TECHNICAL REPORT

ON

STUDENT INDUSTRIAL WORK EXPERIENCE SCHEME (SIWES)

CONDUCTED AT

NATIONAL VETERINARY RESEARCH INSTITUTE, BEHIND N.I.D.B,

BAUCHI, BAUCHI STATE

BY

ADAM ABUBAKAR ABDULLAHI

BASUG/UG/SCI/BCH/19/0048

SUBMITTED TO THE SIWES COORDINATION UNIT IN PARTIAL

FULFILMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE COMPLETION OF THE 300

LEVEL INDUSTRIAL TRAINING PROGRAMME

December, 2022.
 DECLARATION

I, Adam Abubakar Abdullahi with matriculation number BASUG/UG/SCI/19/0048

hereby declare that I undergo six month Industrial Training Programme at National

veterinary research institute Bauchi, Bauchi state Nigeria and that this report project

is written by me based on the practical knowledge I acquired during the programme.

…………………………... ……………………………

Adam abubakar abdullahi Date

Student

ii
 DEDICATION

This report is dedicated to the Almighty Allah, the Giver and Sustainer of life, for His

unconditional love and mercy granted to me throughout the period of my Industrial

Training.

iii
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I wish to register my gratitude to almighty Allah for the guidance and grace throughout

my life. I would also like to extend special regard to my amazing parent who are the

source of any success in my life may Allah continue showering then blessings, Ameen.

I'm also grateful to the entire staffs of National Veterinary Research Institute (NVRI)

especially SIWES co-ordinator, Malam Musa I. Yahya for making my industrial

training interesting and educative and worthwhile.

In addition my special gratitude goes to the immediate Head of Department of

Biochemistry, Bauchi State University Gadau in person Dr Habeeb Tijjani for his

immense contribution. Likewise I also appreciate the effort of my SIWES supervisor

in person of Dr Umar Aminu Muhammad may Almighty bless them all.

iv
TABLE OF CONTENT

v
LIST OF TABLES

vi
LIST OF FIGURES

vii
 ABSTRACT

The Student Industrial Work Experience Scheme established by the Federal

Government of Nigeria was aimed at exposing student of higher institution to acquire

industrial skill and practical experience in their approved course of study and also to

prepare students for the industrial work situation which they are likely to meet after

graduation. This technical report is based on the experiences gained during my four

months of Industrial Training at National Veterinary Research Institution. This report

highlights how patients are being managed and also the several test carried out in the

laboratory such as pack cell volume (PVC).

1
 CHAPETER ONE

1.0 Introduction

The Student Industrial Work Experience Scheme (SIWES) was established or initiated

by the Industrial Training Fund (ITF) in the year 1974, in order to solve the problem

of lack of adequate practical skill preparatory for the employment in industry by

Nigerian of product of tertiary institution. The scheme exposes student to industry base

skill necessary for a smooth transition for the classroom to the world of work. It afford

student of tertiary institution the opportunity of being familiarize and exposed to the

needed experience in handling machineries and equipment which are usually not

available in the educational institutions. It also gives the student the opportunity to

have a taste of what is obtainable in labor market in their various field of discipline.

Hence, polishing them with all the technique and ethics of their profession helping

them to prepare and cope better with the challenge ahead.

SIWES is pre-requisite course of the award of Degree, HND, and Diploma certificate

in aforementioned disciplines. SIWES normally last for five (5) to ten (10) months.

1.1 Brief History of Place of SIWES

National Veterinary Research Institute (NVRI) Bauchi Diagnostic Laboratory is an

extended arm of services into the diagnosis of livestock and poultry disease of the

famous NVRI Vom, which operate a central reference laboratory in Vom, Jos Plateau

State. NVRI Bauchi is among the first few labs to be opened in the country, in the year

1982 and was headed by Dr. Ademola Ajayi. There are 23 outstation diagnostic

2
laboratories spread across six Geopolitical zone. Bauchi Laboratory is located in

Fadaman Mada, behind NIDB building Maiduguri By-Pass Bauchi.

