8 3π 8π
a. b. c. d.
3 3 8 3
20. The speed of electrons in a scanning electron
microscope is 1 × 107 ms −1. If the protons having the
B
same speed are used instead of electrons, then the
resolving power of scanning proton microscope will be 25. A TV transmission tower antenna is at a height of 20 m.
changed by a factor of Suppose that the receiving antenna is at
1 1
a. 1837 b. c. 1837 d. (i) ground level
1837 1837
(ii) a height of 5 m.
Secton B : Numerical Type Questions The increase in antenna range in case (ii) relative to case (i)
21. The projectile motion of a particle of mass 5 g is shown is n%.
in the figure. The value of n, to the nearest integer, is ……… .
26. The radius of a sphere is measured to be (7.50 ± 0.85) cm.
45° 45°
Suppose the percentage error in its volume is x. The
A B value of x to the nearest x, is …………… .
The initial velocity of the particle is 5 2 ms −1 and the air 27. An infinite number of point charges, each carrying 1 µC
resistance is assumed to be negligible. The magnitude of charge, are placed along the Y-axis at y = 1m, 2m, 4 m, 8m.
the change in momentum between the points A and B is The total force on a 1 C point charge, placed at the origin, is
x × 10–2 kg-ms −1. The value of x to the nearest integer, is x × 103 N. The value of x to the nearest integer, is …………… .
……………… . 1
(Take, = 9 × 109 N-m 2 /C 2 )
22. A ball of mass 4 kg, moving with a velocity of 10 ms −1, 4 πε0
collides with a spring of length 8 m and force constant 28. Consider a 72 cm long wire AB as shown in the figure. The
100 Nm −1. The length of the compressed spring is x m. galvanometer jockey is placed at P on AB at a distance x
The value of x to the nearest integer, is ………… . cm from A. The galvanometer shows zero deflection.
23. The typical output characteristics curve for a transistor 12 Ω C 6Ω
working in the common-emitter configuration is shown
in the figure.
Ic(mA) G
8 IB=40 µA x
A B
6 IB=30 µA P
4 IB=20 µA
2 IB=10 µA The value of x, to the nearest integer, is ……… .
0 29. Two wires of same length and thickness having specific
VCE(V) resistances 6 Ω- cm and 3 Ω-cm respectively are connected
The estimated current gain from the figure is ……… . in parallel. The effective resistivity is ρ Ω-cm. The value of ρ
to the nearest integer, is …………… .
24. Consider a water tank as shown in the figure. It’s
cross-sectional area is 0.4 m 2. The tank has an opening 30. A galaxy is moving away from the Earth at a speed of 286
B near the bottom whose cross-section area is 1 cm 2. A kms −1. The shift in the wavelength of a red line at 630 nm
load of 24 kg is applied on the water at the top when the is
height of the water level is 40 cm above the bottom, the x × 10–10 m. The value of x to the nearest integer, is
velocity of water coming out the opening B is v ms −1. The ………… .
value of v, to the nearest integer, is …………… . (Take the value of speed of light c, as 3 × 108 ms −1)

the QR code
1. (a) 2. (a) 3. (a) 4. (d) 5. (c) 6. (c) 7. (c) 8. (d) 9. (b) 10. (d)
11. (b) 12. (c) 13. (d) 14. (d) 15. (c) 16. (c) 17. (a) 18. (d) 19. (c) 20. (a)
21. (5) 22. (6) 23. (200) 24. (3) 25. (50) 26. (34) 27. (12) 28. (48) 29. (4) 30. (6)
July Attempt Online JEE Main 2021 33
20 JULY SHIFT I
Section A : Objective Type Questions 6. Region I and II are separated by a spherical surface of
1. The value of current in the 6 Ω resistance is radius 25 cm. An object is kept in region I at a distance of
40 cm from the surface. The distance of the image from
20Ω 5Ω the surface is
I II
25cm
140V 6Ω 90V
O C µI=1.25 µII=1.4
a. 55.44 cm b. 9.52 cm
c. 18.23 cm d. 37.58 cm
a. 4 A b. 8 A
c. 10 A d. 6 A 7. A person whose mass is 100 kg travels from Earth to
Mars in a spaceship. Neglect all other objects in sky and
2. The normal reaction N for a vehicle of 800 kg mass, take acceleration due to gravity on the surface of the
negotiating a turn on a 30° banked road at maximum
Earth and Mars as 10 m/s2 and 4 m/s2, respectively.
possible speed without skidding is …… × 103 kg-m/s2.
[Take, µ s = 02
. ] Identify from the below figures, the curve that fits best
a. 10.2 b. 7.2
for the weight of the passenger as a function of time.
c. 12.4 d. 6.96
1000N A
3. A radioactive material decays by simultaneous emission
of two particles with half-lives of 1400 yr and 700 yr, I
respectively. What will be the time after the which Weight II
one-third of the material remains ?
[Take, In 3 = 1.1] B
400N
a. 1110 yr b. 700 yr III
c. 340 yr d. 740 yr IV Time
4. A steel block of 10 kg rests on a horizontal floor as a. III b. I
shown. When three iron cylinders are placed on it as c. IV d. II
shown, the block and cylinders go down with an
acceleration 0.2 m/s2. 8. The amount of heat needed to raise the temperature of
4 moles of a rigid diatomic gas from 0°C to 50°C when no
The normal reaction R by the floor, if mass of the iron work is done is ……… . (R is the universal gas constant)
cylinders are equal and of 20 kg each, is …… N. a. 250 R b. 750 R
[Take, g = 10 m / s 2 and µ s = 02
. ] c. 175 R d. 500 R
3
9. If A and B are two vectors satisfying the relation
A ⋅ B = |A × B|. Then, the value of|A − B| will be
1 2 a. A 2 + B 2 b. A 2 + B 2 + 2AB
c. A 2 + B 2 + 2AB d. A 2 + B 2 − 2AB
10. A deuteron and an α-particle having equal kinetic energy

enter perpendicular into a magnetic field. Let rd and rα
a = 0.2 m/s2
be their respective radii of circular path. The value of
a. 716 b. 686 rd / rα is equal to
c. 714 d. 684 a. 1 / 2 b. 2
5. AC voltage V (t) = 20 sinωt volt of frequency c. 1 d. 2
50 Hz is applied to a parallel plate capacitor. The 11. A nucleus of mass M emits γ- ray photon of frequency ν.
separation between the plates is 2 mm and the area is The loss of internal energy by the nucleus is
1 m2. The amplitude of the oscillating displacement [Take, c is the speed of electromagnetic wave.]
current for the applied AC voltage is …… . a. hν b. zero
. × 10−12 F/m)
(Take, ε0 = 885  hν  hν 
c. hν 1 − d. hν 1 +
a. 21.14 µA b. 83.37 µA  2Mc 2   2Mc 2 
c. 27.79 µA d. 55.58 µA
34 Online JEE Main 2021 July Attempt
12. A certain charge Q is divided into two parts q and (Q − q).

How should the charges Q and q be divided, so that q and
(Q − q) placed at a certain distance apart experience
maximum electrostatic repulsion ? P
q
a. Q = b. Q = 2q
2
c. Q = 4q d. Q = 3q Q
13. A current of 5 A is passing through a non-linear
magnesium wire of cross-section
0.04 m2. At every point, the direction of current density is x=0 x=b x=2b
at an angle of 60° with the unit vector of area of
cross-section. The magnitude of electric field at every A
point of the conductor is
(Take, resistivity of magnesium, ρ = 44 × 10−8 Ω -m)
B
a. 11 × 10−2 V/m b. 11 × 10−7 V/m
c. 11 × 10−5 V/m d. 11 × 10−3 V/m
14. Consider a mixture of gas molecule of types A, B and C
having masses m A < m B < mC . The ratio of their root
mean square speeds at normal temperature and x=0 C
pressure is b 2b b
1 1 1
a. v A = v B = vC = 0 b. > >
v A v B vC a. A - flux, B - power dissipated, C - emf
1 1 1 b. A - power dissipated, B - flux, C - emf
c. v A = v B ≠ vC d. < <
v A v B vC c. A - flux, B - emf , C - power dissipated
d. A - emf , B - power dissipated, C - flux
15. A butterfly is flying with a velocity 4 2 m/s in North-East
direction. Wind is slowly blowing at 1 m/s from North to 19. The entropy of any system is given by
South. The resultant displacement of the butterfly in 3 s  µkR 
S = α 2β ln  2 + 3
is  J β 
a. 3 m b. 20 m c. 12 2 m d. 15 m where, α and β are the constants; µ, J , k and R are number of
moles, mechanical equivalent of heat, Boltzmann constant
16. The value of tension in a long thin metal wire has been and gas constant, respectively.
changed from T1 to T2. The lengths of the metal wire at  Take, S = dQ 
two different values of tension T1 and T2 are l1 and l 2,
 T 
respectively. The actual length of the metal wire is
T1l 2 − T2 l1 T1l1 − T2 l 2 Choose the incorrect option.
a. b. a. α and J have the same dimensions.
T1 − T2 T1 − T2
l1 + l 2 b. S , β , k and µR have the same dimensions.
c. d. TT
1 2 l1l 2 c. S and α have different dimensions.
2
d. α and k have the same dimensions.
17. For the circuit shown below, calculate the value of Iz.
20. The radiation corresponding to 3 → 2 transition of a
Rs=1000Ω hydrogen atom falls on a gold surface to generate
photoelectrons. These electrons are passed through a
R
Iz Iz magnetic field of 5 × 10−4 T. Assume that the radius of the
largest circular path followed by these electrons is 7 mm,
Vi 100V R = 2000Ω the work-function of the metal is (Take, mass of electron
Vz=50V
. × 10−31 kg)
= 91
a. 1.36 eV b. 1.88 eV
c. 0.16 eV d. 0.82 eV
a. 25 mA b. 0.15 A
c. 0.1 A d. 0.05 A Section B : Numerical Type Questions
18. The arm PQ of a rectangular conductor is moving from 21. In a spring gun having spring constant
x = 0 to x = 2b outwards and then inwards from x = 2b to 100 N/m a small ball B of mass 100 g is put in its barrel
x = 0 as shown in the figure. A uniform magnetic field (as shown in figure) by compressing the spring through
perpendicular to the plane is acting from x = 0 to x = b. 0.05 m. There should be a box placed at a distance d on
Identify the graph showing the variation of different the ground, so that the ball falls in it. If the ball leaves the
quantities with distance.
gun horizontally at a height of 2 m above the ground. 25. In the reported figure, heat energy absorbed by a system
The value of d is ……… m. in going through a cyclic process is …… πJ.
(Take, g =10m / s 2) p(kPa)
Gun
40
Ball
20
2m
L
20 40
22. In an L-C-R series circuit, an inductor 30 mH and a 26. A circular disc reaches from top to bottom of an inclined
resistor 1Ω are connected to an AC source of angular plane of length L. When it slips down the plane, it takes
frequency 300 rad/s. The value of capacitance for which, time t1. When it rolls down the plane, it takes time t 2. The
1 t 3
the current leads the voltage by 45° is × 10−3 F. Then, value of 2 is . The value of x will be …… .
x t1 x
the value of x is …… .
27. A rod of mass M and length L is lying on a horizontal
23. The amplitude of wave disturbance propagating in the frictionless surface. A particle of mass m travelling along
1
positive x-direction is given by y = at time t = 0 the surface hits at one end of the rod with a velocity u in
(1 + x) 2 a direction perpendicular to the rod. The collision is
1 completely elastic. After collision, particle comes to rest.
and y = at t = 1s, where x and y are in metre.
1 + ( x − 2) 2 1
The ratio of masses   is . The value of x will be …… .
m
M x
The shape of wave does not change during the
propagation. The velocity of the wave will be …… m/s. 28. An object viewed from a near point distance of 25 cm,
24. A body having specific charge 8 µC/g is resting on a using a microscopic lens with magnification 6, gives an
frictionless plane at a distance 10 cm from the wall (as unresolved image. A resolved image is observed at
shown in the figure). It starts moving towards the wall infinite distance with a total magnification double the
when a uniform electric field of 100 V/m is applied earlier using an eyepiece along with the given lens and a
horizontally towards the wall. If the collision of the body tube of length 0.6 m, if the focal length of the eyepiece is
with the wall is perfectly elastic, then the time period of equal to ……… cm.
the motion will be …… s. 29. The frequency of a car horn encountered a change from
400 Hz to 500 Hz, when the car approaches a vertical
wall. If the speed of sound is 330 m/s, then the speed of
car is …… km/h.
30. A carrier wave VC (t) = 160sin(2π × 106t) V is made to vary
between Vmax = 200 V and Vmin = 120 V by a message
Body
100 V/m signal Vm (t) = Am sin(2π × 103t) V. The peak voltage Am of
the modulating signal is …… .

