Republic of the Philippines

ISABELA STATE UNIVERSITY

Jones, Isabela

Subject: Comparative Models in Policing

Subject Instructor: Mr. John Bel K. Galumba
UNIT 1
Module 1
Globalization and Law Enforcement
What is Globalization?
Globalization is a package of transnational flows of people,
production, investment, information, ideas, and authority.
Alison Brysk stated that globalization is the growing inter-
penetration of states, markets, communications, and ideas. It is
one of the leading characteristics of the contemporary world.
Assaults on the fundamental human dignity continue, and the
very blurring of borders and rise of transnational actors that
facilitated the development of a global human rights regime may
also be generating new sources of human rights abuse.
Jan Aart Scholte argued that at least five broad definitions of globalization can be found in the literature.
Globalization as Internationalization - It describes the growth in international exchange and interdependence. With
growing flows of trade and capital investment there is the possibility of moving beyond an international economy, to a
stronger’ version – the globalized economy in which, distinct national economies are subsumed and rearticulated into
the system by international processes and transactions.
Globalization as liberalization - Globalization refers to a process of removing government – imposed restrictions on
movements between countries in order to create an open, borderless world economy.
Globalization as universalization – Globalization is used in the scene of being worldwide and globalization it is the
process of spreading various objects and experiences to people at all corners of the earth. A classic example of this
would be the spread of computer, television etc.
Globalization as westernization or modernization – Globalization is understood as a dynamic, hereby the social
structures of modernity (capitalism, rationalism, industrialism, bureaucratism, etc.) are spread the world over, normally
destroying pre – existent cultures and local self – determination in the process.
Globalization as Deterritorialization – globalization entails a reconfiguration of geography, so that social space is no
longer wholly mapped in terms of territorial places, territorial distances and territorial borders. Anthony Giddens has
thus defined globalization as the intensification of worldwide social relations which link distant localities in such a way
that local happenings are shaped by events occurring many miles away and vice versa.

Assignment:
Question: What are the impact of Globalization and new technologies on drug related crime and criminal organizations.

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 A. Impact of Globalization and new technologies on drug related crime and criminal organizations.
On cybercrime – the term cybercrime covers many types of
activities but essentially can be used to describe violations of law
that are committed and/or facilitated through the use of electronic
media. In comparison with ordinary crime, cybercrime requires few
resources relative to the damage that can be caused, it can be
committed in a jurisdiction without the offender being physically
present in nit and, in many countries, offences are inadequately
defined or not defined at all; hence, personal risk and the likelihood
of defection are low.
On Drug related organized crime – organized criminality has
become more transnational and has been restructured and
decentralized; in other words, it too has globalized.
Transnational criminals do not respect borders in that, in carrying
out their activities, they trail their activities across several
jurisdictions to minimize law enforcement risks and maximize profits.
Drug trafficking groups utilize new technologies into two distinct
ways;
a. To improve the efficiency of product delivery and distribution through medium of secure, instant communications.
b. to protect themselves and their illicit operations from investigation by drug law enforcement agencies, sometimes
using techniques of counter attack.
Drug traffickers use computers and electronic pocket organizers for storing information (such as bank account
numbers, contact details of associates, databases of assets and financial activities, sales and other business records,
grid coordinates of clandestine landing strips and recipes for synthetic drug manufacturer and for electronic mail and
other correspondence.
Surrogates receive instructions by telephone, fax, pager or computer on where to deliver warehouse loads, whom to
contact for transportation services and where to send profits.
Colombian and Mexican drug cartels have used sophisticated equipment for the surveillance of investigating officers
and interception of their communications, collecting photographs of the officers and other personal information.
Casinos have long been used as an outlet for laundering drug – related funds and other funds of illicit origins; thus the
extension of this activity through the internet is a logical step. Whereas many onshore gaming establishments follow
regulations against money – laundering, virtual casinos flourish in a completely unregulated environment.
Future challenges to law enforcement
1. Opportunities for all forms of crime may increase as online communications, finance and commerce expand.
The growth and interdependence of national economies will make it easier for criminal organizations to blend
their operations into legitimate economic activity.
2. Transnational crime may increase as networks make cross – border crimes easier to commit;
3. Organized crime may continue to exploit technological advance for offensive and defensive purposes. The
“IT Warrior” will become an indispensable component of organized criminal groups.