A Veterinary Department was established in Zaria in the West African protectorate in

1913. It started as a department as a result of a rampaging disease known as Rinderpest

(Rinderpest is a viral disease of cattle); to conduct livestock census, disease surveys,

and disease control by isolation and quarantine. The department later developed to a

Veterinary Laboratory in 1916. By 1924, the services was moved from Zaria to Vom

(located in Jos South, Local Government of Plateau State). It was in Vom that NVRI

started full pledge of animal vaccine that has to do with animals. In the same year, the

first biological Anti-Rinderpest was produced to curtail further Rinderpest outbreaks.

NVRI is now a West African regional laboratory with two colleges attaches to it for

training of middle class Man power, viz;

 Federal College of Veterinary and Medical Laboratory Science and

Technology,

 Federal College of Animal Health and Production Technology.

Mission of N.V.R.I

To be the foremost Veterinary Research Institute in Africa, producing international

quality vaccines and offering services for the identification, control, and eradication

of economically important livestock diseases, through best practices, research

excellence, and applying modern technology, with highly trained, experienced and

motivated personnel.

3
  Vision of N.V.R.I.
A Veterinary Institute committed to research excellence and the production of
standard quality vaccines for the livestock industry

 BAUCHI OUTSTATION
Established in 1981/1982

First head was Dr Ademola Ajayi

Present head is Dr Yakubu Joel Atuma from Gombe state

Sections of NVRI

1. Laboratory;
2. Clinic and Extension;
3. Vaccine;
4. Post-Mortem.

4
 VIO OFFICE

CLINIC/EXT RECEPTION POST-

VACCINE SALES AND

CENTRAL
LABORATORY

Bacteriology Hematology Parasitology

ORGANOGRAM OF NVRI BAUCHI OUTSTATION LAB.

5
1.2 Objectives of SIWES

To provide avenue for student in institutions for higher learning acquire industrial

skills and experience in their course of study.

To provide students with an opportunity to apply their knowledge in real work and

practice there by bridging the gap between theory and practice.

To mark transition from school to the world of work easier and to enhance student

contact for later job placement.

To prepare the student for the situation they are to meet after graduation.

To expose student to work methods and techniques in handling equipment and

machinery that may not be available in their institution.

To enlist and strengthen the involvement in the entire educational process of preparing

university graduate for employment in industries.

6
1.4 Relevance of training to field of Biochemistry

1.5 Major Laboratory equipment and their uses

A. HOT AIR OVEN

FUNCTIONS: Hot air oven is a physical sterilizer which uses dry heat at a

temperature above 100 degree celsius. It uses temperature of 160 degree celsius for a

period of 1 hour, it also use temperature of 180 degree celsius for a period of 30

minutes. Hot air oven is used in the sterilization of materiasl that cannot be affected

by heat example: heat resistance glass were, Liquid (oil) & powder

7
 B. MICROSCOPE

Microscope is an instrument that produces enlarged images of small objects, allowing

the observer an exceedingly close view of minute structures at a scale convenient for

examination and analysis. Veterinary laboratory microscopes are important for

viewing blood parasites, faecal samples and urine for confirmatory diagnosis. Example:

After using a centrifuge to spin down a urine sample, the sediment from the bottom is

collected, sometimes stained, and viewed under a microscope where we look for any

irregularities with: Cells, bacteria, cast and crystals in urinalysis. Likewise any other

samples require use of microscope at final stage for diagnosis.

 Microscope: Is used to examine samples and to analyse their contents that

are not visible to the naked eye. It is used to count pathogen and other cells

and to view under x10, x40, and x100 objectives.

 Autoclave: For Sterilization

8
 Centrifuge: Is used for spinning specimen e.g. feaces to enable separation into

constituents or components e.g. blood into serum and plasma.

