JABATAN UKUR BANGUNAN

FAKULTI SENIBINA PERANCANGAN DAN UKUR

UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MARA PERAK
KAMPUS SERI ISKANDAR

BUILDING SERVICES II
(BSR221) – AP1193H

Topic:
MECHANICAL VENTILATION SYSTEM, AIR-CONDITIONING
SYSTEM AND ELECTRICAL SYSTEM

Prepared for:
DR. NOR DIANA BINTI AZIZ

Semester:
OCTOBER 2021 – FEBRUARY 2021

Submission date:
WEEK 14

NAME MATRICS NO
NUR BATRISYIA BINTI MUHAMMAD 2020895504

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TABLE OF CONTENT

NO. CONTENT PAGE

1.0 Chapter 1 – Building Background 1

2.0 Chapter 2 – Literature Review

2.1 Mechanical Ventilation System 4
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2.2 Air Conditioning System 11
2.3 Electrical System

3.0 Chapter 3 – Case Study 14

4.0 Chapter 4 – Conclusion and Recommendation 20

4.1 Recommendation
4.2 Conclusions

5.0 References 21

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1.0 CHAPTER 1: BUILDING BACKGROUND

Figure 1.1 Single Storey House

This house was chosen to be used as a case study to carry out of the given task. This resident
building is single storey bungalow and it is owned by Puan Salwati Binti Abdul Hamid. Puan
Salwati live with her family consisting of 1 daughter, 2 sons and her husband. They have lived
this house for many years until. Pictures of this house were taken in June 2021.

Figure 1.2 Location Of the case study

This single storey bungalow was located at 5596 Taman Tiras, Batu 24, 21700. Kuala Berang
Terengganu. This house was built in 2010 and finished in 2012, its been 10 years old. The
size land area of this building is 2,000 ft. This house is located in the suburbs, it took 30
minutes to reach the city of Terengganu.

In this area of Taman Tiras, there are a lot of single storey bungalow. The infrastructure that
available at this area is restaurants, shops, public buildings and etc.

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2.0 CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 MECHANICAL VENTILATION SYSTEM

2.1.1 Introduction

Mechanical ventilation is a building ventilation system that used powered fans or blowers. It is
used to provide fresh air to the rooms when the natural forces of air pressure and gravity are
not enough to circulate air through a building. Other than that, it is used to provide high indoor
air quality and to control or remove moisture, odors, smoke, heat, dust, airborne bacteria,
carbon dioxide and to replenish oxygen. In additional, ventilation also used to remove
unpleasant smells and excessive moisture. However, homeowners can breathe easier by
knowing their home has a good ventilation. There 3 types of mechanical ventilation such as
Exhaust/ Extracted system, supply system and balanced system.

2.1.2 Types of Mechanical Ventilation System

a) Exhaust/ Extracted system

• This ventilation type uses a fan to move indoor air out of your home, while outdoor
air is drawn in through leaks. Some benefits of this type include the low costs of
installation and maintenance, but there are also several drawbacks. For one,
exhaust-only ventilation can draw contaminants into your home from areas such
as an attic or crawlspace, and could also move moisture from the outside into a
wall cavity that then leads to problems such as rot and mold.

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b) Supply system

• Supply system consists of a fan drawing outdoor air into the house. Indoor air escapes
through the building enclosure and exhaust fan ducts. Otherwise, supply system can
be dedicated system, or more commonly a central an integrated (CFI) system. With a
CFI system, outdoor air is ducted to the return plenum of an HVAC air handler that
draws in and distributes the outdoor air. This system can reduce contaminants entering
through the building enclosure and its is potential to drive moist indoor air into the
wall cavity that could condense and cause moisture problems during the
heating season in colder climates

c) Balanced System

• The third type of ventilation combines the other two by using fans to draw air both
into and out of a building. This system has all the benefits of exhaust-only and
supply-only, such as reduced contaminants and control of air supply, without many
of the drawbacks like humidity in the walls. However, the cost is higher than the
other two options.

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2.1.3 Advantages and Disadvantages of Mechanical Ventilation System

Advantages

✓ Ventilation reduces the amount of moisture in the interior of a building. This

moisture comes from people breathing, bathing and sweating, as well as from
plants, cooking and stored firewood. As the moisture content of the air rises, the
likelihood of mould and fungus taking hold increases as well. If the moisture content
of a wooden structure exceeds 18 per cent it can begin to deteriorate through rot.
Your building needs a much dryer environment than you do, so trying to find the
correct humidity is always a balance.
✓ Ventilating the house also brings fresher, cleaner air into the living environment.
Common household cleaners and products evaporate and can create indoor air
pollution.