the QR code
1. (c) 2. (a) 3. (d) 4. (b) 5. (c) 6. (d) 7. (a) 8. (d) 9. (d) 10. (b)
11. (d) 12. (b) 13. (c) 14. (d) 15. (d) 16. (a) 17. (a) 18. (c) 19. (d) 20. (d)
21. (0.003) 22. (3) 23. (2) 24. (1) 25. (100) 26. (2) 27. (4) 28. (25) 29. (132) 30. (40)
20 JULY SHIFT II
Section A : Objective Type Questions 9. A particle is making simple harmonic motion along the
1. If the kinetic energy of a moving body becomes four times X-axis. If at a distances x1 and x 2 from the mean position,
of its initial kinetic energy, then the percentage change in the velocities of the particle are v1 and v 2 respectively,
its momentum will be then the time period of its oscillation is given as
a. 100% b. 200% c. 300% d. 400% x 22 + x12 x 22 + x12
a. T = 2 π b. T = 2 π
2. A boy reaches the airport and finds that the escalator is v12 − v 22 v12 + v 22
not working. He walks up the stationary escalator in time x 22 − x12 x 22 − x12
t1. If he remains stationary on a moving escalator, then c. T = 2 π d. T = 2 π
v12 + v 22 v12 − v 22
the escalator takes him up in time t 2. The time taken by
him to walk up on the moving escalator will be 10. An electron having de-Broglie wavelength λ is incident
t1t 2 t1 + t 2 t1t 2 on a target in a X-ray tube. Cut-off wavelength of
a. b. c. d. t 2 − t1
t 2 − t1 2 t 2 + t1 emitted X-ray is
2m 2c 2 λ 2 2mcλ 2 hc
3. A satellite is launched into a circular orbit of radius R a. Zero b. 2
c. d.
h h mc
around Earth, while a second satellite is launched into a
circular orbit of radius 1.02 R. The percentage difference 11. A body rolls down an inclined plane without slipping. The
in the time periods of the two satellites is kinetic energy of rotation is 50% of its translational
a. 1.5 b. 2.0 c. 0.7 d. 3.0 kinetic energy. The body is
4. With what speed should a galaxy move outward with a. solid sphere b. solid cylinder
respect to Earth, so that the sodium-D line at wavelength c. hollow cylinder d. ring
5890 Å is observed at 5896 Å ? 12. If time (t), velocity (v ) and angular momentum ( l) are
a. 306 km/s b. 322 km/s c. 296 km/s d. 336 km/s taken as the fundamental units, then the dimension of
5. The length of a metal wire is l1, when the tension in it is T1 mass ( m) in terms of t ,v and l is
and is l 2 when the tension is T2. The natural length of the a. [ t −1v1l −2 ] b. [ t 1v 2 l −1]
wire is −2 −1 1
c. [ t v l ] d. [ t −1v −2 l1]
l T − l 2T1 l T + l 2T1 l +l
a. l1 l 2 b. 1 2 c. 1 2 d. 1 2
T2 − T1 T2 + T1 2 13. The correct relation between the degrees of freedom f
and the ratio of specific heat γ is
6. In an electromagnetic wave, the electric field vector and 2 2 γ+1 1
a. f = b. f = c. f = d. f =
magnetic field vector are given as E = E 0$i and B = B 0k$ , γ −1 γ+1 2 γ+1
respectively. The direction of propagation of
electromagnetic wave is along 14. For a certain radioactive process, the graph between InR
a. k$ b. $j c. (−k$ ) d. (− $j ) and t (sec) is obtained as shown in the figure. Then, the
value of half-life for the unknown radioactive material is
7. For a series L-C-R circuit with R = 100 Ω, approximately
L = 05
. mH and C = 01
. pF connected across 220 V-50 Hz
AC supply, the phase angle between current and
supplied voltage and the nature of the circuit is 8 R = Decay rate
a. 0°, resistive circuit 6
In R
b. ≈ 90°, predominantly inductive circuit

4
c. 0° resonance circuit
d. ≈ 90°, predominantly capacitive circuit 2
8. Which of the following graphs represent the behaviour
of an ideal gas ? (Symbols have their usual meanings.) 10 20 30 40 50 60
pV pV Time, t(s)
a. 9.15 s b. 6.93 s c. 2.62 s d. 4.62 s
a.
b. 15. Consider a binary star system of star A and star B with
masses m A and m B revolving in a circular orbit of radii rA
T T and rB , respectively. If TA and TB are the time period of
pV pV star A and star B respectively, then
3
c. T r 2
a. A =  A  b. TA = TB
d. TB  rB 
T T c. TA > TB (if m A > m B ) d. TA > TB (if rA > rB )
16. At an angle of 30° to the magnetic meridian, the 24. Two bodies, a ring and a solid cylinder of same material
apparent dip is 45°. Find the true dip. are rolling down without slipping an inclined plane. The
−1 −1
1  −1
2  −1
3 radii of the bodies are same. The ratio of velocity of the
a. tan ( 3 ) b. tan   c. tan   d. tan   centre of mass at the bottom of the inclined plane of the
 3  3  2 
ring to that of the cylinder is x / 2. Then, the value of x is
17. A body at rest is moved along a horizontal straight line …… .
by a machine delivering a constant power. The distance
25. For the forward biased diode characteristics shown in
moved by the body in time t is proportional to
3 1 1 3 the figure, the dynamic resistance at ID = 3 mA will be
a. t 2 b. t 2 c. t 4 d. t 4 ……… Ω.
18. Two vectors P and Q have equal magnitudes. If the
ID(mA)
magnitude of P + Q is n times the magnitude of P − Q,
then angle between P and Q is 8
−1
n − 1 −1
n − 1 7
a. sin   b. cos  
 n + 1  n + 1 6
−1
n 2 − 1 −1
n 2 − 1 5
c. sin  2  d. cos  2 
 n + 1  n + 1 4
19. Two small drops of mercury each of radius R coalesce to 3
form a single large drop. The ratio of total surface energy 2
before and after the change is 1
a. 21/ 3 : 1 b. 1: 21/ 3 c. 2 : 1 d. 1 : 2
0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 VD(V)
20. The magnetic susceptibility of a material of a rod is 499.
−7
Permeability in vacuum is 4 π × 10 H/m. Absolute 26. A series L-C-R circuit of R = 5 Ω, L = 20 mH and C = 05
. µF is
permeability of the material of the rod is
a. 4 π × 10 H/m−4
b. 2 π × 10 H/m −4 connected across an AC supply of 250 V, having variable
frequency. The power dissipated at resonance condition
c. 3 π × 10−4 H/m d. π × 10−4 H/m
is …… × 102 W .
Numerical Type Questions 27. One mole of an ideal gas at 27°C is taken from A to B as
21. A Zener diode having Zener voltage 8 V and power shown in the given p-V indicator diagram. The work done
dissipation rating of 0.5 W is connected across a by the system will be …… × 10−1 J .
potential divider arranged with maximum potential drop [Take, R = 8.3 J/ mol-K, In 2 = 06931
. ]
across Zener diode is as shown in the diagram. The value (Round off to the nearest integer)
of protective resistance R p is ...........Ω.
Rp 200 A(p1V1)
n
p(N/m2)
p
Vz = 8V
100 B(p2V2)
– + 2 4
V(m 3)
20 V
22. A body of mass m is launched up on a rough inclined 28. A certain metallic surface is illuminated by monochromatic
plane making an angle of 30° with the horizontal. The radiation of wavelength λ. The stopping potential for
coefficient of friction between the body and plane is photoelectric current for this radiation is 3V0.
x / 5. if the time of ascent is half of the time of descent. If the same surface is illuminated with a radiation of
The value of x is …… . wavelength 2λ, the stopping potential is V0. The
threshold wavelength of this surface for photoelectric
23. In the given figure, switches S1 and S 2 are in open effect is …… λ.
condition. The resistance across ab when the switches S1
and S 2 are closed is …… Ω. 29. A body rotating with an angular speed of
600 rpm is uniformly accelerated to 1800 rpm in 10 s.
12 Ω 4Ω 6Ω The number of rotations made in the process is …… .
30. A radioactive substance decays to (1/16)th of its initial
a S1 S2 b
activity in 80 days. The half-life of the radioactive
substance expressed in days is …… .
6Ω 4Ω 12 Ω

the QR code
1. (a) 2. (c) 3. (d) 4. (a) 5. (b) 6. (d) 7. (d) 8. (c) 9. (d) 10. (c)
11. (b) 12. (d) 13. (a) 14. (d) 15. (b) 16. (d) 17. (a) 18. (d) 19. (a) 20. (b)
21. (192) 22. (3) 23. (10) 24. (3) 25. (25) 26. (125) 27. (17258) 28. (4) 29. (32) 30. (20)
22 JULY SHIFT II
Section A : Objective Type Questions shown in figure. Find the resistance of the combination
1. In a circuit consisting of a capacitance and a generator between the ends A and B.
with alternating emf E g = E g 0 sinωt, VC and IC are the (Take, resistivity of copper = 1.7 × 10−8 Ω-m, resistivity of
voltage and current. Correct phasor diagram for such aluminium = 2.6 × 10−8 Ω-m)
circuit is
Cu
A B
Al
Eg IC C V a. 2.170 m Ω b. 1.420 m Ω
C
c. 0.0858 m Ω d. 0.858 m Ω
3. What will be the projection of vector A = i$ + $j + k$ on
vector B = i$ + $j ?
a. 2 ($i + $j + k$ ) b. 2($i + $j + k$ )
VC c. 2($i + $j ) d. ($i + $j )
4. A porter lifts a heavy suitcase of mass 80 kg and at the
ωt destination lowers it down by a distance of 80 cm with a
a. constant velocity. Calculate the work done by the porter
in lowering the suitcase.
[Take, g = 9.8 ms −2 ]
IC
a. − 627200. J b. − 6272
. J
c. + 6272
. J d. 784.0 J
VC
IC 5. T0 is the time period of a simple pendulum at a place. If
the length of the pendulum is reduced to 1/16 times of
b. its initial value, then the modified time period is
ωt 1
a. T0 b. 8 πT0 c. 4T0 d. T0
4
6. A ray of light passes from a denser medium to a rarer
medium at an angle of incidence i. The reflected and
IC VC refracted rays make an angle of 90° with each other. The
angle of reflection and refraction are respectively r and
ωt r'. The critical angle is given by
c.
i r
VC
r′
ωt
d.
a. sin −1(cot r ) b. tan −1(sin i ) c. sin −1(tan r ′ ) d. sin −1(tan r )
IC
7. Statement I The ferromagnetic property depends on
temperature. At high temperature, ferromagnet
2. A copper (Cu) rod of length 25 cm and cross-sectional becomes paramagnet.
area 3 mm2 is joined with a similar aluminium (Al) rod as
Statement II At high temperature, the domain wall area 14. Match List I with List II.
of a ferromagnetic substance increases.
In the light of the above statements, choose the most List I List II
appropriate answer from the options given below. A. 1 (i) Current is in phase with EMF
ωL >
a. Statement I is true but Statement II is false ωC
b. Both Statement I and Statement II are true B. 1 (ii) Current lags behind the
ωL =
c. Both Statement I and Statement II are false ωC applied EMF
d. Statement I is false but Statement II is true 1
C. ωL < (iii) Maximum current occurs
ωC
8. A bullet of 4 g mass is fired from a gun of mass 4 kg. If
the bullet moves with the muzzle speed of 50 ms −1, the D. Resonant frequency (iv) Current leads the EMF
impulse imparted to the gun and velocity of recoil of gun
are Choose the correct answer from the options given below.
a. 0.4 kg-ms −1, 0.1 ms −1 b. 0.2 kg-ms −1, 0.05 ms −1 Codes
c. 0.2 kg-ms −1, 0.1 ms −1 d. 0.4 kg-ms −1 , 0.05 ms −1 A B C D A B C D
a. (ii) (i) (iv) (iii) b. (ii) (i) (iii) (iv)
9. Choose the correct option. c. (iii) (i) (iv) (ii) d. (iv) (iii) (ii) (i)
a. True dip is not mathematically related to apparent dip.
b. True dip is less than apparent dip. 15. What should be the height of transmitting antenna and
c. True dip is always greater than the apparent dip. the population covered, if the television telecast is to
d. True dip is always equal to apparent dip. cover a radius of 150 km ? The average population
density around the tower is 2000/km2 and the value of R e
10. Consider a situation in which a ring, a solid cylinder and
. × 106 m.
= 65
a solid sphere roll down on the same inclined plane
a. Height = 1731m, Population covered = 1413 × 105
without slipping. Assume that they start rolling from rest
b. Height = 1241m, Population covered = 7 × 105
and having identical diameter.
c. Height = 1600 m, Population covered = 2 × 105
The correct statement for this situation. d. Height = 1800 m, Population covered = 1413 × 108
a. The sphere has the greatest and the ring has the least
velocity of the centre of mass at the bottom of the inclined
16. What will be the average value of energy for a monoatomic
plane. gas in thermal equilibrium at temperature T ?
2 3 1
b. The ring has the greatest and the cylinder has the least a. K BT b. K BT c. K BT d. K BT
velocity of the centre of mass at the bottom of the inclined 3 2 2
plane. 17. Intensity of sunlight is observed as
c. All of them will have same velocity. 0.092 Wm−2 at a point in free space. What will be the
d. The cylinder has the greatest and the sphere has the least peak value of magnetic field at that point?
velocity of the centre of mass at the bottom of the inclined
plane. (ε 0 = 8.85 × 10−12C –2N–1m–2)
a. 2.77 × 10−8 T b. 1.96 × 10−8 T
11. Consider a situation in which reverse biased current of a c. 8.31 T d. 5.88 T
particular p-n junction increases when it is exposed to a 18. The motion of a mass on a spring, with spring constant k
light of wavelength ≤ 621 nm. During this process, is as shown in figure.
enhancement in carrier concentration takes place due to
generation of hole-electron pairs. The value of band gap
is nearly
a. 2 eV b. 4 eV c. 1 eV d. 0.5 eV
12. A nucleus with mass number 184 initially at rest emits an

