SDO MALABON CITY

9
Science
Quarter 1- LIVING THINGS
Module 3: Patterns of Non-Mendelian
Inheritance
Science – Grade 9
Alternative Delivery Mode
Quarter 1: Living Things
Module 3: Patterns of non-Mendelian Inheritance
First Edition, 2020

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Published by the DepEd Malabon City

Dr. Mauro C. De Gulan, SDS
Dr.Cynthia D. Ayles, ASDS

Development Team of the Module

Writer: Mylene J. Aguinaldo

Editor: Richard S. Galang
Reviewers: Richard S. Galang
Lucinda S. Concepcion
Bryan James B. Llaguno
Language: Ma. Estrellita T. Conje
Layout and Design: Mylene J. Aguinaldo

Management Team:
Josefina M. Pablo, CID Chief
Manolo C. Davantes, EPS Science
Dalisay E. Esguerra, EPS, LRMS
Ana Lisa M. Mesina, PDO II LRMS

Department of Education – SDO MALABON

Maya-maya St. Longos, Malabon
Printed in the Philippines
 What I Need
to Know

This module was designed and written with you in mind. It is here to help you master Patterns of
non-Mendelian Inheritance. The scope of this module permits it to be used in many different
learning situations. The language used recognizes the diverse vocabulary level of students. The
lessons are arranged to follow the standard sequence of the course. But the order in which you
read them can be changed to correspond with the textbook you are now using.
The module focuses on achieving this learning competency:
Explain the different patterns of non-Mendelian Inheritance (S9LT-Id-29)
After going through this module, you are expected to:
1. explain the incomplete dominance pattern of inheritance
2. describe codominance traits
3. determine all possible combinations of genes for a specific blood type
4. determine the probability of having a male and female gender
5. explain the sex linked and sex influenced trait

Choose the letter of the best answer. Write the chosen letter on a separate sheet of paper.

1. Which statement is TRUE about incomplete dominance?

A. When two or more alleles control the inheritance of a character.
B. Traits that are controlled by genes located on the same sex chromosomes.
C. Two dominant alleles of a contrasting pair fully expressed at the same time in
heterozygous individual.
D. Occurs when the phenotype of the offspring is somewhere in between the
phenotype of both parents.
2. In cattle, roan coat color (mixed red and white hairs) occurs in the heterozygous (Rr)
offspring of red (RR) and white (rr) homozygotes. Which cross would produce offspring in
the ratio of 1 red: 2 roan: 1 white?
A. RR x rr
B. Rr x RR
C. Rr x Rr
D. RR x Rr
3. In the ABO blood group system in humans, a man with type AB blood marries a woman
with type A blood. Which blood type might their sons inherit?
A. Type A or type AB
B. Type B or type O
C. Type A or type O
D. Type A, type b, or type AB
4. A human male has ____ chromosomes with ____ sex chromosomes.
A. 46, XY
B. 48, XY
C. 46, XX
D. 48, XX
 5. Color Blindness is an example of X-linked trait. Which are the possible carriers of the
color-blindness trait?
A. Men who are heterozygous for the trait.
B. Men who are homozygous for the trait.
C. Women who are heterozygous for the trait.
D. Women who are homozygous for the trait.

Module
Patterns of non-Mendelian
4 Inheritance
Modules prior to this, discussed that cells divide to produce new cells and meiosis is one
of the processes producing genetic variations in Mendelian patterns of inheritance. In this
module however, we will explain the different patterns of non-Mendelian inheritance. Mendelian
laws of inheritance have important exceptions. For example, not all genes show simple patterns
of dominant and recessive alleles. We will explain them carefully throughout this module.
Here are some key points for you to ponder after finishing this module:
1. Identify the characters whose inheritance does not conform with predicted outcomes
based on Mendel’s laws of inheritance.
2. Solve genetic problems related to incomplete dominance, codominance, multiple alleles,
and sex-linked traits.
3. Identify the law that was not strictly followed in the non-Mendelian inheritance.