 Refrigerator: Provides suitable temperature for storage and preservation of

reagents, unused media, blood samples etc.

 Bunsen burner: Serves as the source of heat for sterilizing wire loop, surgical

forceps and other metal instruments to be used for analysis.

 Weighing Balance: Use for measurement of weigh

 Wire loop: It is used for streaking specimen on culture plates and it can also

be used for making smear of samples on slides.

 Capillary tube: It is used for the collection of blood samples to determine the

packed cell volume.

 Universal bottle: used for sample collection e.g. urine, stool, semen

 Glass slide: It is used for the preparation of samples to be viewed directly under

the microscope.

 Sterile swab stick: Is used for the collection of samples to directly from the

sight of infection e.g. Ear, nose, vagina, cervix, etc.

 Sampling bottles: They are bottles used for the collection of blood samples

e.g. universal bottle, fluoride oxalate bottle, Ethylene-Di-amine-Tetra acetic

Acid bottle (EDTA), Lithium Heparin bottle, plain bottle.

 Incubator: used for culturing or drying of microorganism.

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  Micro heamatocrit centrifuge machine: it is used to spin sample for the

analysis of packed cell volume of blood sample.

 Water bath: Use as heating apparatus.

 Macro centrifuge machine: It is used for the separation of blood samples in

order to get the plasma and also used for the separation of urine sample so as to

get the supernatant and the specimen.

 Haematology Analyser: Is used for the analysis of Full Blood Count (FBC).

C. AUTOCLAVE MACHINE

FUNCTION OF AUTOCLAVE

Autoclave is an instrument or machine use for the sterilization by moist heat. It mainly

operate at temperature of 121 degree of 15 pound pressure (psi i.e. pressure per square

10
inch) for 15 minutes. It is use for sterilization of material that can be spoiled or can get

destroy when using hot air oven.

Materials that are sterilised with Autoclave:

i. Prepared cultured media.

ii. Surgical materials.

iii. Glass wares.

Type of Autoclave

i. Jacketed autoclave: this dry materials during and after sterilization

ii. Non-jacketed autoclave: an autoclave which does not dry materials during

or after sterilisation.

11
 CHAPTER TWO

2.0 LABORATORY UNIT

Laboratory is a building where samples are brought in order to carry out a research,

diagnosis and to preserve some as a specimen.

2.1 HAZARDS AND SAFETY IN THE LABORATORY

2.1.1 Hazard in the Laboratory

Laboratory hazard is defined as anything that has a potential to cause damage. The risk

can be minimize by eliminating dangerous situations by taking proper precautions,

such hazard that laboratory workers may be exposed to can be categorized into four(4).

i. Chemical hazard;

ii. Biological hazard;

iii. Physical hazard;

iv. Electric hazard.

Chemical hazard is caused by exposure to chemical such as neurotoxins, mercury,

sulphuric acid, strong acid or alkali and carcinogens. They enter the body through

inhalation and the absorption through the skin. Carcinogens are chemical that are liable

to cause cancer if they come in contact with the body system.

Biological hazard are infection agent such as bacteria, virus, fungi or parasite which

may be transmitted through contact with infected patient, animals or contaminated

objects or through inhalation.

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2.1.2 Safety in the Laboratory

 Always switch off the gas before closing from work;

 Ensure the cleanliness of working bench before and after closing

 Always switch off and remove appliance from the switch before closing hour

Wear your lab coat.

 Never eat, chew or drink in the laboratory

 Any sample coming in the lab should be consider pathogenic

 Never keep long nail while working in the lab

 Always were a cover shoe in the lab.

 Never add water to acid, but rather acid to water.

2.2 BACTERIOLOGY UNIT OF THE LAB

Bacteriology as an aspect of the laboratory involves the sterilization processes, media

preparation, inoculation and incubation, making of bacterial smear, staining

techniques (e.g. Zielh Nielsen and Gram’s stain), biochemical tests, antimicrobial

susceptibility test and reporting of result.