Disadvantages

✓ The more you ventilate a building the more its heating and cooling efficiency is
reduced. When you bring in the exterior air you increase the workload for your AC
system.
✓ It can depressurise a building. The modern building is so airtight that when you
force air to the exterior it can lower the interior pressure. This can cause problems
for natural vent appliances like furnaces and hot water heaters that need positive
pressure to exhaust their combustion products out of the building. The negative
pressure pulls these gasses into the living environment and are potentially very
dangerous for the occupants.

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2.2 AIR CONDITIONING SYSTEM

2.2.1 Introduction

An air conditioner is a system that is used to cool down a space by removing heat from the
space and moving it to some outside area. The cool air can then be moved throughout a
building through ventilation. Air conditioners require some input of work to operate,
otherwise entropy would decrease naturally which is forbidden by the second law of
thermodynamics. Air conditioners act similarly to a heat pump, but instead follow a cooling
cycle. The air conditioner is a key of the HVAC system, which focuses on home temperature
control in order to maximize comfort and livability in a space.

Air conditioners are called "split-systems" because there is an outdoor unit (the condenser)
and an indoor unit (the evaporator). These two systems work together to accomplish the task
of cooling an interior space while also dehumidifying it. This dehumidification happens as
warm air from inside passes over the cold evaporator, where the warm air condenses and
loses moisture, just like warm air does on a cold glass of lemonade.

2.2.2 Process of Refrigerant

• A cold liquid refrigerant absorbs heat from the hotter room in the evaporator,
cooling the room down.
• The refrigerant then changes phase to a gas and is put through a compressor to
increase its temperature.
• Refrigerant then passes through the condenser coils, transferring heat from the
refrigerant to the outside air.
• Refrigerant expands in order to decrease its pressure and cool down to below the
room's temperature to repeat the cycle again.

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 2.2.3 Types of Air Conditioner System

There are many types of air conditioner, and this is several types of them.

TYPES DESCRIPTION

i. Window Air Conditioners Window air conditioner are self-contained units that are
typically placed in a window. They also can be installed by
creating a hole in an exterior wall of a room. Window air
conditioners are most useful for apartments and single-
level homes. They come in many different sizes and builds
to fit a variety of window types. The bigger the unit, the
more coolest air generated. However, the cooling
capabilities of window air conditioning units are limited due
to their small size and static location.

ii. Air Source Heat Pumps Air source heat pumps are an energy efficient and low
maintenance cooling solution for homes that have
ductwork. The installation cost of air source heat pumps
can be high, but the running and maintenance costs are
low. Heat pumps use electricity to move warm and cold air
around a home, rather than burning fuel to do so. Typically,
this is one of the greatest benefits of a heat pump
system is they’re more energy efficient than other air
conditioning systems. However, heat pump systems are
most effective in mild climates

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iii. Central Air Conditioner This air conditioning system are considered the most
luxurious because they are able to cool each room in your
home simultaneously and do so quietly. They are made up of
two units: the condensing unit that is located outside the
home and the evaporative unit that is located next to the
furnace. The two units are connected to each other through
refrigerant tubing. The sized is small and easy to move and
the uses is the same as ductwork as central forced air
furnaces. Otherwise, this central is expensive compared to
window units and the duct leakage can reduce energy
efficiency.

iv. Ductless Air Conditioners Ductless Air Conditioners also known as a split system or
mini-split systems, this are a common cooling solution for
apartment dwellers or homeowners with no ductwork in
their homes. Ductless air conditioners are comprised of two
small air conditioning units that can be installed on the interior
walls of your home. Refrigerant tubing connects the two
systems by passing through the walls that separate them.
One terminal is positioned on the exterior of the residence.
This terminal serves as the air generator by condensing cold
air and sending it into the home through the refrigerant tubing.
Split or ductless systems are great options for smaller, older
homes that do not have an existing system of ducts installed,
or if the home has heating ducts that can’t be accessed by an
air conditioning unit. Benefits of this system is it efficient to
run and no ductwork necessary, while the cons is, it is lack of
air exchange ability and it is expensive to install in new
construction.

