Estimation-Costing 93

94 Civil Booster (Civil Ki Goli Publication 9255624029)

Basic Measurement
& Work 1
IS : 1200 – 1974  measurement for civil work.
Basic Conversion
(Length)
1 meter = 3.281 ft; 1ft = 0.3048 m
1 km = 0.622 mile; 1mile = 1.6093 km
1cm = 0.394 in; 1 inch = 2.54 cm
1 mm = 1000  (micron) 1micron () = 10-6m
(Area)
1m2 = 10.764 ft2; 1ft2 = 0.0929 m2
1 km2 = 106 m2 = 100ha;
1 ha = 104m2 = 2.47 acres; 1 acre = 4840sq yards = 0.4047ha
(Volume and Discharge)
1m3 = 35.307 ft3; 1ft3 = 0.028232m3
1cumec = 35.307cusecs; 1cusec = 0.02832 cumec
1ha.m = 8.13 acre ft;
1m3 = 1000litres (L) 1gallon = 4.546 litres
 The first stage of construction is the initiation of the proposal
Description Unit
Earthwork, Stone/Brick Work, Wood Work/Sunshade m3
Surface/Shallow Excavation, shutter, panal, batten m2
Pointing, Soling, DPC, Plastering, door, window m2
Steel/Iron Work kg/Quintal
Dressing of stone/Half Brick wall/partition wall m2
Painting Work/Distemper/Colour Washing/Jali Work m2
 Cornice (unit running meter), Cleaning & fixing Glass panel – No.
 Dados shall be measured in running metres & glazing is measured in m2
 Skirting shall be measured in running metres, stating height.
 Cutting of tree - No., Lime concrete in Jefferies of roof terracing-(m2).
 Estimation-Costing 95

Damp Proofing: Damp proofing in construction is a type of moisture

control technique applied to building walls, floors & roads to prevent mois-
ture from passing into the interior space by using damp proofing materials.It
is provided at plinth level.
Damp Proofing Materials:
1. Flexible material like butyl rubber, hot bitumen, plastic sheets etc.
2. Rigid materials, like impervious bricks stones, slates, cement morter, or
cement concrete painted with bitumen.
3. Semi-rigid materials like mastic asphalt.
4. Flexible material used for damp proofing is bitumen sheeting
5. The maximum size of the aggregate used in a DPC is about 20 mm
6. The most commonly used damp proofing material is bitumen
Binding wire (Steel work) - Binding wire required for (1000 kg) of
reinfrocement = 9 to 13 kg (depending upon diameter of bar). Greater the
diameter of bar, lesser will be the weight of binding wire required.
Special points:
(i) Order of Booking the Dimension in MB = L, B, H
(ii) If depth of excavation < 30 cm, surface excavation (unit m2)
(iii) In Earthwork, Lead & Lift is 30 m & 1.5 m respectively.
(iv) Surface dressing up to 15 cm depth and surface excavation up to
30 cm depth measurements for payments is in the square meter
(v) The maximum depth of borrow pit and horizontal distance between
two borrow pits is 30 to 60cm. and 5m
(vi) Number of Bricks using flat soling & edge soling (using conventional
brick) 38 & 56 respectively.
(vii) For doors & window, we use 6 & 4 hold fast respectively.
(viii) Truck: No. of bricks = 4000, volume of sand = 3-5 m3 (generally)
(ix) In steel roof truss about 5% of steel volume is provided for Rivets &
Bolts.
 Formula for weight of steel bar per meter length = (d2/162) kg.