2.2.1 Sterilization Technique

Sterilization is the process by which all forms of microorganisms and their products

are killed or completely removed from an article or a given area. It is the most reliable

means of decontamination because microorganisms including bacterial spores are

killed (destroyed). It is sometimes referred to as the total removal of all forms of

13
existence of microorganisms such as viruses, vegetative forms or spores of bacteria,

fungi, algae etc. from material. Its methods include physical & chemical methods.

2.2.2 CULTURE MEDIA

A culture medium is a substance either solid or liquid that can support the growth of

microorganism. Such a medium could be an artificial substrate, special, compounded

or a natural one including common foods, soil or garbage. Many culture media can

now be purchased as dehydrated powders. It is classified into Liquid Media and Solid

Media.

A. Liquid Media or Broth: Liquid media are used for biochemical testing, blood

culture, testing for motility and as enrichment media. In liquid media, bacteria can

move freely about. The growth and multiplication of bacteria in liquid media is shown

by its turbidity, though some organisms show significant growth. Example of Liquid

media include Nutrient Broth, Peptone Water, Alkaline Peptone Water, Digest broth

etc.

B. Solid Media: Where microorganisms are grown on solid media, they grow and

multiply at the site of inoculation and form visible colonies. Colonial appearance and

any change in the surrounding media help in the identification of the bacterial species.

Example of solid media includes: Nutrient agar, Blood agar, MacConkey agar, Deoxy-

Chocolate Citrate Agar, Salmonella-Shigella Agar.

2.2.2.1 Types of Media

i. Basal Media.

ii. Enrichment Media.

iii. Selective Media.

iv. Differential Transport Media.

The principle behind media preparation is to culture microorganism and to be able to

identify microorganism causing a disease.

2.2.2.3 Uses of Culture Microorganism

- Vaccine production e.g. BQV;

- Test of resistant nature of antibiotics;

- Bacteria count.

2.2.3 Inoculation

Inoculation is the technique use in order to aseptically introduce a sample into a sterile

culture media. The methods for inoculation include:

 Simple inoculation;

 Full plate inoculation technique;

 Half plate inoculation technique;

 Clinician or bedside plate inoculation.

2.2.4 Gram’s Staining Technique

Although unstained micro-organisms can be visible under microscope, staining makes

there feature clearer. This is more so with the bacteria where the shape, size and

appendages are very difficult to figure out if staining is not done.

The Gram’s staining is the most important staining in Bacteriology. It helps to

differentiate Bacteria in to two main groups: Gram positive and Gram negative. In

1884, a Danish Bacteriologist, Christian Gram developed this staining technique

15
Summary of Gram Staining

Application of Reagent Cell Colour

Gram positive gram negative

Primary dye Crystal violet Purple Purple

Trapping agent Iodine purple Purple

Decolouriser Alcohol/acetone Purple Colourless

Counter stain Safranin/carbol Purple Pink

2.2.5 Sensitivity Test (Antimicrobial Susceptibility)

This is one of the most widely used antimicrobial susceptibility (sensitivity) test by

using blotting paper impregnated with known volume and appropriate concentration

of an antimicrobial agent placed on an agar inoculated with the test organism. The

growth of the organism is inhibited and appears as a circular zone on the agar.

The zone diameter is roughly proportional to the sensitivity of the test organism.

Antibiotics like; Gentamycin, Streptomycin, Zinnacef, Tarivid, Rocephin,

ciprofloxacin, septrin, chloramphenicol, pefloxacin, ampiclox etc. are impregnated in

the antibiotic disc.

2.2.5.1 Procedure

 Aseptically pick a desired colony or inoculums and streak all over a dried agar

plate to obtain a uniform spreading in all directions across the plate.

 Aseptically place the appropriate antimicrobial impregnated disc on the surface of

the spread/smeared agar using a sterile wire loop.