What’s In

Let’s recall your understanding of concepts of Mendel’s Law of inheritance by predicting the
possible offspring on a test cross of using a punnet square:

In tomatoes, red fruit (R) is dominant over yellow fruit (r). A plant that is homozygous for red
fruit is crossed with a plant that has yellow fruit. What would be the genotypes and phenotypes
of the fruit produced in the F1 generations?

Genotype: ________________
Phenotype: _______________

What’s New
 Read the comic strip below. Identify the problem that was encountered. Did you ask the same
questions? Do you think you can help the couples in solving their problem?

Did you know that certain

traits DO NOT always follow
Mendel’s principles of
heredity?
on
Please join me in finding
nheritance, more of it.
he effects Let’s go !
are not
minant

Since Mrs. Gift were 5 months pregnant, she is worried to whom among them
will have the most resemblance of their child.

Hmm.. maybe it is
more of me;
because it is a boy!

I just guess
did you and feel it!
it? Ok. Let us call
, I can’t some help!
pt that!

Are you ready now to take

the challenge?

If yes, be not afraid to do all

the drills and games. You
may use some strategies too
to solve your problem.

known as
mediate
nce beyond Yes! I am ready! You lead
n genetics. me to the right path of my
parenthood journey.

What is it?
Patterns of Non-Mendelian Inheritance
Source: https://www.khanacademy.org/science/high-school-biology/hs-classical-genetics/hs-non-mendelian-inheritance/a/
hs-non-mendelian-inheritance-review?loggedInViaDiscussion=true
As mentioned earlier, that cells divide to produce new cells and meiosis is one of the processes
producing genetic variations in Mendelian patterns of inheritance.
We know that in Mendel’s principles of heredity each parent gives one of two possible alleles for a
trait. However, non-Mendelian inheritance is any pattern of inheritance wherein traits do not
segregate in accordance to Mendel’s law. These laws describe the inheritance of traits linked to
single genes on chromosomes in the nucleus.
Incomplete dominance is a heterozygote condition that may produce an intermediate
phenotype when both are present, rather than one fully determining the phenotype. An example
of this is the snapdragon plant.
 In a cross between a homozygous red-flowered plant (F RFR) and a homozygous white-
flower plant (FWFW) will produce offspring with pink flowers (F RFW) as shown in the F1
generation.

Figure 1. Incomplete dominance in snapdragon flowers superficially appears like blending inheritance.
Credit: Jeremy Seto (CC-BY-NC-SA)
 A cross between two heterozygotes of F 1 generation, however resulting an F 2
generation with a phenotype of 25% red flowers, 50% pink flowers, and 25% white
flowers (phenotypic ratio of 1:2(blended traits):1).

Codominance is a heterozygote condition wherein both traits are present simultaneously, rather
than one fully determining the phenotype. A speckled chicken is a good example of
codominance.

Figure 2. Codominance in speckled chicken

Source:
www.coopsandcages.com/
 A cross between a black and white chicken will produce chicken with both black and
white feathers. The alleles for black feathers in some varieties of chicken is codominant
with the allele for white feathers.

 Another example that follow the codominance pattern of inheritance are determined by
genes is the blood typing in humans. An antigen is a protein bound to sugar molecule
found on the surface of our red blood cells. A pair of alleles (I A and IB) which controls one
group of antigens, that helps in determining the blood types of an individual.

Table 1. Summary of phenotypes and genotypes of the blood typing in humans.

Blood Type Genotype Can donate blood to: Can receive blood
(Phenotype from:
)
O ii A, B, AB and O O
(universal donor) (universal recipient)
AB IAIB AB A, B, AB and O
A IAIA or IAi AB, A O, A
B IBIB or IBi AB, B O, B

 In the heterozygote condition, both IA and IB alleles are expressed in the red blood cells
will have the antigens A and B. Three alleles exist in the ABO system: A, B and O. This
results in four blood types: A, B, O and the blended AB.

