PAPER I -THEORY – 70 MARKS

Note: (i) Unless otherwise specified, only S. I. subunits and multiple units using
Units are to be used while teaching and learning, prefixes for powers of 10 (from atto for
as well as for answering questions. 10-18 to tera for 1012); other common
units such as fermi, angstrom (now
(ii) All physical quantities to be defined as and
outdated), light year, astronomical unit
when they are introduced along with their units and
and parsec. A new unit of mass used in
dimensions.
atomic physics is unified atomic mass
(iii) Numerical problems are included from all unit with symbol u (not amu); rules for
topics except where they are specifically excluded writing the names of units and their
or where only qualitative treatment is required. symbols in SI (upper case/lower case.)
Derived units (with correct symbols);
1. Physical World and Measurement special names wherever applicable;
(i) Physical World: expression in terms of base units (e.g.:
N= kg m/s2).
Scope of Physics and its application in
everyday life. Nature of physical laws. (b) Accuracy of measurement, errors in
measurement: precision of measuring
Physics and its branches (only basic instruments, instrumental errors,
knowledge required); fundamental laws systematic errors, random errors and
and fundamental forces in nature gross errors. Least count of an
(gravitational force, electro-magnetic instrument and its implication on
force, strong and weak nuclear forces; errors in measurements; absolute
unification of forces). Application of error, relative error and percentage
Physics in technology and society (major error; combination of errors in (a) sum
scientists, their discoveries, inventions and and difference, (b) product and
laws/principles to be discussed briefly). quotient and (c) power of a measured
(ii) Units and Measurements quantity.
Measurement: need for measurement; (c) Significant figures; their significance;
units of measurement; systems of units: rules for counting the number of
fundamental and derived units in SI; significant figures; rules for (a)
measurement of length, mass and time; addition and subtraction, (b)
accuracy and precision of measuring multiplication/ division; ‘rounding off’
instruments; errors in measurement; the uncertain digits; order of
significant figures. magnitude as statement of magnitudes
in powers of 10; examples from
Dimensional formulae of physical magnitudes of common physical
quantities and constants, dimensional quantities - size, mass, time, etc.
analysis and its applications.
(d) Dimensions of physical quantities;
(a) Importance of measurement in dimensional formula; express
scientific studies; physics is a science
derived units in terms of base units
of measurement. Unit as a reference
(N = kg.m s-2); use symbol […] for
standard of measurement; essential
dimensions of or base unit of; e.g.:
properties. Systems of units; CGS,
dimensional formula of force in terms of
FPS, MKS, MKSA, and SI; the seven
fundamental quantities written as
base units of SI selected by the General
[F] = [MLT–2].Principle of
Conference of Weights and Measures
homogeneity of dimensions.
in 1971 and their definitions, list of
Expressions in terms of SI base units
fundamental, supplementary and
and dimensional formula may be
derived physical quantities; their units
obtained for all physical quantities as
and symbols (strictly as per rule);

138
 and when new physical quantities are (ii) Motion in a Plane
introduced. Scalar and Vector quantities with
(e) Use of dimensional analysis to (i) examples. Position and displacement
check the dimensional correctness of a vectors, general vectors and their
formula/ equation; (ii) to obtain the notations; equality of vectors, addition
dimensional formula of any derived and subtraction of vectors, relative
physical quantity including constants; velocity, Unit vector; resolution of a
(iii) to convert units from one system to vector in a plane, rectangular
another; limitations of dimensional components, Scalar and Vector product of
analysis. two vectors. Projectile motion and
uniform circular motion.
2. Kinematics
(a) General Vectors and notation, position
(i) Motion in a Straight Line and displacement vector. Vectors
Frame of references, Motion in a straight explained using displacement as a
line (one dimension): Position-time graph, prototype - along a straight line (one
speed and velocity. dimensional), on a plane surface
(two dimensional) and in an open
Elementary concepts of differentiation and
space not confined to a line or a plane
integration for describing motion, uniform
(three dimensional); symbol and
and non- uniform motion, average speed,
representation; a scalar quantity, its
velocity, average velocity, instantaneous
representation and unit, equality of
velocity and uniformly accelerated motion,
vectors. Unit vectors denoted
velocity - time and position - time graphs.
Relations for uniformly accelerated motion by î , ĵ , k̂ orthogonal unit vectors
(graphical treatment). along x, y and z axes respectively.
Examples of one dimensional vector
Frame of reference, concept of point mass, 
rest and motion; distance and V 1 =a î or b ĵ or c k̂ where a, b, c are
displacement, speed and velocity, average 
scalar quantities or numbers; V 2 =
speed and average velocity, uniform
velocity, instantaneous speed and a î + b ĵ is a two dimensional or

