REVIEWER IN UCSP-2ND QUARTER

Module 1- Definition, Forms, and Functions of State

State- an organized political community living under a single system of government

-an organized political group that exercises authority over a territory
-a country and its government

ELEMENTS OF THE STATE

1. POPULATION – it is the people who make the state Population is essential for the
state. Greek thinkers were of the view that the population should neither be too big
nor too small. But it should be large enough to be self-sufficing and small enough to
be well governed.
2. TERRITORY- there can be no state without a fixed territory. People need territory to
live and organize themselves socially and politically.
3. GOVERNMENT – there can be no state without government. It is the working
agency of the state as well as the political organization of the state.
4. SOVEREIGNTY – the fourth essential element of the state which means supreme
and final legal authority above and beyond which no legal power exists.

FUNCTIONS OF STATE
1. Protect the natural rights
2. Defend against External Enemies
3. Managing Economic Conditions
4. Redistribution of Income and Resources

MODULE 2- TYPES OF AUTHORITY AND LEGITIMACY

Authority is the power of an individual/a group to enforce rules upon the members of a certain
group.

Three types of authority

1. Traditional authority is legitimated by the sanctity of tradition. The ability and right to rule
are passed down, often through heredity.
2. Charismatic authority is based upon the perceived extraordinary characteristics of an
individual. A leader whose vision and mission inspire others.
3. Legal-rational authority can be defined as a bureaucratic authority, where power is
legitimized by legally enacted rules and regulations such as governments.

Legitimacy is the popular acceptance of an authority, usually a governing law or regime.

TYPES OF LEGITIMACY
1. Traditional legitimacy derives from societal customs and habits that emphasize the history
of the authority of tradition.
 2. Charismatic legitimacy derives from the ideas and personal charisma of the leader, a person
whose authoritative persona charms and psychologically dominates the people of the
society to agreement with the government’s regime and rule.
MODULE 3- FORMS OF GOVERNMENT AND FUNCTIONS OF NON-STATE INSTITUTIONS
FORMS OF GOVERNMENT
 ANARCHY - refers to the absence of government
 Aristocracy - refers to a form of government in which wealthy nobles are given power
over those in lower socioeconomic strata.
 Bureaucracy - refers to a form of government in which non-elected government officials
carry out public responsibilities as dictated by administrative policy-making groups.
 Capitalism - refers to a form of economy in which production is driven by private
ownership.
 Communism - refers to the idea of common, public ownership of the economy
 Democracy - refers to a form of government in which the people are given a direct role
in choosing their leadership.
 Federalism - is a form of government that both combines and divides powers between a
centralized federal authority and an array of regional and local authorities.
 Kleptocracy - is a form of government in which the ruling party has either come to
power, retained power, or both, through means of corruption and theft.
 Meritocracy - refers to a system in which authority is vested in those who have
demonstrated the merits deemed pertinent to governing or public administration.
 Dictatorship - is a nation ruled with absolute power, in the absence of a democratic
process, and typically under the thumb of a single authority figure.
 Monarchy - refers to a form of rule in which absolute power and authority are held by a
single member of a royal bloodline.
 Oligarchy - refers to a form of government in which a smattering of individuals rule over
a nation.
 Plutocracy - refers to a system of rule in which power is determined as a direct function
of wealth.
 Republicanism - refers to a system in which power is vested in the citizenry.
 Socialism - refers to a form of government in which the people own the primary means
of production.
 Theocracy - refers to a form of government in which a specific religious ideology informs
the leadership, laws, and customs of a nation.
 Totalitarianism - is an authoritarian form of government in which the ruling party
recognizes no limitations whatsoever on its power, either in the public life or private
rights of its citizens.