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4. Electronic money – laundering may increase with the growth of online financial service companies,
especially if measures against money – laundering remain a low priority and if offshore companies continue
to offer anonymity and protection from investigation. Underground banking system will also enjoy greater
security through the use of information technology;
5. Drug – related crime may expand; such crime will be committed by a larger number of people, many of
whom will not be members of organized criminal groups, nor will they fit to any criminal profile.
6. Minors may increasingly commit crimes involving information technology as new generations achieve
computer literacy at an early age;
7. Criminal organizations may exploit scientific developments in order to invest more heavily in the production
of synthetic drugs for the illicit market.
8. Law enforcement may have less capacity to conduct interception and surveillance activities as drug
trafficking organizations increasingly adopt encryption and other means of concealment;
9. Jurisdictions without adequate laws against crime involving information technology may become
sanctuaries;
10. Traditional frameworks for extradition and mutual legal assistance may be stretched to their limits.

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 Module 2
GLOBALIZATION AND TERRORISM

What is Terrorism?
The unlawful use of force or violence against persons or property to intimidate or coerce a Government, the
civilian population, or any segment thereof, in furtherance of political or social objectives.
The Causes of Terrorism
1. Psychological Perspective
Those who engage in terrorism may do so for purely personal reasons, based on their psychological state of
mind. Their motivation may be nothing more than hate or desire for power.
2. Ideological Perspective
Ideology is defined as the beliefs, values, and/or principles by which a group identity its particular aims and
goals. Ideology may encompass religion or political philosophies and programs.
3. Strategic Perspective
Terrorism is sometimes seen as a logical extension of the failure of politics. When people seek redress of
their grievances through government, but fail to win the government attention to their plight, they may resort
to violence. From this viewpoint, terrorism is the result of a logical analysis of the goals and objectives of a
group, and their estimate of the likelihood of gaining victory. If victory seems unlikely using more traditional
means of opposition, then one might calculate that terrorism is a better person.

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Globalization and People Smuggling

What is People Smuggling?

People smuggling refers to the facilitation, transportation, attempted transportation or illegal entry of a person or
persons across an international border, in violation of one or more countries laws, either clandestinely or through
deception, such as the use of fraudulent documents.
For centuries, people have left their homes in search of better lives elsewhere. In the last decade, the process of
globalization has caused an unprecedented amount of migration from the least developed countries of Asia, Africa,
Latin America and Eastern Europe to Western Europe, Australia and North America.
Currently, economic instability appears to be the main reason for illegal migration. People smuggling syndicates are
drawn by the huge profits that can be made, while benefiting from weak legislation and the relatively low risk of
defection, prosecution and arrest compared to other activities of transnational organized crime.
People smuggling implies the procurement, for financial or material gain, entry of the illegal into a state of which that
person is neither a citizen nor a permanent resident.
A broad distinction can be made between people smuggling and human trafficking. In general, the individuals who pay
smuggler in order to gain illegal entry to a country do so voluntarily whereas the victims of human trafficking are often
duped or forced into entering another country.
In principle, the relationship between smuggler and migrant ends once the individual arrives in the new country.
However, there is evidence that people smugglers continue to exploit illegal migrants, through threats and demands
for additional fees.

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Globalization and Human Trafficking

What is Human Trafficking?

Human Trafficking is the recruitment, transportation, transfer, harboring or receipt of people through force, fraud or
deception, with the aim of exploiting them for profit. Men, women and children of all ages and from all backgrounds
can become victims of this crime, which occurs in every region of the world. The traffickers often use violence or
fraudulent employment agencies and fake promises of education and job opportunities to trick and coerce their victims.
One of today’s biggest- human trafficking rights crises is the international trafficking of women and girls into slavery.
Human trafficking is the third largest criminal industry in the world, outranked only by arms and drug dealing. The united
nations estimate that trafficking in persons generates $ 7 to $ 10 billion annually for traffickers.
The number of people trafficked each year is estimated by most experts to be in millions. Given its current growth rate,
which is fueled by its high profitability, low investigation rate and low prosecution rate, human trafficking is expected by
some to take over drug trafficking as second largest criminal industry in the world within the next decades.

How does Human trafficking take place?

Traffickers acquire their victims primarily from developing countries where poverty is rampant, commonly through some
means of force or deception.
Victims are typically very young, most ranging in age from eight to 18 years old. Some are as young as four or five
years old.

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Global Implications
The mental, physical and emotional impact of this egregious crime on the human security of the countries individual
victims is obvious. The additional impacts on human security as a collective international concern may not be so
obvious. They include;

1. Threats to border integrity as millions of people are transported annually across national boundaries under
false pretenses;
2. Threats to human health, through the spread of HIV/AIDS, and other STD’s to the victims, their clients’
wives and so on;
3. Threats to national and international security, since it is believed that many traffickers are connected to
organized crime groups, which may then use the proceeds to fund other criminal activities such as terrorism.
4. Threats to the very health of our global human conscience, since slavery – often proudly touted as having
been wiped out in the 19th century – is actually alive and well, right in all of our own backyard.

