Allen Allen330

History
In 1675, Nicolas Lemery divided chemical substances into 3 parts.

(i) Mineral substance : which are obtained from minerals. eg. gold,
silver, iron etc.
(ii) Vegetable substance : which are obtained from vegetables. eg.

sugar, citric acid etc.
(iii) Animal substance : which are obtained from animals. eg. albumin,
gilatin etc.
History
Chemical substances were then divided into two parts :

(i) Organic compounds : which are obtained from living organism.
Example : - milk, fruits, eggs, coal, petroleum etc.
(ii) Inorganic compounds : compounds which are obtained from any

other sources except living organisms.
Example : - Table salt, carbon dioxide, diamond, Hydrochloric acid,
ammonia etc.
Vital Force Theory (VFT) in 1815
Upto 1815, any organic compound could not be synthesized in the lab.
So Berzelius suggested that there is a mysterious force in living

organisms which was named as Vital Force and said that organic
compounds cannot be synthesized in lab. This theory was called as
Vital force theory.
Urea synthesis
In 1828, German scientist Wohler synthesized an organic compound in lab,
which was 'urea'. So VFT was failed.
Synthesis of Urea
D
KCNO + (NH4)2 SO4 𝐍𝐇𝟒 𝐂𝐍𝐎
Potassium Ammonium Ammonium cyanate
cyanate Sulphate
D
𝐍𝐇𝟒 𝐂𝐍𝐎 𝐇𝟐 𝐍 𝐂 𝐍𝐇𝟐
Rearrangement
𝐎
Later on, Urea
Berthelot synthesized CH4 (methane).
Kolbe synthesized CH3COOH (acetic acid).
Introduction of Organic Compounds
Modern definition of Organic Compounds
Hydrocarbon and hydrocarbon derivatives are known as Organic

compounds.
Hydrocarbon
Organic compounds containing carbons and hydrogens only.
𝐄𝐱𝐚𝐦𝐩𝐥𝐞
C3H6, C4H8, C2H6

Introduction of Organic Compounds
Hydrocarbon Derivatives
Organic compound which are derived from hydrocarbons.
CH3Cl, CH3OH, CH3CHO, CH3CN etc.
Organometallic Compounds
Organic compounds in which carbon-metal bond is present.
CH3MgBr, (CH3)2CuLi, (CH3)2Zn

QUESTIONS
Question Identify organic compounds from following examples.
(1) CH4 (2) CH3COCl (3) CH3Cl
(4) CO2 (5) C2H2 (6) NH3
(7) NaCl (8) K2CO3 (9) H2CO3
(10) C2H5MgBr
Solution
CHARACTERISTICS OF C-ATOMS
(a) Tetra valency :
Carbon is tetravalent.
2s 2p
In ground state
First excited state
Available for bond formation

Example
CH4, CCl4, CH2Cl2, CO2

(b) Catenation :
Self linking property of C-atom is known as catenation. It is responsible

for the variety and large number of organic compounds.
Bond energy in Kcal : C—C Si—Si N—N P—P

85 54 39 50
(c) Tendency to form multiple bonds :
Structure 𝝈&𝝅 Hybridization Bond angle Shape
C 4,0 sp3 109°28’ Tetrahedral
3,1 sp2 120° Trigonal planar

C
C 2,2 sp 180° Linear
C 2,2 sp 180° Linear

QUESTIONS
QUESTION What is the hybridization of Carbon in the given compounds ?
1. H3C — C  N 2. H2C = C — CH2 — C  CH

CH3
3. H2C = C = CH2 4. H3C—CH2—C  C
Solution
sp3 sp sp2 sp sp2

1. H3C—C  N 3. H2C = C = CH2
sp2 sp2 sp3 sp sp sp3 sp3 sp sp

2. H2C = C — CH2 — C  CH 4. H3C—CH2—C  C
CH3 Lone pair is present in sp

sp3 hybridized orbital
QUESTION Which of the following organic compounds contain atleast three sp3
carbon atoms ?
(A) H2C = C = CH2 (B) H3C — C — CH3

CH2
(C) H3C — CH = CH2 (D) H3C — CH2 — CH = CH — CH2 — CH3
Solution
Representation of Organic Compounds
(i) Molecular Formula
(ii) Structural Formula
(iii) Condensed Formula
(iv) Bond line Representation

(i) Molecular Formula
It represents total number and type of different atoms present

in the compound.
𝐄𝐱𝐚𝐦𝐩𝐥𝐞 C2H6 , C2H6O , C4H9N
(ii) Structural Formula
It represents atoms along with bond present between atoms.
H H H H
C2H6  H—C—C—H C2H5OH  H—C—C—O—H
H H H H
(iii) Condensed Formula
In this type of representation complete molecule is written in

single line without showing any bond.
Groups attached to carbon atoms are written in bracket in
single line.
CH3 CH3
CH3—CH—CH3 CH3—CH2—C—CH2—CH3
CH3
H3CCH(CH3)CH3
CH3CH2C(CH3)2CH2CH3
(CH3CH2)2C(CH3)2
(iv) Bond line Representation
Frequently used representation of organic compound.
In this type of representation bonds are written in zig-zag way and

carbon and their hydrogens are not shown.
In this representation C–H bonds are not shown.

Atoms other than carbon and hydrogen are shown in formula.
Corners and sharp edges represent carbon atoms.
H3C—CH3 H3C—CH2—CH3
QUESTIONS
QUESTION Draw bond line representation of following compounds.
CH3—CH2—CH2—CH2—CH3
CH3
CH3—CH2—C—CH2—CH3
CH3
H3C—C C—CH3
OH
H3C—C=C—CH3
Cl
QUESTION Draw other representations of given compound
H3C.CH(Cl).CH(OH).CH3
Solution
H H
H | | H
Structural formula
H—C—C—C—C—H
H | | H
Cl OH
Cl
Bond-line notation
OH
Molecular formula C4H9ClO

QUESTION Draw other representations of given compound
Solution
H H H H H H
Structural formula H — C — C ==C — C — C ==C — C — C — H
H H H H H H
Condensed formula H3C.CH.CH.CH2.CH.CH.CH2.CH3
Molecular formula C7H10

QUESTION Bond line Condensed structure formula
s - (sigma) bond
It is formed by head on or axial overlapping of orbitals.
H H H
H3C— CH2 — CH3 H—C—C—C—H Total s bonds = 10
H H H
p - (Pi) bond
It is formed by sidewise or lateral overlapping of atomic orbitals.
p bond always forms after the formation of s bond.
σ bond (sigma) is stronger than π bond (pi) as overlapping is

more, electron density is more.
H
H3C— CH = CH2 H—C—C—C—H Total s bonds = 8
H H H Total p bonds = 1
sp sp sp2 sp2 sp3 Total s bonds = 10

Total p bonds = 3
HC  C — CH == CH — CH3
H
s
C
H—C
s C—H
s Total s bonds = 12
120° Total p bonds = 3
H—C
s C—H
s
C
s
H
Flat hexagonal structure due to sp2 hybridised C-atom in benzene
Structure s Bonds p Bonds sp3–C sp2–C sp–C
CH3
H3C C CH2 CH CH3 25 0 8 0 0

CH3 CH3
CH3
H3C C CH CH2 17 1 4 2 0
CH3
CH2 CH CH2 C CH 10 3 1 2 2
DEGREE OF CARBON
Primary carbon (1° Carbon) :
Carbon directly attached to one other carbon atom.
CH3—CH3
1° 1°
Secondary carbon (2° Carbon) :

Carbon directly attached to two other carbon atoms.
CH3—CH2—CH3
1° 2° 1°
DEGREE OF CARBON
Tertiary carbon (3° Carbon) :
Carbon directly attached to three other carbon atoms.
1° 3° 1°
CH3—CH—CH3
CH3
1°
Quaternary carbon (4° Carbon) :

Carbon directly attached to four other carbon atoms.
1°
CH3
1° 4° 1°
CH3—C—CH3
1°
CH3
QUESTIONS
Question Find degree of each carbon atoms in following :-
CH3 CH3
| |
CH3 — CH2 — C — CH2 — CH — CH3
|
CH3
Solution
Degree of Carbon Total No.