16
 Gently press the disc on the agar to provide a uniform contact with the surface to

allow diffusion of the antimicrobial disc.

 Place the plate(s) (Agar) in the incubator and incubate appropriately for 16-18 hrs

or overnight at 370c to initiate the growth of the bacteria and antimicrobial action

to take place.

2.2.5.2 Result

At the end of the incubation, it will be observe that some bacteria grow around the

sensitivity disc and no growth around some of the disc (clear zone of inhibition).

Measure the zone of inhibition i.e. the diameter of inhibition zone from one edge to

the opposite edge.

2.3 PARASITOLOGY UNIT

This is the unit where the study of some of the parasites is done. The parasites include

those found in the faecal and blood samples.

2.3.1 Method of Identification of Haemo-Parasites (Parasites found in the

Blood)

A. Wet preparation.

B. Thick film.

C. Thin film.

A. Wet Preparation:

PROCEDURE:

17
  Place a drop of a well-mixed fresh blood sample on the centre of a clean grease

free slide;

 Cover with a clean cover slip avoiding air bubble and over floating;

 Examine under microscope with x10 and x40 objective lens’

 Report your findings.

NB: wet preparation is done in order to check the presence of motile parasites e.g.

Trypanosome and it is viewed under microscope with x40 objective

B. Thick Film

PROCEDURE:

 Place a drop of a well-mixed blood at the centre of a clean grease free slide;

 Make a smear with a spreader of about 1 cm in diameter;

 Allow to air dry by placing it down;

 Stain with diluted Giemsa 1 in 10 buffer distilled water PH 7.2;

 Allow to act for 45 – 1 hour;

 Allowed to air dry;

 Examine under the microscope with oil immersion objective (x100);

 Report your finding.

NB: thick film concentrate the parasite at a place if too scanty easy to observe.

C. Thin Film

 Place a drop of a well-mixed blood at 1 cm away from one end of a clean

grease free slide;

 Place a spreader in front of a blood move backward to be in contact with blood

at an angle of 45 degree;

 Make a rapid forward movement maintaining the angle of 45 degree

18
  Allowed to air dry by placing it offside down to prevent flies from licking up.

 Stain and examine under microscope

2.3.2 Concentration Method

This is a method of concentration all ova, cyst or adult parasites found in other samples

other than blood. There are two methods of concentration techniques, which are as

follows:

A. Floatation;

B. Sedimentation.

A. Floatation: This is the process were by the protozoan, cestodes and nematodes

that are lighter will float up and got attached to a slide due to the high specific

gravity concentration of the solution.

B. Sedimentation: This process is further subdivided into three (3)

 Ordinary sedimentation method

 Simple centrifugal sedimentation method

 Chemical centrifugal sedimentation method ( Formol/ether sedimentation

technique)

Both the sedimentation and floatation are examine under microscope at final stage

2.4 HAEMATOCRIT OR PACKED CELL VOLUME (PCV)

The packed cell volume or Haematocrit is a percentage of total volume of whole blood

occupied by packed red blood cells when a known volume of whole blood is centrifuge

at a constant speed for a period of time.

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2.4.1 Determining Haematocrit

PROCEDURE:

 Fill the Micro-haematocrit tube with the whole blood by capillary action

leaving about 1cm from one end of the tube empty.

 Seal the empty end of the capillary tube with a sealer (e.g. plasticine or by

flaming)

 Place the sealed tubes in a radial groves of the Micro-haematocrit centrifuge

with the sealed end away from the centre

 Spin at 3,000rpm for 5 minutes.

 Take the PCV reading from the packed red cells to buffy coat area using Micro-

haematocrit reader

 Read the result and express in percentage

NB: The capillary tube could be plain or heparinized (containing anticoagulant which

is effective only in the matter of hours).

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 CHAPTER THREE

3.0 POST-MORTEM

Post-Mortem (PM) a medical examination of a dead body to discover the cause of

death, post-mortems are sometimes requested by hospital doctors to provide more

information about an illness or the cause of death, or to further medical research.

