AR 111

THEORY OF
ARCHITECTURE
01

PREPARED BY: AR. JAS REYES

PHOTO: CULTURAL CENTER OF THE PHILIPPINES

Intended Learning
Outcome
At the end of the module, the
student should be able to:

Identify the elements of Discuss the elements of Translate the elements of

design and properties of design and properties of design and properties of
form (C) form (C, A) form into illustrations or

models (P)

by: Ar. Jas Reyes

MODULE 02 01

2.2.1 ELEMENTS OF DESIGN

KEY TOPICS

A. PRIMARY ELEMENTS OF DESIGN

B. PROPERTIES OF FORM
C. RELATIONAL PROPERTIES OF FORM

2.2.2 FORM AND SPACE

A. TRANSFORMATION OF FORM
B. ORGANIZATION OF FORMS
C. POSSIBILITIES OF GROUPINGS OF FORMS

by: Ar. Jas Reyes

2.2.2.
FORM AND
SPACE
by: Ar. Jas Reyes
 TRANSFORMATION OF FORM
25

ECAPS DNA SMROF ;NGISED FO STNEMELE :2 ELUDOM

by: Ar. Jas Reyes
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TRANSFORMATION 25

OF FORM
Dimensional Transformation
Subtractive Transformation
Additive Transformation
All other forms can be understood to be transformations of the primary solids, variations that are
generated by the manipulation of one or more dimensions or by the addition or subtraction of
elements.

by: Ar. Jas Reyes

TRANSFORMATION OF FORM
DIMENSIONAL TRANSFORMATION

ECAPS DNA SMROF ;NGISED FO STNEMELE :2 ELUDOM

A form can be transformed by altering one or more of its dimensions and still retain its identity as a25
member of a family of forms. A cube, for example, can be transformed into similar prismatic forms
through discrete changes in height, width, or length. It can be compressed into a planar form or be
stretched out into a linear one.

source: Ching, F. (2015). Architecture Form, Space & Order, 4th Ed. Hoboken, New Jersey: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

by: Ar. Jas Reyes

TRANSFORMATION OF FORM
DIMENSIONAL TRANSFORMATION

ECAPS DNA SMROF ;NGISED FO STNEMELE :2 ELUDOM

Dimensional
Transformation of a
spherical form in to
ellipsoid form by
elongating it along an
axis
source: Ching, F. (2015). Architecture Form, Space & Order, 4th Ed. Hoboken, New Jersey: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

by: Ar. Jas Reyes

TRANSFORMATION OF FORM
DIMENSIONAL TRANSFORMATION

ECAPS DNA SMROF ;NGISED FO STNEMELE :2 ELUDOM

Dimensional Transformation of a cube into
other rectangular, prismatic form by shorting
or elongating its height, width, or length

The Barcelona Pavilion, Spain

Designed by Ludwig Mies De Rohe by: Ar. Jas Reyes
TRANSFORMATION OF FORM
DIMENSIONAL TRANSFORMATION

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source: https://senacatal.wordpress.com/2017/11/09/arch-481-barcelona-pavilion-precedent-analysis/

by: Ar. Jas Reyes

TRANSFORMATION OF FORM
DIMENSIONAL TRANSFORMATION

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source: https://senacatal.wordpress.com/2017/11/09/arch-481-barcelona-pavilion-precedent-analysis/

by: Ar. Jas Reyes

TRANSFORMATION OF FORM
DIMENSIONAL

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TRANSFORMATION

Benetton Group Headquarters in Tehran, Iran

Designed by AquiliAlberg by: Ar. Jas Reyes
TRANSFORMATION OF FORM
SUBTRACTIVE TRANSFORMATION

ECAPS DNA SMROF ;NGISED FO STNEMELE :2 ELUDOM

A form can be transformed by subtracting a portion of its volume. Depending on the extent of the
subtractive process, the form can retain its initial identity or be transformed into a form of another
25
family. For example, a cube can retain its identity as a cube even though a portion of it is removed,
or be transformed into a series of regular polyhedrons that begin to approximate a sphere.

source: Ching, F. (2015). Architecture Form, Space & Order, 4th Ed. Hoboken, New Jersey: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

by: Ar. Jas Reyes

TRANSFORMATION OF FORM
SUBTRACTIVE

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TRANSFORMATION
When the regular forms have fragments
missing from their volumes, they can retain
their identity if we perceive them as if they
were whole and complete, we refer to these
mutilated form as subtractive forms.

