The document discusses vulcanization which is the process of cross-linking rubber molecules making rubber stronger and stiffer while retaining flexibility. It also discusses the differences between thermosetting polymers that become permanently hardened when heated versus thermoplastic polymers that soften when heated and reharden when cooled, allowing them to be reshaped.
The document discusses vulcanization which is the process of cross-linking rubber molecules making rubber stronger and stiffer while retaining flexibility. It also discusses the differences between thermosetting polymers that become permanently hardened when heated versus thermoplastic polymers that soften when heated and reharden when cooled, allowing them to be reshaped.
The document discusses vulcanization which is the process of cross-linking rubber molecules making rubber stronger and stiffer while retaining flexibility. It also discusses the differences between thermosetting polymers that become permanently hardened when heated versus thermoplastic polymers that soften when heated and reharden when cooled, allowing them to be reshaped.
The document discusses vulcanization which is the process of cross-linking rubber molecules making rubber stronger and stiffer while retaining flexibility. It also discusses the differences between thermosetting polymers that become permanently hardened when heated versus thermoplastic polymers that soften when heated and reharden when cooled, allowing them to be reshaped.
elastomer molecules, so that the rubber becomes stiffer and stronger but retains extensibility • On a submicroscopic scale, the long-chain molecules of rubber become joined at certain tie points, the effect of which is to reduce the ability of the elastomer to flow – A typical soft rubber has 1 or 2 cross-links per 1000 units (mers) – As the number of cross-links increases, the polymer becomes stiffer and behaves more and more like a thermosetting plastic (hard rubber)
M. P. Groover, “Fundamentals of Modern Manufacturing 2/e” Figure 14.4 - Effect of vulcanization on rubber molecules: (1) raw rubber, and (2) vulcanized (cross-linked) rubber. Variations of (2) include: (a) soft rubber, low degree of cross- linking; and (b) hard rubber, high degree of cross-linking
M. P. Groover, “Fundamentals of Modern Manufacturing 2/e” Thermosetting and Thermoplastic Polymers Determined by mechanical behavior upon heating to high temperatures Thermosetting Thermoplastic •Thermosets •Thermoplasts Become permanently hard Soften upon heating; upon heating. Do not harden upon cooling. It is soften upon subsequent reversible heating Fabricated by applying heat and pressure Chapter 14: Polymer Structures 29 Thermosetting and Thermoplastic Polymers continue… Thermosetting Thermoplastic Initial Heating: As Temperature is increased Covalent crosslink form and link adjacent molecular Secondary bonds break chains. Chains are anchored; (due to molecular no vibrational or rotational motion). So when stress chain motions, 10-50% of is applied, adjacent chain mer units are cross- chains move linked Chapter 14: Polymer Structures 30 Thermosetting and Thermoplastic Polymers continue… Thermosetting Thermoplastic Further heating: Irreversible degradation upon Severance (breaking) of further heating: crosslink bonds and polymer degradation Violent molecular vibrations break primary covalent bonds
Chapter 14: Polymer Structures 31
Thermosetting and Thermoplastic Polymers continue… Thermosetting Thermoplastic Thermoset polymers are harder, Soft and Ductile stronger and brittle Most linear polymers and Better dimensional stability polymers with e.g., Cross linked and network branched structures polymers with flexible Vulcanized rubbers, epoxies and chains phenolic and some polyester resins Chapter 14: Polymer Structures 32
A Comparative Study of Mechanical Properties of Zinc Acrylate Epoxy nanocomposites Reinforced by AL2O3 and Cloisite®30B and Their Mixture: Tensile Strength and Fracture Toughness: A Comparative Study of Mechanical Properties of Zinc Acrylate Epoxy nanocomposites Reinforced by AL2O3 and Cloisite®30B and Their Mixture: Tensile Strength and Fracture Toughness
Advances in Electronic and Electrochemical Ceramics: Proceedings of the 107th Annual Meeting of The American Ceramic Society, Baltimore, Maryland, USA 2005