Scribd Logo
Upload

Welcome to Scribd!

  • 224 views

    Chapter 5. Lesson 3 Word Formation Process

    Uploaded by

    Chavie Magallanes
    The document discusses various word formation processes including: 1) Derivation - forming new words by adding affixes like suffixes or prefixes to root words. 2) Back formation - creating new words by removing affixes from existing words. 3) Clipping - shortening words while retaining their meaning. 4) Coinage - creating words from brand names that become generic.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd

    Chapter 5. Lesson 3 Word Formation Process

    Uploaded by

    Chavie Magallanes
    224 views5 pages
    The document discusses various word formation processes including: 1) Derivation - forming new words by adding affixes like suffixes or prefixes to root words. 2) Back formation - creating new words by removing affixes from existing words. 3) Clipping - shortening words while retaining their meaning. 4) Coinage - creating words from brand names that become generic.

    Original Description:

    word formation

    Original Title

    Chapter 5. Lesson 3 Word formation Process

    Copyright

    © © All Rights Reserved

    Available Formats

    PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd

    Did you find this document useful?

    Is this content inappropriate?

    The document discusses various word formation processes including: 1) Derivation - forming new words by adding affixes like suffixes or prefixes to root words. 2) Back formation - creating new words by removing affixes from existing words. 3) Clipping - shortening words while retaining their meaning. 4) Coinage - creating words from brand names that become generic.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    224 views5 pages

    Chapter 5. Lesson 3 Word Formation Process

    Uploaded by

    Chavie Magallanes
    The document discusses various word formation processes including: 1) Derivation - forming new words by adding affixes like suffixes or prefixes to root words. 2) Back formation - creating new words by removing affixes from existing words. 3) Clipping - shortening words while retaining their meaning. 4) Coinage - creating words from brand names that become generic.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    of 5

    Chapter 5.

    Lesson 3 Word formation Process

    WORD FORMATION PROCESS

    Word formation process is one of the branches of lexicology, which explores the construction of words. It refers to
    the means of creating new words which observe certain structural formulas and semantic configurations.

    Derivation

    Word derivation is the process of forming words by adding derivational affixes to the base or root word to form a
    new word.

    Examples:

    Adding suffixes such as:

    -hood (status)

    Ex. Brotherhood, motherhood

    -ship (state or condition)

    Ex. Friendship, ownership

    -ness (quality, state or condition)

    Ex. Wildness, carelessness

    Derivation produces new words having similar grammatical form, such as noun to noun, or of different grammatical
    forms, such as verb to noun.

    Examples:

    Verb to verb : appear disappear

    Noun to noun : friend friendship

    Adjective to adjective : practical impractical

    Back Formation

    Back-formation is the opposite of the word derivation. New lexemes are created by removing affixes and shortening
    some words.

    Examples of back formation include:

    Original word Back formation

    Babysitter - babysit

    Donation - donate

    Gambler - gamble
    Clipping

    Clipping is a process of word formation in which an existing word is reduced or shortened usually to a single syllable
    without changing the meaning of the word. This was originally done to save time and space. Clipping is distinguished
    from back-formation is a way that the meaning of the original word is kept.

    Examples:

    Alligator – gator examination - exam

    Gasoline – gas gymnasium - gym

    Influenza - flu laboratory – lab

    Coinage

    Coinage is a word-formation process where a certain word is created though brand names of the items that people
    usually use until it becomes a generic name.

    Examples:

    Aspirin Google Xerox

    Escalator Frisbee Muggle

    heroin Band-aid Kerosene

    Blending

    Blending is a blend of two or more words generate a new one. In blending, parts of two or more words are combined
    to build a new word meaning of which is often a combination of the original words.

    There are of course other techniques in crating blends. These include taking both the beginning of a word such as
    “cyborg” from cybernetic and organism. Another is taking the whole and combining it with a part of another just like
    the blended word “guesstimate” form the word and estimate.

    Examples:

    Slithy (lithe + slimy)

    Hazmat (hazardous + material)

    Advertisement (advertisement + entertainment)

    Compounding

    Compounding is a word-formation using the combination of two or more lexemes. Compound words may be written
    as two words joined by a hyphen or one word. Usually, the meaning of the new words is taken from the combined
    meaning of the two parts.

