LECTURE 3

POSITIONAL PROPERTIES PROJECTIONS OF GEOMETRIC FIGURES

SOUTH AFRICA
PURPOSE LECTURES ON FORMATION COMPETENCE OF
SKIPPERS:
Knowledge of positional projections couples properties of geometric
figures cadets are required for successful course of the construction of the ship,
vessel movement paved rate differences vehicles.
Plan:
3.1 Positional pairs of projections properties of geometric figures:: Point
- Point, Point - direct, point - Plane Direct - Direct, Direct - Plane, Plane -
Plane
Crossing 3.2 direct plane
3.3 The intersection of two planes
3.4 Questions for self

3.1 Positional pairs of projections properties of geometric figures

Three basic geometric shapes point - Direct - plane can form six different
pairs: Point - Point, Point - direct, point - Plane Direct - Direct, Direct - Plane,
Plane - Plane that differently can be positioned relative to each other in these
pairs . For positional properties projections indicated pairs of geometric shapes in
their drawings determine their relative position in space.
 The point - the point. Two points in the space may coincide or not coincide
with each other. If the same point in space, then the diagrams of projection of these
points on each plane projections are identical to each other. A vivid illustration of
this problem is a positional point of intersection of the two lines. On the one hand,
this point belongs to a line, but on the other hand, it belongs to another, but at the
same time it is one and the same  point.
If the points in space do not match, then the diagrams may be many different
options relative position of their projections. The greatest interest in terms of
reading drawings are those cases where only one pair of projections dots identical
(ie identical), and others - not identical. This can only happen when both points
define projection line. They are in this case called competing points relative to the
plane of projection, which is perpendicular to the line, defined by these points.
In other words, if the points are located on one projection rays and are
different shapes, called competitive (Figure 3.1). With competing points of the
drawings set visibility projections.
 Figure 3.1 - Example competing points 1 and 2 in the direction projection s1

Point - straight. The point may belong or not to belong to the line. Given the
way the property projection incidence of conservation (identity) and continuity
geometric shapes fair is to determine:
if the point belongs to the line, the projection of this point belonging to the
projections of the same line and interconnected projection lines of communication.
In terms of reading drawings can formulate the following definition:
point belongs to the line on the diagram if all its projections are projections
of the same name to the line and interconnected projection lines of communication;
and is not a direct, if at least one of the projection is not a direct projection of the
same name (examples nenalezhnosti point to line shown in Figure 3.2 - 3.4).
Recognize the relative position of the profile and the system of direct
projections of two planes п1п2 using the above definition it is impossible for a
point and a straight lie in one plane and the profile of the same name projection
coincides whether a point belongs to the line or not (Figure 3.5 ).
Recognize the relative position of the profile and direct implementation by
using one of the following two conditions:
1) verify the identity profile projections point to a profile projection for
direct projection lines of communication (you need to build a third projection -
Figure 3.5);
 2) use parallel projection property, namely, if the line segment share point in any
respect, the projection of this point will share the same name projection segment in
the same terms (Figure 3.6, Figure 3.7, b).
 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5
Figures 3.2 - 3.5 are examples point to direct affiliation

Graphic way division in a given period of relative theorem follows from

ancient Greek scientist Thales of Miletus (639 - 548 years. BC) (Figure 3.7 a).
Point - plane. Point belongs to the plane if it is located on a line belonging to
a plane. If the plane of projection, the projection of a point located on the track-
projection plane. This property is called projective planes team.

а) б)
Figure 3.7 - Separation segment in a given respect
a) - illustration F.Miletskoho theorem;
b) - a division of the segment on diagrams based on the
Figure 3.6 - Belonging to theorem F.Miletskoho
the point straight profile
Straight - straight. Direct in space can occupy relative to each other the
following provisions: direct overlap (in their own point) - Figure 3.8, direct
parallel (intersect at improper point) - Figure 3.9, direct and do not intersect and
are not parallel - mymobizhni (intersect at an imaginary point) - Figure 3.10.
 а) б) в)
Figure 3.8 - diagram of lines Figure 3.9 - diagrams of Figure 3.10 - Diagrams
crossed parallel lines skew lines

If direct overlap, they also intersect the projection of the same name, and the
intersection points are on the lines of projection connection (Figure 3.8).
Regarding the definition of mutual crossing the line profile of their other
diagrams, you must use the guidelines to determine relative position of the profile
line.