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 Module 3
POLICING
What is Policing?
International policing refers to police practices that involve citizens or jurisdictions of more than one nation
Meanwhile Policing is defined as the activities carried out by policing actors in order to maintain law and order and
provide safety and security.
Primarily, Policing is carried out by Police force, but who are the Police?
The POLICE are a constituted body of persons empowered by a state, with the aim to enforce the law, to
ensure the safety, health and possessions of citizens, and to prevent crime and civil disorder.
The need for Innovative Policing
The fundamental principles of policing remain as valid as today as they were hundred years ago:
a. Keeping peace
b. Enforcing the law, and
c. Protecting property

While these principles remain central to any society, the nature of society has evolved and changed, altering
both the challenges facing police forces around the world, and the mechanism available to combat those
challenges.

Number of factors combine to increase the complexity of the current policing landscape:

a. Crime has become increasingly global and sophisticated in nature.

b. Public expectation has grown; improvements in customer service across both the public sector
and private sector have resulted in higher citizen’s expectations.
c. Global austerity challenges have increased budgetary constraints and enforced new levels of
financial accountability.
Considering the need to achieve more for less, police forces must adopt a new way of thinking. Whether better
managing information to deliver improved investigative outcomes or using innovative technologies, processes and
insights to improve operational performance, policing organizations needs fresh, practical ideas to improve the service
they provide while reducing the costs.

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 INNOVATIVE POLICING
I. Community Policing
What is Community Policing?
Community policing, or community-oriented policing, is a strategy of policing that focuses on developing
relationships with community members

How it is attained?
1. Deploy law enforcement professionals to work in and around schools - The primary responsibility is
to enhance the safety of all students in school. The functions include handling all calls for service from schools,
helping the school fright truancy, providing counseling, and teaching legal and safety matters like on campus
shooting.
2. Additional officers to effectively respond top street – based drug dealing in the city and dilapidated
housing from which dealers operate. The objective is to reduce the level of drug sales in the targeted areas
and thereby reduce the overall level of crime.
These new officers addressed street – level drug dealing in rundown areas in the jurisdiction, using forced
law enforcement efforts, direct interaction with the community, community group involvement, officer training,
and crime analyses.
3. Use of technology to put more officers in neighborhood – A Microsoft access database to be created
to transfer dispatched call information, but only complainant and address data could be retrieved. Officers
collected information about suspects and neighborhood problems in personal notebooks that they shared in
briefings.
The primary goal was to deploy technologies to more effectively analyze call for service, particularly in the
communities managed by private associations (CAD) with the following objectives:
a. Aid the natural dispatch with a computer – aided dispatch system (CAD) and upgrade outdated
records management systems. The CAD systems allows officers to immediately retrieved all
dispatched call information.
b. Provide officers with timely access to crime and incident information.
c. Increase officers’ available time to work with residents to resolve problems.
4. Build a future without bullying
A community oriented policing system (COPS) school based partnership among students, police,
and school personnel to conduct a needs assessment in the school, designed to determine the
prevalence of gang activity and bullying and the availability of services and activities. The basic goal
of the partnership was to learn more about the student behaviors and concern and use of information
to craft an effective prevention strategy to improve the learning environment and student quality of
life.
5. Reduce Vandalism

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The idea of curfew hours with the primary goal is to provide resident with a positive and safe
environment with the following objectives:
a. Prevent crime or serious bodily injuries to a student
b. Reduce the incidence of vandalism and criminal mischief by the students
c. Create a safe environment for students to enjoy.
6. Reclaims Distressed Neighborhoods
The police officers gather information and identify the main problems through numerous contacts
with community residents through meeting, ride along activities, and informal interviews. This
information tackle fifteen specific categories of crime; prowlers, residential burglaries, business
burglaries, auto burglaries, stolen vehicles, shots fired, armed subjects, property damage, assaults
with weapons, criminal sexual conduct, larceny, larceny from vehicle, robbery and narcotic offenses.
7. Automates Processes to Put Officers on Patrol
Objectives:
a. Reduce the time patrol officers spent away from field preparing reports.
b. Reduce the time sergeants spent at the station engaged in administrative task.
c. Improve report accuracy and overall quality.
d. Create more time for community policing.
8. Fights Alcohol on School Campus
Responses designed to reduce alcohol – related disturbances:
a. Education
b. Alternatives to alcohol – oriented events
c. Changes in residence policies
Alcohol education initiatives were targeted responses aimed specifically at the times and places that
had traditionally been problem areas.
9. Builds community of Neighborhoods
Active neighborhood associations assisting the police concerning a wide variety of community
problems. These organizations continue to be actively involved in identifying and solving crime traffic,
and disorder problems in the community.
The specific goals are to institutionalize community policing throughout the police department and
the community. The two main objectives are the following.
a. Create distinct neighborhoods throughout the city and foster a sense of neighborhood
identity and ownership among the resident.
b. Assign every officer, regardless of his or her primary assignment, to at least one
neighborhood.