instantaneous velocity, acceleration, planar vector, V 3 = a î + b ĵ + c k̂ is
instantaneous acceleration, s-t, v-t and a-t
a three dimensional or space vector.
graphs for uniform acceleration and
Concept of null vector and co-planar
conclusions drawn from these graphs;
vectors.
kinematic equations of motion for objects
in uniformly accelerated rectilinear motion (b) Addition: use displacement as an
derived using graphical, calculus or example; obtain triangle law of
analytical method, motion of an object addition; graphical and analytical
under gravity, (one dimensional motion). treatment; Discuss commutative and
associative properties of vector
Differentiation as rate of change; examples
addition (Proof not required).
from physics – speed, acceleration, velocity
Parallelogram Law; sum and
gradient, etc. Formulae for differentiation
difference; derive expressions for
of simple functions: xn, sinx, cosx, ex and ln
magnitude and direction from
x. Simple ideas about integration – mainly.
parallelogram law; special cases;
∫ x .dx. Both definite and indefinite
n
subtraction as special case of
integrals to be mentioned (elementary addition with direction reversed; use of
calculus not to be evaluated). Triangle Law for subtraction also; if
     
a +b =c ;c - a= b ; In a
parallelogram, if one diagonal is the

139
 sum, the other diagonal is the Equilibrium of concurrent forces. Friction:
difference; addition and subtraction Static and kinetic friction, laws of friction,
with vectors expressed in terms of unit rolling friction, lubrication.
vectors î , ĵ , k̂ ; multiplication of a Dynamics of uniform circular motion:
vector by a real number. Centripetal force, examples of circular motion
(vehicle on a level circular road, vehicle on a
(c) Use triangle law of addition to
banked road).
express a vector in terms of its
   (a) Newton's first law: Statement and
components. If a + b = c is an
   explanation; concept of inertia, mass,
addition fact, c = a + b is a
  force; law of inertia; mathematically, if
resolution; a and b are components of ∑F=0, a=0.
 
c . Rectangular components, relation    dp
between components, resultant and Newton's second law: p =m v ; F α ;
dt
angle between them. Dot (or scalar) 
   dp
product of vectors a . b =abcosθ; F =k . Define unit of force so that
  dt
example W = F . S = FS Cosθ . Special  dp
case of θ = 0o, 90 o and 1800. Vector k=1; F= ; a vector equation. For
  dt
(or cross) product a × b = [absinθ] n̂ ;
   classical physics with v not large and mass
 
example: torque τ = r × F ; Special m remaining constant, obtain F =m a .
cases using unit vectors iˆ , ĵ , k̂ for For v→ c, m is not constant. Then
   
a . b and a x b . m = mo Note that F= ma is the
1 - v2 c2
(d) Concept of relative velocity, start from
simple examples on relative velocity of special case for classical mechanics. It is a
one dimensional motion and then two
 
vector equation. a || F . Also, this can be
dimensional motion; consider resolved into three scalar equations
displacement first; relative Fx=max etc. Application to numerical
displacement (use Triangle Law or problems; introduce tension force, normal
parallelogram Law). reaction force. If a = 0 (body in
(e) Various terms related to projectile equilibrium), F= 0. Statement, derivation
motion; obtain equations of trajectory, and explanation of principle of
time of flight, maximum height, conservation of linear momentum. Impulse
horizontal range, instantaneous of a force: F∆t =∆p.
velocity, [projectile motion on an Newton's third law. Obtain it using Law of
inclined plane not included]. Examples Conservation of linear momentum. Proof of
of projectile motion. Newton’s second law as real law.
(f) Examples of uniform circular motion: Systematic solution of problems in
details to be covered in unit 3 (d). mechanics; isolate a part of a system,
identify all forces acting on it; draw a free
3. Laws of Motion body diagram representing the part as a
General concept of force, inertia, Newton's point and representing all forces by line
segments, solve for resultant force which is
first law of motion; momentum and 
Newton's second law of motion; impulse; equal to m a . Simple problems on
Newton's third law of motion. “Connected bodies” (not involving two
pulleys).
Law of conservation of linear momentum and
its applications. (b) Force diagrams; resultant or net force
from Triangle law of Forces,
parallelogram law or resolution of forces.