2.2.4 Safety Aspect

• Long and direct exposure to cool air might be harmful to health. It is advisable to
set the louvers in order to avoid direct cool air and deflect it within the room
• Prevent the air flow from reaching the gas burners and stoves.
• Turn the appliance off by pressing the ON/OFF button on the remote control, then
disconnect it from the mains.

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2.2.5 Advantages and Disadvantage of Air Conditioning System

Advantages

✓ Lower or chilled temperature diminishes the existence of parasites and insects.

✓ Lower temperature means less sweating, decreasing the dehydration risk.
✓ Air conditioning system also assists in excluding external allergens like pollen.
✓ Good installation and maintenance of air conditioner, renews &enhances the quality
of air

Disadvantages

✓ Skin dryness

✓ Unexpected changes in humidity & temperature affects individual’s respiratory

system
✓ Air circulation even transmits infectious respiratory diseases
✓ Airborne dust & fungi cause allergic reactions
✓ Spending long hours in air conditioned of offices or home you may cause also suffer
heat intolerance when you go outside.

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2.3 ELECTRICAL SYSTEM

2.3.1 Introduction

An electrical system, context of a building consists of all the elements needed to distribute
electrical power, including overhead and underground lines, poles, transformers and other
equipment. Otherwise, it is a network of conductors and equipment designed to carry,
distribute and convert electrical power safely from the point of delivery or generation to the
various loads around the building that consume the electrical energy. Other than that, electrical
system is very important because almost everything that people do very related and always
use electricity. Without it, practically nothing works, from appliances and lights to computers
and air conditioners. Even some types of phone and heating equipment become worthless. A
home’s electrical system includes incoming power lines, an electric meter, a service panel,
subpanels, household wiring, electrical boxes, receptacles (outlets), switches, and, of course,
the appliances, lights, and equipment that put the power to work.

Other electrical systems in a house include wiring for home entertainment, such as cable
television, home theaters, and audio systems, not to mention wiring for home communications
such as telephones, security systems, doorbells, and intercoms.

2.3.2 Types of Electrical System

a) Single Phase
• Single Phase electrical system have three wires within the installation. Two of
these wires are “hot”, one being the ‘Line’ and the other the ‘Neutral’ while the third
one is ground. The voltage between the two hot wires is usually (in North-America)
120 volts. In North America, most appliances use 120 volts, that is why most wall
receptacles in homes, offices and public places will be wired with one hot wire and
the neutral. These systems are known as single-phase, two wire systems.
Common appliances such as light bulbs, fridges, TVs, press irons, etc., have a
small enough line load to require a single-phase electrical feed.

b) Two Phases
• This type of system always used in apartment or condos. This is because in each
unit, they would have two live wires with 208 colts between them and 120 volts
between each line and a neutral, allowing the unit to power receptacles and lighting

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 at 120 Volts and the range at 208 volts. These systems are known as two-phase,
three wire-systems (2-ph, 3-w).

c) Three Phases
• Three phase electrical systems are supplied by four wires, three carrying lines (for
example 120 volts each to neutral or 208 Volts line to line) and a neutral one
making this system more efficient than a single phase one. All types of machinery
that use large motors to operate, including central AC units, pumps, air handling
units, garbage compactors, elevators, and snow melting systems run on three
phase systems and require three-phase electrical meters. These meters have four
terminals in total – three lines going in and fourth being the neutral coming in from
the main power supply and into the facility. These systems are known as three-
phase, four wire systems (3-ph, 4-w).

d) Universal Voltage Input

• Universal Voltage Input is an advantageous who used it. This system is a single
meter that can operate at all these different voltages. This provides the installer
with a single model that can literally be installed in any type of low voltage
installation, whether residential, commercial or industrial, to the user the flexibility
of changing it from one circuit to another at a later date and to the distributor a
reduced number of SKU.s for a reduced inventory. As their name would suggest,
these meters can accommodate all voltages between 85 and 347 volts. Since
these systems encompass the entire spectrum of the low voltage supply, they can
also tolerate well voltage disturbances in the lines, current fluctuations and operate
on either 50 or 60 Hz.

2.3.3 Safety Aspect

• Do not use outlets or cords that have exposed wiring.

