EPHYS 001 PHYSICS FOR ENGINEERS / PHYS 001C CALCULUS-BASED PHYSICS

Topic: DYNAMICS

Intended Learning Outcomes:

1. Differentiate Contact Forces and Field Forces.

2. State and Explain Newton’s law of motion.
3. Give illustrative examples for each law.
4. Differentiate mass and weight.
5. Discuss the nature of friction and differentiate static and kinetic friction.
6. Describe the first and second condition of equilibrium.
7. Solve problems involving application of Newton’s Laws of Motion.

CONCEPT OF FORCE THE LAWS OF MOTION

Everyone has a basic understanding of the concept of force Newton’s First Law – Law of Inertia
from everyday experience. When you push your empty dinner plate
Newton’s first law explains what happens to an object when no
away, you exert a force on it. Similarly, you exert a force on a ball
forces act on it: it either remains at rest or moves in a straight line
when you throw or kick it. In these examples, the word FORCE with constant speed.
refers to an interaction with an object by means of
muscular activity and some change in the object’s “In the absence of external forces and when viewed from an
velocity. inertial reference frame, an object at rest remains at rest
and an object in motion continues in motion with a constant
Forces do not always cause motion. For example, velocity (that is, with a constant speed in a straight line).”
when you are sitting, a gravitational force acts on your body and yet
you remain stationary. As a second example, you can push (in other The tendency of an object to resist any attempt to change its
words, exert a force) on a large boulder and not be able to move it.
velocity is called inertia
What force causes the Moon to orbit the Earth? Newton
answered this and related questions by stating that FORCES are MASS (m)
what cause any change in the velocity of an object. The  is that property of an object that specifies how much
Moon’s velocity is not constant because it moves in a nearly circular resistance an object exhibits to changes in its velocity.
orbit around the Earth. This change in velocity is caused by the  is an inherent property of an object and is independent of
gravitational force exerted by the Earth on the Moon. the object’s surroundings and of the method used to
measure it.
Contact Forces - they involve physical contact between two  is a scalar quantity
objects. The SI unit of mass is the kilogram. Example: 3 kg
Examples:
Mass and weight are two different quantities.
1. When a coiled spring is pulled, the spring stretches.
2. When a stationary cart is pulled the cart moves.
3. When a football is kicked, it is both deformed and set in motion. WEIGHT (W) of an object is equal to the magnitude of the
4. forces are the force exerted by gas molecules on the walls of a gravitational force exerted on the object and varies with
container location.
5. the force exerted by your feet on the floor.
The SI unit of weight is Newton.
Field Forces – does not involve physical contact between two W=mg
objects. These forces act through empty space.
Sample Problem 1.
Examples: If a man weighs 900 N on the Earth, what would be his weight on
1. The gravitational force of attraction between two objects with 2
Jupiter where the free-fall acceleration is 25.9 m/s ?
mass
2. The electric force that one electric charge exerts on another
3. The force a bar magnet exerts on a piece of iron

The SI unit of force is the newton (N).

2
1 N = 1 kg m/s
1 N = ¼ lbf
2
1 lbf = 1 slug ft/s
Newton’s Second Law – Law of Acceleration
Newton’s second law answers the question of what happens to an
object that has one or more forces acting on it.

“When viewed from an inertial reference frame, the acceleration

of an object is directly proportional to the net force acting on it and
inversely proportional to its mass:”

Particle under a net force:

The object experiences acceleration

∑ 𝐹 = 𝑚𝑎

Applying Component Method:

∑ 𝐹𝑦 = 𝑚𝑎𝑦 ∑ 𝐹𝑥 = 𝑚𝑎𝑥

Magnitude: 𝑭 = √𝑭𝒙 𝟐 + 𝑭𝒚 𝟐

𝐹𝑦
Direction: 𝜽 = 𝐭𝐚𝐧−𝟏 |𝐹 |
𝑥

NORMAL FORCE (N) – the force perpendicular to the surface with

which the object is in contact.