Direct can intersect at right angles. We are interested in such cases the
location of the right angle in space when the diagram is proektsiyuvatysya right
angle without distortion.

Theorem on projection right angle. If at least one of the parties the right angle
parallel to the plane of projection, and the other is not perpendicular to it, its
projection on this plane does not change its value (Figure 3.11).

а) б)
Figure 3.11 - theorem about right angle proektsiyuvannya
a) visual images, b) diagram
If you live in a space parallel to each other, they are the same name as the
projection parallel to each other (Figure 3.9). When the diagram given two
pieces of relevant direct, to determine their relative position to be additionally
apply one of the following conditions:
1) or to build a profile of the projection;
2) or check analogy lengths of these projections segments:
    C1D1 | : | C2D2 | .
Thus, we must pay attention to the order of the same projections endpoints
segments.
If no direct parallel and do not intersect, then they are mymobizhnymy
(Figure 3.10).
In symbolic form skew lines is written as follows:m  n =  .
 If direct mymobizhni, the point of intersection of similar projections are
not directly in line projection of communication. It may be that one pair of
projections two lines parallel to each other, and the other intersects - (Figures
3.10, 3.12). This happens in the case where the skew lines overlap area occupies
the position of the projection plane.
Plane called plane parallelism simultaneously parallel to two skew lines.
Direct - plane. Direct may belong to the plane to be parallel to or crossing
the plane at some point.
Direct belong to the plane if:
1) two of its points are the elements of the determinant of the plane;
2) one point refers to a straight plane and straight line parallel to the line is
in a plane.

Figure 3.12 - skew lines m and n

with the horizontal projection plane parallelism

Among the set of lines, which fill an entire plane, allocate direct special
position of the plane. These include horizontal fro, profile and straight lines bow
largest plane to the planes of projections (Figure 3.13).
horizontal plane h  (Figure 3.13) is a straight line, which belongs to this
plane and parallel to the horizontal plane of projections П 1. Building a horizontal plane of any of its
start with front projection
 h2  х12 ,

Figure 3.13 - Line special situation plane

and then building a lead on the condition of belonging to a straight plane.
Frontallyu f plane  (Figure 3.13) is a direct belonging to this plane and
parallel to the frontal plane projections П2. Building a fro any plane begin to
conduct its horizontal projection f1х12, and then building a lead on the condition
of belonging to a straight plane. If the plane and conduct horizontal and fro, they
together will always intersect.
Line biggest bow plane  o coordinate plane called projection line, which
belongs to this plane and perpendicular to its line level. Direct plane that is
perpendicular to its horizontal line called the greatest slope. Straight line
perpendicular to fro, the second name is not.
Based on the theorem of proektsiyuvannya right angle properties can be
defined positional projections biggest bow line:
1) To the plane of projection П1: n  h  n1  h1, n2  determined by the
condition n belonging to this plane (Figure 3.8.);
2) to the plane of projection П2: (ВF)  f  (B2F2)  f2 , (B1F1) 
determined by the condition of belonging (BF) to this plane (Figure 3.13).
Direct parallel to the plane if it is parallel to the line belonging to the plane.
Such positional problem confined to the construction of parallel lines.3.2

Crossing the line with the plane

Direct intersects the plane at some point.
Consider the case where direct projection intersects the plane. Based on the
team properties projective planes intersection point of the line with the plane
defined by one first projection as a result of crossing the track-projection plane
with the corresponding projection of the line (Figure 3.14). Then the line of
projection due next building projection point of the respective projection line.
If the projection is not directly relevant trail crosses the projection-plane,
and parallel to it, such a direct parallel to the plane (Figure 3.15).
If direct projection coincides with appropriate follow-projection plane, such a
straight plane belongs to the team based on the properties of projective planes
(Figure3.16).