Degree of Accuracy
Wood Work: 2mm, Weight – 1 kg
length – 1 cm, Area – 0.01 m2, Volume – 0.01 m3
The thickness of slab and beams must be measured to the nearest of 0.01
m.
 96 Civil Booster (Civil Ki Goli Publication 9255624029)

Valuation 2
 Valuation is the Technique for determining the fair price of a property/
structure.
 The term cost is used to indicate the actual amount incurred in produc-
ing a commodity which possesses some value.
 The term price is used to indicate the cost of commodity + profit of the
manufacturer.
 A price is a fact, which has already occured in practice & a value
indicates the estimation of a probable price of a commodity.
 Purpose of Valuation
(a) Taxation– (10–14%)
(b) Rent fixation – (6 –10% of total value)
(c) Security/Loan/Mortage etc.
• Property tax is a levy on property that the owner is required to pay.
• Sales taxes is paid by a business man & it take a percentage of the
prices of goods sold.
• Wealth tax is a tax on the market value of the assets that an individual
holds (such as car, plot etc.)
Gross income = Net Income + Outgoing
Types of outgoing
(a) Taxation (b)Repairness – (10 – 15)% of total Income
(c) Management and collection Charge – (5 – 10)% of total Income.
 The charges/expenditures represented directly in the commodity pro-
duced is known as prime cost & other expenditures like as rent, salaries &
services, management, depreciation etc. represented indirectly in the pro-
duction of the commodity are called the supplementary costs.
 Estimation-Costing 97

Mortgage:
An owner can borrow money (by loan) against security of his property.
Mortgagor  person who takes the loan
Mortgagee  person who advances /gives the loan
Mortgage deed  Document for the mortgage transaction

Annuity
The annual payments (paid in months or year) paid for capital amount
invested party.
(a) Annuity Due: The amount paid at the beginning of each period or
year for definite number of intervals.
(b) Perceptual Annuity: The payments of the annuity continue for
indefinite period (no end)
(c) Deffered Annuity: The payments of the annuity begined after some
years
Note:- When payment of a debt is made by a series of equal periodic pay-
ments. It is known as Almortization.

Capital Cost
Total amount required to possess a property.
= Land Cost + Construction Cost ( when buying a land)
= Market Value (  when buying a whole property)
 Insurance premium = 1/2%of gross income
 Miscellaneous charges = 2 % of gross income

Capitalized Value
It is the amount of money whose annual interest (generally @high rate of
interest) will be equal to net annual income from the property.
Capitalized value = Net annual income x Year's purchase

Year's Purchase (Y.P)

The capital sum required to be invested in order to receive annuity of Rs.
1 @ some rate of interest.
100
Year's Purchase =
Rate of Interest
 98 Civil Booster (Civil Ki Goli Publication 9255624029)

 1 
Year’s purchase =  I  I 
 P C

I P  Rate of Interest for Year's purchase 

Where,  
 IC  Sinking fund Coefficient 

Types of Property
There are two types of properties namely:
(a) Free hold property:
 The free hold inherent the absolute owner of the property. He holds it
without any payment in the nature of the rent. He may sell the property,
divide it or grant it or donate it on lease at his own will.
 The freehold or owner who grants the lease known as 'lessor' and
leaseholder is known as lessee'.
 In common practice, it give for 15, 21,25 or 50 years, when a lease is
granted for a period of 99 years' it is known as long term lease & when
it is for 999 years, it is said to be for endless duration.

(b) Leasehold Property:

The leaseholder is known as leasee and holds the physical possesion (un-
der) of the property for the definite period under terms and condition speci-
fied in the lease document.
The different types of leases:
 Building lease Life lease Occupation lease
 Sub - lease Perceptual lease
Easement: Easement are the rights & privileges which one owner of
property enjoys through or over the property another.
Saleable property: As name subjected it is that area of property which
is saleable generally super built-up area is saleable area.
 When the any Property structure comes under any development area.
Then there is high increase in value of that property/ structure, such type
of value is called Accomodation value.
Absolute property: An absolute title also called as a perfect title to a
property is free to any encumbrances or deficiencies.
 Estimation-Costing 99