α-particle. If the Q-value of the reaction is 5.5 MeV, x
calculate the kinetic energy of the α-particle.
a. 5.0 MeV b. 5.5 MeV
c. 0.12 MeV d. 5.38 MeV The equation of motion is given by
13. An electron of mass m e and a proton of mass m p are k
x(t) = A sinωt + B cos ωt with ω =
m
accelerated through the same potential difference. The
ratio of the de-Broglie wavelength associated with the Suppose that at time t = 0, the position of mass is x(0)
electron to that with the proton is and velocity v(0), then its displacement can also be
a.
mp
b. 1 represented as x(t) = C cos(ωt − φ), where C and φ are
me
2v (0) 2  v (0) 
mp m a. C = + x (0) 2 , φ = tan −1 
c. d. e ω2  x (0)ω 
me mp
2v (0) 2  x (0)ω 
b. C = + x (0) 2 , φ = tan −1 
ω2  2v (0) 
v (0) 2  x (0)ω  24. The total charge enclosed in an incremental volume of

c. C = + x (0) 2 , φ = tan −1 
ω2  v (0)  2 × 10−9m3 located at the origin is …… nC, if electric flux
v (0) 2
 v (0)  density of its field is found as
d. C = + x (0) 2 , φ = tan −1  D = e − x sin y $i − e − x cos y$j + 2zk$ C/m2.
ω2  x (0)ω 
25. Three particles P, Q and R are moving along the vectors
19. An electric dipole is placed on X-axis in proximity to a line
−6 A = $i + $j, B = $j + k$ and C = − i$ + $j, respectively. They
charge of linear charge density 30 . × 10 C/m. Line
strike on a point and start to move in different
charge is placed on Z-axis and positive and negative
directions. Now, particle P is moving normal to the plane
charge of dipole is at a distance of 10 mm and 12 mm
which contain vectors A and B. Similarly, particle Q is
from the origin, respectively. If total force of 4 N is
moving normal to the plane which contain vectors A and
exerted on the dipole, find out the amount of positive or
C. The angle between the direction of motion of P and Q
negative charge of the dipole.
 1
a. 815.1 nC b. 8.8 µC c. 0.485 nC d. 4.44 µC is cos −1  . Then, the value of x is ……… .
 x
20. A body is projected vertically upwards from the surface
of Earth with a velocity sufficient enough to carry it to 26. The centre of a wheel rolling on a plane surface moves
infinity. The time taken by it to reach height h is ……… s. with a speed v 0. A particle on the rim of the wheel at the
same level as the centre will be moving at a speed x v 0.

Re h
3/ 2  
2R e h
3/ 2 
a. 1+  − 1 b. 1+  − 1 Then, the value of x is ……… .
 
2g Re    
g Re   27. A ray of light passing through a prism (µ = 3) suffers
1 Re  h
3/ 2  1 2R e  h
3/ 2  minimum deviation. It is found that the angle of
c. 1+  − 1 d. 1+  − 1
3 2g  Re   3 g  Re   incidence is double the angle of refraction within the
 
prism. Then, the angle of prism is ……… (in degrees).
Section B : Numerical Type Questions 28. The area of cross-section of a railway track is 0.01 m2.
The temperature variation is 10°C. Coefficient of linear
21. In a given circuit diagram, a 5 V Zener diode along with a
expansion of material of track is 10−5/°C. The energy
series resistance is connected across a 50 V power
stored per metre in the track is …… J/m.
supply. The minimum value of the resistance required, if
the maximum Zener current is 90 mA will be ……… Ω. (Take, Young’s modulus of material of track is 1011Nm−2)
I I2 29. Three students S1, S 2 and S 3 perform an experiment for

determining the acceleration due to gravity (g) using a
R
I1 simple pendulum. They use different lengths of
pendulum and record time for different number of
RL Vz oscillations. The observations are as shown in the table.
V =50V
Z
Student Length of No. of Total time Time period
No. pendulum oscillations for n (s)
(cm) (n) oscillations
1. 64.0 8 128.0 16.0
22. The position of the centre of mass of
2. 64.0 4 64.0 16.0
a uniform semi-circular wire of radius R placed in
XY-plane with its centre at the origin and the line joining 3. 20.0 4 36.0 9.0
its ends as X-axis is given by (0, xR / π ). Then, the value of
|x| is ……… . (Least count of length = 01
. m, least count for time = 01
. s)
23. In an electric circuit, a cell of certain EMF provides a If E 1 ,E 2 and E 3 are the percentage errors in g for
potential difference of 1.25 V across a load resistance of students 1, 2 and 3 respectively, then the minimum
5 Ω. However, it provides a potential difference of 1 V percentage error is obtained by student number ……… .
across a load resistance of 2 Ω. The emf of the cell is 30. In 5 min, a body cools from 75°C to 65°C at room
x temperature of 25°C. The temperature of body at the
given by V. Then, the value of x is ……… .
10 end of next 5 min is ……… °C.

the QR code
1. (c) 2. (d) 3. (d) 4. (b) 5. (d) 6. (d) 7. (a) 8. (b) 9. (b) 10. (a)
11. (a) 12. (d) 13. (c) 14. (a) 15. (a) 16. (c) 17. (a) 18. (d) 19. (d) 20. (d)
21. (500) 22. (2) 23. (15) 24. (4) 25. (9) 26. (4) 27. (60) 28. (5) 29. (1) 30. (57)
25 JULY SHIFT I
Section A : Objective Type Questions 7. Match List I with List II.
1. For a gas C p − C V = R in a state P and C P − C V = 1.10 R in a List I List II
state Q. TP and TQ are the temperatures in two different C
states P and Q, respectively. Then, (A) C − A −B=0 (i) A
a. TP = TQ b. TP < TQ B
c. TP = 09
. TQ d. TP > TQ
C
2. Assertion A Moment of inertia of a circular disc of mass (B) A −C −B=0 (ii)
B
M and radius R about X , Y -axes (passing through its
plane) and Z-axis which is perpendicular to its plane A
were found to be Ix , I y and Iz , respectively. The respective C
radii of gyration about all the three axes will be the (C) B− A −C =0 (iii)
same. A
B
Reason R A rigid body making rotational motion has
fixed mass and shape. A
In the light of the above statements, choose the most (D) A + B= −C (iv) C
appropriate answer from the options given below. B
a. Both A and R are correct and R is the correct explanation
of A. Choose the correct answer from the options given below.
b. Both A and R are correct but R is not the correct a. (A) → (iv), (B) → (i) , (C) → (iii), (D) → (ii)
explanation of A. b. (A) → (iv), (B) → (iii) , (C) → (i), (D) → (ii)
c. A is correct but R is not correct. c. (A) → (iii), (B) → (ii) , (C) → (iv), (D) → (i)
d. A is not correct but R is correct. d. (A) → (i), (B) → (iv) , (C) → (ii), (D) → (iii)
3. What should be the order of arrangement of de-Broglie 8. A parallel plate capacitor with plate area A and distance
wavelength of electron (λ e ), an α-particle (λ α ) and proton of separation d is filled with a dielectric. What is the
(λ p) given that all have the same kinetic energy ? capacity of the capacitor when permittivity of the
a. λ e = λ p = λ α b. λ e < λ p < λ α dielectric varies as
c. λ e > λ p > λ α d. λ e = λ p > λ α  d
ε( x) = ε 0 + kx , for  0 < x ≤ 
 2
4. Identify the logic operation carried out.
d 
ε( x) = ε 0 + k(d − x), for  ≤ x ≤ d
A 2 
2 / kA
Y
a.  ε0 +
kd  kA
 b.
B  2  2ε0 + kd 
2 ln  
 2ε0 
a. OR b. AND
kA  2ε0 
c. NOR d. NAND c. zero d. ln  
2  2ε0 − kd 
5. A particle of mass 4M at rest disintegrates into two
particles of masses M and 3M respectively having 9. A monoatomic ideal gas, initially at temperature T1 is
non-zero velocities. The ratio of de-Broglie wavelength of enclosed in a cylinder fitted with a frictionless piston.
particle of mass M to that of mass 3M will be The gas is allowed to expand adiabatically to a
a. 1 : 3 b. 3 : 1 temperature T2 by releasing the piston suddenly. If l1 and
c. 1 : 3 d. 1 : 1 l 2 are the lengths of the gas column, before and after the
T
6. Some nuclei of a radioactive material are undergoing expansion respectively, then the value of 1 will be
T2
radioactive decay. The time gap between the instances 2 2
when a quarter of the nuclei have decayed and when  l 3 l 3 l2 l1
a.  1  b.  2  c. d.
half of the nuclei have decayed is given as  l2   l1  l1 l2
(where, λ is the decay constant)
a.
1 ln 2
b.
ln2 10. A ray of laser of a wavelength 630 nm is incident at an
2 λ λ angle of 30° at the diamond-air interface. It is going from
3 diamond to air. The refractive index of diamond is 2.42
ln
2ln 2 2 and that of air is 1. Choose the correct option.
c. d.
λ λ a. Angle of refraction is 24.41° b. Angle of refraction is 30°
c. Refraction is not possible d. Angle of refraction is 53.4°
11. Two wires of same length and radius are joined 16. A linearly polarised electromagnetic wave in vacuum is
end-to-end and loaded. The Young's moduli of the . cos[(1.8) z − (5.4 × 106) t ] $i N/C is incident normally
E = 31
materials of the two wires are Y1 and Y2. The combination on a perfectly reflecting wall at z = a .
behaves as a single wire, then its Young's modulus is Choose the correct option.
2YY 2YY a. The wavelength is 5.4 m
a. Y = 12 b. Y = 12
3(Y1 + Y2 ) Y1 + Y2 b. The frequency of electromagnetic wave is 54 × 104 Hz.
YY YY c. The transmitted wave will be 31. cos[(18. ) z − (5.4 × 106 )t ] $i N/C
c. Y = 12 d. Y = 12
d. The reflected wave will be 31 . ) z + (5.4 × 106 )t ] $i N/C
. cos[(18
2(Y1 + Y2 ) Y1 + Y2
17. In the given figure, there is a circuit of potentiometer of
12. The half-life of 198 Au is 3 days. If atomic weight of 198 Au is length AB = 10 m. The resistance per unit length is 0.1 Ω
198 g/mol, then the activity of 2 mg of 198 Au is [in per cm. Across AB, a battery of EMF E and internal
disintegration/s] resistance r is connected. The maximum value of emf
. × 1012
a. 267 . × 1018
b. 606 measured by this potentiometer is
c. 32.36 × 1012 . × 1012
d. 1618
E r
13. Two billiard balls of equal mass 30 g strike a rigid wall + –
with same speed of 108 km/h (as shown) but at different
G
angles. If the balls get reflected with the same speed,
then the ratio of the magnitude of impulses imparted to
ball a and ball b by the wall along, x. direction is A B
J
y y 550 cm 450cm
u 45º
x x
x′ x′ + –
20W K
y′ y′ 6V
Ball (a) Ball (b)
a. 5 V b. 2.25 V c. 6 V d. 2.75 V
a. 1 : 1 b. 2 : 1
18. In amplitude modulation, the message signal
c. 2 : 1 d. 1 : 2
Vm (t ) = 10sin(2 π × 105 t ) volts
14. In the Young’s double slit experiment, the distance and carrier signal
between the slits varies in time as d(t) = d 0 + a 0 sinωt, V c (t ) = 20sin(2 π × 107 t ) volts
where d 0, ω and a 0 are constants. The difference
The modulated signal now contains the message signal with
between the largest fringe width and the smallest fringe lower side band and upper side band frequency.
width obtained over time is given as Therefore, the bandwidth of modulated signal is α kHz. The
2λD (d 0 ) 2λDa 0 value of α is
a. b.
(d 02 − a 02 ) (d 02 − a 02 ) a. 200 kHz b. 50 kHz
λD λD c. 100 kHz d. zero
c. 2 a 0 d.
d0 d0 + a 0 19. Water droplets are coming from an open tap at a
15. Two different metal bodies A and B of equal mass are particular rate. The spacing between a droplet observed
heated at a uniform rate under similar conditions. The at 4th second after its fall to the next droplet is 34.3 m.
variation of temperature of the bodies is graphically At what rate, the droplets are coming from the tap ?
represented as shown in the figure. The ratio of specific (Take, g = 9.8 m/s2)
heat capacities is a. 3 drops / 2 s b. 2 drops / s
c. 1 drop / s d. 1 drop / 7 s
20. The minimum and maximum distances of a planet
150
revolving around the Sun are x1 and x 2. If the minimum
A
speed of the planet on its trajectory is v 0, then its
Temperature T(°C)
120
B maximum speed will be
90 v 0 x12 v 0 x 22 v 0 x1 v 0 x2
a. b. c. d.
60 x 22 x12 x2 x1
30 Section B : Numerical Type Questions