Primary Carbon (1°C)
Secondary Carbon (2°C)
Tertiary Carbon (3°C)
Quaternary Carbon (4°C)
DEGREE OF HYDROGEN
Primary Hydrogen (1°H) :
Hydrogens attached to 1° carbon atom.
CH3—CH3 1°H = 6
1° 1°
Secondary Hydrogen (2°H) :

CH3—CH2—CH3 2°H = 2
1° 2° 1°
Tertiary Hydrogen (3°H) :

1° 3° 1°
CH3—CH—CH3 3°H = 1
CH3
1°
QUESTION Find degree of each carbon and hydrogen atoms in following :-
Structure 1°C 2°C 3°C 4°C 1°H 2°H 3°H
CH3–CH2–CH–CH–CH2–CH3
4 3 2 0 12 6 2
CH3 CH2CH3
CH2 = CH – CH – CH = CH2
CH 3 3 1 0 6 3 1
CH2
CH3
CH3– C – CH3 4 0 0 1 12 0 0
CH3
QUESTION Find degree of each carbon atoms in following :-
NH—CH2—CH—CH3
CH3
Solution
Degree of Carbon Total No.
Primary Carbon (1°C) 3
Secondary Carbon (2°C) 5
Tertiary Carbon (3°C) 2
Quaternary Carbon (4°C) 0

QUESTION Find degree of each hydrogen atoms in following :-
NH—CH2—CH—CH3
C CH3
HC CH
HC CH
CH
Solution
Degree of Hydrogen Total No.
Primary hydrogen (1°H) 8
Secondary hydrogen (2°H) 5
Tertiary hydrogen (3°H) 1

Organic compounds
Open-chain, acyclic Closed-chain, cyclic

Or aliphatic compounds compounds
Open-chain, acyclic
or aliphatic compounds
Saturated Unsaturated
Alkane
Alkene Alkyne
𝑪𝒏 𝑯(𝟐𝒏+𝟐)
𝑪𝒏 𝑯𝟐𝒏 𝑪𝒏 𝑯(𝟐𝒏−𝟐)
Closed-chain, cyclic
compounds
Homocyclic Heterocyclic
Compound Compound
Alicyclic Aromatic Alicyclic Aromatic

Compound Compound Compound Compound
Organic Compounds
Open-chain, acyclic Closed-chain, cyclic

Or aliphatic compounds compounds
Saturated Unsaturated Homocyclic Heterocyclic

Compound Compound
Alkane Alkene Alkyne

𝑪𝒏 𝑯(𝟐𝒏+𝟐) 𝑪𝒏 𝑯𝟐𝒏 𝑪𝒏 𝑯(𝟐𝒏−𝟐) Alicyclic Aromatic Alicyclic Aromatic
Compound Compound Compound Compound
Definition
Aliphatic or open chain compounds :

Those compounds in which first & last carbon atoms are not connected
with each other. Branched or unbranched chains are possible in these
compounds.
CH3
CH3–CH2–CH2–CH3 CH3—CH2—CH—CH3 CH3—C—CH3
CH3 CH3
(Unbranched) (Branched) (Branched)

There are two varieties in these compounds –
1. Saturated Hydrocarbons :
Hydrocarbons in which carbon atoms are connected to each other by
single bonds.
𝐄𝐱𝐚𝐦𝐩𝐥𝐞 CH3-CH2-CH2-CH3 CH3-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH3
2. Unsaturated Hydrocarbons :
Hydrocarbons in which carbon atoms are connected to each other by
double or triple bonds.
𝐄𝐱𝐚𝐦𝐩𝐥𝐞 CH3-CH=CH-CH3 CH3-CH=CH-C≡CH

Closed-Chain (Cyclic) compounds
(a) Homocyclic
Cyclic compounds in which ring is made up of only one type of atoms.
(i) Alicyclic : Cyclic compounds which have properties of aliphatic

compounds are known as alicyclic compounds. These may be saturated
or unsaturated like aliphatic compounds.
(ii) Aromatic :
Aromatic homocyclic compounds are cyclic compounds containing

sigma bonds, and delocalized p electrons between carbon atoms in a
ring.
They are known as aromatic due to their pleasant smell.
They are highly stable in nature.
OH NH2
Benzene Phenol Aniline

(b) Hetero cyclic compounds :
Cyclic compounds in which complete ring is formed by carbon and other

atoms like oxygen, nitrogen, phosphorous and sulphur etc. These other
atoms are called hetero atoms.
(i) Alicyclic :
O
N
|
O H
Oxirane Tetrahydrofuran (THF) Piperidine
(ii) Aromatic :
Aromatic heterocyclic compounds are cyclic compounds containing

sigma bonds, and delocalized p electrons in a ring.
In aromatic heterocyclic compounds two or more than two types of

atoms in a ring will be present.
N
O S |
𝐍
H
Furan Thiophene Pyridine Pyrrole
QUESTIONS
QUESTION Classify the following compounds as Homocyclic, Heterocyclic, Aliphatic
saturated or Aliphatic unsaturated.
OH
O
Aliphatic Aliphatic Homocyclic Homocyclic Heterocyclic
unsaturated saturated
S N
H
Heterocyclic Aliphatic Heterocyclic Homocyclic
unsaturated
Functional groups :
Those atoms or group of atoms which are responsible for chemical
property of a molecule.
Functional groups Name Example
Click to edit Master title style

(1) — OH Alcohol
OH
Click to edit Master subtitle style
(2) — SH Thioalcohol
SH
(3) — O — ether O
(4) — X(F, Cl, Br, I) Halogen

Cl
09-11-2022 51
(5) — NH2 Amine

NH2

(6)
O
‖
Aldehyde
—C—H C O
‖
Click to edit Master subtitle style H
O
(7) ‖ Ketone
—C— O
O O
(8) ‖ Carboxylic acid
—C—OH OH
09-11-2022 52
O O
(9) ‖ = Acid Halide
—C—X Cl
(—X=F, Cl, Br, I)

(10)
O
‖ = Amide
O
—C—NH2 NH2
O O
(11) ‖ = Ester
—C—O— O
—C—O—C— O O
(12) ‖ ‖ = Acid anhydride
O O O
09-11-2022 53
(13) —C≡N(CN) = cyanide CH3–C≡N

