Notches Weirs

NOTCHES AND WEIRS
Introduction
❑ Effective use of water for crop irrigation requires that flow rates and volumes be measured and
expressed quantitatively.
❑ One of the simplest and most accurate methods of measuring water flow in open channels is by the
use of weirs and notches.
❑ A notch means an opening provided in the side of a tank or a channel
❑ A weir is also a notch but it is made on a large scale.
❑ Weirs can help raise the water level so that boats can pass through, and they can also reduce the flow
of water to prevent flooding
❑ Weirs can be use for runoff hydropower project
❑ Acting as spillway for dam

❑ Often made of metallic plate
❑ Used for measure discharge in small canal or laboratory

❑ Often made of Concrete or masonry
❑ Used in rivers
Run-of-river hydroelectricity (ROR)
or run-of-the-riverhydroelectricity is
a type of hydroelectric generation
plant whereby little or no water
storage is provided
Run-of-river hydroelectricity
plants can have different capacity
levels varying from roughly 15 to
75 MW
Difference between Notches and Weirs
Notches Weirs
• A notch may be define as an opening provided in • A structure constructed across a river or
one side of a tank or small channel, in such a canal to store water on the upstream
way the liquid surface in the tank or channel is side
below the top edge of the opening
• The bottom edge of notch over which the water • The top of weir over which the water
flows is known as sill or crest flows is called as crest
• A notch is usually made of metallic plate • A weir is made of cement concrete or
masonry
• A notch is usually used to measure small • A weir is used to measure large
discharge of small stream or canal discharge of rivers and canals
• Notches are small in size • Weirs are larger in size
Types of Weirs/ Notches:
Weirs are classified according to:
1. Types of Weirs based on Shape of the Opening

•Rectangular weir
•Triangular weir
•Trapezoidal weir
2. Types of Weirs based on Shape of the Crest

•Sharp-crested weir
•Broad- crested weir
•Narrow-crested weir
•Ogee-shaped weir
❑ RECTANGULAR WEIR: RECTANGULAR SHAPE OF OPENING
❑ The rate of flow will depend upon how much

water above the sill/crest level of the notch
❑ Discharge = Velocity x area
❑ Velocity is not constant as different amount of head are acting
❑ Therefore we cannot used an average velocity

❑ Divide the cross sectional area where the flow is flowing into elementary strip.
❑ Along this strip the velocity is going to be the same
❑ dh is the thickness of the strip. H is the total head available and this strip is located at h which is head available
over the elementary strip
❑ dA= dh x B (area of the strip)

Discharge through strip, dQ = Area x velocity = b dh  (2gh).
Integrating from h = 0 at the free surface to h = H at the bottom of the notch,
Total theoretical discharge(Q),
For a rectangular notch, put b = constant = B

Triangular weir:
•Opening is triangular in shape

Total theoretical discharge(Q),
For a V-notch with an included angle q, put b = 2(H-h)tan(q/2)

❑ For triangular notch, the concept is same, based on head discharge will increase.
❑ Again velocity at different height will be different.
❑ A triangular notch will have a certain angle ( it can be 60 or 90 or 120, or 150 degree )
❑ Here b width of the strip is a function of height. At the top it is maximum , at the bottom it is zero)
Trapezoidal weir:
•Trapezoidal weir is also called as Cippoletti weir. This is trapezoidal in shape and is the modification of
rectangular weir
•The sides are inclined outwards with a slope 1:4 (horizontal : vertical)
•In cippoletti weir both sides are having equal slope. So, we can divide the trapezoid into rectangle and
triangle portions. So, Total discharge over trapezoidal weir Q = discharge over rectangular weir + discharge
over triangular weir
A triangular notch gives more accurate results for low discharges than rectangular notch
To obtain accurate measurement of the undisturbed water level above the crest of the weir, it is necessary to place the
measuring gauge at a distance of at least three times the head above the weir
Classification according to shape of the crest:
Sharp-crested weir
•The crest of the weir is very sharp such that the water fall cleanly away from the weir
•Used for measure discharge of small river or stream
•Sharp-crested weirs can have triangular, trapezoidal or rectangular cut-outs in then, but regardless of shape they are
usually best for measuring smaller flows.
Broad-crested weir:
•These are constructed only in rectangular shape and are suitable for the larger flows
.
•Head loss will be small in case of broad crested weir.
Ogee-shaped weir:
•Generally ogee shaped weirs are provided for the spillway of a storage dam.
•The crest of the ogee weir is slightly rises and falls into parabolic form.
•Flow over ogee weir is also similar to flow over rectangular weir.
Narrow-crested weir:
•It is similar to rectangular weir with narrow shaped crest at the top.
•The discharge over narrow crested weir is similar to discharge over rectangular weir.
•If 2B is less than H, then it is called as narrow crested weir, B is width of the crest of weir, H is height of water above the
weir crest
Determine the height of rectangular weir of length
6 m to be built across a rectangular channel. The
maximum depth of water on the upstream side of
the weir is 1.8 m and discharge is 2000
liters/second. Take Cd =0.6
=1.8 m

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NOTCHES AND WEIRS

❑ A notch means an opening provided in the side of a tank or a channel

❑ A weir is also a notch but it is made on a large scale.

❑ Weirs can be use for runoff hydropower project

❑ Acting as spillway for dam

❑ Used for measure discharge in small canal or laboratory

1. Types of Weirs based on Shape of the Opening

2. Types of Weirs based on Shape of the Crest

❑ The rate of flow will depend upon how much

❑ Velocity is not constant as different amount of head are acting

❑ Therefore we cannot used an average velocity

❑ Along this strip the velocity is going to be the same

❑ dA= dh x B (area of the strip)

Integrating from h = 0 at the free surface to h = H at the bottom of the notch,

Total theoretical discharge(Q),

For a rectangular notch, put b = constant = B

•Opening is triangular in shape

For a V-notch with an included angle q, put b = 2(H-h)tan(q/2)

❑ Again velocity at different height will be different.

•Used for measure discharge of small river or stream

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