• Do not use portable cord-and-plug connected power tools if the guards are removed.
• Do not block access to panels and circuit breakers or fuse boxes.
• Do not touch a person or electrical apparatus in the event of an electrical incident.
Always disconnect the power source first.

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2.3.4 Advantages and Disadvantage of Electrical System

Advantages

✓ Reduces greenhouse emissions

✓ Relatively low maintenance cost
✓ Hydroelectricity produces no gas emissions or waste
✓ Can be used throughout the world
✓ It is renewable

Disadvantages

✓ Disrupts natural seasonal changes in the river, and ecosystems can be

destroyed.
✓ High investment costs
✓ A disadvantage of hydroelectric power stations is that it destroys wildlife and
habitats of any creatures living in the area.
✓ The high cost of dam construction means that they must operate for many
decades to become profitable.
✓ Damming can cause loss of land suitable for agriculture and recreation.

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3.0 CHAPTER 3 – CASE STUDY

❖ Mechanical Ventilation System

In my case study in single storey terrace, the ventilation that used in the building is Mechanical
Ventilation, Exhaust System. This system extracts local sources of heat or contaminants at
their sources, such as cooker hoods, fume cupboards and so on. This ventilation is located in
the kitchen. This ventilation is important in kitchen because it will remove the irritants from the
air and control the temperature inside the kitchen. Kitchen ventilation systems help to remove
grease particles from the air for a safe and clean kitchen environment. Other than that, it
helped to prevent odours from the kitchen from festering and affecting the working
environment. This can be seen when we preparing and cooking food and it produces smoke,
steam, airbones and odors that can irritate eyes and skin or can cause respiratory troubles. A
commercial kitchen ventilation system will effectively remove the irritants in the air while
contributing to temperature control throughout the kitchen area.

Figure 3.1

Maintenance:

Each item needs a good care and cleaning to maintain the quality of the item so that it can be
worn for a long time. Just like this mechanical ventilation, the maintenance will be carried out
for once a month because it always been used so if it cleaned regularly, it will maintain the
quality of fan. These are the ways how to clean the ventilation:

1. For the mesh, remove the mesh filters and pour boiling water through them. Soak them
in a mixture of hot water and ammonia (1/2 cup ammonia to 1 gallon of water) for an
hour. Remove the mesh from the soaking solution and scrub the solution around the

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 mesh. It’s not just the filter that accumulates fat, the fan blades do as well. Then use
phosphate cleaner for cleaning blades.
2. For fan blades, prepare a mix of water and soap or you can also add a mixture of 1/4
ammonia, 2 tbsp baking soda and 1 cup full of warm water. Put on the rubber gloves
and, using the above mixture and cotton cloth, scrub the exhaust fan blades and then
the rest of the body.
3. To break the grease, caustic chemicals can be applied. After that, hot water can be
used to rinse away the residue. Chemicals are generally applied with either a garden
type sprayer, downstream injection through a pressure washer or with a chemical
foamer.
4. Scrape it up use scrapers where grease build up is too heavy before applying
chemicals. Remove the dirt and grease by using the small steam cleaner. Take a mild
wet cloth or towel and wipe the equipment inside out to make sure that each part is dirt
free.
5. Lastly, cut through the dirt, scrub the fan housing and the fan blades. Dry the parts that
have completed with paper towels or it also can use vinegar or window cleaner or any
dish washing liquid with a toothbrush. It will cut through the dirt and greases that build
up in the fan.

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 ❖ Air Conditioning System

In this case study, air condition system that used is split system. This split air conditioner has
two components which are the outdoor units and the indoor units. It is not built into an existing
forced-air furnace but instead it is a mounted to wall or ceiling. It works by removing heat from
inside the home and taking it outdoors through its refrigerant systems. This system is widely
used nowadays because it is easy to install, its small size and can save space.

In this single storey house, sometime problem can be happened which is improper operation.
If the air conditioner is on, make sure to close window and outside door. The house does not
have perfect isolation room for the air conditioner run properly. The compressor and fan
controls can wear out, especially when the air conditioner turns on and off frequently, as is
common when a system is oversized. Because corrosion of wire and terminals is also a
problem in many systems, electrical connections and contacts should be checked during a
professional service call.