(14) —N = C(NC) = Isocyanide CH3–NC
Click to edit Master subtitle style O

‖
(15) —SO3H = Sulphonic acid CH3–S—OH
‖
O
CH3–N O
‖
(16) —NO2 = Nitro
O
09-11-2022 54
(17) ሷ
—𝐍=O = Nitroso N O
‖
(18) —N=N — = Azo N N
‖
(19) C=N—OH = Oxime N—OH
(20) C=NH = Imine H3C–CH=NH
09-11-2022 55
(21) = Cyclic ether

O O

OH
Click = Phenol
(22) to edit Master subtitle style
(23) C=C = alkene

They are also considered as
functional group, but they are
(24) —C ≡ C = alkyne not true functional group.
09-11-2022 56
Types of amine :—NH2
(1) Primary amine :

Primary amines are obtained when one hydrogen atom in
ammonia is substituted by an alkyl or aromatic group.
H3C —CH2 —NH2 H3C —NH2
1° amine 1° amine
NH2
H2C =CH—NH2
1° amine 1° amine
09-11-2022 57
(2) Secondary amine (2°) :
Secondary amines are obtained when two hydrogen atom in


CH3 CH3
H3C N N CH2 CH3 N

H H H
2° amine 2° amine 2° amine
09-11-2022 58
(3) Tertiary amine :
Tertiary amines are obtained when three hydrogen atoms in

CH3
Click H
to3Cedit
— N Master
— CH3 subtitle style
N
3° amine 3° amine
Note
1°, 2° and 3° amines are considered as different functional group.
09-11-2022 59
Types of Amide:—CONH2
(1) Primary amide :

A primary amide is an amide in which the nitrogen is

bonded to only one carbon atom.

H3C —CH2 — C—NH2 1° amide
09-11-2022 60
(2) Secondary amide :
A Secondary amide is an amide in which the nitrogen is

bonded to two carbon atom.

H3C —CH2 — C—NH —CH3 2° amide
09-11-2022 61
(3) Tertiary amide :
A Tertiary amide is an amide in which the nitrogen is

bonded to three carbon atom.

O subtitle style
Click to edit Master
H3C —CH2 — C—N —CH3 3° amide
CH3
Note
1°, 2° and 3° amides are considered as different functional group.
09-11-2022 62
Types of Alcohol :—OH
(1) Primary alcohol :

A primary alcohol is an alcohol in which the −OH group

is bonded to primary carbon atom.
H3C —CH2 —OH 1° alcohol
09-11-2022 63
(2) Secondary alcohol :
A secondary alcohol is an alcohol in which the −OH
group is bonded to secondary carbon atom.

CH3
Click to edit Master subtitle style2° alcohol
H C — C — OH
3
H
OH
2° alcohol
09-11-2022 64
(3) Tertiary alcohol :
A Tertiary alcohol is an alcohol in which the −OH group
is bonded to tertiary carbon atom.

CH3
Click toHedit Master subtitle
C — C — CH
style
3° alcohol
3 3
OH
Note
1°, 2° and 3° alcohols are considered as same functional group.
09-11-2022 65
QUESTIONS
QUESTION Encircle the functional group present in molecule and write their name
also count total number of different functional group.
O N
H
NH2 O
Solution
QUESTION
O SH Cl
H2N OH
NC O H
Solution
QUESTION OH
NH2 N
O

HO
O
Click to editO Master subtitle
NH2 style
O
O
Solution
09-11-2022 69
Homologous series
Homologous series
The Series of compounds in which all the members can be

represented by a general formula is known as homologous
series and members of the series are known as homologues.
09-11-2022 70
Characteristics of homologous series :
(a) Two successive members (Consecutive) of same family are differ

by −CH2− unit or 14 molecular mass.

(b) If functional group is present then all the members must have
same functional group.
(c) All the members of series have same general formula.
(d) Homologues have nearly same chemical properties but there is a

regular change in physical properties.
(e) Members of homologues series have same general method of

preparation.
09-11-2022 71
Homologous series

𝑪𝑯𝟑 OH 𝑪𝑯𝟑 𝑪𝑯𝟐 𝑪𝑯𝟐 𝑶𝑯

𝑪𝑯𝟑 𝑪𝑯𝟐 OH 𝑪𝑯𝟑 𝑪𝑯𝟐 𝑪𝑯𝟐 𝑪𝑯𝟐 OH
09-11-2022 72
Homologous series
Alkane family General formula: CnH2n+2
+CH2 +CH2 +CH2

CH4 C2H6 C3H8 C4H10

Alkene family General formula: CnH2n
+CH2 +CH2 +CH2
C2H4 C3H6 C4H8 C5H10
09-11-2022 73
Homologous series
Alcohol family Gen. formula CnH2n+1OH/CnH2n+2O
+CH2 +CH2

CH3OH C2H5OH C3H7OH

Ether family Gen. formula CnH2n+2O
+CH2 +CH2
CH3OCH3 CH3OCH2CH3 CH3CH2OCH2CH3
09-11-2022 74
QUESTIONS
Practice Question
Question Which of the followings are homologous of each other?
OH OH COOH COOH
(i) (ii)

09-11-2022 76
Practice Question
COOH COOCH3 CH3 OH

(iv) OH
(iii)

09-11-2022 77
Practice Question
O O
(v) OH (vi) H
O O
OH

09-11-2022 78
NH2
(vii)
O (viii)
NH2

O
09-11-2022 79
Double bond equivalent /Index of hydrogen deficiency/ Degree of unsaturation
It is the deficiency of H2 molecule (2H) in a compound with respect to

corresponding saturated hydrocarbon (Alkane).
–2H
C3H8 : H3C – CH – CH2 H3C – CH = CH2
H H
–2H
C3H6
Calculation of DOU
Case 1 : If 2D structure is given :-
DOU = number of p bonds + number of rings
(1) (2)
Degree of unsaturation (D.O.U.)
(3)
(4)
(5)
QUESTIONS
QUESTION Find degree of unsaturation in following compounds.
COOH CN
(1) (2)
O
O
(4)
(3)
CN
H2C=HC CHO
(5)
H3C COOH
CONH2
Case 2 : If molecular formula is given :-
H+X−N
C + 1) –
DOU = (C
2
= Number of carbon atom
= Number of hydrogen atom
= Number of halogen atom
= Number of nitrogen atom

C4H8
𝟖+𝟎+𝟎
D.O.U. = (4 + 1) – 𝟐
=1
In C4H8 compound there may be one double bond present or one cyclic
ring present.
So, following structures are possible for C4H8.
QUESTION Find degree of unsaturation of following compound.
H+X−N
DOU = (C + 1) –
2
(1) C3H2Cl2
(2) C5H11N
(3) C5H4ClBr
(4) C6H6O
(5) C6H3ClBrI
Case 3 : If 3-D structure is given :-
+2H +2H
+2H
+2H +2H
Molecular formula for cube = C8H8
D.O.U. for 3D structure = Number of faces – Number of 3D boxes

Home Work
IUPAC LEC -1 ( 9th Nov. 2022)
Read IUPAC sheet from page 01-11.

Also practice illustrations given on these pages.
Solve DPP-01 : Complete
Solve: Exercise 1 (JEE Main Pattern) : Section A : Q 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 8;

Section B : Q 1, 2, 5, 8, 9 ;
Exercise 2 (JEE Main PYQs) : Q 1 ;
Exercise 3 (JEE Advanced Pattern) : Q 1, 11 ;
Exercise 4 (JEE Advanced PYQs) : Q 5 ;
Read NCERT from page 334-340.
NCERT- Solve In Text Questions : None
Exercises Questions : 12.1, 12.2.