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 10. Expands community policing
Key objectives:
a. Use increased officer time available as a result of automated report writing to increase the
departments overall community policing activities.
b. Create a citizen’s police academy
c. Form a bike patrol unit
d. Establish neighborhood watch programs throughout the community
e. Re – deploy two officers as school resource officers within the school system.

The Broken Window Principle

The term broken windows comes from the metaphor used to describe this concept; “If a window is broken and left
unrepaired, people walking by will conclude that no one cares and no one is in charged.”
The broken window is a symbol of unaccountability. If one window
in a building is broken and left unfixed, it is likely that the rest of the
windows will be broken soon too.
The idea is that people – specifically potential criminals takes cue
from their surrounding and calibrate their behavior based on what
they see. If a city block is litter free and its buildings are well
maintained, people will be less likely to litter or vandalize there,
because they will sense that they will be held accountable if they do
so. “Window – breaking does not necessarily occur on a large scale
because some areas are inhabited by determined window breakers
whereas others are populated by window lovers. Wilson and Kelling
write, “Rather one unrepaired broken window is a signal that no one cares, and so breaking more windows cost
nothing.” So, enforcing the smallest laws could prevent the large ones from being broken.

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 UNIT 2
Module 4
PROBLEM ORIENTED POLICING
What is Problem Oriented Policing (POP)?
Problem-oriented policing
means diagnosing and solving
problems that are increasing crime
risks, usually in areas that are seeing
comparatively high levels of crime.
POP is challenging in that agencies
need to diagnose and solve what
could be any of a wide range of crime-
causing problems.

This approach to policing in

which discrete pieces of police
business are subject to microscopic
examination in hopes that what is
freshly learned about each problem will lead to discovering a new and more effective strategy for dealing with it.
Problem oriented policing places a high value on new responses that are preventive in nature, that are not dependent
on the use of the criminal justice system, and that engage other public agencies, the community and the private sector
when their involvement has the potential for significantly contributing to the reduction of the problem.
Problem oriented policing carries a commitment to implementing the new strategy, rigorously evaluating its
effectiveness and subsequently reporting the results in ways that will benefit other police agencies and that will
ultimately contribute to building a body of knowledge that supports the further professionalization of the police.
(Goldstein, 2001)
The Key Elements of Problem – Oriented Policing
1. A problem is the basic unit of police work rather than crime, a case, calls or incidents.
2. A problem is something that concerns or causes harm to citizens, not just the police. Things that concern
only police officers are important, but they are not problems in this sense of the term.
3. Addressing problems means more than quick fixes: it means dealing with conditions that create problems.
4. Police officers must routinely and systematically analyze problems before trying to solve them, just as they
routinely and systematically investigate crimes before making an arrest. Individual officers and the department
as a whole must develop routines and systems for analyzing problems.
5. The analysis of problems must be through even though it may not need to be complicated. This principle is
as true for problem analysis as it is for criminal investigation.
6. Problems must be described precisely and accurately and broken down into a specific aspects of the
problem. Problems often are not what they first appear to be.

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 7. Problems must be understood in terms of the various interest at stake. Individuals and groups of people
are affected in different ways by a problem and have different ideas about what should be done about the
problem.
8. The way the problem is currently being handled must be understood and the limits of effectiveness must
be openly acknowledged in order to come up with a better response.
9. Initially, any and all possible responses to a problem should be considered so as not to cut short potentially
effective responses. Suggested responses should follow from what is learned during the analysis. They should
not be limited to, nor rule out, the use of arrest.
10. The police must pro – actively try to solve problems rather than just react to the harmful consequences of
problems.
11. The police department must increase police officer’s freedom to make or participate in important decisions.
At the same time, officers must be accountable for their decision making.

THE SARA MODEL

A commonly used problem-solving method is the SARA model (Scanning, Analysis, Response and Assessment).
The SARA model contains the following elements:

Scanning:
• Identifying recurring problems of concern to the public and the police.
• Identifying the consequences of the problem for the community and the police.
• Prioritizing those problems.
• Developing broad goals.
• Confirming that the problems exist.
• Determining how frequently the problem occurs and how long it has been taking place.
• Selecting problems for closer examination.