21. A body of mass 2 kg moving with a speed of 4 m/s makes
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Time t(s) an elastic collision with another body at rest and
continues to move in the original direction but with
8 3 3 4 one-fourth of its initial speed. The speed of the two body
a. b. c. d. x
3 8 4 3 centre of mass is m/s. Then, the value of x is ……… .
10
22. Student A and student B used two screw gauges of equal Springs are kept in a stretched position with some
pitch and 100 equal circular divisions to measure the extension when the system is released. The horizontal
radius of a given wire. The actual value of the radius of surface is assumed to be frictionless. The angular
the wire is 0.322 cm. The absolute value of the difference frequency will be ……… rad/s when k = 20 N/m.
between the final circular scale readings observed by the
k 4k
students A and B is ……… .
A B
[Figure shows position of reference O when jaws of S1 S2
screw gauge are closed]
Given, pitch = 0.1 cm.
26. The value of aluminium susceptibility is 2.2 × 10−5. The
O O percentage increase in the magnetic field, if space within
a current carrying toroid is filled with aluminium is
x
, then the value of x is ……… .
104
27. A particle of mass 1 mg and charge q is lying at the
mid-point of two stationary particles kept at a distance 2
0 10 m when each is carrying same charge q. If the free
5 90 92 95
charged particle is displaced from its equilibrium
Screw gauge Screw gauge position through distance x (x << 1 m), the particle
(A) (B) executes SHM. Its angular frequency of oscillation will be
…… × 105 rad/s, if q 2 =10C 2.
23. An inductor of 10 mH is connected to a 20 V battery
through a resistor of 10 kΩ and a switch. After a long 28. An electric bulb rated as 200 W at 100 V is used in a
time, when maximum current is set up in the circuit, the circuit having 200 V supply. The resistance R that must
current is switched off. The current in the circuit after be put in series with the bulb, so that the bulb delivers
x the same power is …… Ω.
1 µs is mA. Then, x is equal to …… . (Take, e −1 = 037
. )
100
29. A pendulum bob has a speed of 3 m/s at its lowest
24. A circular conducting coil of radius 1 m is being heated position. The pendulum is 50 cm long. The speed of bob
by the change of magnetic field B passing perpendicular when the length makes an angle of 60° to the vertical will
to the plane in which the coil is laid. The resistance of the be ……. m/s. ( Take, g = 10 m / s 2)
coil is 2 µΩ. The magnetic field is slowly switched off such
that its magnitude changes in time as
30. A particle of mass m is moving in time t on a trajectory
given by
4
B = × 10−3  1 −
t 
T r = 10α t 2$i + 5β(t − 5) $j
π  100
where, α and β are dimensional constants. The angular
The energy dissipated by the coil before the magnetic
momentum of the particle becomes the same as it was
field is switched off completely is E = …… mJ.
for t = 0 at time t is …… s.
25. In the reported figure, two bodies A and B of masses 200
g and 800 g are attached with the system of springs.

the QR code
1. (d) 2. (d) 3. (c) 4. (b) 5. (d) 6. (d) 7. (b) 8. (b) 9. (b) 10. (c)
11. (b) 12. (d) 13. (b) 14. (b) 15. (b) 16. (d) 17. (a) 18. (a) 19. (c) 20. (d)
21. (25) 22. (13) 23. (74) 24. (80) 25. (10) 26. (22) 27. (6000) 28. (50) 29. (2) 30. (10)
25 JULY SHIFT II
Section A : Objective Type Questions 2. In a simple harmonic oscillation, what fraction of total
1. The relation between time t and distance x for a moving mechanical energy is in the form of kinetic energy, when
body is given as t = mx 2 + nx , where m and n are the particle is midway between mean and extreme
constants. The retardation of the motion is (when v position.
stands for velocity) a. 1/2 b. 3/4
a. 2 mv 3 b. 2 mnv 3 c. 2 nv 3 d. 2n 2v 3 c. 1/3 d. 1/4
3. A force F = ( 40i$ + 10$j) N acts on a body of mass 5 kg. If 10. If q f is the free charge on the capacitor plates and q b is
the body starts from rest its position vector r at time the bound charge on the dielectric slab of dielectric
t = 10 s, will be constant K placed between the capacitor plates, then
a. (100$i + 400$j ) m b. (100$i + 100$j ) m bound charge q b can be expressed as
c. (400$i + 100$j ) m d. (400$i + 400$j ) m
a. q b = q f  1 −
1 
b. q b = q f  1 − 
1

4. A prism of refractive index µ and angle of prism A is  K  K
c. q b = q f  1 +
1 
d. q b = q f  1 + 
placed in the position of minimum angle of deviation. If 1

minimum angle of deviation is also A, then in terms of  K  K
refractive index, 11. Consider a planet in some solar system which has a
−1 µ −1 µ
a. 2cos   b. sin   mass double the mass of Earth and density equal to the
 2  2 average density of Earth. If the weight of an object on
 µ − 1 µ Earth is w, the weight of the same object on that planet
c. sin −1  d. cos −1 
 2   2 will be
1
a. 2 w b. w c. 2 3 w d. 2 w
5. A heat engine has an efficiency of 1/6 . When the
temperature of sink is reduced by 62°C, its efficiency get 12. Two ideal electric dipoles A and B, having their dipole
doubled. The temperature of the source is moment p1 and p2 respectively, are placed on a plane
a. 124°C b. 37°C with their centres at O as shown in the figure. At point C
c. 62°C d. 99°C on the axis of dipole A, the resultant electric field is
making an angle of 37° with the axis. The ratio of the
6. In the given potentiometer circuit arrangement, the p
balancing length AC is measured to be 250 cm. When the dipole moment of A and B, 1 is
p2
galvanometer connection is shifted from point (1) to
3
point (2) in the given diagram, the balancing length (Take, sin 37° = )
ε 5
becomes 400 cm. The ratio of the EMF of two cells, 1 is
ε2 –
B
K V A– O
C + C
A B
+
G
3 3 2 4
a. b. c. d.
1 2 8 2 3 3
13. Two spherical soap bubbles of radii r1 and r2 in vacuum
E1 E2
combine under isothermal conditions. The resulting
a. 5/3 b. 8/5 bubble has a radius equal to
c. 4/3 d. 3/2 r1r2 r1 + r2
a. b. r1r2 c. r12 + r22 d.
7. Two ions having same mass have charges in the ratio 1 : r1 + r2 2
2. They are projected normally in a uniform magnetic 14. The force is given in terms of time t and displacement x
field with their speeds in the ratio 2 : 3. The ratio of the by the equation
radii of their circular trajectories is F = A cos Bx + C sin Dt
a. 1 : 4 b. 4 : 3 AD
The dimensional formula of is
c. 3 : 1 d. 2 : 3 B
8. A 10 Ω resistance is connected across a. [M 0LT −1 ] b. [ML2T −3 ] c. [M1L1T −2 ] d. [M 2L2T −3 ]
220 V - 50Hz AC supply. The time taken by the current to 15. The given potentiometer has its wire of resistance 10 Ω.
change from its maximum value to the rms value is When the sliding contact is in the middle of the
a. 2.5 ms b. 1.5 ms potentiometer wire, the potential drop across 2 Ω
c. 3.0 ms d. 4.5 ms resistor is
9. A balloon was moving upwards with a uniform velocity of 20 V
10 m/s. An object of finite mass is dropped from the
balloon when it was at a height of 75 m from the ground
level. The height of the balloon from the ground when A B
object strikes the ground was around, is 2Ω
(Take, the value of g = 10 m/s 2)
a. 300 m b. 200 m a. 10 V b. 5 V
c. 125 m d. 250 m 40 40
c. V d. V
9 11
16. An electron moving with speed v and a photon moving Section B : Numerical Type Questions
with speed c, have same de-Broglie wavelength. The ratio
of kinetic energy of electron to that of photon is 21. A system consists of two types of gas molecules A and B
3c v having same number density 2 × 1025 /m3. The diameter
a. b.
v 3c of A and B are 10 Å and 5 Å, respectively. They suffer
c.
v
d.
2c collision at room temperature. The ratio of average
2c v distance covered by the molecule A to that of B between
two successive collisions is …… ×10−2.
17. The instantaneous velocity of a particle moving in a
straight line is given as v = αt + βt 2, where α and β are 22. A light beam of wavelength 500 nm is incident on a metal
constants. The distance travelled by the particle between having work-function of 1.25 eV, placed in a magnetic
1s and 2s is field of intensity B. The electrons emitted perpendicular
3 7 to the magnetic field B, with maximum kinetic energy are
a. 3α + 7β b. α + β
2 3 bent into circular arc of radius 30 cm. The value of B is
α β 3 7
c. + d. α + β …… ×10−7 T.
2 3 2 2
(Take, hc = 20 × 10−26 J-m, mass of electron = 9 × 10−31 kg)
18. A ray of light entering from air into a denser medium of
refractive index 4/3, as shown in figure. The light ray 23. A message signal of frequency 20 kHz and peak voltage
suffers total internal reflection at the adjacent surface as of 20 V is used to modulate a carrier wave of frequency 1
shown. The maximum value of angle θ should be equal MHz and peak voltage of 20 V. The modulation index will
to be …… .
24. A 16 Ω wire is bend to form a square loop. A 9 V supply

having internal resistance of 1 Ω is connected across one
θ
of its sides. The potential drop across the diagonals of
the square loop is …… ×10−1 V.
θ′ 25. Two circuits are shown in the figures (a) and (b). At a
frequency of ……… rad/s, the average power dissipated in
one cycle will be same in both the circuits.
5Ω 40µF 5Ω 0.1 H
θ′′ µ=4/3 R C R L
220 V 220 V
7 5
a. sin −1 b. sin −1 Fig. (a) Fig. (b)
3 4
c. sin −1
7
d. sin −1
5 26. From the given data, the amount of energy required to
4 3 27
break the nucleus of aluminium 13 Al is x × 10−3 J.
19. When radiation of wavelength λ is incident on a metallic Mass of neutron = 100866
. u
surface, the stopping potential of ejected photoelectrons Mass of proton = 100726
. u
is 4.8 V. If the same surface is illuminated by radiation of Mass of aluminium nucleus = 2718846
. u
double the previous wavelength, then the stopping
potential becomes 1.6 V. The threshold wavelength of (Assume 1 u corresponds to x joule of energy)
the metal is (Round off to the nearest integer)
a. 2 λ b. 4 λ c. 8 λ d. 6 λ 27. A force of F = (5 y + 20) $j N acts on a particle. The work
20. Two vectors x and y have equal magnitude. The done by this force when the particle is moved from y = 0
magnitude of ( x − y ) is n times the magnitude of ( x + y ). m to y10 m is 450.
The angle between
x and y is 28. A solid disc of radius 20 cm and mass 10 kg is rotating
 − n − 1
2  n −1 
2 with an angular velocity of 600 rpm, about an axis
a. cos −1  2  b. cos −1  2
 normal to its circular plane and passing through its
 n −1   − n − 1
centre of mass. The retarding torque required to bring
 n2 + 1   n 2 + 1
c. cos −1   d. cos −1  2  the disc at rest in 10 s is π × 10−1 N-m.
2
 − n − 1  n − 1
29. In a semiconductor, the number density of intrinsic 30. The nuclear activity of a radioactive element becomes
charge carriers at 27°C is 1.5 × 1016/ m3. If the (1/ 8) th of its initial value in 30 yr. The half-life of
semiconductor is doped with impurity atom, the hole radioactive element is yr.
density increases to 4.5 × 1022 / m3. The electron density
in the doped semiconductor is …… ×109 /m3.

the QR code
1. (a) 2. (b) 3. (c) 4. (a) 5. (d) 6. (a) 7. (b) 8. (a) 9. (c) 10. (b)
11. (c) 12. (c) 13. (c) 14. (b) 15. (c) 16. (c) 17. (b) 18. (a) 19. (b) 20. (b)
21. (25) 22. (125) 23. (1) 24. (45) 25. (500) 26. (27.16) 27. (450) 28. (4) 29. (5) 30. (10)
27 JULY SHIFT I
1. In the given figure, a battery of emf E is connected across List I List II
a conductor PQ of length l and different area of C. Moment of inertia of the rod III. ML2
cross-sections having radii r1 and r2( r2 < r1). (length 2L, mass M, about an axis 12
perpendicular to the rod passing
r1 r2 Q
P through its midpoint)
D. Moment of inertia of the rod IV. 2 ML2
– (length 2L, mass 2M, about an axis 3
perpendicular to the rod passing
+
through one of its end)
+ –
E K Choose the correct answer from the options given below.