QUESTIONS
BASED ON HOMOLOGOUS SERIES AND DU
Click to
QUESTION
edit Master
Calculate DU
title
of
style
following compounds.
H+X−N
DU = (C + 1) –
• Edit Master text styles1. 2
C3H4
• Second level
• Third level
• Fourth level 2. C2H5NO
• Fifth level
3. C2H5Cl
4. C6H6ClBr2
5. C6H4O2Cl2Br2
09-11-2022 94
Click to
QUESTION
edit Master
Which of the title
following style
are homologues of each others.
NH2 NH2
• Edit Master text styles

(1)
• Second level
• Third level
• Fourth level
• Fifth level
(2)
(3)
09-11-2022 95
Click to
QUESTION
edit Master title style
(4)
N N
• Edit Master text styles H CH3
• Second level
• Third level
• Fourth level CH3
• Fifth level (5)
N N
H H
09-11-2022 96
Click to
QUESTION
edit Master
Match the
title
column : -
style
Compound DU
CHO
(a) (P) 2
• Second level
• Third level CHO
• Fourth level (b) (Q) 7
• Fifth level
CHO CHO
(c) (R) 5
NC CN
O
(d) (S) 4
Solution
a → R, b → P, c → Q, d → S
09-11-2022 97
Click to
QUESTION
edit Master
Find DU of
title
the
style
following compound.
CN CN
(1)
CN CN
• Second level
• Third level
• Fourth level (2) C7H9OCl N Br
• Fifth level
Solution
09-11-2022 98
Click to
QUESTION
edit Master
Find DU of thetitle
followingstyle
compound.

• Second level
• Third level
• Fourth level
Solution
• Fifth level
09-11-2022 99
Click to
QUESTION
edit Master
Find DU of thetitle style
following compound.
O O
C
Cl
CHO
• Second level
• Third level
• Fourth level HOOC
• Fifth level NC CN
Solution
09-11-2022 100
Click to
QUESTION
edit Master
Find DU of the
title style
following compound.

• Second level
• Third level
• Fourth level
• Fifth level Solution
09-11-2022 101
IUPAC Nomenclature
Format for IUPAC Naming

• Second level Secondary + Primary + Word Root + Primary + Secondary
• Third level
Prefix (2°P) Prefix (1°P) Suffix (1°S) Suffix (2°S)
• Fourth level
• Fifth level
09-11-2022 102
IUPAC Nomenclature
Word Root

It represents number of carbon atoms in main chain.
• Second level No. of Carbon Root Word
• Third level
• Fourth level 1 Meth
• Fifth level
2 Eth
3 Prop
4 But
5 Pent
6 Hex
7 Hept
09-11-2022 103
IUPAC Nomenclature
No. of Carbon Root Word
Oct
• Edit Master text styles 8
• Second level 9 Non

• Third level
1 Meth 10 Dec
• Fourth level
• Fifth level 2 Eth 11 Undec
3 Prop 12 Dodec
4 But 13 Tridec
5 Pent 14 Tetradec
6 Hex 15 Pentadec
7 Hept 20 Icos
09-11-2022 104
IUPAC Nomenclature
Primary Suffix

It denotes whether the compound is saturated or unsaturated.
• Second level
C – C → ane C=C–C=C → diene
• Third level
• Fourth level
• Fifth level C = C → ene C=C–CC → enyne
C  C → yne CC–CC → diyne
09-11-2022 105
IUPAC Nomenclature
Primary Prefix

It represent nature of parent carbon chain
• Second level Nature of PCC 1° Prefix
• Third level
• Fourth level Aliphatic —
• Fifth level
Cyclic Cyclo
Bicyclic Bicyclo
Spiro Spiro
09-11-2022 106
IUPAC Nomenclature
Secondary Prefix (2° prefix)
Groups which are part of molecule but does not become part of PCC
during IUPAC naming.
Substituents are written along with their locant (position) in alphabetical
• Second level
order. Following groups are always treated as substituents in IUPAC
• Third level
nomenclature.
• Fourth level
• Fifth level Substituents Sec. Prefix Substituents Sec. Prefix
–R Alkyl
–NO2 Nitro
–CH3 Methyl
–C2H5 Ethyl –OR Alkoxy
–X Halo –OCH3 Methoxy
–F Fluoro –OC2H5 Ethoxy
–Cl Chloro —CH—CH—
Epoxy
–Br Bromo O
–I lodo –N=O Nitroso
09-11-2022 107
IUPAC Nomenclature
Secondary Suffix

It represents Principal Functional Group (PFG) in the compound.
• Second level (Based on priority table)
• Third level
• Fourth level Functional Group Prefix (2°) Suffix (2°) Special Suffix
• Fifth level R-COOH carboxy oic acid carboxylic acid
R-SO3H sulpho sulphonic acid sulphonic acid
C O C carboxylic
oic anhydride
O O anhydride
O C R 1. alkoxycarbonyl/
carbalkoxy oate carboxylate
O 2. alkanoyloxy
09-11-2022 108
IUPAC Nomenclature
Priority table

Functional Group Prefix (2°) Suffix (2°) Special Suffix
• Second level
• Third level halocarbonyl/
R-COX oyl halide carbonyl halide
• Fourth level haloformyl
• Fifth level
R-CONH2 carbamoyl amide carboxamide
R-CN cyano nitrile carbonitrile
Isonitrile,
R-NC Isocyano
carbylamine
1. oxo
R-CHO al carbaldehyde
2. formyl
09-11-2022 109
IUPAC Nomenclature
Priority table

Functional Group Prefix (2°) Suffix (2°) Special Suffix
• Second level
• Third level C oxo/keto one
• Fourth level
O
• Fifth level
R-OH hydroxy ol
R-SH mercapto thiol
R-NH2 amino amine
09-11-2022 110
IUPAC Naming of alkyl group
normal (n) :

It is used for unbranched carbon chain.
• Second level
• Third level
• Fourth level CH3 – CH2 – CH3 CH3 – CH2 – CH2 – CH3
• Fifth level
n–propane n–butane
CH3 – CH2 – CH2 – CH2 – CH3 CH3 – CH2 – CH2 – CH2 – CH2 – CH3
n–pentane n–hexane
09-11-2022 111
iso :
If one methyl group is present on second last carbon atom & no other
branching is present in the compound.
• Second level
• Third level 𝐄𝐱𝐚𝐦𝐩𝐥𝐞
• Fourth level CH3 – CH2 – CH – CH3
• Fifth level CH3 – CH – CH3 |
| CH3
CH3
Iso-butane Iso-pentane
CH3
|
CH3 – CH2 – CH2 – CH – CH3 CH3 – C – CH2 – CH – CH3
| | |
CH3 CH3 CH3
Iso-hexane Iso-octane
09-11-2022 112
‘Iso’ group as substituent :
• Edit Master text styles CH3 – CH – CH3 –H CH3 – CH – CH2 –
• Second level | |
• Third level CH3 CH3
• Fourth level
Iso-butane Iso-butyl
• Fifth level
CH3 – CH – CH2 – Cl CH3 – CH – CH2 – OH

| |
CH3 CH3
Iso-butyl chloride Iso-butyl alcohol
09-11-2022 113
Some common prefix
neo :
• Edit Master text styles If two methyl groups are present on second last carbon atom & no
• Second level other branching is present in the compound.
• Third level
• Fourth level 4° Carbon must be present for neo prefix.
• Fifth level
CH3 CH3
| |
CH3 – C – CH3 CH3 – CH2 – C – CH3
| |
CH3 CH3
neo pentane neo hexane
09-11-2022 114
‘neo’ group as substituent :
• Edit Master text styles CH3 CH3
| |
• Second level CH3 – C – CH3
–H
CH3 – C – CH2 –
• Third level | |
• Fourth level CH3 CH3
• Fifth level neo pentane neo pentyl
CH3 CH3
| |
CH3 – C – CH2 – OH CH3 – C – CH2 – CH2 – OH
| |
CH3 CH3
neo pentyl alcohol neo hexyl alcohol