Figure 3. Codominance in human blood types

 Multiple Alleles: (ABO Blood Types)

A single gene that is controlled by more than two alleles. These are called multiple alleles. The
ABO blood groups in humans as an example of a gene which has multiple alleles, is the one
which control the inheritance. There are four blood group system, A, B, AB, and O. There are
three alleles which control this character and the following symbols that represent these alleles:
 IA – causes the formation of immunoglobulin (I) A on the surface of the red blood
cells
 IB – causes the formation of immunoglobulin (I) B on the surface of the red blood
cells
 i – does not form immunoglobulin whether A or B

We know that there are three different alleles for ABO blood types, however only two are present
in an individual at a time.
Table 2. Allelic Combination of Different Blood Types in Humans

Resulting Blood Type Allelic Combination

A IA IA IA i
B IB IB IB i
AB IA IB
O ii

The IA and IB are dominant over the I allele, which is always recessive. However, both alleles are
expressed equally when the two alleles are inherited together.

Sex Chromosomes and Sex Determination

Sex determination is a system which decides the sexual characteristics of an offspring, whether
will be a male or a female. Humans have 44 (twenty-two pairs) are autosomes and two (one pair)
of sex chromosomes. On the other hand, male carries X and Y chromosomes and both X
chromosomes are in females. During gamete formation, female produces only one type of gamete
22 + X. Whereas, male produces two types of gametes, namely 22 + X and 22 + Y.
The offspring will be a male, if an egg is fertilized with a Y chromosome. Likewise, when an egg is
fertilized by a sperm carrying an X chromosome, the offspring is female. You will observe that there is
a 50 percent chance of having a male or female offspring.

Source: www.toppr.com
Figure 4
Sex-Related Inheritance
Most of the time, more men in comparison to women are bald. Lactation or milk production is
commonly expressed in women but certainly not in men. These inherited characters are some of
the characters whose expressions are determined by sex. The following are the three kinds of
sex-related inheritance namely, sex-limited, sex-influenced, and sex-linked.
Sex-Linked Genes
Genes located in the sex chromosomes control some inherited traits. The sex-linked traits that
are controlled by a gene on X chromosome is called X-linked genes. On the other hand, those
located on Y chromosome are called Y-linked genes. Hemophilia is an example of X-linked trait
in humans. It is characterized by lack of protein needed for blood clotting causing a person bleed
to death even from a minor cut or wound. Another example of an X-linked traits is color
blindness. Colorblindness in females will be only expressed if they have two genes for the trait
while in males only one gene to express the color-blindness.
Table 3. Genotypes and phenotypes in humans
Genotype Phenotype
XX Normal female
X XC Normal female, carrier of the gene
C C
X X Color-blind female
XY Normal male
XC Y Color-blind male

A disorder in humans that causes hairy ears, is an example of Y-linked trait so called
hypertrichosis pinnae auris. Only males can have the trait because they possess a Y
chromosome. This trait will be pass on to all his sons whose father have this condition, and they,
in, turn, will pass it on to their own sons.

Figure 5. Sex-linked Genes

Sex-Limited Traits
Sex-limited traits are expressed exclusively in one gender of the species. In the case of lactation
in cattle, it is expressed in females but never in males. Both male and female cattle though
possess a gene for lactation. The dominant gene (L) for lactation shows over the non-lactating
gene (l).
Table 4. Expression of Lactation in Cattle
Female Genotype Female Phenotype
XXLL Female lactating
XXLl Female lactating
XXll Female not lactating
Male Genotype Male Phenotype
XYLL Male not lactating
XYLl Male not lactating
XYll Male not lactating
Source: Functional Biology Modular Approach, Second Edition
Sex-Influenced Traits
Sex-influenced traits are autosomal traits that are expressed in both sexes but more frequently
in one than in the other sex. One classic example, of this trait is pattern baldness maybe
expressed in females, it is more often manifested in males. The gene has two alleles, “bald” and
“non-bald”, whereas these genes are highly influenced by the hormones individually. We know
that all humans have testosterone. Since, males have much higher level of testosterone than
female do. This result that, baldness alleles behaves like a dominant allele, while in females it
behaves like a recessive allele.
Table 5. Expression of Pattern Baldness in Humans
Male Genotype Male Phenotype
XYBB Male bald
XYBb Male bald
XYbb Male non-bald
Female Genotype Male Phenotype
XXBB Female bald
XXBb Female non-bald
XXbb Female non-bald
Source: Functional Biology Modular Approach, Second Edition

What’s More

Activity 1 Where Do I Belong?