A B C D A B C D
Choose the correct option as one moves from P to Q. a. (II) (III) (I) (IV) b. (II) (I) (III) (IV)
a. Drift velocity of electron increases c. (III) (IV) (II) (I) d. (III) (IV) (I) (II)
b. Electric field decreases 5. Three objects A , B and C are kept in a straight line on a
c. Electron current decreases
frictionless horizontal surface. The masses of A, B and C
d. All of the above
are m , 2m and 2m, respectively. A moves towards B with a
2. The number of molecules in 1 L of an ideal gas at 300 K speed of 9 m/s and makes an elastic collision with it.
and 2 atm pressure with mean kinetic energy 2 × 10−9 J There after B makes a completely inelastic collision with
per molecules is C . All motions occur along same straight line. The final
a. 0.75 × 1011 b. 3 × 1011 speed of C is
. × 1011
c. 15 d. 6 × 1011 A B C
3. The relative permittivity of distilled water is 81. The m 2m 2m
velocity of light in it will be
(Take, µ r = 1) a. 6 m/s b. 9 m/s c. 4 m/s d. 3 m/s
a. 4.33 × 107 m/s 7
b. 2.33 × 10 m/s 6. A capacitor of capacitance C = 1µF is suddenly connected
c. 3.33 × 107 m/s d. 5.33 × 107 m/s to a battery of 100 V through a resistance R = 100 Ω. The
4. time taken for the capacitor to be charged to get 50 V is
List I List II
R=100Ω
A. Moment of inertia of the rod I. 8 ML2
(length L, mass M, about an axis 3
perpendicular to the rod passing 100 V C=1µF
through the mid-point)
B. Moment of inertia of the rod II. ML2
(length L, mass 2M, about an axis 3
perpendicular to the rod passing [Take, In 2 = 069
. ]
through one of its end) . × 10−4 s
a. 144 b. 3.33 × 10−4 s
. × 10−4 s
c. 069 d. 0.30 × 10−4 s
7. In the reported figure, a capacitor is formed by placing a Choose the correct option out of the following for work done,
compound dielectric between the plates of parallel plate if processes BC and DA are adiabatic.
capacitor. The expression for the capacity of the said a. WAB = WDC b. WAD = WBC
capacitor will be (Take, area of plate = A) c. WBC + WDA > 0 d. WAB < WCD
11. Assertion A If A , B , C , D are four points on a semi-circular
C1 C2 C3 arc with centre at O such that|AB| =|BC| =|CD|, then
AB + AC + AD = 4 AO + OB + OC
K 3K 5K Reason R Polygon law of vector addition yields
AB + BC + CD + AD = 2AO
d 2d 3d
O
15 K ε0 A 15 K ε0 A 25 K ε0 A 9 K ε0 A A D
a. b. c. d.
34 d 6 d 6 d 6 d
8. The figure shows two solid discs with radius R and r, B C
respectively. If mass per unit area is same for both, what
is the ratio of MI of bigger disc around axis AB (which is In the light of the above statements, choose the most
perpendicular to the plane of the disc and passing appropriate answer from the options given below.
through its centre) of MI of smaller disc around one of its a. Both A and R are correct and R is the correct explanation of A.
diameters lying on its plane? b. Both A and R are correct but R is not the correct
Given, M is the mass of the larger disc. (MI stands for explanation of A.
moment of inertia) c. A is correct but R is not correct.
d. A is not correct but R is correct.
A
12. A light cylindrical vessel is kept on a horizontal surface.
Area of base is A. A hole of cross-sectional area a is made
just at its bottom side. The minimum coefficient of
friction necessary to prevent sliding the vessel due to the
C r D impact force of the emerging liquid is (a << A) .
M R
A
B
a. R 2 : r 2 b. 2r 4 : R 4 c. 2R 2 : r 2 d. 2R 4 : r 4
9. In Young’s double slit experiment, if the source of light
changes from orange to blue, then a
a. the central bright fringe will become a dark fringe
b. the distance between consecutive fringes will decrease
c. the distance between consecutive fringes will increase A
a. b. None of these
d. the intensity of the minima will increase 2a
10. In the reported figure, there is a cyclic process ABCDA on 2a a
c. d.
a sample of 1 mol of a diatomic gas. The temperature of A A
the gas during the process A → B and C → D are T1 and T2 13. A particle starts executing simple harmonic motion (SHM)
(T1 > T2) , respectively. of amplitude a and total energy E. At any instant, its kinetic
3E
p energy is , then its displacement y is given by
4
5p0 A a
a. y = a b. y =
2
B a 3 a
c. y = d. y =
2 2
14. If f denotes the ratio of the number of nuclei decayed (
Nd ) to the number of nuclei at t = 0
(N0), then for a collection of radioactive nuclei, the rate of
p0 C
D change of f with respect to time is given as
[λ is the radioactive decay constant]
V a. − λ (1 − e − λt ) b. λ (1− e − λt )
O V0 1.5V0 3.5V0 5.5V0
− λt
c. λe d. − λe − λt
15. Two capacitors of capacities 2C and C are joined in Section B : Numerical Type Questions
parallel and charged upto potential V. The battery is 21. Consider an electrical circuit containing a two way switch
removed and the capacitor of capacity C is filled S. Initially S is open and then T1 is connected to T2. As the
completely with a medium of dielectric constant K. The current in R = 6 Ω attains a maximum value of steady
potential difference across the capacitors will now be state level, T1 is disconnected from T2 and immediately
V V
a. b. connected to T3. Potential drop across r = 3 Ω resistor
K+2 K
immediately after T1 is connected to T3 is ……… V.
3V 3V
c. d. (Round off to the nearest integer)
K+2 K
R = 6Ω T2 T3
16. A ball is thrown up with a certain velocity, so that it S T1
reaches a height h. Find the ratio of the two different
h L
times of the ball reaching in both the directions. r = 3Ω
3 6V
2−1 1
a. b.
2+1 3
3− 2 3−1
22. Suppose two planets (spherical in shape) of radii R and
c. d. 2R, but mass M and 9M respectively have a centre to
3+ 2 3+1
centre separation 8R as shown in the figure. A satellite of
17. A 0.07 H inductor and a 12 Ω resistor are connected in mass m is projected from the surface of the planet of
series to a 220 V, 50 Hz AC source. The approximate mass M directly towards the centre of the second planet.
current in the circuit and the phase angle between current The minimum speed v required for the satellite to reach
22 a GM
and source voltage are, respectively. [Take, π as ] the surface of the second planet is , then the
7 7 R
a. 8.8 A and tan −1  b. 88 A and tan −1 
11 11
value of a is …………… .
 6  6
[Take, the two planets are fixed in their position]
c. 0.88 A and tan −1  d. 8.8 A and tan −1 
11 6
 6  11
18. Two identical tennis balls each having mass 2R

R
m and charge q are suspended from a fixed point by 9M
M
threads of length l. What is the equilibrium separation
when each thread makes a small angle θ with the vertical
? 8R
1 1
 q2l  2  q2l  3 23. In Bohr’s atomic model, the electron is assumed to
a. d =   b. d =  
 2πε0 mg   2πε0 mg  revolve in a circular orbit of radius 0.5 Å. If the speed of
1 1 . × 166 m/s, then the current associated with
electron is 22
 q2l 2  3  q2l 2  3 the electron will be …………… × 10−2 mA.
c. d =  2
 d. d =  2 2

 2πε0 m g   2πε 0 m g  22
[Take, π as ]
19. Assertion A If in five complete rotations of the circular 7
scale, the distance travelled on main scale of the screw 24. A radioactive sample has an average life of 30 ms and is
gauge is 5 mm and there are 50 total divisions on decaying. A capacitor of capacitance 200 µF is first
circular scale, then least count is 0.001 cm. charged and later connected with resistor R. If the ratio
Pitch of charge on capacitor to the activity of radioactive
Reason R Least count =
Total divisions on circular scale sample is fixed with respect to time, then the value of R
In the light of the above statements, choose the most should be ……… Ω.
appropriate answer from the options given below. . × 10–31 kg travels in a medium with
25. A particle of mass 91
a. Both A and R are correct and R is the correct explanation of
a speed of 106 m/s and a photon of a radiation of linear
A.
b. Both A and R are correct and R is not the correct
momentum 10–27 kg-m/s travels in vacuum. The
explanation of A. wavelength of photon is ……… times the wavelength of
c. A is correct but R is not correct. the particle.
d. A is not correct but R is correct. 26. A prism of refractive index n1 and another prism of
20. A body takes 4 min to cool from 61° C to 59°C. If the refractive index n2 are stuck together (as shown in the
temperature of the surroundings is 30°C, then the time figure). n1 and n2 depend on λ, the wavelength of light,
taken by the body to cool from 51°C to 49° C is according to the relation
a. 4 min b. 3 min . × 10−14
108
c. 8 min d. 6 min n1 = 12
. +
λ2
. × 10−14
18 . × 109 N/m2)
(Take, Young’s modulus of rubber = 05
and n2 = 145
. +
λ2 28. A transistor is connected in common emitter circuit
The wavelength for which rays incident at any angle on configuration, the collector supply voltage is 10 V and the
the interface BC pass through without bending at that voltage drop across a resistor of 1000 Ω in the collector
interface will be …………… nm. circuit is 0.6 V. If the current gain factor (β) is 24, then the
base current is …………… µA. (Round off to the nearest
D integer)
90° 29. The amplitude of upper and lower side bands of AM
C 70° wave, where a carrier signal with frequency 11.21 MHz,
peak voltage 15 V is amplitude modulated by a 7.7 kHz
n2 a b
N sine wave of 5 V amplitude are V and V,
i 10 10
a
n1 respectively. Then, the value of is ………… .
b
20
60°
°
40°
A B 30. In a uniform magnetic field, the magnetic needle has a
magnetic moment 985 . × 10−2 A/m2 and moment of
27. A stone of mass 20 g is projected from a rubber catapult inertia 5 × 10−6 kg-m2. If it performs 10 complete
of length 0.1 m and area of cross-section 10–6 m2 oscillations in
stretched by an amount 0.04 m. The velocity of the 5 s, then the magnitude of the magnetic field is ……… mT.
projected stone is ………… m/s. [Take, π 2 as 9.85]