TENSION FORCE (T) – is the force that is transmitted through a

string, rope, cable or wire when it is pulled tight by forces acting
from opposite ends. The tension force is directed along the length of Sample Problem 2.
the wire and pulls equally on the objects on the opposite ends of the
wire. If the only forces acting on a 2.0-kg mass are
N and N, what is the magnitude of the
FRICTION FORCE (f) - resistance to motion, parallel to the surface
with which the object is in contact. acceleration of the particle?

FREE BODY DIAGRAM (FBD)

-pictorial representation of forces acting on a body.

Exercise: Draw an FBD for the following:

1. (frictionless surface)

2. (frictionless surface)

3.

ᶿ
4.
ᶿ1 ᶿ2
ATWOOD MACHINE FIRST CONDITION OF EQUILIBRIUM
Sample Problem 3. (Translational Equilibrium)
When two objects of unequal mass are hung vertically over a
frictionless pulley of negligible mass, the arrangement is called an
Particle in Equilibrium:
Atwood machine. The device is sometimes used in the laboratory to
The acceleration of the object is zero; the net force on the
calculate the value of g. Determine the magnitude of the
object is zero.
acceleration of the two objects and the tension in the lightweight
cord.
∑𝐹 = 0

Applying Component Method:

∑ 𝐹𝑦 = 0 ∑ 𝐹𝑥 = 0

Magnitude: 𝑭 = √𝑭𝒙 𝟐 + 𝑭𝒚 𝟐

where m1 = 1.0 kg 𝐹
And m2 = 2.0 kg Direction: 𝜽 = 𝐭𝐚𝐧−𝟏 | 𝑦 |
𝐹 𝑥

Sample Problem 4.
In the figure, if the tension in string 1 is 34 N and the tension
in string 2 is 24 N, what is the mass of the object shown?
INCLINED PLANE
Sample Problem 5.
0
A block is pushed up a frictionless 30 incline by an applied
force as shown. If F = 25 N and M = 3.0 kg, what is the
magnitude of the resulting acceleration of the block?

ELEVATOR PROBLEM
Sample Problem 6.
A person weighs a 40.0 N object of mass m on a spring scale
attached to the ceiling of an elevator. What will be the scale reading
if the elevator is:
a. not moving?
2
b. if accelerating upward with magnitude of 2.00 m/s ?
2
c. if accelerating downward with magnitude of 2.00 m/s ?
TORQUE
 is the tendency of a force to rotate an object about an axis, Sample Problem 8
fulcrum, or pivot. Just as a force is a push or a pull, a torque can
be thought of as a twist.
 also called moment or couple, originated with the studies of
Archimedes on levers.
 is a measure of the turning force on an object such as a bolt or
a flywheel.
 the symbol for torque is typically τ, the Greek letter tau. When
it is called moment, it is commonly denoted M.
 is an influence which tends to change the rotational motion of
an object.
 Torque = Force applied x lever arm

𝝉 = 𝑭𝒅
 The lever arm is defined as the perpendicular distance from the
axis of rotation to the line of action of the force.

Sample Problem 7
In a hurry to catch a cab, you rush through a frictionless swinging
door and onto the sidewalk. The force you exerted on the door was
50N, applied perpendicular to the plane of the door. The door is
1.0m wide. Assuming that you pushed the door at its edge, what
was the torque on the swinging door (taking the hinge as the pivot
point)?

Sample Problem 9
If the given triangle plate is fixed from the point O and can rotate
around this point, find the total torque applied by the given forces.
SECOND CONDITION OF EQUILIBRIUM
(Rotational Equilibrium) Newton’s Third Law – Law of Interaction

 Isaac Newton presented the Second Condition of Equilibrium. “If two objects interact, the force exerted by object 1 on object 2 is
 the sum of all the rotational forces on the object is zero due to equal in magnitude and opposite in direction to the force exerted
by object 2 on object 1”
which the object does not rotate. Thus, the second condition of
equilibrium states that the sum of all the torques on an object
The force that object 1 exerts on object 2 is popularly called the
that is in equilibrium is zero. action force, and the force of object 2 on object 1 is called the

  0 reaction force.