Analysis:
• Identifying and understanding the events and conditions that precede and accompany the problem.
• Identifying relevant data to be collected.
• Researching what is known about the problem type.
• Taking inventory of how the problem is currently addressed and the strengths and limitations of the current
response.
• Narrowing the scope of the problem as specifically as possible.
• Identifying a variety of resources that may be of assistance in developing a deeper understanding of the
problem.
• Developing a working hypothesis about why the problem is occurring.

Response:
• Brainstorming for new interventions.
• Searching for what other communities with similar problems have done.
• Choosing among the alternative interventions.
• Outlining a response plan and identifying responsible parties.
• Stating the specific objectives for the response plan.
• Carrying out the planned activities.

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Assessment:
• Determining whether the plan was implemented (a process evaluation).
• Collecting pre and postresponse qualitative and quantitative data.
• Determining whether broad goals and specific objectives were attained.
• Identifying any new strategies needed to augment the original plan.
• Conducting ongoing assessment to ensure continued effectiveness.

Pulling Levers Policing

It is a type problem-oriented policing strategies that follow the core principles of deterrence theory. The
strategies target specific criminal behavior committed by a small number of chronic offenders who are
vulnerable to sanctions and punishment.

What is Deterrence?
It is the action of discouraging an action or event through instilling doubt or fear of the consequences.

Pulling levers policing concepts;

In its simplest form, the approach consists of:
1. Selecting a particular crime problem, such as gang homicide; convening an inter – agency working
group of law enforcement, prosecution, other justice agency officials, local government, social
service, and community based practitioners.

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2. Conducting research to identify key offenders, groups, and behavior patterns;
3. Framing a response to offenders and groups of offenders that uses a varied menu of sanctions to
stop them from continuing their violent behavior.
4. Focusing social services and community resources on targeted offenders and groups to match
law enforcement preventions efforts.
5. Directly and repeatedly communicating with offenders to make them understand why they are
receiving this special attention.
These new strategic approaches have been applied to arrange of crime problems, such as overt
drug markets and individual repeat offenders, and have shown promising results in the reduction of
crime.
Pulling levers focused deterrence strategies are associated with an overall statistically - significant,
medium sized crime reduction effect.

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 Module 5
Third Party Policing
What is Third Party Policing?
Third party policing represents a major shift
in contemporary crime control practices. As
the lines blur between criminal and civil law,
responsibility for crime control no longer rests
with state agencies but is shared between a
wide range of organizations, institutions or
individuals.
It describes police efforts to persuade or
coerce third parties, such as landlords,
parents, local governments and other
regulators, and business owners, to take
some responsibility for preventing crime or
reducing crime problems.
In third party policing, the police create crime
control guardians in locations or situations where crime control guardianship was previously absent. Sometimes this
results from cooperative consultation with community members. At other times, the police use coercive threats, with
the backing of a range of civil and regulatory laws, to engage third parties into taking some crime control responsibility.

This illustrate the framework followed by Third party policing

Prosecutors, individual citizens, community groups and regulatory agencies are all potential initiators of third party
crime control practices. For example, taxation laws regulate business practices and give taxation agents the authority
to compel businesses to adopt accounting methods and procedures that reduce risk and the likelihood of business
fraud. Aviation regulators compel airport management corporations to adopt standard screening practices that are
thought to reduce illegal importation, immigration and terrorism.

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In both of these examples, a regulatory agency compels a third party to engage in practices that are potentially outside
of their routine activities in an effort to control crime problems.
The police are the initiator of third party policing. Third party policing, involves the police identifying a problem, co –
opting a non – offending person to take on a crime control role, and using a range of civil and regulatory laws in the
background to insure the co – opted person complies with the will of the police.

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 HOT SPOT POLICING
What is Hotspot Policing?

Hot spots policing is a strategy that involves the targeting of resources and activities to those places where crime is
most concentrated.
It is a popular policing strategy that addresses crime by assigning limited police resources to areas where crimes are
more highly concentrated.
Crime hot spots are small units of geography with high rates of criminal activity. The specific geographic area that
makes up a hot spot varies across studies, ranging from individual addresses or buildings to single street segments
with similar crime problems.
Hot spot policing, also sometimes referred to as place – based policing, covers a range of police responses that all
have in common a focus of resources on the locations where crime is highly concentrated.
What should Police be doing at Crime Hot Spots?
✓ Increase Patrol Time – The ideal time spent in hot spot was 14 to 15 minutes. The best approach for
saturation patrol is for police to travel between hot spots, spending about 15 minutes in each hot spot, and
moving from hot spot to hot spot in an unpredictable order, so that potential offenders recognize a greater
cost of offending in these areas because police enforcement could increase at any moment.
✓ Create a Situational Crime Prevention Strategies – Efforts that focuses on disrupting the situational
dynamics that allow crime to occur by, example, increasing risks or effort for offenders or reducing the
attractiveness of potential targets. Such approaches include things like razing abandoned buildings and