An absolute title gives unequivocal right of ownership to the owner & it

can not be disputed or challenged by anyone else.
Contract Completion Date:
Completion date = Original change order additional days of completion +
Time Extensions + Extension for date constructive changes
Scrap Value
(a) It is about 10% of total value.
(b) It is the value of Dismentled Material.
(c) It is the value of asset when its utility is considered to be as junk or
scrap. Ex. Selling of vehicle after severe accidents, now vehicle
can not be used as whole but some parts can be used.
Special Points:
(i) It may be positive, negative & zero.
(ii) For RCC structure, it is always –ve.
Salvage Value (Resale Value)
 The property after being discarded at the end of utility period, is sold as
it is, without being broken into pieces & amount released after substracting
its cost of removal & sale, is called as salvage value of the property.
Ex. The Railway sleeper may be reused as ports of a fencing or as buffer
stops etc.
Sinking Fund
S.i.
Annual Installment (I) =  IC .S
(1  i)n  1
where, S – Total Sinking fund, i – Rate of Interest, n – Utility period, Ic
 Sinking fund coefficient.
Book Value: It is the amount show in the account book after allowing
permissible depreciation. At the end of utility period, it will be equal to Scrap
value. It is not affected by market conditions. Hence, it represents the actual
book cost.
Book value  Initial cos t  Depreciation cos t

Special Point: Not all the assets do not depreciate with time, example
land & sometimes even gold, platinum etc.
100 Civil Booster (Civil Ki Goli Publication 9255624029)

 The net annual value of property, which is obtained after deducting the
amount of yearly repairs from the gross income, is termed as rateable
value. All property tax apply on rateable value
 Rateable value = Gross income – Annual repair/Maintenance cost
Distress Value: It is that value of property which is usually cheap price
because its owner or its caretaker want to sell it forcefully due to some
reasons like as fear of war, riots, financial problem etc. So, it is cheap value
or lowest value than its money obtained to sale in open market.
Sentimental Value:The value of an object deriving from personal or
emotional associations rather than material worth. So, it is priceless value. It
can fetch more money from market than any other.
The extra price which is demanded by vendor when he attaches certain
sentiments to his property is called as sentimental value.
Depreciation
It is the gradual deduction of usefulness of a property.
Types of Depreciation:
(a) Physical Depreciation: Wear & tear of an asset.
(b) Contingent depreciation: Accident due to liabilities, diseases etc.
(c) Functional Depreciation: Obsolescene due to change in structure,
design, fashion etc.
(a) Straight line Method:
Assume depreciation by same amount
CS
D=
n
 It is used for all the assets which do not get obsolate during its
utility period. ex-civil Engg. equipment.
(b) Constant percentage Method: Also called Declining Balance Method.
It assume depreciation by same percentage.
1/ n
s
D = 1  
c
 It is most suitable for assets which have probability/fear of
obsolence before its utility period. ex-electronic equipments.
Note: This method cannot be used when salvage value is zero.
 Estimation-Costing 101

(c) Sinking fund method

(d) Quantity Survey Method.
 Buildings are considered to have a substantial life 40 to 80 years gener-
ally.

S.No. Life of Annual Total Cumulative

Structure Depreciation Depreciation Depreciation
1. 0-5 year Nill (Zero) 0 0
2. 5-10 years 1/2% per year 2.5% 2.5%
3. 10-20 years 3/4% per year 7.5% 10%
4. 20-40 year 1% per year 20% 30%
5. 40-80 year 1.5% per year 60% 90%

Difference Between Depreciation and Obsolescence:

Depreciation
(a) This is the physical loss in the value of property due to wear and tear
and decay etc.
(b) It depends upon its original condition, quality of maintenance and mode
of use. It varies with age.
(c) There are various methods for calculating the amount of depreciation.
Obsolescence
(a) This is the functional loss in the value of the property due to change in
design, structure, fashion, utility, demand etc.
(b) It depends upon the technological advancement art etc. It does not
depend on age.
(c) No method is available for calculation of obsolescence.
Depletion:
Depletion for a year =
cos t of property  units sold during that year
No. of units in the property
Special point -If contractor fails to perform the work successfully or
discontinues the work before completion of the period of agreement, the
agency handles that work at same cost is known as debitable agency.
102 Civil Booster (Civil Ki Goli Publication 9255624029)