Direction: Match the possible offspring of each given set of organisms. Classify each of them
based on their traits which exhibits incomplete dominance and codominance pattern of
inheritance.

1.
_________________

2.
_________________

3.

_________________

4.
_________________

5.
_________________
Activity 2. The Missing Match!
Direction: Complete the Punnet square below by filling up the missing combinations of blood
types allele and write the phenotypic and genotypic ratio.

Genotype:
IA IA _____________________________
_____________________________
Phenotype:
IA _____________________________
I A IA _______ _____________________________

IB
______ _______

IA i Genotype:
____________________________
____________________________
Phenotype:
IA
_______ IA i ____________________________
____________________________
IA
I A IA _________

IB i Genotype:
____________________________
____________________________
Phenotype:
IA IA I B ____________________________
_______
____________________________

IB
______ IB i

Genotype:
IB IB ___________________________
___________________________
Phenotype:
IA ___________________________
______ _______
___________________________
i
______ _______
Activity 3. Bloody Union!
Direction: Using a Punnet squares, determine the possible blood types of the offspring based on
the type of inheritance.

REMEMBER:
In blood typing, the gene for type A and type B are dominant over the gene for
type O which is always recessive.

1. What blood type (or types)

can be found in an offspring _____ % A
_____ % B
if a mother has type O blood
_____ % O
and father has type AB
_____ % AB
blood?

2. What blood type (or types)

can be found in an offspring _____ % A
if a mother has type AB blood _____ % B
and the father has a _____ % O
homozygous type B blood? _____ % AB

3. What blood type (or types)

can be found in an offspring if _____ % A
a mother has heterozygous _____ % B
type B blood and the father _____ % O
has a heterozygous type A _____ % AB
blood?

4. What blood type (or types)

_____ % A
can be found in an offspring if _____ % B
a mother has homozygous type _____ % O
A blood and the father has a _____ % AB
homozygous type B blood?

5. What blood type (or types)

can be found in an offspring if _____ % A
both mother and father has type _____ % B
_____ % O
AB blood?
_____ % AB
Activity 4. Linked Together!
Directions: Complete the following problems using a punnet square to each cross and answer
the questions asked.

REMEMBER:
In fruit flies, eye color is a sex-linked trait. Red is dominant to white.

1. What are the sexes and eye colors of the flies with the following genotypes:

XR Xr ________________________ XR Y __________________________
XR XR ________________________Xr Y __________________________

2. What are the genotypes of these flies:

white eyed, male _________________ red eyed female (heterozygous) ________

white eyed, female ______________ red, eyed male ___________________

3. Show the cross of a red eyed female (heterozygous) and a red eyed male.
What are the genotypic and phenotypic ratio of the offspring?

_____________________________

_____________________________

4. Show the cross between a pure red eyed female and a white eyed male.
What are the genotypic and phenotypic ratio of the offspring?
_____________________________

_____________________________

_____________________________

_____________________________
5. Show the cross of a white eyed female Xr Xr with a red-eyed male XR Y.
 What I Have
Learned