Figure 3.3 Figure 3.2

Figure 3.4

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Maintenance

The maintenance for this system is carried out once every 6 months because the air
conditioner is rarely used. It been used when the weather is hot or sunny. The maintenance
can do by ourselves or we can call air conditioning (AC) services. These are the ways that
always used to clean the AC:

1. Remove brush and debris near the unit.

2. Clean the condenser coils every spring.
3. Replace any HVAC air filters.
4. Check for loose contacts or electric connections.
5. Lubricate motors and bearings.
6. Recharge refrigerant.
7. Ensure the condensate drain is clear.

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❖ Electrical System
In my case study, electrical system that used at whole of the single storey house is single
phase motor. A single-phase motor is an electrically-powered rotary machine that can turn
electric energy into mechanical energy.

It works by using a single-phase power supply. They contain two types of wiring: hot and
neutral. Their power can reach 3Kw and supply voltages vary in unison. They only have a
single alternating voltage. The circuit works with two wires and the current that runs across
them is always the same.

In most cases these are small motors with a limited torque. However, there are single-
phase motors with a power of up to 10 hp that can work with connections of up to
440V.They do not generate a rotating magnetic field; they can only generate an alternate
field, which means that they need a capacitor for start-up. They are easy to repair and
maintain, as well as affordable.

This type of motor is used mainly in homes, offices, stores and small non-industrial
companies. Their most common uses include home appliances, home and business
HVAC and other appliances such as drills, air conditioners and garage door opening and
closing systems.

Figure 3.5 Distribution Box

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Problem Faced by Occupants and Maintenance Staff

For this Single Storey House, the problem faced by occupants is the socket plug is not
enough and the occupants have buy extension for extra socket. Sometimes the the
extension can be a problem when the wire in extension not correct can cause damage to
the socket.

Electrical surges can be caused by anything from lightning strikes, damage to power lines,
faulty appliances and bad electrical wiring in the house. While an actual surge only lasts a
microsecond, frequent surges can damage the electrical components connected to this
home, degrading their life expectancy significantly

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4.0 CHAPTER 4: CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION

4.1 RECCOMENDATION

During study about this house, we know that this house does not use air conditioner
properly because of the slightly gap or opening between indoor and outdoor can cause
the room loss its cooling. Sometimes this problem can increase the cost of electrical
and maintenance rapidly. Hence, I recommend that if we want to use air conditioner
we need to or make sure the opening and the gap were seal. Mechanical ventilation
of the building also should be improved, this is because this single storey house was
small and need to refresh the air continuously to achieve the thermal comfort.

4.2 CONCLUSION

First of all, I would like to give a big thanks towards my lecturer, Dr. Nor Diana Binti Aziz who
was helping me a lot in completing this report. From her crit session and lecture video every
week it has helping me a lot to complete this task with a full guidance from her. In conclusion,
for my study at the Single Storey House, I have gained many information about the services
used in the building. The house has many building services installed for the benefits of the
occupants. This is my rental house, me and my housemates have to take care of our building
services such as fan or air conditioner to make sure that services give us a comfortable. all
the services are very come in handy for us and give the advantages for the building. However,
it also has disadvantages that are very common in the resident house. For the examples, the
house is not big and have 2 or even 1 exit for escapes route when fire happen in the building.
This is dangerous because when emergency happen, people always panic and will rush to
escape from it but getting block by something else. There will be incident or fall happen during
the escape caused by the panic. So, that all that I can concluded in this report. I have gained
many information during my case study and also during the time I complete this report and I
will use this knowledge for my future references. Last but not least, I am grateful that I manage
to complete this report.

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5.0 REFERENCES

1. https://www.urbancompany.com/blog/homecare/appliance-repair/split-ac-work/

2. https://www.hindustantimes.com/india/how-to-clean-a-kitchen-exhaust-fan/story-
qkJ88FrQRGlqBd96H6a87M.html

3. https://derangedphysiology.com/cicm-primary-exam/required-reading/respiratory-
system/Chapter%20511/alarms-and-safety-features

4. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK526044/

5. https://www.aireserv.com/services/cooling/air-conditioner-maintenance/

6. https://www.energystar.gov/ia/new_homes/features/MechVent_062906.pdf

7. https://www.bpcventilation.com/blog/what-is-a-mechanical-ventilation-system/

8. https://www.hvi.org/resources/publications/mechanical-ventilation-types/

9. https://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Electrical_system

10. https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/engineering/electricalsystem

11. https://www.hometips.com/home_electrical_systems.html

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