Estimation and
Area Types 3
Schedule of Rate: It is the document which contain current price details
per unit excluding quantity of Material.
Quantity Survey:- It is a schedule or list of quantities of all the possible
items required for the construction of any structure
 It should be noted that quantity survey mentions all the items in the esti-
mate. But it does not give the list of materials required.
 All these quantities are worked out by reading the plans of structure. Ex.
- Cement plaster as m2, but not no. of bag etc.
 If the distance between construction site and source of material is more
than 8 km (5 mile), then Transportation charge should be consider.

Work Classification (On Cost Basis)

Major Work Minor Work Petty Work

(> 2 Lakh) (50 K – 2 lakh) (Upto 50 k)

Over Head Cost

It is indirect/irregular cost of a project

General Overhead Cost Job Overhead Cost

Telephone Bill Salary Delay
Travelling charges Establishment of a New Office
Printing, Post office Compensation
 The quantity of dry distemper required for a single coat over area of
100 m2 is 6.5 kg
 1 cu. ft. water is equal to 28.31 liter
 Estimation-Costing 103

Turn Out: Task Work per day is also called labour constant.
It is the amount of work Done by a skill person in a day.
Description Quantity
Work in foundation with Mud Mortar 1.5 m3
Work in foundation with Lime/Cement Mortar 1.25 m3
Work in Superstructure with Mortar 1 m3
Work in Superstructure mud Mortar 1.25 m3
Distemper (1 coat) 35 m2
White Washing/Colour Washing (3 Coat) 70 m2
White Washing/Colour Washing (1 Coat) 200 m2
RCC Work 3m3
Half Brick wall/Partition Wall 5 m2
Lime concrete in Roof 6 m3
Lime Concrete in foundation/Flooring 8.5 m3
12 mm Plastering with cement/Lime Mortar 8 m2

Types of Estimate
• Preliminary or Approximate Estimate or Abstract Estimate:
It is required for preliminary studies of various aspect of a project or
work, to decide the financial position & policy for administrative action
by the competent authority.
 In it various quantities are worked out with the help of many short
cuts.
 It is an estimate which is very near to final estimate.
• Plinth Area Estimate:Square Meter Method
This is prepared on the basis of plinth area (B L) of building.
• Cube Rate Estimate:
It is prepared on the basis of the cubical contents (LBH) of the building.
• Detailed or Item Rate Estimate:
It is an most accurate & reliable method.It consists of working out
the quantities of each item of works and working the cost.
104 Civil Booster (Civil Ki Goli Publication 9255624029)

• Building cost Index is an index number that measures the average

rate of input construction cost changes of categorized building in
comparison with that of the reference month.
Special point: Degree of Accuracy (descreasing order)
Detailed > Cube rate > Plinth area > Rough estimate
Revise estimate: Estimate is revised If
(a) When the expenditure of work exceeds by more than 10% of
the administrative approval.
(b) When a sanctioned estimate's variation is more than 5% due
to any cause except important structural alterations.
Area

Plinth area Floor area

Circulation area Carpet area

Vertical circulation area

Horizontal circulation area

Types of Area
1. Plinth Area: It is the built-up Covered area of a building at floor level of
a story.
 Courtyard, play ground, unclosed Balcony, cantilever porch, lift (area
> 2m2) is not included in plinth area.
2. Floor area:
F.A. = Plinth area – area occupied by walls/Intermediate supports

Area of all floor

F.A. ratio = Area of total plot 100

 Area of Balcony included upto 50% in the floor area.