CCTV Headquarters, Beijing, China

Designed by Rem Koolhaas, Ole Scheeren, Cecil Balmond by: Ar. Jas Reyes
TRANSFORMATION OF FORM
SUBTRACTIVE

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TRANSFORMATION

Gwathmey Residence, New York

Designed by Ar. Charles Gwathmey

by: Ar. Jas Reyes

TRANSFORMATION OF FORM
SUBTRACTIVE TRANSFORMATION

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Shodhan House, Ahemdabad
Designed by Le Corbusier

by: Ar. Jas Reyes

TRANSFORMATION OF FORM
ADDITIVE TRANSFORMATION

ECAPS DNA SMROF ;NGISED FO STNEMELE :2 ELUDOM

A form can be transformed by the addition of elements to its volume. The nature of the additive
process and the number and relative sizes of the elements being attached determine whether the
25
identity of the initial form is altered or retained.

source: Ching, F. (2015). Architecture Form, Space & Order, 4th Ed. Hoboken, New Jersey: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

by: Ar. Jas Reyes

 ECAPS DNA SMROF ;NGISED FO STNEMELE :2 ELUDOM
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POSSIBILITIES OF
GROUPINGS OF FORM

by: Ar. Jas Reyes

ADDITIVE FORM

POSSIBILITIES OF

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GROUPINGS OF FORM 25

While a subtractive form results from the removal of a portion of its original volume, an additive form
is produced by relating or physically attaching one or more subordinate forms to its volume. The
basic possibilities for grouping two or more forms are by:

Spatial Tension
Edge-to-edge Contact
Face-to-face Contact
Interlocking Volumes

by: Ar. Jas Reyes

POSSIBILITIES OF GROUPINGS OF FORM
SPATIAL TENSION

ECAPS DNA SMROF ;NGISED FO STNEMELE :2 ELUDOM

This type of relationship relies on the close proximity of the forms or their sharing of a common 25
visual trait, such as shape, color, or material.

source: Ching, F. (2015). Architecture Form, Space & Order, 4th Ed. Hoboken, New Jersey: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

by: Ar. Jas Reyes

POSSIBILITIES OF GROUPINGS OF FORM
SPATIAL TENSION

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Petronas Tower, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
Designed by Le César Pelli

by: Ar. Jas Reyes

POSSIBILITIES OF GROUPINGS OF FORM
EDGE-TO-EDGE CONTACT

ECAPS DNA SMROF ;NGISED FO STNEMELE :2 ELUDOM

In this type of relationship, the forms share a common edge and can pivot about that edge. 25

source: Ching, F. (2015). Architecture Form, Space & Order, 4th Ed. Hoboken, New Jersey: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

by: Ar. Jas Reyes

POSSIBILITIES OF GROUPINGS OF FORM
EDGE-TO-EDGE CONTACT

ECAPS DNA SMROF ;NGISED FO STNEMELE :2 ELUDOM

University of Massachusettes Amherst, College of Natural Sciences
by: Ar. Jas Reyes
POSSIBILITIES OF GROUPINGS OF FORM
FACE-TO-FACE CONTACT

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This type of relationship requires that the two forms have corresponding planar surfaces that are
parallel to each other.

source: Ching, F. (2015). Architecture Form, Space & Order, 4th Ed. Hoboken, New Jersey: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

by: Ar. Jas Reyes

POSSIBILITIES OF GROUPINGS OF FORM
FACE-TO-FACE CONTACT

ECAPS DNA SMROF ;NGISED FO STNEMELE :2 ELUDOM

by: Ar. Jas Reyes
POSSIBILITIES OF GROUPINGS OF FORM
INTERLOCKING VOLUMES

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In this type of relationship, the forms interpenetrate each other’s space. The forms need not share
any visual traits.