1. Non-Mendelian inheritance is any pattern of inheritance in which traits do not

segregate in accordance with Mende’s laws.
2. Incomplete dominance is a form of intermediate inheritance in which one allele for a
specific trait is not completely dominant over the other allele.
3. In codominance, both alleles are expressed equally in the phenotype of the
heterozygote.
4. Multiple alleles refer to a phenomenon of having more than two forms of the same gene
in the population.
5. In humans, there are four blood types (phenotypes): A, B, AB, O.
6. Blood type is controlled by three alleles; A, B, O.
7. O is recessive, two O alleles must be present for a person to have an O blood.
8. A and B are codominant. If a person receives an A allele and a B allele, their blood type
is AB.
9. Males have 44 body chromosomes and two sex chromosomes X and Y. The males
determine the sex of their children. Females have 44 body chromosomes and two sex
chromosomes, both X. The total number in each cell of an individual is 46. These
chromosomes contain the genes, which are the factors of heredity.
10. Sex-linked traits are inherited through the X chromosomes.
11. Males have only one X chromosome. Thus, if they inherit the affected X, they will
have the disorder.
12. Females have two X chromosomes. Therefore, they can inherit/carry the trait without
being affected if it acts in a recessive manner.
13. Sex-limited traits are those that are expressed exclusively in one sex.
14. Sex-influenced traits are expressed in both sexes but more frequently in one than in
the other sex.
 What I Can Do

Direction: Make a Family Traits Tree. Identify the traits of the family members from your
grandparents up to your generation. Choose among the traits you will track, then draw each
trait on the leaves of the family tree. Put a mark on those traits are you not inherit.

Source: https://coloringhome.com/coloring-page/44750
Multiple Choice. Choose the letter of the best answer. Write the chosen letter on a separate sheet
of paper.

1. Which is NOT an example of incomplete dominance?

A. A pink flower produced from red and white flowers
B. A flower that is both red and white produced from red and white flowers
C. Curly-haired and straight-haired individuals producing wavy-haired offspring
D. A highly spotted dog and a non-spotted dog producing puppies with a few spots
2. Which statement is TRUE about the Punnet squares in A and B?
I. In diagram A, white is dominant over black while in diagram B red is dominant
over white.
II. Diagram A shows codominance pattern of inheritance while diagram B shows
incomplete pattern of inheritance
III. In diagram A, the parents produce offspring with phenotype in which both
parental traits appear together while in diagram B, the parents produce
offspring with phenotype that is a blending of parental traits.
IV. Diagram A describes a cross between parents of different phenotypes while
diagram B describes a cross between parents of the same
A. I C. both II and III
B. II D. both II and IV
3. A man heterozygous for blood type A marries a woman heterozygous for blood type B.
What is chance that their first child will have type O blood?
A. 0% C. 50%
B. 25% D. 75%
4. Which best describes the genetic material a person receives from his or her father?
A. 22 autosomes and an X or Y chromosome
B. 22 haploid cells and an X or Y chromosome 
C. 23 diploid cells and an X and Y chromosome
5. 22 pairs of homologous chromosomes and an X and Y chromosome
A couple has a colorblind son, but all their daughters have normal vision. What are the
genotypes of this couple?
A. X n X n and X n Y
B. X N X N and X N Y
C. X N X n and X N Y
D. X N X n and X n Y

Additional
Activities

PEDIGREE ANALYSIS
Pedigree are used to trace a gene as it is passed down throughout a family. This show
the presence or absence of a trait as it relates to the relationship among parents,
offspring, and siblings. Genotypes and phenotypes can determine by analyzing a
pedigree and predict how a trait will be passed on in the future. It makes possible to
determine how certain alleles are inherited through the information based on a pedigree:
whether they are dominant, recessive, autosomal or sex-linked.
There are common pedigree symbols used in representing family members and
relationships as shown below.

How to Read a Pedigree

 Determine whether the trait is dominant or recessive. In dominant trait, one
parent should have the trait. For the recessive trait, neither parent is required to
have the trait since they can be heterozygous.
 Determine if the chart shows an autosomal or sex-linked trait. As an example,
males are most commonly affected than females in X-linked recessive traits.
However, both males and females are equally expected to be affected in autosomal
traits.

Example: Autosomal dominant trait

  The allele for freckles (F) is dominant to the allele for no freckles (f) as the diagram
indicates the inheritance of freckles in a family.
 At the top of the pedigree is a grandmother (individual 1-2)
 Two of her three children have the trait (individuals II-3 and II-5) and
 Three of her grandchildren have the trait (individuals III-3 and III-5)

Example: X-linked recessive trait

 Colorblindness is a recessive and X-linked trait (Xb). The allele for normal vision is
dominant (XB).
 In the first generation, neither parent has the trait.
 One of their three children (II-3) is colorblind, assumed that the trait is recessive
because of the unaffected parents.
 The trait appears to affect males more than females.