FUNCTION OF NON-STATE INSTITUTIONS

 Grant services to the members of the society

NON-STATE INSTITUTIONS
 Banks - are places or institutions where people place or deposit their money or savings
with corresponding interest on a given period of time and, or assets for safekeeping.
  Corporations- is a legal unit that is distinct from its owners and has the right to enter
contracts, loan and borrow money, hire employees, own assets, and pay taxes.
 Cooperatives
-Granting of highest benefits to its affiliates
- teaching people to be competent and valuable in doing things in a mutual manner
- Disseminating supportive practices and new thoughts in business and supervision
 Trade Unions – is an organization whose membership consists of workers and union
leaders, united to protect and promote their common interests.
 None state actors
1. The influential organizations
2. The individuals having the potential to influence the actions of state actor
3. Non-government organizations

MODULE 4-6 (BRIEF OVERVIEW OF EDUCATION/ FUNCTIONS OF EDUCATION/ FORMAL AND NON-
FORMAL EDUCATION)

FORMAL EDUCATION- learning academic facts and concepts through formal curriculum
INFORMAL EDUCATION- takes place outside the formal school system and intended to
provide selected types of learning
Non-Formal Education – refers to any organized systematic educational activity carried
outside of the framework of the formal system to provide selected types of learning to a
segment of the population.
Special Education - refers to the preparation of teaching procedures and materials, and
other interventions designed to address the needs of a child with learning differences,
disabilities, and giftedness.
Technical Education and Skills Development Authority TESDA) offers vocational courses
to Filipino students to learn skills for free for care giving, cooking, vulcanizing,
automotive, refrigeration, and computer programming for only six months
Mother Tongue Based Multilingual Education-respond challenges of the disadvantage
indigenous Peoples and Muslims communities
Latent Function- function of education that is unintended is where schools perform certain
roles
Manifest Function-example is the school imposing a No ID, No Entry Policy as part Social
Control
2 MAIN FUNCTIONS OF EDUCATION
1. Productive Citizenry-enable citizen to be productive member of the society
2. Self-Actualization-highest level of human needs that can be met when a person has a
good educational background according to Maslow

MODULE 7-SOCIAL STRATIFICATION

 SOCIAL STRATIFICATION- it deals with inequality, a system that categorizes people and
ranks them in a hierarchical arrangement.
- Social stratification may involve differences in why society claims people should be
unequal
Proletariat- the class society that labors without owning the means of production
according to Karl Marx
THE 3 COMPONENTS OF SOCIAL STRATIFICATION
1. Social Class - refers to the category of persons based on their socio-economic
privileges
2. Social status - refers to the social standing of a person or group within the social
stratification system
Ascribed-a status that one is born with
Achieved-acquired by choice, personal development
3. Social Role - refers to the expected and actual behavior of the person which
corresponds to his or her status
SYSTEMS OF SOCIAL STRATIFICATION
1. OPEN CLASS SYSTEM - This system has more opportunity to move up and move
within the social class.
2. CLOSED/CASTE SYSTEM - This system is on ascribed status. It means that this is
determined at birth, family origin, and other ascribed characteristics. Members in
this society have a low chance to move up the ladder or the hierarchy
3. MERITOCRACY- an individual’s social class is based on merit and individual effort

MODULE 8- SOCIAL DESIRABLES

SOCIAL INEQUALITY- circumstances of unequal access to resources and privileges

1. Power-ability to influence other people
2. Prestige- individual’s position in society
3. Wealth- number of resources and assets that individual has
GLOBAL INEQUALITY- concentration of resources among a select number of nation
- Inverse relationship is undeniable
- Unequal distribution of wealth, power, and prestige with some nations as
economically productive as others.
1. High Income Economies- countries has a wealthy standard of living
2. Upper Middle Income Economies- access to public infrastructure
3. Lower-Middle Income Economies- limited quality of health and education
4. Low-income Economies- they struggle with poor economy

MODULE 9 – SOCIAL MOBILITY

 Types of Mobility

1. Horizontal Mobility – changes occupation but remains in the same level or social standing.
2. Vertical Mobility – change in occupational, economical, and political status.
3. Intergenerational Mobility – one generation changes its social status. The movement is
across generations.
4. Intra-generational Mobility – one changes his or her position, the other does not. It moves
up or down the social ladder. This mobility is about the individual’s life span.
5. Occupational Mobility – this is the shift to one occupation to another. This is affected by the
skills and educational requirement of the jobs.

MODULE 10 – CAPITAL FORMS

FORMS OF CAPITAL

1. Social Capital refers to the ability of a collective to act together to pursue a common goal.
2. Political Capital - It is in the context of local and national has been observed dramatically in
this level especially in the Philippines.
3. Symbolic Capital - is resources that one possesses which is function of honor, prestige or
recognition or any other trait that one values within a culture.