140
  
Apply net force ∑ F = m a . Again for therefore, W=∫FdS is the area under the F-
equilibrium a=0 and ∑F=0. Conditions of S graph or if F can be expressed in terms of
equilibrium of a rigid body under three S, ∫FdS can be evaluated. Example, work
coplanar forces. Discuss ladder problem. done in stretching a
= W = ∫ ∫=
kxdx 1 kx . This
2
(c) Friction; classical view and modern view spring Fdx
2
of friction, static friction a self-adjusting is also the potential energy stored in the
force; limiting value; kinetic friction or stretched spring U=½ kx2.
sliding friction; rolling friction, examples.
Kinetic energy and its expression,
Laws of friction: Two laws of static Work-Energy theorem E=W. Law of
friction; (similar) two laws of kinetic Conservation of Energy; oscillating spring.
friction; coefficient of friction µs = U+K = E = Kmax = Umax (for U = 0 and K
fs(max)/N and µk = fk/N; graphs. = 0 respectively); graph different forms of
Friction as a non-conservative force; energy and their transformations. E = mc2
motion under friction, net force in 
(no derivation). Power P=W/t; P = F .v .
Newton’s 2nd law is calculated including fk.
Motion along a rough inclined plane – both (ii) Collision in one dimension; derivation of
up and down. Pulling and pushing of a velocity equation for general case of m1 ≠
roller. Angle of friction and angle of m2 and u1 ≠ u2=0; Special cases for
repose. Lubrication, use of bearings, m1=m2=m; m1>>m2 or m1<<m2. Oblique
streamlining, etc. collisions i.e. collision in two dimensions.
(d) Angular displacement (θ), angular velocity
(ω), angular acceleration (α) and their 5. Motion of System of Particles and Rigid
relations. Concept of centripetal Body
acceleration; obtain an expression for this Idea of centre of mass: centre of mass of a two-

acceleration using∆ v . Magnitude and particle system, momentum conservation and

direction of a same as that of ∆v ; centre of mass motion. Centre of mass of a
Centripetal acceleration; the cause of this rigid body; centre of mass of a uniform rod.
acceleration is a force - also called
Moment of a force, torque, angular
centripetal force; the name only indicates
momentum, laws of conservation of angular
its direction, it is not a new type of force,
momentum and its applications.
motion in a vertical circle; banking of road
and railway track (conical pendulum is Equilibrium of rigid bodies, rigid body
excluded). rotation and equations of rotational motion,
comparative study of linear and rotational
4. Work, Power and Energy motions.
Work done by a constant force and a Moment of inertia, radius of gyration,
variable force; kinetic energy, work-energy moments of inertia for simple geometrical
theorem, power. objects (no derivation). Statement of parallel
and perpendicular axes theorems and their
Potential energy, potential energy of a spring,
applications.
conservative forces: conservation of
mechanical energy (kinetic and potential (i) Definition of centre of mass (cm), centre of
energies); Conservative and non-conservative mass (cm) for a two particle system
forces. Concept of collision: elastic and m1x1+m2x2=Mxcm; differentiating, get the
inelastic collisions in one and two dimensions. equation for vcm and acm; general equation
 
(i) Work done W= F . S =FScosθ. If F is for N particles- many particles system;
  [need not go into more details];centre of
variable dW= F . dS and
      gravity, principle of moment, discuss
W=∫dw= ∫ F . dS , for F ║ dS F . dS =FdS ladder problem, concept of a rigid body;

141
 kinetic energy of a rigid body rotating (ii) Relation between g and G. Derive the
about a fixed axis in terms of that of the expression for variation of g above and
particles of the body; hence, define moment below the surface of the earth; graph;
of inertia and radius of gyration; physical mention variation of g with latitude and
significance of moment of inertia; unit and rotation, (without derivation).
dimension; depends on mass and axis of
(iii) Gravitational field, intensity of
rotation; it is rotational inertia; equations
gravitational field and potential at a point
of rotational motions. Applications: only
expression for the moment of inertia, I in earth’s gravitational field. Vp = Wαp/m.
(about the symmetry axis) of: (i) a ring; (ii) Derive expression (by integration) for
a solid and a hollow cylinder, (iii) a thin the gravitational potential difference
rod (iv) a solid and a hollow sphere, (v) ∆V = VB-VA = G.M(1/rA-1/rB); here
a disc - only formulae (no derivations Vp = V(r) = -GM/r; negative sign for
required). attractive force field; define gravitational
potential energy of a mass m in the earth's
(a) Statements of the parallel and field; expression for gravitational potential
perpendicular axes theorems with energy U(r) = Wαp = m.V(r) = -G M
illustrations [derivation not required]. m/r; show that ∆U = mgh, for h << R.
Simple examples with change of axis. Relation between intensity and acceleration
  due to gravity.
(b) Definition of torque (vector); τ = r x
  