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 cleaning up graffiti. Increases in misdemeanor arrest made some contribution to the crime control gains in the
treatment hot spots, but were not as influential as the situational efforts.
✓ Create a Program base on the concept of Problem Based Policing – In an experiment in Jacksonville,
they compared the different hot spot treatments which involves the use of patrol saturation versus the problem
oriented policing programs, the result showed that there is a decrease in crime in the saturation patrol hot
spot, but this decrease lasted only during 90 days’ intervention period. While the Problem Oriented Policing,
there was no decline on crime during the intervention period, but in the 90 days after the experiment, street
violence declined by a statistically significant.
Problem solving approaches may take more time to show beneficial results, but any successes that come
from a problem – oriented framework may be more long – lasting in nature.

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 Module 6
COMPSTAT Policing
What is COMPSTAT Policing?
CompStat is a computerization and
quantification program used by police
departments.
A policing that utilizes the Comp stat report to
alerts police managers and executives to
rapidly changing conditions and allows them to
deploy and re-allocate resources, and for this
reason the report does not require extremely
precise statistics.
In 1994, COMPSTAT short term for “Computer
Statistics” it is a multifaceted system for
managing police operations. Used in many
different law enforcement agencies across the
United States and around the world, it is an innovative business management process, system, and strategic
methodology that assist an organization in achieving its mission and goals. The methods are transferrable, compatible,
and replicable in any organization or environment.
In a police organization, CompStat functions as a crime control process manifested in recurring meetings, usually
weekly, during which the agency’s performance indicators are reviewed critically for opportunities for improvement.
This organizational management philosophy, concept, and tool combines a classic problem – solving model with the
accountability at all levels of an organization.
The Comp Stat process is guided by four principles, which are summarized as follows.
1. Accurate and Timely Intelligence – In this context, crime intelligence relies on the data primarily from
official sources, such as calls for service, crime, and arrest data. This data should be accurate and available
as close to real time as possible. This crime and disorder data is used to produce crime maps, trends, and
other analysis products. Subsequently, command staff uses these information products to identify crime
problems to be addressed.
2. Effective Tactics – Relying on past successes and appropriate resources, command staff and officers plan
tactics that will respond fully to the identified problem. These tactics may include law enforcement,
government, and community partners at the local, state, and federal levels. A CompStat meeting provides a
collective process for developing tactics as well as accountability for developing these tactics.
3. Rapid deployment – Contrary to the reactive policing model, the CompStat model strives to deploy
resources to where there is a crime problem now, as a means of heading off the problem before it continues
or escalates. As such, the tactics should be deployed in a timely manner.
4. Relentless follow – up and assessment - the CompStat meetings provides the forum to “check-in” on
the success of the current and past strategies in addressing identified problems. Problem – focused strategies
are normally judged a success by a reduction in or absence of the initial crime problem. This success or lack
thereof, provides knowledge of how to improve current and future planning and deployment of resources.

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21
 EVIDENCE BASED POLICING
What is Evidence Based Policing?

Evidence-based policing (EBP) means that the best available evidence is used to inform and challenge policing
policies, practices and decisions.

Rather than relying on conviction, conjecture, or conventional wisdom, decision makers turn to the best available
evidence about what does and does not work when evaluating options and making decisions. Evidence based decision
making is simply the routine and systematic application of the best available knowledge in order to identify and choose
the optimal approach in policy, management, and other applied settings.
THE FOCUS OF EVIDENCE BASED PRACTICES:
1. What Works?
2. What Doesn’t?
3. What’s Promising?

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 UNIT 3
Module 7
INTERPOL

The International Criminal Police

Organization commonly known as Interpol is an
international organization that facilitates worldwide police
cooperation and crime control. Headquartered in Lyon,
France, it is the world's largest international police
organization, with seven regional bureaus worldwide and a
National Central Bureau in all 195 member states.