3.1 EQUIPMENT USED POST-MORTEM

Post-Mortem table gloves, knife, scissors, scalpel blade, forceps, sample bottle, knife

pile, bucket of water/ disinfectant, waste bin, bone cutter ,scalpel blade etc.

3.2 CLASSIFICATION OF DISEASES

Classes of disease. Common poultry diseases

Bacterial disease Colibacillosis

Fungal Aspergillosis

Parasitic Coccidiosis

Viral New Castle Disease (ND)

Nutritional

Below are some diseases and their PM findings

Name of PM sign PM sign PM sign PM sign type of

disease disease

Coccidiosis Paleness of Hemorrhage Ballooning of Clothed protozoa

pectoral in intestinal intestine and blood within

muscle mucousa ceacal the intestine

or bloody

intestinal

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 Fowl Retained Congested Bacterial

Typhoid egg yolk and foamy

sack lungs

Gumboro Enlarged Pale kidneys Hemorrhagic Hemorrhagic viral

bursa of proventricular breast and

fabricious junction. thigh muscle

Newcastle Congested Hemorrhage Hemorrhage Hemorrhage viral

Disease lung of caeca tonsil on trachea

proventriculus

Colibacillosis Fibrinious Fibrous Congested Whitish bacteriao

perihepatitis pericarditis carcass flakes on the

viscera

Table 3.1 Some diseases and their PM findings.

Figure 3.1 Dissected Carcasses on a PM Table in the Post-Mortem Unit, NVRI Bauchi.

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3.3 INFECTIOUS BURSAL DISEASE (GUMBORO DISEASE, IBD)

The disease is caused by a Birnavirus serotype 2. Virus strains can be divided in

classical and variant strains. The virus is very stable and is difficult to eradicate from

an infected farm. IBD virus is very infectious and spreads from bird to bird by way of

dropping; infected clothing and equipment are means of transmission between farms.

3.3.1 Treatment and Control

There is no treatment for Gumboro disease. Good management and adequate warmth

may reduce the severity of the disease. Chicks of 1 and 3 weeks are routinely

vaccinated with live attenuated vaccines in drinking water. Antibiotic can be given to

prevent secondary bacterial infections.

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 CHAPTER FOUR

4.0 CLINIC UNIT

The clinical section deals with the signs and symptoms of disease conditions that are

seen in animals and they are treated based on the signs, symptoms and laboratory

findings

4.1 EQUIPMENTS USED IN THE CLINIC

The equipment used in the Clinic are as follows:-

FORCEPS: These are of two types, soft tissue and hard tissue forceps. The

main function of forceps is haemostatic

SCISSORS: These are of two types, soft tissue and hard tissue scissors. The

main function of scissors is incision.

SCALPEL BLADE: The main function of scalpel is incision.

THERMOMETER: The main function of thermometer is taking of body

temperature.

MUZZLE: They are of different size and shapes, the main function of muzzle

is restraining of animals especially canine specie.

TRUCHER AND CANULA: This is used for the removal of excess gas from

the rumen.

EXAMINATION TABLES: These are materials on which animals are

examined.

DRIP STAND The main function is for the hanging of drip during infusion.

SPATULA: Used for scraping, transferring or applying powders and paste like

chemicals or treatment.

NEEDLE HOLDER: The main function is holding of needle during suturing

24
 SUTURING NEEDLE: They are of two types, traumatic and atraumatic

needles.

SYRINGE AND NEEDLE: The main function is injection and collection of

samples

BURDIZZOR: The main function is for close castration.

KIDNEY DISH: The main function is for keeping surgical equipments.

AMBULATORY KIT: The main function is keeping some equipment like

cotton wool, bandage etc.