Sample Problem 11.

 Torques that would rotate an object counter clockwise may be
taken as positive and torques that would rotate an object If P = 6.0 N, what is the magnitude of the force exerted on
clockwise may be taken as negative.
block 1 by block 2?

Sample Problem 10.

Consider the situation shown. The uniform 0.60 KN beam is
hinged at P. Find the tension in the tie rope and the
components of the reaction force exerted by the hinged on
the beam.

Note: The center of gravity of a collection of masses is the point

where all the weight of the object can be considered to be
concentrated.
 CENTRIPETAL FORCE
FORCES OF FRICTION (f) A force,𝐹𝑐 , is associated with the centripetal acceleration.
The force is also directed toward the center of the circle.
Static Friction (fs) - the force that counteracts motion and keeps an
Applying Newton’s Second Law along the radial direction gives
object from moving.
𝑣2
𝐹𝑐 = 𝑚𝑎𝑐 = 𝑚
Kinetic friction (fk) – the friction force for an object in motion. 𝑟

Coefficient of Friction (μ) – ratio of friction force to normal It causes a change in the direction of the
force, dependent on the nature of the surface. velocity vector.
If the force vanishes, the object would
Coefficient of static friction (μs) = fs / N move in a straight-line path tangent to
the circle.
Coefficient of kinetic friction (μk) = fk / N

Note: μk is generally less than μs

Sample Problem 12.

The block shown is pulled across the horizontal surface at a
constant speed by the force shown. If M = 5.0 kg, F = 14 N MOTION IN A HORIZONTAL CIRCLE
0
and Ө = 35 , what is the coefficient of kinetic friction between The speed at which the object moves depends on the mass of the
the block and the horizontal surface? object and the tension in the cord.
The centripetal force is supplied by the tension.
The maximum speed corresponds to the maximum tension the
string can withstand.

Sample Problem 13
A horizontal force of 310 N is exerted on a 2.0-kg ball as it rotates
(at arm’s length) uniformly in a horizontal circle of radius 0.90 m.
Calculate the speed of the ball.
 BANKED CURVE
CONICAL PENDULUM
These are designed with friction equaling zero.
The object is in equilibrium in the vertical direction.
Model the car as a particle in equilibrium in the vertical direction.
It undergoes uniform circular motion in the horizontal direction.
Model the car as a particle in uniform circular motion in the
horizontal direction.
There is a component of the normal force that supplies the
centripetal force.
v2
The angle of bank is found from tan 
rg
The banking angle is independent of the mass of the vehicle.
If the car rounds the curve at less than the design speed, friction is
necessary to keep it from sliding down the bank.
If the car rounds the curve at more than the design speed, friction
∑ 𝐹𝑦 = 0 ∑ 𝐹𝑥 = 𝑚𝑎𝑐
is necessary to keep it from sliding up the bank.
T sin (90-Ө) - W = 0 T cos (90-Ө) = mac
or or Sample Problem 15.
T cosӨ – W = 0 T sin Ө = mac Civil engineers generally bank curves on roads in such a manner
T cosӨ = mg that a car going around the curve at the recommended speed does
not have to rely on friction between its tires and the road surface
in order to round the curve. Suppose that the radius of curvature
of a given curve is , and that the recommended
speed is . At what angle should the curve
be banked?

HORIZONTAL FLAT CURVE

Model the car as a particle in uniform circular motion in the

horizontal direction.
Model the car as a particle in equilibrium in the vertical direction.
The force of static friction supplies the centripetal force.
0
The maximum speed at which the car can negotiate the curve is: Ans. 11.8

Sample Problem 14.

How large must the coefficient of static friction be between the
tires and the road if a car is to round a level curve of radius 125 m
at a speed of 95kph.
MOTION IN A VERTICAL CIRCLE
The speed at which the object moves depends on the mass of the
object and the tension in the cord.