source: Ching, F. (2015). Architecture Form, Space & Order, 4th Ed. Hoboken, New Jersey: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

by: Ar. Jas Reyes

POSSIBILITIES OF GROUPINGS OF FORM
INTERLOCKING VOLUMES

ECAPS DNA SMROF ;NGISED FO STNEMELE :2 ELUDOM

Seoul Residential Tower,
Seoul, South Korea
Designed Architect Bjarke
Ingels Group (BIG)

by: Ar. Jas Reyes

POSSIBILITIES OF GROUPINGS OF FORM
INTERLOCKING VOLUMES

ECAPS DNA SMROF ;NGISED FO STNEMELE :2 ELUDOM

Seoul Residential Tower, Seoul, South Korea
Designed Architect Bjarke Ingels Group (BIG) by: Ar. Jas Reyes
 ORGANIZATION OF FORM
25

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by: Ar. Jas Reyes
ORGANIZATION OF FORM

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Centralized Form Cluster Form
Linear Form Grid Form
Radial Form
Additive forms resulting from the accretion of discrete elements can be characterized by their
ability to grow and merge with other forms. For us to perceive additive groupings as unified
compositions of form—as figures in our visual field—the combining elements must be related to
one another in a coherent manner.
These diagrams categorize additive forms according to the nature of the relationships that exist
among the component forms as well as their overall configurations. This outline of formal
organizations should be compared with a parallel discussion of spatial organizations

by: Ar. Jas Reyes

ORGANIZATION OF FORM
CENTRALIZED FORM

ECAPS DNA SMROF ;NGISED FO STNEMELE :2 ELUDOM

A number of secondary forms clustered about a dominant, central parent-form. 25

source: Ching, F. (2015). Architecture Form, Space & Order, 4th Ed. Hoboken, New Jersey: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

by: Ar. Jas Reyes

ORGANIZATION OF FORM

ECAPS DNA SMROF ;NGISED FO STNEMELE :2 ELUDOM

CENTRALIZED
FORM
Centralised forms are often
freestanding, and isolated
within their context.

The Rotunda: Villa Capra, Italy

by Andrea Palladio by: Ar. Jas Reyes
ORGANIZATION OF FORM
CENTRALIZED FORM

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S. Maria Della Salute, Venice
by Baldessare Longhena

by: Ar. Jas Reyes

ORGANIZATION OF FORM
CENTRALIZED FORM

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Tempietto S. Pietro, Montorio, Rome
by Donato Bramante

by: Ar. Jas Reyes

ORGANIZATION OF FORM
LINEAR FORM

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A series of forms arranged sequentially in a row. 25

source: Ching, F. (2015). Architecture Form, Space & Order, 4th Ed. Hoboken, New Jersey: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

by: Ar. Jas Reyes

ORGANIZATION OF FORM

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A linear form is often a response to a topography or site context.
LINEAR FORM They tend to demonstrate a selection of forms along a line.

A linear form can result from a

proportional change in forms
dimensions.

Arrangement of series of
forms along a line.

source: Ching, F. (2015). Architecture Form, Space & Order, 4th Ed. Hoboken, New Jersey: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

by: Ar. Jas Reyes

ORGANIZATION OF FORM

ECAPS DNA SMROF ;NGISED FO STNEMELE :2 ELUDOM

LINEAR FORM
A linear form can be used to front or
define an edge of an exterior space
or define a plane of entry to the
space behind it.

A linear form can be

manipulated to enclosed
space.

source: Ching, F. (2015). Architecture Form, Space & Order, 4th Ed. Hoboken, New Jersey: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

by: Ar. Jas Reyes

ORGANIZATION OF FORM

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LINEAR FORM
A linear growth: repetition of forms.