the QR code
1. (a) 2. (c) 3. (c) 4. (c) 5. (d) 6. (c) 7. (a) 8. (d) 9. (b) 10. (b)
11. (c) 12. (c) 13. (d) 14. (c) 15. (c) 16. (c) 17. (a) 18. (b) 19. (d) 20. (d)
21. (3) 22. (4) 23. (112) 24. (150) 25. (910) 26. (600) 27. (20) 28. (25) 29. (1) 30. (8)
27 JULY SHIFT II
Objective Type Questions Y Y
1. An electron and proton are separated by a large
distance. The electron starts approaching the proton
c. d.
with energy 3 eV. The proton captures the electrons and δ δ
forms a hydrogen atom in second excited state. The
resulting photon is incident on a photosensitive metal of X X
i i
threshold wavelength 4000 Å. What is the maximum
kinetic energy of the emitted photoelectron? 3. A raindrop with radius R = 02
. mm falls from a cloud at a
a. 7.61 eV height h = 2000 m above the ground. Assume that, the
drop is spherical throughout its fall and the force of
b. 1.41 eV
buoyance may be neglected, then the terminal speed
c. 3.3 eV attained by the raindrop is
d. No photoelectron would be emitted (Take, density of water, ρ w =1000 kg m −3 and density of
2. The expected graphical representation of the variation of air, ρ a = 1.2 kg m −3, g = 10 m/s2, coefficient of viscosity of
angle of deviation δ with angle of incidence i in a prism is air, η = 1.8 × 10–5 N-s m −2)
Y Y a. 250.6 ms −1 b. 43.56 ms −1
c. 4.94 ms −1 d. 14.4 ms −1
a. b.
4. One mole of an ideal gas is taken through an adiabatic
δ δ process, where the temperature rises from 27°C to 37°C.
If the ideal gas is composed of polyatomic molecule that
X X has 4 vibrational modes, which of the following is true?
i i
[Take, R = 8314
. J mol −1 K −1]
a. Work done by the gas is close to 332 J

b. Work done on the gas is close to 582 J
c. Work done by the gas is close to 582 J Medium /
d. Work done on the gas is close to 332 J (K) –V1
m
5. An object of mass 0.5 kg is executing simple harmonic +V2 +q
motion. It amplitude is 5 cm and time period (T) is 0.2 s. Air
What will be the potential energy of the object at an
instant t = T s starting from mean position ? Assume
t
4
that, the initial phase of the oscillation is zero. d
a. 0.62 J b. 6.2 × 10−3 J c. 1.2 × 103 J d. 6.2 × 103 J  q C1 (V 2 − V1) 
a. tan −1 × 
 mg (C 1 + C 2 ) (d − t ) 
6. Match List I with List II.
 q C 2 (V 2 − V1) 
b. tan −1 × 
List I List II  mg (C 1 + C 2 ) (d − t ) 
A. Capacitance, C I. M1 L1 T −3 A −1  q C 2 (V1 + V 2 ) 
c. tan −1 × 
B. Permittivity of free space, ε0 II. M −1 L −3 T 4 A 2  mg (C 1 + C 2 ) (d − t ) 
C. Permeability of free space, µ 0 III. M −1 L −2 T 4 A 2  q C1 (V1 + V 2 ) 

d. tan −1 × 
D. Electric field, E IV. M1 L1 T −2 A −2  mg (C1 + C 2 ) (d − t ) 
10. Two Carnot engines A and B operate in series such that
engine A absorbs heat at T1 and rejects heat to a sink at
A B C D A B C D
temperature T . engine B absorbs half of the heat rejected
a. III II IV I b. III IV II I
by engine A and rejects heat to the sink at T3. When work
c. IV II III I d. IV III II I
done in both the cases is equal, then the value of T is
7. Given below is the plot of a potential energy function U( x) 2 3 1 2
a. T1 + T3 b. T1 + T3
for a system, in which a particle is in one-dimensional 3 2 3 3
motion, while a conservative force F ( x) acts on it. Suppose 3 1 2 1
c. T1 + T3 d. T1 + T3
that Emech = 8 J, the incorrect statement for this system is 2 3 3 3
U(J) 11. Find the truth table for the function Y of A and B
represented in the following figure.
10
Emech=8J A
8
6 Y
B
4 a. A B Y b. A B Y
2 0 0 0 0 0 1
0 1 1 0 1 0
0 x 1 0 0 1 0 1
x1 x2 x3 x4
1 1 0 1 1 1
[where, KE = kinetic energy]
a. at x > x 4 , KE is constant throughout the region. c. A B Y d. A B Y
b. at x < x1, KE is smallest and the particle is moving at the
0 0 0 0 0 0
slowest speed.
0 1 0 0 1 1
c. at x = x 2 , KE is greatest and the particle is moving at the
fastest speed. 1 0 0 1 0 1
d. at x = x 3 , KE = 4 J. 1 1 1 1 1 1
8. A 100 Ω resistance, a 0.1 µF capacitor and an inductor 12. Figures A and B shown two long straight wires of circular
are connected in series across a 250 V supply at variable cross-section (a and b with a < b), carrying current I which
frequency. Calculate the value of inductance of inductor is uniformly distributed across the cross-section. The
at which resonance will occur. Given that the resonant magnitude of magnetic field B varies with radius r and
frequency is 60 Hz. can be represented as
a. 0.70 H b. 70.3 mH
. × 10−5 H
c. 703 d. 70.3 H
9. A simple pendulum of mass m, length l and charge + q a b
suspended in the electric field produced by two I I
conducting parallel plates as shown. The value of
Fig. A Fig. B
deflection of pendulum in equilibrium position will be
a. 5 and ± 2 b. 4 and ± 3
B B 16 3
c. and ± d. 8 and ± 2
3 2
a. a b. a 17. An automobile of mass m accelerates starting from
b origin and initially at rest, while the engine supplies
b
O r O r constant power P. The position is given as a function of
time by
1 3 1 2
B B
a. 
9P  2 2
b. 
8P  2 3
 ⋅t  ⋅t
 8m   9m 
c. d. 1 1
a b 3 3
c. 
9m  2 2
d. 
8P  2 2
 ⋅t  ⋅t
b a  8P   9m 
O r O r
18. The planet Mars has two Moons, if one of them has a
13. Two identical particles of mass 1 kg each go round a . × 103 km.
period 7 h, 30 min and an orbital radius of 90
circle of radius R, under the action of their mutual Find the mass of Mars.
gravitational attraction. The angular speed of each  4π2 11 −1 −2 2
particle is  Take, G = 6 × 10 N m kg 
 
G 1 G 1 1 2G
a. b. c. d. . × 1019 kg
a. 596 . × 1021 kg
b. 325
2R 3 2 R3 2R G R3
. × 1025 kg
c. 702 . × 1023 kg
d. 600
14. Consider the following statements. 19. A particle of mass M originally at rest is subjected to a
A. Atoms of each element emit characteristics spectrum. force whose direction is constant but magnitude varies
B. According to Bohr's postulate, an electron in a with time according to the relation
hydrogen atom, revolves in a certain stationary orbit.  t − T  2
F = F 0 1 −   
C. The density of nuclear matter depends on the size of
  T  
the nucleus.
D. A free neutron is stable but a free proton decay is where, F 0 and T are constants. The force acts only for the
possible. time interval 2T . The velocity v of the particle after time
E. Radioactivity is an indication of the instability of 2T is
2F0T F0T
nuclei. a. b.
M 2M
Choose the correct answer from the options given 4F T FT
below. c. 0 d. 0
3M 3M
a. A, B, C, D and E b. A, B and E
c. B and D d. A, C and E 20. The resistance of a conductor at 15°C is 16 Ω and at
15. What will be the magnitude of electric field at point O as 100°C is 20 Ω. What will be the temperature coefficient
shown in figure? Each side of the figure is l and of resistance of the conductor?
perpendicular to each other. a. 0.010°C −1
b. 0.033°C −1
A(–q) C l D
(+q) c. 0.003°C −1
(2q) d. 0.042°C −1
l l
(+)q O G(2q) Section B : Numerical Type Questions
B
l l 21. In the given figure, two wheels P and Q are connected by
l l a belt B. The radius of P is three times as that of Q. In
(2q) l (q) (–q) case of same rotational kinetic energy, the ratio of
E F H I 
rotational inertias  1  will be x : 1. The value of x will be
 I2 
1 q 1 q
a. b. (2 2 − 1)
4 πε0 l 2 4 πε0 (2l 2 ) ………… .
q 1 2q
c. d. ( 2)
4 π ε0 (2l ) 2 4 πε0 2l 2
16. A physical quantity y is represented by the formula P Q

y = m 2r −4 g x l −3/ 2. If the percentage errors found in 3R
R
y , m , r , l and g are 18, 1, 0.5, 4 and p respectively, then
B
find the value of x and p.
22. The difference in the number of waves when yellow light 27. For the circuit shown, the value of current at time t = 32
. s
propagates through air and vacuum columns of the will be ………… A.
same thickness is one. The thickness of the air column is
………… mm.
10
[Take, refractive index of air = 10003
. , wavelength of
V (t)
yellow light in vacuum = 6000 Å]
5
23. The maximum amplitude for an amplitude modulated
wave is found to be 12 V, while the minimum amplitude 0
is found to be 3 V. The modulation index is 06
. x, where x 1 2 3 4
Fig. (1) t (s)
is ………… .
R=1Ω
24. In the given figure, the magnetic flux through the loop
increases according to the relation φ B (t) = 10t 2 + 20t,
where φ B is in milliwebers and t is in seconds.
V (t) I 5V
The magnitude of current through R = 2 Ω resistor at
t = 5 s is ………… mA.
Fig. (2)
R=2Ω
[Voltage distribution V (t) is shown by Fig. (1) and the
circuit is shown in Fig. (2).]
28. A small block slides down from the top of hemisphere of
radius R = 3 m as shown in the figure. The height h at
which the block will lose contact with the surface of the
sphere is ………… m. (Assume there is no friction
25. A particle executes simple harmonic motion represented between the block and the hemisphere)
by displacement function as
x(t) = A sin (ωt + φ)
If the position and velocity of the particle at t = 0 s are 2 (R–h)
A
cm and 2ω cms −1 respectively, then its amplitude is x 2 R
cm, where the value of x is ………… . θ h
26. A swimmer wants to cross a river from point A to point B. O

Line AB makes an angle of 30° with the flow of river.
Magnitude of velocity of the swimmer is same as that of 29. The K α X-ray of molybdenum has wavelength 0.071 nm.
the river. The angle θ with the line AB should be ……°, so If the energy of a molybdenum atom with a K electron
that the swimmer reaches point B. knocked out is 27.5 keV, the energy of this atom when an
L electron is knocked out will be ……… keV.
B
[Take, h = 4.14 × 10−15 eV-s, c = 3 × 108 ms −1]
30. The water is filled upto height of 12 m in a tank having
θ vertical sidewalls. A hole is made in one of the walls at a
30º depth h below the water level. The value of h for which
A the emerging stream of water strikes the ground at the
maximum range is ………… m.

the QR code
1. (b) 2. (b) 3. (c) 4. (b) 5. (a) 6. (a) 7. (b) 8. (d) 9. (c) 10. (d)
11. (b) 12. (c) 13. (b) 14. (b) 15. (d) 16. (c) 17. (d) 18. (d) 19. (c) 20. (c)
21. (9) 22. (2) 23. (1) 24. (60) 25. (2) 26. (30) 27. (1) 28. (2) 29. (10) 30. (6)
August Attempt Online JEE Main 2021 53
26 AUGUST SHIFT I
Section A : Objective Type Questions 6. An electric appliance supplies 6000 J/min heat to the
1. The fractional change in the magnetic field intensity at a system. If the system delivers a power of 90W. How long
distance r from centre on the axis of current carrying coil it would take to increase the internal energy by
of radius a to the magnetic field intensity at the centre of . × 103 J?
25
the same coil is (Take, r < a ) . × 102 s
a. 25 b. 4.1 × 101 s
c. 2.4 × 103 s . × 101 s
d. 25
3 a2 2 a2 2 r2 3 r2
a. b. c. d.
2 r2 3 r2 3 a2 2 a2 7. An inductor coil stores 64 J of magnetic field energy and
dissipates energy at the rate of 640 W when a current of
2. The magnitude of vectors OA, OB, and OC in the given 8A is passed through it. If this coil is joined across an ideal
figure are equal. The direction of OA + OB − OC with
battery, find the time constant of the circuit in seconds.
X-axis will be
a. 0.4 b. 0.8 c. 0.125 d. 0.2
Y
8. A series L-C-R circuit driven by 300 V at a frequency of 50
C
A Hz contains a resistance R = 3 kΩ, an inductor of
inductive reactance X L = 250 πΩ and an unknown
capacitor. The value of capacitance to maximise the
45° 30°
O 60°
X average power should be (Take, π 2 = 10)
a. 4 µF b. 25 µF c. 400 µF d. 40 µF
B 9. Identify the logic operation carried out by the given