4.2 ROUTES OF ADMINISTRATING DRUGS TO ANIMALS

PARENTAL ROUTES ORAL ROUTE

Intramuscularly (IM) Tablet

Intravenously (I.V) Syrup

Subcutaneously (S.C) Capsule

Intraocularly (I.O) Suspension

Intra peritoneal region powder

SOME CASES HANDLED IN CLINIC: Dystocia, Bloat, Abscess, Helminthosis,

Castration, Mange , Mastitis, Peste Des Petis Ruminants Disease, Fowl pox

4.3 CASTRATION

Castration is the surgical removal of the testicles to render the animal infertile.

4.3.1 Types of Castration

A. Close Castration

B. Open Castration

25
A. Close Castration: This is the type of castration which is done by crushing of

the spermatic cord using Burdizzor, elastrator, emasculator and or rubber band and it

is bloodless.

B. Open Castration: This is the type of castration which is done by surgical

removal of the testicles by making incision.

4.3.2 REASONS FOR CASTRATION

 To prevent disease (venereal disease) e.g. Brucellosis

 For desired breed i.e. to avoid poor genetic character.

 For fattening

 To reduce or control indiscriminate mating.

4.4 FOWL POX DISEASE

Fowl pox (Avian Pox) is a mild to severe relatively slow spreading viral disease of

birds, characterized by wart-like nodules on the skin of the un-feathered body parts

and or diphthentic necrotic lesions in the membrane lining of the upper digestive and

upper respiratory system.

The infection occurs through wounds in the mouth, comb, wattle or skin. The fowl pox

virus can also be transmitted by mosquitoes, fowl ticks and lice.

4.4.1 TYPES OF FOWL POX

A. Dry form

B. Wet form

4.4.2 Prevention and Control

- Vaccinate birds (fowls) with fowl pox vaccine (FPV) via wing web.

- Avoid/prevent mosquitoes.

26
 - Proper/standard sanitization should be employed.

4.4.3 Treatment

- Disinfect the affected area with diluted purit to clear microbes

- Using scissors/surgical blade, scrape the affected area

- Apply oxytetracycline spray and then give anti-biotic against secondary

bacterial infection. (Anidone, poxcide or tylosine and pox cure).

27
 CHAPTER FIVE

5.0 VACCINE AND VACCINATION

5.1 VACCINE

Vaccine is biological preparation of killed, live or weakened (attenuated) organisms

(antigens) administered to the healthy animal to stimulate the immune system to

produce antibodies and cellular immunity against natural infection by that organism.

Vaccine typically contains an agent that resembles a disease causing microorganism

and often made from weakened or killed form of macro-toxins or one of its surface

proteins.

5.1.2 Forms of Vaccine

i. Freeze dried (cake form)

ii. Wet (liquid form)

iii. Emulsion.

5.2 VACCINATION

This is the administration or inoculation of vaccine to healthy susceptible animal to

stimulate specific antibody production and protect it from natural or experimental

infection.

In animal production prevention and control of disease outbreak is of supreme

importance, this is because most of the fatal disease are viral in nature and spread fast

among the animal resulting in massive dead (especially in poultry) or marked decline

in productivity. The farmers’ desire is to minimize dead and maximize profit which

can be achieved through proper vaccination of the animals.

28
5.3 TYPES OF VACCINE PRODUCE BY NVRI VOM

 Bacterial vaccine: include fowl cholera vaccine, fowl typhoid vaccine, anthrax

spore vaccine e.t.c

 Viral vaccine include Antirebies vaccine, Newcastle vaccine, infectious

bursal disease vaccine etc.