A linear forms experssing procession or movement

A linear form can be oriented

vertically as tower elements to A linear form can act as organizing elements to which
fix a point in space. a variety of forms can be attached.
source: Ching, F. (2015). Architecture Form, Space & Order, 4th Ed. Hoboken, New Jersey: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

by: Ar. Jas Reyes

ORGANIZATION OF FORM
LINEAR FORM

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Burroughs adding
machine company,
Plymouth, Michigan
by Albert Kahn

by: Ar. Jas Reyes

ORGANIZATION OF FORM
LINEAR FORM

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Runcorn New Town Housing, England
by James Stirling by: Ar. Jas Reyes
ORGANIZATION OF FORM
LINEAR FORM

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Agora of Assos, Asia Minor
2nd Century BC

by: Ar. Jas Reyes

ORGANIZATION OF FORM
LINEAR FORM

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Henry Babson House, Riverside, Illinois
by Louis Sullivan

by: Ar. Jas Reyes

ORGANIZATION OF FORM
RADIAL FORM

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A composition of linear forms extending outward from a central form in a radial manner. 25

source: Ching, F. (2015). Architecture Form, Space & Order, 4th Ed. Hoboken, New Jersey: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

by: Ar. Jas Reyes

ORGANIZATION OF FORM
RADIAL FORM

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UNESCO HEADQUARTERS, Paris

by Marcel Brever
source: Ching, F. (2015). Architecture Form, Space & Order, 4th Ed. Hoboken, New Jersey: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

by: Ar. Jas Reyes

ORGANIZATION OF FORM
RADIAL FORM

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St. Andrew Apostle Church, Bel-Air II, Makati, Metro Manila
by Leandro Locsin by: Ar. Jas Reyes
ORGANIZATION OF FORM
CLUSTERED FORM

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A collection of forms grouped together by proximity or the sharing of a common visual trait. 25

source: Ching, F. (2015). Architecture Form, Space & Order, 4th Ed. Hoboken, New Jersey: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

by: Ar. Jas Reyes

ORGANIZATION OF FORM
CLUSTERED FORM

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Related by proximity Interlock their volume

Attached as
alone to articulate and and merge into single
appendages to larger
express their volume as form that have variety
parent from or space
individuals. of face.

source: Ching, F. (2015). Architecture Form, Space & Order, 4th Ed. Hoboken, New Jersey: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

by: Ar. Jas Reyes

ORGANIZATION OF FORM
CLUSTERED FORM

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These forms are visually ordered into

Consists of forms that are coherent, non-hierarhical organization not
generally equivalent in size, only by their close proximity to one
shape, and function another but also by their similarity of their
visual properties

source: Ching, F. (2015). Architecture Form, Space & Order, 4th Ed. Hoboken, New Jersey: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

by: Ar. Jas Reyes

ORGANIZATION OF FORM
CLUSTERED FORM

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G N Black House,
Massauchusetts
by Peabody and Stearns

by: Ar. Jas Reyes

ORGANIZATION OF FORM
CLUSTERED FORM

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Santorini Greece
by: Ar. Jas Reyes
ORGANIZATION OF FORM
CLUSTERED FORM

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Trulli Village Resort, Italy

by: Ar. Jas Reyes
ORGANIZATION OF FORM
CLUSTERED FORM

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Habitat, Montereal, Canada
by Moshe Safdie by: Ar. Jas Reyes
ORGANIZATION OF FORM
GRID FORM

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A set of modular forms related and regulated by a three-dimensional grid. 25

source: Ching, F. (2015). Architecture Form, Space & Order, 4th Ed. Hoboken, New Jersey: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

by: Ar. Jas Reyes

ORGANIZATION OF FORM
GRID FORM

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Nakagin Capsule Bldg, Tokyo
by Kisho Kurokawa

by: Ar. Jas Reyes

ORGANIZATION OF FORM
GRID FORM

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Hattenback
Residence, California
by Raymond Kappe

by: Ar. Jas Reyes

END OF MODULE 2