At the top
2
mv
-T - mg = -
r

Here the object speed is affected by gravity.

At the bottom
2
mv
T - mg =
r

It slows down on the upward section and speeds up on the

downhill section.
Except at the top and bottom of the loop, the force of gravity
means that there is a component of the car’s motion.

Sample Problem 16.

A bucket of mass 2.00 kg is whirled in a vertical circle of radius 1.20
m. At the lowest point of its motion the tension in the rope
supporting the bucket is 25.0 N. (a) Find the speed of the bucket.
(b) How fast must the bucket move at the top of the circle so that
the rope does not go slack?
 EPHYS 001 PHYSICS FOR ENGINEERS / PHYS 001C CALCULUS-BASED PHYSICS

Topic: DYNAMICS
Assessment Task No. ____

Name : _______________________________________ Section:______________ Date: ________________

1. If F = 4.0 N and m = 2.0 kg, what is the magnitude a of the

acceleration for the block shown below? The surface is 4. The tension in a string from which a 4.0-kg object is
frictionless. suspended in an elevator is equal to 44 N. What is the
acceleration of the elevator?
2
a. 11 m/s upward
2
b. 1.2 m/s upward
2
c. 1.2 m/s downward
2
d. 10 m/s upward
2
e. 2.4 m/s downward
2
a. 5.3 m/s 5. The horizontal surface on which the objects slide is
2
b. 4.4 m/s frictionless. If M = 1.0 kg and the magnitude of the force of
2
c. 3.5 m/s the small block on the large block is 5.2 N, determine F.
2
d. 6.2 m/s
2
e. 8.4 m/s

2. At an instant when a 4.0-kg object has an acceleration

2
equal to m/s , one of the two forces acting on the
object is known to be N. Determine the
magnitude of the other force acting on the object.
a. 2.0 N
a. 6.0 N
b. 13 N
b. 9.0 N
c. 18 N
c. 7.8 N
d. 1.7 N
d. 4.8 N
e. 20 N
e. 4.1 N
3. If M = 2.0 kg, what is the tension in string 1?
6. If F = 40 N and M = 1.5 kg, what is the tension in the string
connecting M and 2M? Assume that all surfaces are
frictionless.

a. 1.2 N
b. 11 N
c. 34 N
d. 3.5 N a. 13 N
e. 40 N b. 23 N
c. 36 N
d. 15 N
e. 28 N
7. A block is pushed across a horizontal surface by the force
shown. If the coefficient of kinetic friction between the block
0
and the surface is 0.30, F = 20 N, Ө = 30 , and M = 3.0 kg,
what is the magnitude of the acceleration of the block?

[
2
a. 2.8 m/s
2
b. 2.3 m/s
2
c. 1.8 m/s
2
d. 3.3 m/s
2
e. 5.4 m/s
0
8. A 3.0-kg block slides on a frictionless 20 inclined plane. A
force of 16 N acting parallel to the incline and up the incline is
applied to the block. What is the acceleration of the block?
2
a. 2.0 m/s down the incline
2
b. 5.3 m/s up the incline
2
c. 2.0 m/s up the incline
2
d. 3.9 m/s down the incline
2
e. 3.9 m/s up the incline

9. Consider a playground seesaw. The mass of the plank is 2.0kg, the

masses of two children on it are 25kg and 30kg with the 30kg child
sitting 2.5meters from the center of the plank (the fulcrum) as
shown below. Where must the second child sit in order for this
system to be in equilibrium?

a. 2.3 m
b. 2.5 m
c. 2.7 m
d. 3.0 m
e. 3.3 m

10. An object of mass 2.50 kg is tied to the end of a string

0.800 m long, and is swung in a horizontal circle with UCM
such that it makes 8.00 revs in 6.00 seconds. Find the tension
in the string.
a. 140 N
b. 145 N
c. 150 N
d. 155 N
e. 160 N