 The plinth area as compared to floor area is more than 30% to 40%
Circulation Area

Horizontal Vertical
(Varandaha, Passes 10-15% of P.A.) (Staircase, Lift 4-5% of P.A)
 Estimation-Costing 105

Carpet Area: Useable area/Living area

C.A. = Total floor area – (circulation area + Non-useable area)
 C.A. in residential area (50 – 65)% and in commercial area (60 – 75)%.
Technical Section
(a) Chief Engineer is the Administrative Head of the Department and
directly responsible to Govt of India.
(b) Each circle is Headed by Superintending Engineer (In CPWD, It is
also called Surveyor Engineer).

Work % of Estimate
Departmental charges (centage charge) (10 – 15)
Contractor charge 10
Labour Charge 25
Electrification 8
Electric fan 4
Sanitary and Water Supply Charge 8
Contigences Charges (3 – 5)
Work Charge Establishment (1.5 – 2)
Tools and Plants (1 - 1.5)
Special Points: Only for Water Charges 1.5%
Activity Percentage Cost Break-Up(Labour)
RCC 37%
Brick work & Plaster 21%
POP 7%
Tiling 12%
Plumbing & Sanitation 3%
Doors 1%
Water Proofing 3%
Painting 8%
Electrical 8%

TOTAL 100%
 The National Building Organisation (NBO) has suggested the following
weighted % for double & triple storeyed. Load bearing residential buildings:
- Bricks (17), Cement (18), Labour (27), Timber (15), Steel (10), Aggre-
gates (08), Sand (05)%.
106 Civil Booster (Civil Ki Goli Publication 9255624029)

Material Calculation & other

miscellaneous topics 4
 Measurement of Building & Civil Engineering works- IS:1200
(Part I to XXV).
 Trap is used to prevent entry of foul gases into the house. It’s efficiency
depend upon depth of water seal. In it, General depth of water seal is (25
– 75) mm.
Compensation for delay in completion:- The contractor is liable to pay
as penalty or compensation, an amount equal to 1% of the estimated cost of
the work or smaller amounts as per the competent authority. The maximum
limit of penalty is 10% of the total contract amount.
Trap Classification

Shape Bases Purpose Bases

P Q S
Intercepting Gully Floor
Consent Set of Promise
 Proposal   Promise   Agreement

 As per the Indian contract act of 1872, a contract is an agreement

enforceable by law.

Types of Contract

Lum - Sum Unit Price Contract Cost Plus Contract

Contract (Item rate/Schedule (% Contract)
Contract)
 A tender is an offer in writing for executing certain specified work with
specified certain terms & conditions likes rates, time limit etc.
 Estimation-Costing 107

Cost Plus Percentage Contract: In this contract, payment, expressed

as a percentage, is paid by the client to contractor in form of cost of con-
struction plus certain profit with it.

Contract Document
(a) Title page: Contract bond number, name of work etc.
(b) Index Page: Content of the agreement with page references.
(c) Tender form: Contractor's rates & time of completion, penalty
clause, etc.
(d) Bill of Quantitites: Giving quantities & rates of each item of work
& the total cost of the whole work.
(e) Tender notice: Giving brief description of work, etc. Generally 2-
2.5% of the estimated cost is deposited along with tender.
(f) Schedule of issue of materials: Giving list of materials to be issued
to the contractor with rates & place of issue.
(g) Drawings: Complete set of drawings like plans, elevations, etc. and
site plan, of fully dimensioned.
(h) Specifications: General specifications:
Specifying the class & type of works.
Detailed specifications - Each item of work & of each material to
be used in the work.
Special Points:
 For the confirmation of a ouction/Contract, the person has to submit
some amount which is about (2 – 2.5)% of total contract, this amount is
called earnest money.
 Security money is about 10% of total contract including Earnest Money.
 Security money and Earnest Money are refundable after some time
Without Any Interest.
Material Calculation:
Plastering Work:
 IS Code: 1661, give specification about cement plaster.
 The first coat (rendering/under coat) is for straightening or levelling an
uneven surface. Second coat is known as floating coat. Final coat (3rd coat)
provide smooth surface. It is also called finishing/setting coat. 1st, 2nd &
3rd coat thickness are (10 - 15), (6 - 9) & (2 - 3) mm respectively.
Pargeting: It is a decorative or water proof plastering applied on the walls.
108 Civil Booster (Civil Ki Goli Publication 9255624029)

 If plastering is done in single coat, its thickness range is (6 - 12) mm.