MODULE 11 – POVERTY AND TRANSNATIONAL MIGRATION

Poverty - is a social condition that is characterized by the lack of resources necessary for basic
survival or necessary to meet a certain minimum level of living standards expected for the place where
one lives

Transnational Migration - It is a process of people transfer from one country to another getting
a job or look for greener pasture as their form of survival.

MODULE 12 - Global/Social Inequality and Government Programs

Social Inequality - the presence of unequal opportunities or rewards present in the society for
people of different social status or position

Types of Social Inequality

1. Political Inequality in which the inequality here is no inclusion of civic equality in the eyes of
the law, unequal influence over decisions made by political bodies and the unequal
outcomes of those decisions.
2. Income and Wealth Inequality in which the outcome or result is concentrated merely on
the individual earnings, it can be analyzed through the different income distributions such as
male vs. female, ethnicity, geographic location, occupation and historical income.
3. Life Inequality in which there is an evidence of inequalities of opportunities to improve the
quality of life, access to more resources allows individuals to live longer.
 4. Inequality of Treatment and Responsibility that will generate problems in agency and
responsibility, unfair treatment of a group/groups lead to purpose act that takes away
resources, opportunities in direct and indirect pattern.
5. Inequality of Membership that usually happen in the membership of faith, family and
nation.

MODULE 14- DIFFERENT FORMS OF GENDER INEQUALITY, LABOR ISSUES, AND CLIMATE
CHANGE

Gender Inequality is a social and cultural phenomenon in which there is a discrimination against
people due to their gender.

Climate Change is one of the environmental realities that becomes the global concern now.

Means of moderating income inequality

1. Adoption of Minimum Wage Policy
2. Expanding Opportunities for Low-Income Households
3. Incomes of Low- Income households shall grow more that the average

MODULE 15 - Cause to End Gender Inequality, Labor Issue, and Climate Change

MODULE 16- HUMAN RESPONSES TO EMERGING CHALLENGES IN CONTEMPORARY SOCIETIES

INCLUSIVE CITIZENSHIP- refers to people’s understandings of what it means to be

a citizen go to the heart of the various meanings of personal and national identity,
political and electoral participation, and rights
Citizenship - refers to the legal status of an individual in a particular state that allows
him or her to enjoy certain rights and protection.
Political efficacy – it relates to an individual’s perception of his capacity to influence
the political system toward a political end.
Political Will – it is the extent of engagement that an individual has with the political
system in the attempt to achieve a goal.
Public governance - is “the process and institutions that contribute to public
decision-making”.
Public governance - is “the process and institutions that contribute to public
decision-making”.
Inclusive citizenship and participatory governance - constitute a great help for the
creation of responses to new challenges in the society.
Module 17 - Human Responses to Emerging Challenges in Contemporary Societies ( New Forms of
Media)

Media - refers to the collective or different communication tools used to store and deliver
variety of information and data such as print media, the press, photography, advertising, creative arts,
movies, broadcasting, entertainment, and publishing.

New Form of Media - is a generic term for various forms of electronic communication made
possible by digital or computer technology.

Social media - is computer-based technology that facilitates the sharing of ideas, thoughts, and
information through the building of virtual networks and communities.

Social Networking - includes forms of electronic communication that facilitate social interaction
and the information of online communities through the exchange of user-generated text.

MODULE 18 - Human Responses to Emerging Challenges in Contemporary Societies ( New Forms of

Media)

Social movement - is a “conscious, collective, organized attempt to bring about or resist change
in the social order by noninstitutionalized means.”

Alternative social movements have limited goals that often relate to specific parts of the structure that
specific individuals would like to alter.

Reformative social movement is the opposite of alternative social movements, but the membership of
the movement is on a wider scale.

Redemptive social movements tend to gather participants from specific sectors of the society with a
goal of radically changing the status of individual members. Religious groups and cults have such
impacts.

Revolutionary social movement is when the change that is expected is radical and the beneficiary
includes everyone. The communist revolutionary movement in China led by Mao-Tse-tung is an example
of this, as it changed the entire social structure of China.

Social movement organizations - are formally established associations arising from a social movement.