09-11-2022 115
Naming of Alkyl Groups
–H
1. Alkane –ane Alkyl
+yl
• Edit Master text styles –H
CH4 —CH3
• Second level Methane Methyl
• Third level
• Fourth level
• Fifth level
CH3—CH3 –H —CH2CH3/ —C2H5

Ethane Ethyl
–H
CH3—CH2—CH3 —CH2—CH2—CH3
Propane Propyl
09-11-2022 116
2. Alkene –H Alkenyl
–e
• Edit Master text styles +yl
• Second level
• Third level –H
• Fourth level CH2==CH2 CH2==CH—
• Fifth level Ethene Ethenyl (vinyl)
–H
CH2==CH—CH3 CH2==CH—CH2 —
Propene Prop-2-enyl (allyl)
09-11-2022 117
3. Alkyne –H Alkynyl
–e
+yl
• Second level
• Third level
–H
• Fourth level CHCH —CCH
• Fifth level Ethyne Ethynyl
–H
CHCH—CH3 —CCH—CH3
Propyne Propynyl
09-11-2022 118
Secondary group :

(a) When substituents are attached on secondary carbon atom.
• Second level CH3–CH2–CH– CH3–CH2–CH2–CH–
• Third level
• Fourth level CH3 CH3
• Fifth level Secondary butyl Secondary Pentyl
CH3–CH2–CH–CH3 Secondary butyl alcohol

OH
09-11-2022 119
Tertiary group :

(a) When substituents are attached on tertiary carbon atom.
• Second level
CH3 CH3
• Third level
• Fourth level CH3—C—CH3 CH3—C—CH2—CH3
• Fifth level
Tertiary butyl Tertiary pentyl
CH3
CH3—C—Cl Tertiary butyl chloride
CH3
09-11-2022 120
• Edit Master text styles CH4

Methyl
• Second level Methane
• Third level
C2H6
• Fourth level
Ethyl
• Fifth level Ethane
CH3–CH2–CH3 n-propyl
Propane Iso-propyl
n-butyl
CH3–CH2–CH2–CH3
Butane Sec-butyl
09-11-2022 121
• Edit Master text stylesCH3–CH–CH3 Isobutyl

• Second level CH3
tert. butyl
• Third level
Isobutane
• Fourth level
• Fifth level
09-11-2022 122
QUESTIONS
Click to
QUESTION
Match the column : –
Compound Common names
• Edit Master text styles OH
• Second level (A) (P) Sec-butyl alcohol
• Third level OH
• Fourth level (B) (P) Isopropyl alcohol
• Fifth level
(C) (R) Tert-butyl alcohol
OH
(D) (S) n-butyl alcohol
OH
(1) A → R, B → P, C → Q, D → S (2) B → Q, A → P, C → S, D → R
(3) A → Q, B → P, C → S, D → R (4) A → P, B → Q, C → S, D → R
09-11-2022 124
IUPAC Naming of saturated hydrocarbon
Rule - 1

Select longest continuous parent carbon chain.
• Second level
• Fourth level
• Fifth level 1. CH3 – CH2 – CH2 – CH3 2. CH3 – CH – CH – CH3
CH3 CH3
3. CH3 – CH2 – CH – CH3 4. CH3 – CH2 – CH – CH2 – CH3

CH2 – CH3 CH2
CH2
CH3
09-11-2022 125
Rule - 2

If more than one symmetrical carbon chain is present then select that one
• Second level which has maximum number of substituents.
• Fourth level
• Fifth level 1. CH3 – CH2 – CH – CH2 – CH – CH2 – CH3
CH3 – CH CH2
CH3 CH3
2.
09-11-2022 126
Rule - 3

Numbering always Starts from terminal C-atom.
• Second level Numbering should be done according to lowest set of locant rule (LSLR).
• Fourth level
• Fifth level 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 5
1. CH3 – CH – CH2 – CH3 2. CH3 – CH – CH – CH2 – CH3
CH3 CH3 CH3
3. 4.
09-11-2022 127
Rule - 4

When two or more substituents are present at symmetrical position then
• Second level follow alphabetical order for numbering.
• Third level
• Fourth level 𝐄𝐱𝐚𝐦𝐩𝐥𝐞
• Fifth level
CH3 – CH2 – CH – CH – CH2 – CH3
CH3 CH2– CH3
09-11-2022 128
Rule - 5

If two or more than two substituents are present then they are written in
• Second level alphabetical order, along with their location.
• Fourth level
4 3 2 1
• Fifth level CH3 – CH – CH – CH3
Cl Br
5 4 3 2 1
CH3 – CH2 – CH – CH – CH3
Cl Br
09-11-2022 129
Rule - 6

If two or more than two substituents are same then use:
di for 2
• Second level
tri for 3
• Third level
tetra for 4 etc.
• Fourth level
• Fifth level 𝐄𝐱𝐚𝐦𝐩𝐥𝐞
1 2 3 4 5
CH3 – CH – CH – CH2 – CH3
CH3 CH3
1 2 3 4 5
CH3 – CH – CH2 – CH – CH3
Cl Cl
09-11-2022 130
Rule - 7

Di, tri, tetra, secondary, tertiary, normal are not counted in alphabetical
• Second level order.
• Third level Note Cyclo, iso, neo are counted in alphabetical order.
• Fourth level
• Fifth level
 ✓
Di, tri, tetra Iso
secondary, tertiary Neo
normal Cyclo
09-11-2022 131
IUPAC naming for Complex substituent
When substituents or multiple bond are present in the substituent
itself which is attached to PCC.
• Second level Numbering always starts from that carbon atom which is directly
• Third level attached to PCC.
• Fourth level
• Fifth level Substituent IUPAC Name
– CH3 methyl
– CH2 – CH3 ethyl
– CH – CH3
1-methyl ethyl
CH3
CH3
– CH – CH3 1, 1- Dimethylethyl
CH3
09-11-2022 132
IUPAC naming for Complex substituent
• Edit Master text styles Substituent IUPAC Name

• Second level
• Third level – CH –CH2 – CH3
1-methylpropyl
• Fourth level CH3
• Fifth level
– CH2 – Cl Chloromethyl
– CH2 – CH2 – Cl 2-chloroethyl
– CH – CH ==CH2
1-methylprop-2-enyl
CH3
09-11-2022 133
Rule - 8
• Edit Master text stylesIf alkyl group is complex type then their name is written in bracket.
• Second level 𝐄𝐱𝐚𝐦𝐩𝐥𝐞
• Third level
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
• Fourth level
1. CH3 – CH2 – CH2 – CH – CH2 – CH2 – CH2 – CH3
• Fifth level
1 CH – CH3 4-(1–methylethyl)
2 CH3
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
2. CH3 – CH2 – CH2 – CH – CH2 – CH2 – CH2 – CH3
H3C – C – CH3 4-(1, 1-dimethylethyl)
1
2 CH3
09-11-2022 134
Rule - 9

For similar type of complex alkyl groups use  bis for 2, tris for 3, tetrakis
• Second level for 4 etc.

