Le Thanh Ha, Dr.
Laboratory of
Human Machine Interface
Color model is a mathematical tools describing color by numbers.
A color model is a specification of a coordinate system where each
color is represented by a single point.
Each color model is used for different purpose.
For example:
RGB: used for display and acquaring hardware devices
HSV: human cognitive.
Y’CbCr: image compression.
CMYK: printers.
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Based on 3D-Cartersien coordinate system in which each axis
corresponds to a color component (Red, Green, Blue).
The origin (0,0,0) presents Black color
Point (1,1,1) presents White color
Point in each axis present a single color component.
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R, G, B are valued from 0 to 1
Red+Blue -> Magenta (1, 0, 1)
The diagonal from (0, 0, 0) to (1, 1, 1) presents gray color.
Comments:
This color model cannot present all color in visible spectrum, but is enough for
compter applications.
TV, Computer display, and camera are using this color model.
Most widely used.
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For a computer display: color is a combination of color component
radiated from phosphor.
For paper: color is reflected from the materials printed on the paper.
Black ink absorb all lights coming to it.
→CMYK is subtractive of RGB
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CMY uses primary colors Cyan, Magenta, and Yellow (as for color printer). They are
subtractive of RGB.
K = Key (black color):
Mixing primary is not always perfect.
Use black color instead of mixing all expensive primary color to produce cheaper one.
Yellow Green Cyan Blue
Red Magenta
White
Black
Magenta Cyan Green Red
Blue Yellow
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RGB -> CMY
void RGB2CMY(float R,float G,float B,float &C,float &M,float &Y)
{
C = 1 - R;
M = 1 - G;
Y = 1 - B;
}
RGB -> CMYK
void RGB2CMYK(float R,float G,float B,float &C,float &M,float &Y,float &K)
{
RGB2CMY(R, G, B, C, M, Y);
K = min3(C, M, Y);
C = C - K;
M = M - K;
Y = Y - K;
}
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Instead of using R, G, B primary color components, this color model use Hue,
Saturation and Value (HSV)
RGB and HSV comparison:
RGB color space is a cube
HSV color space is a cone
Red
Magenta
Yellow
White
Green Blue
Cyan
RGB
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Hue: wavelength of color
Is presented by an angle from 00 to 3600
Value: value of brightness
Ranging in [0, 1]
V=0 -> black color.
Saturation: purity of color
Ranging in [0, 1]
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Y’CbCr is used for image compression.
Y’ – luminance
Cb - Blue-Y
Cr - Red-Y
RGB to Y’CbCr conversion
Y’ = 0.299R + 0.587G + 0.114B
Cb = -0.147R - 0.289G + 0.436B
Cr = 0.615R - 0.515G - 0.1B
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Color compliment
Color slicing
Color correction
Color image segmentation
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Like negative operator in gray-scale images
Enhancing detail embedded in dark regions.
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Highlighting a specific range of color in an image (object
extraction)
Extending the intensity slicing in gray-scale case
W
0.5 if rij − a j
si = 2 any 1 j 3
r otherwise
i
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Have wide variety of real-life applications related with the
human activity
A very simple and fast method may look like this:
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