Let’s practice it again! Analyze the pedigree below to answer the questions that follow.
Huntington’s disease is a disorder passed down through families on which nerve cells in certain
parts of the brain waste away or degenerate.
1. What members of the family above are affected with Huntington’s disease?
_____________________________________________________________________________________
2. There are no carriers for Huntington’s disease you either have it or you don’t. Within mind, is
Huntington’s disease caused by a dominant or recessive trait?
_____________________________________________________________________________________
3. Identify the genotypes of the following individuals using the pedigree above. (homozygous
dominant, homozygous recessive, heterozygous)
I-1: ________________________ II-3: ________________________
II-1: ________________________ III-4: _______________________
4. How many children did individuals I-1 and I-2 have? ___________________________
5. How many girls did II-1 and II-2 have? How many have Huntington’s Disease?
6. How are individuals III-2 and II-4 related? _____________ I-2 and III-5? _____________

References

Books:
Abistado, J. M., Valsoz, M. P., Aquino, M. D., & Bascara, M. A. T. (2014). Science Links 9:
Worktext in Science and technology. Manila: Rex, Book store Inc.50-53
Indge, B., & Indge, B. (2003). Schaums A-Z biology. New York: McGraw-Hill. 20;177-178
Morano, L. N., Lopez, C. S., & Tan, A. E. S. (2011). Fundamentals of Biology I. Quezon City:
Lorimar Publishing Inc.119-122.
Ramos, J. D. A., & Ramos, A. C. M. (2006). Exploring Life Through Science:Biology. Quezon, Cty:
Pheonix Publishing House, Inc. 391-393

Online Resources:
(n.d.). Retrieved from https://examples.yourdictionary.com/examples-of-incomplete-
dominance.html
Codominance Explained with Examples (With images): Horse coat colors, Chestnut horse,
Horses. (n.d.). Retrieved from https://www.pinterest.ph/pin/623115298412714054/
File:ABO blood type.svg - Wikimedia Commons. (n.d.). Retrieved from
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:ABO_blood_type.svg
free tree printable: The Giving Thanks Tree - Fun Holiday Activities for Kids - JumpStart (With
images): Holiday activities for kids, Tree templates, Thankful tree. (n.d.). Retrieved from
https://www.pinterest.com/pin/12877548907046034/
Libretexts. (2019, August 2). 9.5: Non-Mendelian Genetics. Retrieved from
https://bio.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Biotechnology/Bio-OER_(CUNY)/09:_Genetics/
9.05:_Non-Mendelian_Genetics
LiGhT ArOhL Follow. (2014, July 17). K TO 12 GRADE 9 LEARNER'S MATERIAL IN SCIENCE.
Retrieved from https://www.slideshare.net/lhoralight/science-37094718
Multiple Alleles | Biology for Majors I. (n.d.). Retrieved from
https://courses.lumenlearning.com/wm-biology1/chapter/reading-multiple-alleles/
Non-Mendelian inheritance review (article) | Khan Academy. (n.d.). Retrieved from
https://www.khanacademy.org/science/high-school-biology/hs-classical-genetics/hs-non-
mendelian-inheritance/a/hs-non-mendelian-inheritance-review
Pedigrees review (article) | Pedigrees. (n.d.). Retrieved from
https://www.khanacademy.org/science/high-school-biology/hs-classical-genetics/hs-
pedigrees/a/hs-pedigrees-review
Samanthi. (2018, November 7). Difference Between Codominance and Incomplete Dominance.
Retrieved from https://www.differencebetween.com/difference-between-codominance-and-vs-
incomplete-dominance/
Walker, J. (2020, February 25). Ultimate List of All Chicken Breeds: Coops & Cages. Retrieved
from https://www.coopsandcages.com.au/blog/ultimate-list-chicken-breeds/

Others:
Aguinaldo, Mylene J., Teacher-made SIM, Pattern of Inheritance,2020.