• Third level
• Fifth level
4,6 – Bis (1,1 – dimethylethyl) nonane
09-11-2022 135
Rule - 10
• Edit Master text stylesIfalphabetical

di, tri, tetra are present in brackets then they are counted in
order.
• Second level
• Third level Rule - 11
• Fourth level
bis, tris, tetrakis are not counted in alphabetical rule.
• Fifth level
Cl
3–chloro–4,6–Bis(1,1–dimethylethyl) nonane
09-11-2022 136
Rule - 12

 Two digit separated by comma (1, 2)
• Second level  Digit & alphabet separated by hyphen (2-Methyl)
• Third level
 If same type of multiple bond is present then we use word root “alka”.
• Fourth level
• Fifth level  If a, e, i, o, u or y is present after ene, ane or ye then ‘e’ of ane/ene/yne
are removed.
09-11-2022 137
• Edit Master text styles QUESTIONS
• Second level
• Third level
• Fourth level
• Fifth level
09-11-2022 138
Click to
QUESTION
Write IUPAC name of following compound ?
CH3 – CH – CH2 – CH3

CH3
• Second level
• Third level Solution
• Fourth level
1 2 3 4
• Fifth level CH3 – CH – CH2 – CH3
CH3
2-Methylbutane
09-11-2022 139
Click to
QUESTION
CH3 – CH – CH2 – CH3
• Edit Master text styles CH2 – CH3
• Second level
• Third level Solution
• Fourth level
3 2 1
• Fifth level CH3 – CH – CH2 – CH3
CH2 – CH3
4 5
3-Methylpentane
09-11-2022 140
Click to
QUESTION
CH3
CH3 – C – CH2 – CH – CH3
• Second level CH3 CH3
• Third level
• Fourth level Solution
• Fifth level
CH3
CH3 – C – CH2 – CH – CH3
1 2 3 4 5
CH3 CH3
2,2,4 - trimethylpentane
09-11-2022 141
Click to
QUESTION
Me Et
• Second level
• Third level
• Fourth level
• Fifth level Solution
2,4-dimethylhexane
09-11-2022 142
Click to
QUESTION

• Second level
Br Cl
• Third level
• Fourth level Solution
• Fifth level
2-Bromo-4-chloropentane
09-11-2022 143
IUPAC
Click to edit Naming oftitle
Master Unsaturated
styleHydrocarbon
(1) Unbranched unsaturated hydrocarbon :-
• Edit Master text styles word root + 1°S (ene/yne)
• Second level Selection of PCC :

• Third level Select longest continuous carbon chain having maximum number
• Fourth level
• Fifth level of multiple bonds.
1. CH2 = CH – CH2 – CH3
2. CH2 = CH– CH2 – C ≡ C – CH3
09-11-2022 144
IUPAC
Master Unsaturated
styleHydrocarbon
Numbering in PCC:
1. Number always starts from terminal carbon atom.
2. For numbering always apply LSLR.
• Second level
I. first apply LSLR for multiple bond.
• Third level
• Fourth level II. If above set is identical then apply LSLR for substituent.
• Fifth level III. If above both sets are identical then numbering is done according
to alphabetical order.
If there is choice between ‘ene' and 'yne’ (= & ≡) then we prefer ene
3. CH2 = CH – CH2 – C ≡ CH
09-11-2022 145
Click to
QUESTION

(1) (2)
• Second level
• Third level But-1-ene
Or Pent-2-ene
• Fourth level Or
Butene
• Fifth level Or 2-pentene
1-butene
09-11-2022 146
Click to
QUESTION
(3) (4)
• Second level
Prop-1-yne Hexa-1-en-4-yne
• Third level
Or
• Fourth level 1-propyne
• Fifth level
09-11-2022 147
Click to
QUESTION
yne
(5) (6)
• Second level ene
• Third level
Pent-1-en-4-yne Hepta-3,5-dien-1-yne
• Fourth level
• Fifth level
Note
If more than one type of multiple bonds are present in PCC then ‘a’ is
written after word root.
09-11-2022 148
IUPAC
Master Unsaturated
styleHydrocarbon
(2) Branched unsaturated Hydrocarbon :-
Rule – selection of PCC:
1. Select PCC which contain maximum number of multiple bonds.
• Second level
• Third level 2. If two or more than two chain contain same number of multiple
• Fourth level bonds then select largest chain.
• Fifth level 3. If chain length also same then select one which contain
maximum number of substituent.
1. CH2 = CH – CH – CH2 – CH3
==
CH2
2. CH3 = CH – CH – CH2 – C ≡ CH
==
CH2
09-11-2022 149
IUPAC
Master Unsaturated
styleHydrocarbon
Result : Selection of PCC
• Second level
Include maximum Maximum number of
• Third level > Chain length >
• Fourth level number of M.B. substituent.
• Fifth level
09-11-2022 150
Click to
QUESTION

(1) CH3—CH2—CH2— C CH2
‖
|
• Second level CH3
• Third level 2-methylpent-1-ene
• Fourth level
• Fifth level
(2) CH3—CH2—CH2—CH2 —CH CH2
‖
|
CH CH2
‖
3-propylpenta-1,4-diene
09-11-2022 151
Click to
QUESTION
(3)
• Second level
• Third level 2-(1-methylpropyl)buta-1,3-diene
• Fourth level
• Fifth level
(4)
3-Ethenylhexa-1,4-diene
09-11-2022 152
Click to
QUESTION
(5) 3-methylenehexa-1,5-diene
• Second level
• Third level
• Fourth level Substituents Sec. Prefix
• Fifth level
=R alkylidene
=CH2 Methylene
=CH—CH3 Ethylidene
=CH—CH2—CH3 Propylidene
=CH—CH3 Isopropylidene
CH3 Or
1-methylethylidene
09-11-2022 153
Click to
QUESTION
(6)
• Second level
3-Ethylidenehepta-1,6-diene
• Third level
• Fourth level
• Fifth level
(7)
3-Ethynylpenta-1,4-diene
09-11-2022 154
IUPAC naming of cyclic hydrocarbon
Rule-1
• Edit Master text styles Selection of PCC : -
• Second level If both cyclic ring and aliphatic carbon chain are connected then
• Third level select one which is having
• Fourth level
• Fifth level
Maximum number of Maximum number of
> Longest Chain >
Multiple bond substituent.
1. 2.
09-11-2022 155
IUPAC naming of cyclic hydrocarbon
Note
• Edit Master text styles Cyclic ring and aliphatic carbon chain are never considered together
• Second level for PCC.
• Third level
• Fourth level Rule-2
• Fifth level
Numbering in PCC : - Follow LSLR in following order :
Multiple bond > Substituent > Alphabetical order
1.
09-11-2022 156
Click to
QUESTION
Write correct IUPAC name of following compounds.