Figure 3.14 - Direct Figure 3.15 - direct Figure 3.16 - Direct

intersects the plane parallel to the plane belong to the plane

Direct crosses the plane of the overall situation, if it competing with it straight
plane intersect; This point is the intersection point of the straight plane.

а) б)
Figure 3.17 - Building a direct point of intersection with the plane of general
position
a) a visual image; b) diagrams

Two competing directly regarding any plane projections make it relatively

projection plane. So to build a competing straight in a plane which intersects a
given line, you must carry through this direct projection plane (Figure 3.17).
Algorithm for constructing the intersection points of a straight plane consists
of the following steps (Figure 3.17):
1) through a direct line supporting projection plane;
2) build a line crossing the auxiliary plane with a given, that is competing
directly in the plane. The intersection of plane general provision of projection built
based cleaning properties of projective planes first on one plane projections build
in terms of competing direct, as a result of crossing the track-projection projection
plane with the corresponding projection determinant another plane, and then build
the next projection of this line with the conditions of membership of to the plane of
the overall situation;
3) build direct intersection of the plane as a result of crossing this line of
competing.
3.3 The intersection of two planes
Two planes in space can occupy relative to each other two positions: either
parallel or crossed.
The planes are parallel if two straight one plane respectively parallel to two
other straight. In parallel planes a special position parallel tracks of the same name-
projection.
The two planes intersect in a straight line. Simply identify the two points of
the intersection. They can be built in two ways:
1) using a known algorithm to find the intersection points of a straight plane with the difference that it should be applied twice, for two lines
(Figure3.18);

Figure 3.18 - Building the intersection Figure 3.19 - Building the intersection of
of planes by finding 2 points as a result planes by applying 2 plane- mediators
of crossing the 2 straight with plane

2) through the third, auxiliary plane, plane- mediators (Figure 3.19, Figure 3.20),
based on the premise that any three planes intersect at a point. To construct the two
points of intersection of the plane to apply intermediary twice. By plane
intermediate projection are plane.
 Figure 3.20 - Construction diagrams on the intersection of 2 planes
through the use of two plane- mediators

3.4 Questions for self

1 What shape is a drawing of two points that coincide in space? do not match?
2 What points are competing and who has the appearance of drawings?
3 What form has a drawing point belonging to the line? is not a straight line?
4 What need to clarify the relative position of the profile and the line
drawing set if the system projection planes П1 / П2?
5 What will happen to the projections of the segment, which is divided in
space in any respect?
6 As a graphic way to share in a given period of regard?
7 As in the drawing for a given profile segment projections point that
belongs to it, build another projection, not to go out projection planes П1 / П2?
8 Diagrams How to determine the relative position of point and plane?
9 What is the view of the drawing are straight, intersecting?
 10 As the drawing two lines, one of which a profile, set their mutual
position?
11 In some cases, the right angle projections depicted on the plane without
distortion (without reducing its value)?
12 As depicted in the drawing parallel lines?
13 As the drawing two horizontal straight set their mutual position?
14 What is called direct rival and that their view is the drawing?
15 As depicted in the drawing skew lines? What plane parallelism skew
lines?
16 State the conditions of belonging to a straight plane.
17 Define special direct plane.
18 Who is the algorithm for constructing the drawing direct projections
special plane.
19 What is the condition of the line parallel to the plane? As depicted in the
drawing line, which is parallel to the projection plane ?; belonging to her?
20 algorithm for constructing the intersection points of a straight plane (first
positional descriptive geometry problem).
21 algorithm for determining the visibility diagrams projection line, crossing
the plane.
22 What is the condition of direct parallel to the two planes simultaneously?
23 algorithm for constructing the intersection of two planes.
24 algorithm for determining the visibility diagrams side two opaque
triangles intersect.
25 As depicted in diagrams of two parallel planes of general position?
Special provisions?
Literature: №1,2,4,6,8,9