History
Interpol was conceived during the first International Criminal
Police Congress in 1914, which brought officials from 24
countries to discuss cooperation in law enforcement. It was founded in September 1923 as the International Criminal
Police Commission (ICPC), adopting many of its current duties throughout the 1930s. After coming under Nazi control
in 1938, the agency was effectively moribund until the end of World War II. In 1956, the ICPC adopted a new constitution
and the name Interpol, derived from its telegraphic address used since 1946.
Purpose
Interpol provides investigative support, expertise, and training to law enforcement worldwide, focusing on three major
areas of transnational crime, Terrorism, Cybercrime and Organized crime. Its broad mandate covers virtually every
kind of crime, including crime against humanity, child pornography, drug trafficking and production, Political Corruption,
Intellectual property infringement and white collar crime. The agency also facilitates cooperation among national law
enforcement institutions through criminal databases and communications networks. Contrary to popular belief, Interpol
is itself not a law enforcement agency.

Pursuant to its charter, Interpol seeks to remain politically neutral in fulfilling its mandate, and is thus barred from
interventions or activities that are political, military, religious, or racial in nature and from involving itself in disputes over
such matters. The agency operates in four languages: Arabic, English, French and Spanish. (SAFE)
ROLE
The role of Interpol is defined by the general provisions of its constitution.
Article 2 states that its role is:

1. To ensure and promote the widest possible mutual assistance between all
criminal police authorities within the limits of the laws existing in the different
countries and in the spirit of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights.
2. To establish and develop all institutions likely to contribute effectively to the
prevention and suppression of ordinary law crimes.
Article 3 states:
It is strictly forbidden for the Organization to undertake any intervention or activities of a political, military, religious or
racial character.

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Contrary to frequent portrayals in popular culture, Interpol is not a supranational law enforcement agency and has no
agents with arresting powers. Instead, it is an international organization that functions as a network of law enforcement
agencies from different countries. The organization thus functions as an administrative liaison among the law
enforcement agencies of the member countries, providing communications and database assistance, mostly through
its central headquarters in Lyon. Interpol's collaborative form of cooperation is useful when fighting international crime
because language, cultural, and bureaucratic differences can make it difficult for police officials from different nations
to work together.
For example, if U.S. Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) special agents track a terrorist to Italy, they may not know
whom to contact in the Polizia di Stato (Civil Police), whether the Carabieri (Military Police) or Guardi di Finanza
(Finance Guard) have jurisdiction over some aspect of the case, or who in the Italian government must be notified of
the FBI's involvement. The FBI can contact the Interpol National Central Bureau in Italy, which would act as a liaison
between the US and Italian law enforcement agencies.
Interpol's databases at the Lyon headquarters can assist law enforcement in fighting international crime. While national
agencies have their own extensive crime databases, the information rarely extends beyond one nation's borders.
Interpol's databases can track criminals and crime trends around the world, specifically by means of authorized
collections of fingerprints and face photos, lists of wanted persons, DNA samples, and travel documents. Interpol's lost
and stolen travel document database alone contains more than 12 million records. Officials at the headquarters also
analyze these data and release information on crime trends to the member countries.

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The Communication Network of INTERPOL (I-24/7)
An encrypted Internet-based worldwide communications network allows Interpol agents and member countries to
contact each other at any time. Known as I-24/7, the network offers constant access to Interpol's databases. While the
National Central Bureaus are the primary access sites to the network, some member countries have expanded it to
key areas such as airports and border access points. Member countries can also access each other's criminal
databases via the I-24/7 system.

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 THE EMBLEM

The emblem, in use since 1950, comprises the following elements:

➢ The globe, to indicate that our activities are worldwide
➢ Olive branches symbolizing peace
➢ Scales symbolizing justice
➢ A vertical sword, symbolizing police action

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 THE FLAG

The INTERPOL FLAG has a light-blue background, with the emblem in the center, and four lightning flashes which
symbolize telecommunications and speed in police action.

INTERPOL OFFICIAL LANGUAGES

Interpol relies on an extensive telecommunications system and a unique database of international police intelligence.
Each year, Interpol's telecommunications staff handles millions of messages in the organization's four official
languages: Arabic, English, French, and Spanish. (Russian)

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INTERPOL NOTICES

An Interpol notice is an international alert circulated by Interpol to communicate information about crimes, criminals,
and threats by police in a member state (or an authorized international entity) to their counterparts around the world.
The information disseminated via notices concerns individuals wanted for serious crimes, missing persons, unidentified
bodies, possible threats, prison escapes, and criminals' modus operandi.
There are eight types of notices, seven of which are color-coded by their function: red, blue, green, yellow, black,
orange, and purple.