 Bull mark is used to ensure that thickness of plastering is uniform.
 For calculation of platering work,
(a) Volume is increased by 30% (if thickness 12 mm ) & 20% (if thickness
20 mm) due to uneven surface.
(b) Above calculated vol. is increased by 25% for dry vol. calculation.
Flooring Work:
(a) Volume is increased by 10% due to uneven surface.
(b) Above calculated vol. is increased by 50% for dry vol. calculation.
Cement Concrete Work: In C.C. mixture, we divide 1.52 by sum of ratio of
material and multiply it with respective quantity ratio which will give you
respective quantity.
Brick Work:
(a) Volume is increased by 15% due to frog filling, bonding/jointing,
wastage etc.
(b) Above calculated vol. is increased by 25% for dry vol. calculation.
Note: It is an approximate method for calculation of quantity of material of mortar.
In this method we divide 0.3 by sum of ratio of material to get respective quantity.
Special Points:
 A fixed stipulated sum of penalty payable by the contractor having no
relationship with real damage, is called liquidated damage
 Borrow pits is also known as sand box
 Types of section used in road work, are longitudinal & Cross-section
 The types of construction have been specified, in the national building
code 4
 For calculating the amount of cut & fill, the method is used longitudi-
nal section method
 The percentage of void in dry aggregates is 40 to 50%
 Based on the occupancy, buildings are classified into 9 groups
 For making 1 m3 wet concrete requires 1.54 m3 dry concrete.
 For making 1 m3 wet mortar require 1.25 m3 dry mortar.
 The rates and costs committee 1957 recommended that an allowance of
10% of the prime cost as the contractor’s profit.
 Estimation-Costing 109

Type of Buildings
As per National Building code of India, building is classified into nine groups
based on occupancy as follows:
 Group A: Residential Building: Sleeping accommodation is provided
for normal residential purpose.
 Group B: Educational buildings: Include any building used for shool
college etc.
 Group C: Institutional buildings: Include any building used for purpose
like medical or other treatment or care of infant, aged person etc. like
sanatoria, nursing home, hospital, orphanage, jails, mental hospitals etc.
 Group D: Assembly buildings: Include any building like theatre, drama
theatre, auditorium, museums, assembly hall, exhibition hall, restaurant,
place of worship, dance hall, sport stadium, club house, skating rings,
gymnasiums etc.
 Group E: Business buildings: Include any building for transaction of
business, record for similar purpose etc.
 Group F: Mercantile buildings: Include any building which is used as
stores, shop, market for display and sale for mercantile either whole sale
or retail.
 Group G: Industrial buildings: Include any building in which product
or material of all kind and property are fabricated or assembled such as
gas plant, refineries, dairies, smoke house, textile mill and saw mill.
 Group H: Storage buildings: Include any buildings for storage or
sheltering of goods, wares, like ware houses, garage, old storage, etc.
 Group I: Hazardous buildings: Include any building which is used for
storage, handling, manufacturing of highly combustible explosive material
or which are highly toxic in nature etc.
Long wall & Short wall Centre line method
Also called individual/separate Required special
wall/general method,use in CPWD attention at the junction point
Simple method but time consuming Quick method
More accurate Less accurate
In it, length of long wall descreaseand Length remains constant,
short wall increase It is suitable for polygon
as we move from substructure to shape structure without any
superstructure cross wall
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