circuit.
−1 (1 − 3 − 2 ) −1 ( 3 − 1 + 2)
a. tan b. tan X
(1 + 3 + 2) (1 + 3 − 2) A
( 3 − 1 + 2) (1 + 3 − 2) Z
c. tan −1 d. tan −1
(1 − 3 + 2 ) (1 − 3 − 2 )
B
Y
3. Car B overtakes another car A at a relative speed of 40
ms −1. How fast will the image of car B appear to move in a. OR b. AND c. NOR d. NAND
the mirror of focal length 10 cm fitted in car A, when the 10. A particular hydrogen like ion emits radiation of
car B is 1.9 m away from the car A? frequency 292. × 1015 Hz when it makes transition from
a. 4 ms −1 b. 0.2 ms −1 n = 3 to n = 1. The frequency in Hz of radiation emitted in
c. 40 ms −1 d. 0.1 ms −1 transition from n = 2 to n = 1will be
a. 0.44 × 1015 . × 1015
b. 657 c. 4.38 × 1015 d. 2.46 × 1015
4. Inside a uniform spherical shell
I. the gravitational field is zero.
11. In a photoelectric experiment ultraviolet light of
wavelength 280 nm is used with lithium cathode having
II. the gravitational potential is zero. work-function φ = 25 . eV. If the wavelength of incident
III. the gravitational field is same everywhere. light is switched to 400 nm, find out the change in the
. × 10−34 Js,
stopping potential. (h = 663
IV. the gravitation potential is same everywhere.
and c = 3 × 108 ms −1)
V. All of the above
a. 1.3 V b. 1.1 V c. 1.9 V d. 0.6 V
given below .
12. In the given figure, the emf of the cell is 2.2 V and if
. Ω. Calculate the power
internal resistance is 06
a. I, III and IV b. Only V dissipated in the whole circuit
c. I, II and III d. II, III and IV
4W
5. Two narrow bores of diameter 5.0 mm and 8.0 mm are
4W 4W
joined together to form a U-shaped tube open at both
A B
ends. If this U-tube contains water, what is the difference
in the level of two limbs of the tube. 2W 8W
[Take surface tension of water T = 73. × 10−2 Nm−1, angle
−2
of contact = 0, g = 10 ms and density of water 8W
. × 103 kg m −3]
= 10
a. 3.62 mm b. 2.19 mm
c. 5.34 mm d. 4.97 mm 2.2 V, r =0.6W
a. 1.32 W b. 0.65 W c. 2.2 W d. 4.4 W
54 Online JEE Main 2021 August Attempt
13. A solid metal sphere of radius R having charge q is (Given, resistivities of iron and copper-nickel alloy wire are
enclosed inside the concentric spherical shell of inner 12 µΩ cm and 51 µΩ cm respectively)
radius a and outer radius b as shown in figure. The a. 82 m b. 97 m c. 110 m d. 90 m
approximate variation electric field as a function of
17. The initial mass of a rocket is 1000 kg. Calculate at what
distance r from centre O is given by
rate the fuel should be burnt, so that the rocket is given
an acceleration of 20 ms −1. The gases come out at a
relative speed of 500 ms −1 with respect to the rocket
[Use, g = 10 m/s 2]
b . × 102 kg s −1
a. 60 b. 500 kg s −1
c. 10 kg s −1 d. 60 kg s −1
a 18. If E , L, M and G denote the quantities as energy, angular
momentum, mass and constant of gravitation
respectively, then the dimension of P in the formula
a. E P = EL2M −5G −2 is
a. [M 0L1T 0 ] b. [M −1L−1T 2 ] c. [M1L1T −2 ] d. [M 0L0 T 0 ]
19. The material filled between the plates of a parallel plate
capacitor has resistivity
200 Ωm. The value of capacitance of the capacitor is 2pF.
R a R
r If a potential difference of 40 V is applied across the
plates of the capacitor, then the value of leakage current
b. E flowing out of the capacitor is (Given, the value of
relative permittivity of material is 50.)
a. 9.0 µA b. 9.0 mA c. 0.9 mA d. 0.9 µA
20. Statement I By doping silicon semiconductor with
pentavalent material, the electrons density increases.
R a b
r Statement II The n-type semiconductor has net negative
c. E charge.
a. Statement I is true but statement II is false.
b. Statement I is false but statement II is true.
R a b
r
c. Both statement I and statement II are true.
d. E d. Both statement I and statement II are false.

21. A uniform chain of length 3 m and mass 3 kg overhangs
a smooth table with 2 m laying on the table. If k is the
R a b r
kinetic energy of the chain in joule as it completely slips
14. The rms speeds of the molecules of hydrogen, oxygen off the table, then the value of k is ……… .
and carbondioxide at the same temperature are vH , v O (Take, g = 10 m/s 2)
and VCO 2 respectively, then 22. The electric field in a plane electromagnetic wave is given
a. vH > v O > v CO2 b. v CO2 > v O > vH
by
c. vH = v O > v CO2 d. vH = v O = v CO2
  05
. × 103   rad   V $
15. In a screw gauge, 5th division of the circular scale E = 200cos   . × 1011
 x −  15 × t  j
  m
coincides with the reference line when the ratchet is  m  s 
closed. There are 50 divisions on the circular scale, and If this wave falls normally on a perfectly reflecting surface
the main scale moves by 0.5 mm on a complete rotation. having an area of 100 cm 2. If the radiation pressure
For a particular observation the reading on the main
exerted by the EM wave on the surface during a 10 min
scale is 5 mm and the 20th division of the circular scale x
coincides with reference line. Calculate the true reading. exposure is 9 ⋅ Find the value of x.
10
a. 5.00 mm b. 5.25 mm c. 5.15 mm d. 5.20 mm
23. A source and a detector move away from each other in
16. What equal length of an iron wire and a copper-nickel absence of wind with a speed of 20 m/s with respect to
alloy wire, each of 2 mm diameter connected parallel to the ground. If the detector detects a frequency of 1800
give an equivalent resistance of 3Ω? Hz of the sound coming from the source, then the
original frequency of source considering speed of sound 29. White light is passed through a double slit and
in air 340 m/s will be ........ Hz. interference is observed on a screen 1.5 m away. The
24. Two spherical balls having equal masses with radius of 5 separation between the slits is 0.3 mm. The first violet
cm each are thrown upwards along the same vertical and red fringes are formed 2.0 mm and 3.5 mm away
direction at an interval of 3s with the same initial velocity from the central white fringes. The difference in
of 35 m/s, then these balls collide at a height of .......... m. wavelengths of red and violet light is ......... nm.
(Take, g = 10 m/s 2) 30. Consider a badminton racket with length scales as
shown in the figure.
25. A soap bubble of radius 3 cm is formed inside the
another soap bubble of radius 6 cm. The radius of an
equivalent soap bubble which has the same excess
pressure as inside the smaller bubble with respect to the P
atmospheric pressure is ........ cm.
26. An amplitude modulated wave is represented by A
. cos 12560t) sin(111 × 104t) V.
C m (t) = 10 (1 + 02
The modulating frequency in kHz will be …… . r
2
27. Two short magnetic dipoles m1 and m 2 each having
magnetic moment of 1 Am2 are placed at point O and P, 6r 2r
respectively. The distance between OP is 1 m. The torque If the mass of the linear and circular portions of the
experienced by the magnetic dipole m 2 due to the badminton racket are same (M) and the mass of the
presence of m1 is …… × 10−7 Nm. threads are negligible, the moment of inertia of the
28. Two travelling waves produces a standing wave racket about an axis perpendicular to the handle and in
r
represented by equation. the plane of the ring at, distance from the end A of the
2
y = 10 . cm−1 ) x sin(785
. mm cos (157 . s −1 ) t. handle will be ........ Mr 2.
The node closest to the origin in the region x > 0 will be at x
is ……… cm.

the QR code
1. (d) 2. (a) 3. (d) 4. (a) 5. (b) 6. (a) 7. (d) 8. (a) 9. (c) 10. (d)
11. (a) 12. (c) 13. (a, b) 14. (a) 15. (c) 16. (b) 17. (d) 18. (d) 19. (c) 20. (a)
21. (40) 22. (354) 23. (2025) 24. (50) 25. (2) 26. (2) 27. (1) 28. (1) 29. (300) 30. (52)
26 AUGUST SHIFT II
Objective Type Questions 3. A particle of mass m is suspended from a ceiling through
1. The temperature of equal masses of three different a string of length L. The particle moves in a horizontal
L
liquids x , y and z are 10ºC, 20ºC and 30ºC, respectively. circle of radius r such that r = . The speed of particle
The temperature of mixture when x is mixed with y is 2
16ºC and that when y is mixed with z is 26°C. The will be
temperature of mixture when x and z are mixed will be a. rg b. 2rg c. 2 rg d. rg / 2
−3
a. 28.32ºC b. 25.62ºC c. 23.84ºC d. 20.28ºC 4. A cylindrical container of volume 4.0 × 10 m3 contains
2. The de-Broglie wavelength of a particle having kinetic one mole of hydrogen and two moles of carbon dioxide.
energy E is λ. How much extra energy must be given to Assume the temperature of the mixture is 400 K. The
this particle, so that the de-Broglie wavelength reduces pressure of the mixture of gases is
to 75% of the initial value ? [Take, gas constant = 8.3 J mol− 1K − 1]
1 7 16 a. 249 × 101 Pa b. 24.9 × 103 Pa
a. E b. E c. E d. E
9 9 9 c. 24.9 × 105 Pa d. 24.9 Pa
5. The angle between vector A and ( A − B) is a. 14.9 kg / m3 b. 75. × 101 kg / m3

. × 102 kg / m3
c. 75 . × 102 kg / m3
d. 149
10. A parallel-plate capacitor with plate area A has
B separation d between the plates. Two dielectric slabs of
dielectric constant K1 and K 2 of same area A / 2 and
120º thickness d / 2 are inserted in the space between the
A
plates. The capacitance of the capacitor will be given by
β
–B
+Q
K1
 B  d
 − 
−1 2  − 1
A 
a. tan  b. tan   K2
 3  0.7B 
A −B 
 2 
–Q
 3B   B cos θ 
c. tan − 1  d. tan − 1 
 2A − B   A − B sin θ 
ε0 A  1 K 1K 2  ε0 A  1 K 1K 2 
 +  +
6. A light beam is described by E = 800 sin  ωt −  . An  
x a. b.
d  2 K1 + K 2  d  2 2 (K 1 + K 2 ) 
c
electron is allowed to move normal to the propagation of ε0 A  1 K 1 + K 2  ε0 A  1 2(K 1 + K 2 ) 
c.  +  d.  + 
light beam with a speed 3 × 107 ms − 1. What is the d 2 K 1K 2  d 2 K 1K 2 
maximum magnetic force exerted on the electron?
11. A bomb is dropped by fighter plane flying horizontally.
a. 1.28 × 10− 17 N b. 1.28 × 10− 18 N
To an observer sitting in the plane, the trajectory of the
c. 12.8 × 10− 17 N d. 12.8 × 10− 18 N
bomb is a
7. The two thin co-axial rings, each of radius a and having a. hyperbola
charges + Q and − Q respectively, are separated by a b. parabola in the direction of motion of plane
distance of s. The potential difference between the c. straight line vertically down the plane
centres of the two rings is d. parabola in a direction opposite to the motion of plane
1  1 
a.
Q
 +
1
 b.
Q
 +
1

12. At time t = 0, a material is composed of two radioactive
2 πε0  a 2
s + a  2 4 πε0  a 2
s + a  2
atoms A and B, where NA (0) = 2NB (0). The decay constant
of both kind of radioactive atoms is λ. However, A
Q 1 1  Q 1 1 
disintegrates to B and B disintegrates to C . Which of the
c.  −  d.  − 
4 πε0  a s 2 + a 2  2 πε0  a s 2 + a 2  following figures represents the evolution of NB (t) / NB (0)
 
with respect to time t ?
8. If you are provided a set of resistances 2Ω , 4 Ω , 6Ω and
NA (0) = Number of A atoms at t = 0 
8Ω. Connect these resistances, so as to obtain an N (0) = Number of B atoms at t = 0
46  B 
equivalent resistance of Ω.
3
a. 4 Ω and 6 Ω are in parallel with 2 Ω and 8 Ω in series. 1
b. 6 Ω and 8 Ω are in parallel with 2 Ω and 4 Ω in series.
c. 2 Ω and 6 Ω are in parallel with 4 Ω and 8 Ω in series. NB(t)
a.
d. 2 Ω and 4 Ω are in parallel with 6 Ω and 8 Ω in series. NB(0)
9. The solid cylinder of length 80 cm and mass M has a
radius of 20 cm. Calculate the density of the material t
used, if the moment of inertia of the cylinder about an 1/2λ
axis CD parallel to AB as shown in figure is 2.7 kg m2.
A C
1
b. NB(t)
L M NB(0)
L/2
t
1/λ
r B D
17. Match List-I with List-II.