    Examples:

    Notebook (note + book) noun + noun


    Breastfeed (breast + feed) noun + verb

    Stir-fry (stir + fry) verb + verb

    However, there are also instances that a new formed word has a specific meaning that is different from the base-
    words.

    Examples:

    Blueberry (blue + berry) adjective +noun

    Breakup (break + up) verb + preposition

    Outrun (out + run) preposition + preposition

    Compounding could be synthetic when the head lexeme is derived from a verb but the compound result is a noun
    for example hand-washing, user-driven, home-made, etc. it is considered as attributive compound when the non-
    head works as a modifier such as snail-mail, windmill, etc. it is endocentric when the compound takes the meaning
    of its head in the original form such as the word blackbird and pumpboat. It is exocentric compounding when the
    head does not convey the meaning, such as pickpocket, quarterback, scarecrow, and etc.

    Conversion

    in some languages, it is possible to form new lexeme merely by shifting the word category without adding any affixes.
    This is called conversion.

    Examples:

    My friend bottled (v) the soda and canned (v) the sardines.

    Billy filled the soda in a bottle (n) and the sardines in a can (n).

    He microwaved (v) his dinner by heating his food in the microwave (n)

    Conversion from noun to verb includes:

    Bottle -to bottle

    Email -to email

    Google -to google

    Knife -to knife

    Other conversions

    Conversions also occur to and from other grammatical forms, although the frequency is very less.

    Examples:

    Green to green (adjective to verb)

    - We need to green our environment

    Up and down (preposition to noun)

    - Everybody experiences the ups and downs of life.


    If, and but (conjunction to noun)

    - Just do it, no ifs and buts.

    Acronyms

    Forming words through acronyms is a phenomenon during 20th century, which is a practice that continues up to the
    present. Acronyms are words formed from the initials of certain names.

    Examples:

    COVID19 (Corona Virus Disease 2019)

    NASA (National Aeronotics and Space Administration)

    ATM (Automated Teller Machine)

    HIV (Human Immunodeficiency Virus)

    Recently, due to social media communication, acronyms have evolves to pseudonyms. These words consist of
    sewuence of representative characters such as:

    Du30 (Duterte)

    Q8 (Kuwait)

    ILY (I LOVE you)

    There are also a few reverse acronyms which start with words that represent all the letters.

    Examples:

    Health Opportunity for People Everywhere (HOPE)

    People United to Serve Humanity (PUSH)

    Excellent Communicators of English Language (ExCEL)

    Eponyms

    Eponyms are words created from the names of real or fictitious characters. These are from proper nouns which
    involve some degree of change in the meaning of the word.

    Examples:

    Atlas - Atlas

    Boycott - Charles C. Boycott

    Jacuzzi - Candido Jacuzzi

    Sadistic - Marquis de sade

    Borrowing
    Borrowing, also called loan words, is common in the English language. These borrowed words are from other
    languages.

    Examples:

    Balcony. Opera, violin, spaghetti, macaroni (Italian)

    Sushi, karaoke, tycoon, karate, soy, tsunami (Japanese)

    Estafa, sari-sari, halo-halo, gimmick, buko juice (Filipino)

    Calquing

    Calquing is also called loan translation. It is closed to borrowing, however, the borrowed word is translated from the
    original to another language that fits the characteristics of the new word. Sometimes the changes fall on the sound
    or articulation of the words. Words are usually calqued from other languages aside form English.

    Examples:

    Blue-blood - (sangre azul) Spanish

    Free verse - (vers libre) French

    Pineapple - (pijnappel) Dutch

    Wisdom tooth - (dens sapeintiae) Latin

    Nonce Words

    Nonce words are new words created for the nonce or single occasion.

    Examples:

    Cotton- wool (to stuff or close the ears with cotton-wool)

    Jabberwock ( the name of the fabulous monster in lewis Carroll’s poem. Jabberwocky. It means invented
    language, meaningless.)

    Nonsensical (behavior or topsy-turvy)

    You might also like