-ARV-D d/v

Formula: reconstitution/diluent diluent = 50 ml d/v = 50

=Dose/bird/animal = 50/50 =1 ml/A

Dose -IBD-V Gumboro

Diluent=2.5 mls D = 200,500

Dose/vial=single dose Diluent = 2000ml =2 liter =200 cl

= 2.5/1 =2.5 ml/bird d/v = 200

-PPR-V = 2000/200 = 20/2 = 1

Formula: rec/d =d/a

5.4 VACCINE STORAGE AND TRANSPORTATION

5.4.1 Vaccine Storage

Vaccine Storage is the act of preserving vaccine in a fridge or freezer with constant

electricity supply in order to maintain the cold chain of the vaccine

5.4.2 Vaccine Transportation

Vaccine Transportation is the act of carrying vaccine for the production or storage unit

to point of administration in a vaccine carrier or cooler containing icepacks or ice block.

29
Wet and cake vaccines are kept in fridge and freezer respectively to protect the potency

of the vaccine.

Potency of the vaccine is the strength or effectiveness of the vaccine, while cold chain

of the vaccine is the temperature control of the vaccine

5.5 VACCINE FAILURE AND VACCINE BREAKAGE

5.5.1 Vaccine Failure

Vaccine Failure is a situation where by after animal is fully vaccinated fail to produce

antibodies that bend with the vaccine.

5.5.2 Vaccine Breakage

Vaccine Breakage is a situation where by animal after fully vaccinated but come down

with the disease due to the human error

5.6 RULES FOR VACCINATION

 Do not vaccinated sick animal

 Do not vaccinated weak animal

 Do not vaccinated under age animal

 Discard the reconstituted vaccine after one hour of reconstitution.

30
 CHAPTER SIX

6.0 CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION

6.1 CONCLUSION

6.1.1 PROBLEMS ENCOUNTERED

Outdated equipment: Some of the equipment and apparatus within the

laboratory are obsolete and need replacement.

Inadequate water supply to the laboratory:- Inadequate water supply in

NVRI, the laboratory sometime forces the laboratory personnel to depend on

water supply from outside the laboratory e.g. from well, tap etc.

Lack of mobility: - Lack of vehicle for field work.

6.1.2 POSSIBLE SOLUTIONS

There should be replacement of such obsolete equipments by buying new ones.

♦ Purchasing Post-Mortem kit for the Post-Mortem section.

♦ Purchasing most central laboratory equipment.

Adequate supply of water: - This affects the NVRI only and there is the need

for the laboratory to have borehole and overhead tank for adequate supply of

water..

Government should as a matter of urgency make available a vehicle for field

trip/extension services.

6.1.3 CONCLUSION

This training exposed me to work methods and techniques in handling equipment and

machineries. I have not only gotten an opportunity to practice most of the theoretical

aspect I learnt in school but also perfect them. It also prepares me for the work situation

to meet after graduation. I can strongly advice farmer on better ways of animal

husbandry, biosecurity and perform diagnosis in the case of ill-health; I can also
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attempt treatment. With these and lots more, I can clearly say that the aims and

objectives of the SIWES have been fully achieved.

6.2 RECOMMENDATION

SIWES is very vital to students because it provide students with an opportunity to

apply their knowledge in real work and practice there by bridging the gap between

theory and practical aspect. I therefore recommend its continuity.

As a student who passed through this program organized by Industrial Training Fund

(ITF), I hereby recommend that ITF and Institution based supervisors should be

supervising students regularly and hence give advice where necessary.

More so, allowances should also be given to SIWES students during the program and

not after the program in order to ease their affairs so as to enhance their

learning/practical ability.

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REFERENCES

Baker F.I Silverton, R.F (1987) Introduction to Medical Microbiology

Common poultry disease (Dr. Paul Audu)

Laurence P.G and Hanold P et al (1985) Antimicrobial Chemotherapy, 5th

edition

Laboratoey Manual for Microbiology (M.A, Fawole, B.A Oso)

Monica, Cheesbrough (1992) Medical laboratory practice for tropical countries

Mackie and Maccartine (1982) Medical Laboratory Diagnosis and Control of

infection

Jawetz, Meinicketal, Medical Microbiology, 22nd edition

West A.T and Inglis T.J (1993) Clinical Diagnosis of Bacterial infection

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