c. 1 List-I List-II
NB(t) A. Magnetic induction 1. [ML2 T − 2 A − 1]

NB(0) B. Magnetic flux 2. [ML−1A]
C. Magnetic permeability 3. [MT − 2 A − 1]
t
1/2λ D. Magnetisation 4. [MLT − 2 A − 2 ]

given below.
1 A B C D A B C D
a. 2 4 1 3 b. 2 1 4 3
d. NB(t) c. 3 2 4 1 d. 3 1 4 2
NB(0) 18. In the given circuit the AC source has ω = 100 rad s − 1.
Considering the inductor and capacitor to be ideal, what
t will be the current I flowing through the circuit?
1/2λ
100 µF 100 Ω
13. A transmitting antenna at top of a tower has a height of
50 m and the height of receiving antenna is 80 m. What
is range of communication for line of sight (LOS) mode ?
[Use radius of Earth = 6400 km]
I
a. 45.5 km b. 80.2 km c. 144.1 km d. 57.28 km 0.5 H 50 Ω
14. A refrigerator consumes an average 35 W power to
operate between temperature − 10º C to 25ºC. If there is
no loss of energy, then how much average heat per 200 V
second does it transfer ?
a. 5.9 A b. 4.24 A c. 0.94 A d. 6 A
a. 263 J/s b. 298 J/s c. 350 J/s d. 35 J/s
15. An electric bulb of 500 W at 100 V is used in a circuit 19. If the length of the pendulum in pendulum clock
having a 200 V supply. Calculate the resistance R to be increases by 0.1%, then the error in time per day is
connected in series with the bulb, so that the power a. 86.4 s b. 4.32 s
delivered by the bulb is 500 W. c. 43.2 s d. 8.64 s
a. 20 Ω b. 30 Ω c. 5 Ω d. 10 Ω 20. Two blocks of masses 3 kg and 5 kg are
16. Four NOR gates are connected as shown in figure. connected by a metal wire going over a
smooth pulley. The breaking stress of the
The truth table for the given figure is
metal is (24 / π ) × 102 Nm− 2. What is the
A minimum radius of the wire?
3kg
(Take, g = 10 ms − 2)
Y a. 125 cm b. 1250 cm
5kg
c. 12.5 cm d. 1.25 cm

B
a. b. 21. Two waves are simultaneously passing through a string
and their equations are y1 = A1sin k( x − vt),
A B Y A B Y
y 2 = a 2 sin k( x − vt + x 0).
0 0 1 0 0 0 [Given, amplitudes A1 = 12 mm and
0 1 0 0 1 1 A2 = 5 mm, x 0 = 35 . cm and wave number k = 6.28 cm− 1].
1 0 1 1 0 1 The amplitude of resulting wave will be .......... mm.
1 1 0 1 1 0
22. A source of light is placed in front of a screen. Intensity
c. d. of light on the screen is I. Two polaroids P1 and P2 are so
A B Y A B Y placed in between the source of light and screen that the
intensity of light on screen is I / 2. P2 should be rotated by
0 0 0 0 0 1
an angle of ........... (degrees), so that the intensity of light
0 1 1 0 1 0 on the screen becomes 3I / 8.
1 0 0 1 0 0
1 1 1 1 1 1
23. If the maximum value of accelerating potential provided 28. For the given circuit, the power across Zener diode is
by a radio frequency oscillator is 12 kV. The number of ............ mW.
revolution made by a proton in a cyclotron to achieve
1 kΩ
one sixth of the speed of light is ........... .
[Given, mp = 1.67 × 10 − 27 kg, e = 1.6 × 10− 19 C,
c = 3 × 108 m/s] Iz
24 V R L = 5kΩ
24. The acceleration due to gravity is found upto an accuracy V z = 10 V
of 4% on a planet. The energy supplied to a simple
pendulum to known mass m to undertake oscillations of
time period T is being estimated. If time period is
measured to an accuracy of 3%, the accuracy to which E
29. An object is placed at a distance of 12 cm from a convex
lens. A convex mirror of focal length 15 cm is placed on
is known as ..........%.
other side of lens at 8 cm as shown in the figure. Image
25. A circular coil of radius 8.0 cm and 20 turns is rotated of object coincides with the object.
about its vertical diameter with an angular speed of 50
rad s − 1 in a uniform horizontal magnetic field of
Image
30. × 10− 2 T. The maximum emf induced in the coil will be
.......... × 10− 2 V. Object Image in
the absence
(rounded off to the nearest integer.) of mirror
12 cm 8 cm
26. Two simple harmonic motions are represented by the
equations When the convex mirror is removed, a real and inverted
π image is formed at a position. The distance of the image
x1 = 5sin 2 πt +  and x2 = 5 2(sin2 πt + cos 2 πt ) from the object will be ........ cm.
 4
The amplitude of second motion is .............. times the 30. The coefficient of static friction between two blocks is 0.5
amplitude in first motion. and the table is smooth. The maximum horizontal force
that can be applied to move the blocks together is .......N.
27. A coil in the shape of an equilateral triangle of side 10 cm
(Take, g = 10 ms − 2)
lies in a vertical plane between the pole pieces of
permanent magnet producing a horizontal magnetic Table 1 kg µ=0.5
field 20 mT. The torque acting on the coil when a current
2kg F
of 0.2 A is passed through it and its plane becomes
parallel to the magnetic field will be x × 10− 5 Nm. The
value of x is.......... .

the QR code
1. (c) 2. (b) 3. (a) 4. (c) 5. (c) 6. (a,d) 7. (d) 8. (d) 9. (d) 10. (a)
11. (c) 12. (c) 13. (d) 14. (a) 15. (a) 16. (d) 17. (*) 18. (*) 19. (c) 20. (c)
21. (7) 22. (30) 23. (543) 24. (14) 25. (60) 26. (2) 27. (3) 28. (120) 29. (50) 30. (15)
27 AUGUST SHIFT I
Section A : Objective Type Questions 2. There are 1010 radioactive nuclei in a given radioactive
element. Its half-life time is 1min.
1. A uniformly charged disc of radius R having surface How many nuclei will remain after 30 s? ( 2 = 1414)
.
charge density σ is placed in the xy-plane with its centre
a. 2 × 1010 b. 7 × 109 c. 105 d. 4 × 1010
at the origin. Find the electric field intensity along the
Z-axis at a distance Z from origin 3. Which of the following is not a dimensionless quantity ?
σ  Z  σ  Z 
a. E = 1−  b. E = 1+  a. Relative magnetic permeability (µ r )
2ε0  2 2 
(Z + R )  2ε0  2 2 
(Z + R )  b. Power factor
 
   c. Permeability of free space (µ 0 )
2ε0  1 σ 1 1 
c. E = + Z d. E =  + d. Quality factor
σ  (Z 2 + R 2 )  2ε0  (Z 2 + R 2 ) Z 2 
   
4. If E and H represent the intensity of electric field and 11. For a transistor in CE mode to be used as an amplifier, it
magnetising field respectively, then the unit of E / H will must be operated in
be a. both cut-off and saturation b. saturation region only
a. ohm b. mho c. joule d. newton c. cut-off region only d. the active region only
5. The resultant of these forces OP, OQ, OR, OS and OT is 12. An ideal gas is expanding such that pT 3 = constant. The
approximately ...... N. coefficient of volume expansion of the gas is
[Take, 3 = 1.7, 2 = 1. 4 and given $i and $j unit vectors a. 1/ T b. 2 / T c. 4 / T d. 3 / T
along X , Y axis] 13. In a photoelectric experiment, increasing the intensity of
P incident light
20N
T Y a. increases the number of photons incident and also
15N
increases the KE of the ejected electrons.
Q b. increases the frequency of photons incident and increases
60° 30° the KE of the ejected electrons.
10N
c. increases the frequency of photons incident and the KE of
30° the ejected electrons remains unchanged.
X' 45° 45° X d. increases the number of photons incident and the KE of the
O
ejected electrons remains unchanged.
14. A bar magnet is passing through a conducting loop of
15N radius R with velocity v. The radius of the bar magnet is
20N R
S Y' such that it just passes through the loop. The induced
emf in the loop can be represented by the approximate
a. 9.25i$ + 5$j b. 3i$ + 15$j c. 2.5$i − 14 .5$j d. − 1.5i$ − 155
. $j
curve
6. A balloon carries a total load of 185 kg at normal l
pressure and temperature of 27ºC. What load will the R
balloon carry on rising to a height at which the
barometric pressure is 45 cm of Hg and the temperature N S
is − 7ºC? [Assuming, the volume constant.]
a. 181.46 kg b. 214.15 kg c. 219.07 kg d. 123.54 kg loop
v
7. An object is placed beyond the centre of curvature C of
the given concave mirror. If the distance of the object is
d1 from C and the distance of the image formed is d 2 emf
from C , the radius of curvature of this mirror is
2d1d 2 2d1d 2 d1d 2 d1d 2 a. t
a. b. c. d.
d1 − d 2 d1 + d 2 d1 + d 2 d1 − d 2 I/v
8. A huge circular arc of length 4.4 ly subtends an angle 4s

at the centre of the circle. How long it would take for a
body to complete 4 rev if its speed is 8 AU per sec ?
[Given, 1 ly = 9.46 × 1015 m,1 AU = 1.5 × 1011 m]
a. 4.1 × 108 s b. 4 .5 × 1010 s c. 3.5 × 106 s d. 7.2 × 108 s emf
9. Calculate the amount of charge on capacitor of 4 µF. The b.
internal resistance of battery is 1 Ω. t
I/v
2µF
4µF 6Ω
5V
2µF
A

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Day 38. Mock Test 1 412-416

Online JEE Main Solved Papers 2021 1-52

UNIT 2 Complex Numbers and Quadratic Equations

UNIT 3 Matrices and Determinants

UNIT 4 Permutations and Combinations

UNIT 5 Mathematical Induction

UNIT 6 Binomial Theorem and its Simple Applications

UNIT 7 Sequences and Series

Evaluation of simple integrals of the type

Integral as limit of a sum. Fundamental Theorem of Calculus. Properties of definite integrals.

UNIT 10 Differential Equations

UNIT 11 Coordinate Geometry

UNIT 12 Three Dimensional Geometry

UNIT 13 Vector Algebra

UNIT 14 Statistics and Probability

UNIT 16 Mathematical Reasoning

7. ART OF PROBLEM SOLVING

Visit www.exambites.in for

i.e. f : A → B is a many-one function, if it is not a one-one

Method II A function is one-one iff no line parallel to

f is said to be a many-one function, if two or more

elements of set A have the same image in B.

FOUNDATION QUESTIONS EXERCISE

21 Let f : N → N defined by f ( x ) = x 2 + x + 1 , x ∈ N, then f is (c) S is an equivalence relation but R is not an equivalence

DAY PRACTICE SESSION 2

PROGRESSIVE QUESTIONS EXERCISE

Hints and Explanations

⇒ (7, 4) ∈ R −1OR integer is an image of odd natural ⇒ mq ⋅ ps = np ⋅ rq ⇒ ms = nr

3. For R to be an equivalence relation, R Thus, aRb ⇒ bRa x

u Complex Numbers and Its u Argument or Amplitude of a u De-Moivre’s Theorem

Complex Numbers and Its Representation

x and y are respectively called real and imaginary parts PRED

u Prep Level (z / x × 100)—

Algebra and Equality of Argument or Amplitude of

(i) The nth roots of unity are 1, α , α 2 ,... , α n − 1 , where

DAY PRACTICE SESSION 1

FOUNDATION QUESTIONS EXERCISE

PROGRESSIVE QUESTIONS EXERCISE

equal to (a) 1 (b) −1 (c) − i (d) i

Hints and Explanations

2 2 2 ∴ z1 =2 Either z = z ⇒ real axis

∴ min 2z − 6 + 5i = 2PA = 2  − 2 = 5

⇒ 2( x2 + y 2 )( x2 − y 2 ) = 350 z − 3e 4 α(1 − α10 ) (α − α11 )

which gives integral solutions, is N (1 − α )

u Prep Level (z / x × 100)—

Method to find the Sum of n-terms of l

Sum of Special Series ∴ S n − S n = T1 + (T2 − T1 ) + (T3 − T2 ) + ... + (Tn − Tn−1 ) − Tn

DAY PRACTICE SESSION 1

FOUNDATION QUESTIONS EXERCISE

is equal to 5 A man arranges to pay off a debt of ` 3600 by 40 annual

their sum is found to be 364, then n is (a) 19 months (b) 20 months

30 Let A be the sum of the first 20 terms and B be the sum 3 5 7

DAY PRACTICE SESSION 2

PROGRESSIVE QUESTIONS EXERCISE