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 Module 8
EUROPOL
The European Union Agency for Law Enforcement Cooperation, better known under the name Europol, formerly
the European Police Office and Europol Drugs Unit, is the law enforcement agency of the European Union (EU)
formed in 1998 to handle criminal intelligence and combat serious international organized crime and terrorism through
cooperation between competent authorities of EU member states. The Agency has no executive powers, and its
officials are not entitled to arrest suspects or act without prior approval from competent authorities in the member
states. Seated in The Hague, it had 1,432 staff members in 2022.

HISTORY
Europol has its origins in TREVI, a forum for security cooperation created amongst European Community interior and
justice ministers in 1976. At first, TREVI focused on international terrorism, but soon started to cover other areas of
cross-border crime within the Community. At the European Summit in Luxembourg on 28–29 June 1991, German
Chancellor Helmut Kohl called for the creation of a European police agency similar to the Federal Bureau of
Investigation (FBI)—thus sowing the seeds of police co-operation across Europe.
Member States shall regard the following areas as matters of common interest: police cooperation for the purposes of
preventing and combatting terrorism, unlawful drug trafficking and other serious forms of international crime, including
if necessary certain aspects of customs cooperation, in connection with the organization of a Union-wide system for
exchanging information within a European Police Office (Europol).
The Europol Convention was signed on 26 July 1995 in Brussels and came into force on 1 October 1998 after being
ratified by all the Member States. The European Police Office (Europol) commenced its full activities on 1 July 1999.

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TASK AND ACTIVITIES
Europol is mandated by the European Union (EU) to assist EU Member States in the fight against international crime,
such as illicit drugs, human trafficking, intellectual property crime, cybercrime, euro counterfeiting and terrorism by
serving as a center for law enforcement co-operation, expertise and criminal intelligence. Europol or its officials do not
have executive powers — and therefore they do not have power of arrest and cannot carry out investigation without
the approval of national authorities.

The Eight (8) priority crime areas of EUROPOL

1. Cybercrime
2. Drug production
3. Trafficking and distribution
4. Migrant smuggling
5. Organized property crime
6. Trafficking in human beings
7. Criminal finances and money laundering
8. Document fraud and online trade in illicit goods and services.

Additionally, the Agency's tasked activities in detail include analysis and exchange information, such as criminal
intelligence; co-ordination of investigative and operational action as well as joint investigation teams; preparation of
threat assessment, strategic and operational analyses and general situation reports; and developing specialist
knowledge of crime prevention and forensic methods. Europol is to coordinate and support other EU bodies established
within the area of freedom, security and justice, such as the European Union Agency for Law Enforcement Training
(CEPOL), the European Anti – Fraud Office (OLAF), and EU crisis management missions. The Agency is also directed
to assist the European Council and the European Commission in developing strategic and operational priorities.

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 MODULE 9
OVERVIEW ON WORLD WIDE POLICING
The following are the counties of interest which the student should be aware of their best practices in their policing
system.
➢ England (Acob and Valdez) (Acebedo and Tapaoan)
➢ France (Badua and Lucas Princess) (Agustin and Malab)
➢ China (Bangloy and Passion) (Andres and Santiagodo)
➢ Japan (Belen and Ritumban) (Arcilla and Dingle)
➢ Saudi Arabia (Buduan and Bulan Eman) (Balauag and Camacho)
➢ United States (Bulan Siarah and Kimmayong) (Bernardino and Cauilan)
➢ Canada (Bulusan and Julian) (Bulan and Dinglasan)
➢ Italy (Chy and Macababad) (Cabacungan and Oliva)
➢ United Kingdom (Cinense and Juralbal)(Cabog and Malana)
➢ North Korea (Concepcion and Sabado) (Caluya and Dela Cruz)
➢ South Korea (Dela Cruz and Menor) (Caraang and Macababbad)
➢ Thailand (Divina and Enosebio) (Cauan and Salvador)
➢ Brunei (Domingo and Pascua) (Cristobal and Pagallaman)
➢ Cambodia (Flores and Tagalicud) (Domingo Jermie and Paulino)
➢ Laos (Galano and Guzman) (Domingo Mirriam and Evangelista)
➢ Malaysia (Guillermo and Timbal) (Dunuan and Llamelo)
➢ Myanmar (Gumpal and Obra) (Espitero and Sagun)
➢ Singapore (Lopez and Singun) (Gabriel and Lopez)
➢ Vietnam (Lorenzo and Parica) (Matias and Ramiro)
➢ Mexico (Salvador and Lucas Ivy) (Nantes and Rodavia)
➢ Taiwan (Matias and Bragasin) (Pascual and Sultan)
➢ Pakistan (Yap and Sodsod)

- End -

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Reference: Dr. Veneranda P. Depayso, Comparative Police System. Wiseman’s Book Trading Inc. 2017

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