• Second level (1) (2)
• Third level
• Fourth level
• Fifth level Cyclopropane Cyclopentane
09-11-2022 157
Click to
QUESTION
(3) (4)
• Second level
• Third level Cyclohex-1-ene Cyclohexa-1,3-diene
• Fourth level Or
• Fifth level Cyclohexene
09-11-2022 158
Click to
QUESTION
(5)
(6)
• Second level
• Third level
• Fourth level 1,1-Dimethylcyclopropane 1-Ethyl-2-methylcyclopropane
• Fifth level
09-11-2022 159
Click to
QUESTION
(7)
• Second level
• Third level
• Fourth level
• Fifth level
3-Ethyl-6-methylcyclohexa-1,4-diene
09-11-2022 160
Click to
QUESTION
(8) (9)
• Second level
• Third level
• Fourth level 1-Propylcyclopropane 2-Cyclopropylbutane
• Fifth level
09-11-2022 161
Click to
QUESTION
• Second level (10)
• Third level
• Fourth level
• Fifth level
1,1,4-Trimethyl-2-ethylcyclobutane
09-11-2022 162
Compound title
having style
mono functional group
IUPAC naming of compounds containing mono functional group :

W.R. + 1°S + 2°S (Suffix of functional group present in the compound.)
• Second level Rule-1

• Third level
• Fourth level Select that carbon chain (cyclic or acyclic) which includes : -
• Fifth level
Functional Maximum number of Maximum number
Group
> Multiple bond > Longest Chain > of substituent.
O O
1. OH 2. OH
09-11-2022 163
Compound title
having style
mono functional group
Rule-2

Numbering in PCC :
• Second level Follow LSLR in following order :
• Third level
Functional > >
• Fourth level > Multiple bond Substituent Alphabetical order
• Fifth level Group
O O
1. OH 2. OH
09-11-2022 164
Click to edit Master title
IUPAC Naming style Acid
of Carboxylic
(1) CARBOXYLIC ACIDS (-COOH)
• Edit Master text styles Suffix - oic acid

Special suffix - carboxylic acid
• Second level
Prefix - carboxy
• Third level
• Fourth level
O Ethanoic acid
1. H3C—C—OH (Acetic acid)
But-2-enoic acid
2. CH3—CH=CH—COOH (Crotonic acid)
09-11-2022 165
of Carboxylic
Ethane-1,2-dioic acid
• Edit Master text styles COOH or
3.
• Second level COOH Ethanedioic acid (Oxalic acid)
• Third level
• Fourth level
• Fifth level O
4. OH 2-Ethylprop-2-en-1-oic acid
CH2 O
5.
3-Methylenepent-4-enoic acid
OH
09-11-2022 166
of Carboxylic
Use of special suffix

Case - I
• Second level When C-containing functional group is directly attached to the ring.
• Third level
• Fifth level
COOH
1. Cyclohexanecarboxylic acid
COOH
2. Cyclopent-2-ene-1-carboxylic acid
09-11-2022 167
of Carboxylic
Case - 2
When more than two C-containing functional groups are directly
connected to PCC.
• Second level
• Third level
• Fifth level
COOH
1.
Propane-1,2,3-tricarboxylic acid
COOH COOH
09-11-2022 168
IUPAC Naming oftitle style
Carboxylic Acid Anhydride
(2) CARBOXYLIC ACID ANHYDRIDE

R—C—O—C—R
• Second level
• Third level O O
• Fourth level
• Fifth level Suffix - oic anhydride
Special suffix - carboxylic anhydride
09-11-2022 169
IUPAC Naming of Carboxylic Acid Anhydride
Formation of Acid Anhydride
O O
R—C—O—H R—C
• Second level +
H/D
O
• Third level R—C—O—H R—C
• Fourth level
• Fifth level O O
Oic acid Oic anhydride
Carboxylic acid Carboxylic anhydride
Note
Naming of anhydride derived from the name of carboxylic acid from which
it is synthesized.
09-11-2022 170
• Edit Master text styles O O

Methanoic anhydride
• Second level 1. C C
H O H
• Third level
• Fourth level
• Fifth level O O
2. C C Ethanoic anhydride
H3C O CH3
O
3. H2C = CH—CH2—C—O—CH2—CH3
Cl
1-Chloroethanoicprop-2-enoicanhydride
09-11-2022 171
• Edit Master text styles O

4. O O Butane-1,4-dioic anhydride
• Second level (Succinic anhydride)
• Third level
• Fourth level
• Fifth level
O
O
5. Pentane-1,5-dioic anhydride
O
09-11-2022 172
IUPAC Naming of Ester
(3) ESTER

R—O—C—R
• Second level
• Third level O
• Fourth level
Suffix - oate
• Fifth level
Special suffix - carboxylate
Prefix - 1. alkanoyloxy
2. alkoxycarbonyl
R—O—C—R
O
Alkyl Alkanoate
09-11-2022 173
O
1. C CH3 Methylethanoate
• Second level H3C O
• Third level
• Fourth level
• Fifth level O
2. C CH3 Methylmethanoate
H O
O
3. H3C C CH3
Methyl-2-bromopropanoate
CH O
Br
09-11-2022 174

• Second level 4. C O
• Third level
• Fourth level Cyclopropylcyclopro-2-ene-1-carboxylate
• Fifth level
O
5.
O
Propyl-2-methylpentanoate
09-11-2022 175
IUPAC Naming of Acid Halide
(4) ACID HALIDE

R—C—X
• Second level (X = F, Cl, Br, I)
O
• Third level
• Fourth level
• Fifth level Suffix - oyl halide
Special suffix - carbonyl halide
Prefix - halocarbonyl / haloformyl
09-11-2022 176
• Edit Master text styles CH3—C—Cl Ethanoyl chloride

• Second level 1.
O
• Third level
• Fourth level
• Fifth level
CH3—CH=CH—C—Br But-2-enoyl bromide

2.
O
3. Cl 2-Ethylprop-2-en-1-oylchloride
09-11-2022 177
O
• Second level Cl
• Third level 4.
2-cyclohexylethanoylchloride
• Fourth level
• Fifth level
5. Cl Cyclohexanecarbonyl chloride
09-11-2022 178
IUPAC Naming of Amide
(5) AMIDE
• Edit Master text styles R—C—NH2

• Second level O
• Third level
• Fourth level Suffix - amide
• Fifth level
Special suffix - carboxamide
Prefix - carbamoyl
O
Ethanamide (Acetamide)
1. C
H3C NH2
09-11-2022 179

2. H3C—NH—CHO N-Methylmethanamide
• Second level
• Third level
• Fourth level O
• Fifth level
NH2 Cyclohexanecarboxamide
3.
Cl
N
4-Chloro-N,N,5-trimethylhex-3-enamide
4.
O
09-11-2022 180
O
Benzenecarboxamide
• Second level 5.
NH2
Or
• Third level Benzamide
• Fourth level
• Fifth level
O
CH3
C6H5 N N-methylbenzamide
6.
H
09-11-2022 181
IUPAC Naming of Cyanide
(6) CYANIDE (-CN)
• Edit Master text styles Suffix - nitrile

• Second level Special suffix - carbonitrile
• Third level Prefix - cyano
• Fourth level
1. CH3—CN Ethanenitrile (methyl cyanide)
2. CH3—CH2—CH2—CN Butanenitrile
CN
3. Cyclobutanecarbonitrile
09-11-2022 182
CN
Benzenecarbonitrile
• Second level 4. Or
• Third level Benzonitrile
• Fourth level
• Fifth level
H3C
CN
5.
NC CN
CN CH3
1-Ethyl-4-methylpentane-4-ene-1,2,3,5-tetracarbonitrile
09-11-2022 183
IUPAC Naming of Aldehyde
(7) ALDEHYDE (-CHO)
• Edit Master text styles Suffix - al

• Second level Special suffix carbaldehyde
• Third level
Prefix 1. formyl
• Fourth level
• Fifth level 2. oxo
1. OHC—CH=CH2 Prop-2-enal or
2-Propenal (Acrylaldehyde)
But-2-enal or
2. OHC—CH=CH—CH3
2-Butenal (Crotonaldehyde)
09-11-2022 184
O
Benzenecarbaldehyde
• Second level 3.
H
OR
• Third level Benzaldehyde
• Fourth level
• Fifth level
O O
Pentanedial
4.
H H
5. 3-methyl-3-pentenal
H
09-11-2022 185
IUPAC Naming of Ketone
(8) KETONE

• Second level R—C—R Suffix - one
• Third level O Prefix – oxo / keto
• Fourth level
O
1. Propanone (Acetone)
C
H3C CH3
O
2. Pentan-2-one
09-11-2022 186
IUPAC Naming of Ketone
• Second level 3. Cyclopentanone

• Third level
• Fourth level O
• Fifth level
4. 4-Bromocyclopent-2-enone
Br
O
5.
3-(1,1,-dimethylethyl)-4-(1-methylethyl)cyclopentanone
09-11-2022 187
IUPAC Naming of Alcohol
(9) ALCOHOL (–OH)

Suffix – ol
• Second level Prefix – hydroxy
• Third level
• Fifth level
Methanol
1. CH3—OH (Methyl alcohol / Wood spirit)
Ethanol
2. CH3—CH2—OH (Ethyl alcohol / Grain alcohol)
3. H3C—CH2—C—CH2—OH 2–Ethylprop–2–en–1–ol
CH2
09-11-2022 188
IUPAC Naming of Alcohol
CH2
4. Cl—CH2—CH—C—CH3 1-Chloro-3-methylbut-3-en-2-ol
• Edit Master text styles OH
• Second level
• Third level
• Fourth level
OH
• Fifth level
5. 3,4-Dimethyl-1-penten-3-ol
OH
Propane-1,2,3-triol or
6. HO—CH2—CH—CH2—OH 1,2,3-Propanetriol (Glycerol/Glycerine)
09-11-2022 189
IUPAC Naming of Amine
(10) AMINE (-NH2)
• Edit Master text stylesSuffix - amine

• Second level Prefix - amino
• Third level
• Fifth level
1. H2N—CH2—CH2—CH3 Propan-1-amine
2. H2C—CH2—CH2—CH2—NH—CH2—CH3 N-Ethylbutan-1-amine
CH3
3. H3C—CH2—CH2—N—CH2—CH3 N-Ethyl-N-methylpropan-1-amine
09-11-2022 190
IUPAC Naming of Ether
(11) Ether (R-O-R) R—O—R
• Second level Alkoxy Alkane
• Third level 1
1. H3C—O—CH3 Methoxymethane
• Fourth level
• Fifth level
1 2
2. H3C—O—CH2—CH3 Methoxyethane
2 1
3. H3C—O—CH—CH3 2-Methoxypropane
3CH
3
1 2
4. H3C—O—CH2—CH2—O—CH3 1,2-Dimethoxyethane
09-11-2022 191
Home Work
IUPAC LEC -2 ( 10th Nov. 2022)
Read IUPAC sheet from page 11-21.

Also practice illustrations given on these pages.
Solve DPP-02 : Complete
Solve: Exercise 1 (JEE Main Pattern) : Section A : Q 7, 11, 12, 15;

Section B : Q 3, 7 ;
Exercise 2 (JEE Main PYQs) : Q 2 – 7, 9, 11- 15, 18 ;
Exercise 3 (JEE Advanced Pattern) : Q 2, 3, 12, 18 ;
Exercise 4 (JEE Advanced PYQs) : Q 1, 2 ;
Read NCERT from page 341-344.
NCERT- Solve In Text Questions : None
Exercises Questions : 12.3, 12.4, 12.5.

Allen Allen330

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Allen Allen330

Uploaded by

Document Information

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Allen Allen330

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

History

In 1675, Nicolas Lemery divided chemical substances into 3 parts.

(ii) Vegetable substance : which are obtained from vegetables. eg.

Chemical substances were then divided into two parts :

(ii) Inorganic compounds : compounds which are obtained from any

So Berzelius suggested that there is a mysterious force in living

Hydrocarbon and hydrocarbon derivatives are known as Organic

C3H6, C4H8, C2H6

CH3Cl, CH3OH, CH3CHO, CH3CN etc.

CH3MgBr, (CH3)2CuLi, (CH3)2Zn

(4) CO2 (5) C2H2 (6) NH3

(7) NaCl (8) K2CO3 (9) H2CO3

First excited state

Available for bond formation

CH4, CCl4, CH2Cl2, CO2

Self linking property of C-atom is known as catenation. It is responsible

Bond energy in Kcal : C—C Si—Si N—N P—P

Structure 𝝈&𝝅 Hybridization Bond angle Shape

C 4,0 sp3 109°28’ Tetrahedral

3,1 sp2 120° Trigonal planar

C 2,2 sp 180° Linear

C 2,2 sp 180° Linear

1. H3C — C  N 2. H2C = C — CH2 — C  CH

sp3 sp sp2 sp sp2

sp2 sp2 sp3 sp sp sp3 sp3 sp sp

CH3 Lone pair is present in sp

(A) H2C = C = CH2 (B) H3C — C — CH3

(i) Molecular Formula

(ii) Structural Formula

(iii) Condensed Formula

(iv) Bond line Representation

(i) Molecular Formula

It represents total number and type of different atoms present

𝐄𝐱𝐚𝐦𝐩𝐥𝐞 C2H6 , C2H6O , C4H9N

(ii) Structural Formula

It represents atoms along with bond present between atoms.

(iii) Condensed Formula

In this type of representation complete molecule is written in

Frequently used representation of organic compound.

In this type of representation bonds are written in zig-zag way and

In this representation C–H bonds are not shown.

Corners and sharp edges represent carbon atoms.

Molecular formula C4H9ClO

Condensed formula H3C.CH.CH.CH2.CH.CH.CH2.CH3

Molecular formula C7H10

It is formed by head on or axial overlapping of orbitals.

It is formed by sidewise or lateral overlapping of atomic orbitals.

p bond always forms after the formation of s bond.

σ bond (sigma) is stronger than π bond (pi) as overlapping is

sp sp sp2 sp2 sp3 Total s bonds = 10

Structure s Bonds p Bonds sp3–C sp2–C sp–C

H3C C CH2 CH CH3 25 0 8 0 0

Secondary carbon (2° Carbon) :

Quaternary carbon (4° Carbon) :

Degree of Carbon Total No.

Secondary Hydrogen (2°H) :

Tertiary Hydrogen (3°H) :

Structure 1°C 2°C 3°C 4°C 1°H 2°H 3°H

Degree of Carbon Total No.

Primary Carbon (1°C) 3