F and angular momentum L = r x (iv) Derive expression for the escape velocity
 of earth using energy consideration; ve
p for a particle (no derivations);
  depends on mass of the earth; for moon ve
differentiate to obtain d L /dt= τ ; is less as mass of moon is less;
similar to Newton’s second law of consequence - no atmosphere on the moon.
motion (linear);hence τ =I α and
L = Iω; (only scalar equation); Law (v) Satellites (both natural (moon) and
of conservation of angular artificial) in uniform circular motion
momentum; simple applications. around the earth; Derive the expression for
Comparison of linear and rotational orbital velocity and time period; note the
motions. centripetal acceleration is caused (or
centripetal force is provided) by the force
6. Gravitation of gravity exerted by the earth on the
Kepler's laws of planetary motion, universal satellite; the acceleration of the satellite is
law of gravitation. Acceleration due to gravity the acceleration due to gravity
(g) and its variation with altitude, latitude and [g’= g(R/R+h)2; F’G = mg’].
depth. Weightlessness; geostationary satellites;
conditions for satellite to be geostationary;
Gravitational potential and gravitational parking orbit, calculation of its radius and
potential energy, escape velocity, orbital height; basic concept of polar satellites and
velocity of a satellite, Geo-stationary their uses.
satellites.
(vi) Kepler's laws of planetary motion: explain
(i) Newton's law of universal gravitation; the three laws using diagrams. Proof of
Statement; unit and dimensional formula of third law (for circular orbits only).
universal gravitational constant, G
[Cavendish experiment not required]; 7. Properties of Bulk Matter
gravitational acceleration on surface of the (i) Mechanical Properties of Solids: Elastic
earth (g), weight of a body W= mg from behaviour of solids, Stress-strain
F=ma. relationship, Hooke's law, Young's
modulus, bulk modulus, shear modulus

142
 of rigidity, Poisson's ratio; elastic (d) Viscous drag; Newton's formula for
energy. viscosity, co-efficient of viscosity and
its units.
Elasticity in solids, Hooke’s law, Young
modulus and its determination, bulk Flow of fluids (liquids and gases),
modulus and shear modulus of rigidity, laminar flow, internal friction between
work done in stretching a wire and strain layers of fluid, between fluid and the
energy, Poisson’s ratio. solid with which the fluid is in relative
motion; examples; viscous drag is a
(ii) Mechanical Properties of Fluids
force of friction; mobile and viscous
Pressure due to a fluid column; Pascal's liquids.
law and its applications (hydraulic lift
Velocity gradient dv/dx (space rate
and hydraulic brakes), effect of gravity on
of change of velocity); viscous drag
fluid pressure.
F = ηA dv/dx; coefficient of viscosity
(a) PressureStokes'
Viscosity, in a fluid,
law,Pascal’s
terminalLaw and
velocity, η = F/A (dv/dx) depends on the nature
its applications, buoyancy (Archimedes
streamline and turbulent flow, critical of the liquid and its temperature; units:
Principle).
velocity, Bernoulli's theorem and its Ns/m2 and dyn.s/cm2= poise.1
2
applications. poise=0.1 Ns/m .
Surface energy and surface tension, angle (e) Stoke's law, motion of a sphere falling
of contact, excess of pressure across a through a fluid, hollow rigid sphere
curved surface, application of surface rising to the surface of a liquid,
tension ideas to drops, bubbles and parachute, obtain the expression of
capillary rise. terminal velocity; forces acting;
viscous drag, a force proportional to
(a) Pressure in a fluid, Pascal’s Law and
velocity; Stoke’s law; ν-t graph.
its applications, buoyancy (Archimedes
Principle). (f) Surface tension (molecular theory),
drops and bubbles, angle of contact,
(b) General characteristics of fluid flow;
work done in stretching a surface and
equation of continuity v1a1= v2a2;
surface energy, capillary rise,
conditions; applications like use of
measurement of surface tension by
nozzle at the end of a hose; Bernoulli’s
capillary (uniform bore) rise method.
principle (theorem); assumptions -
Excess pressure across a curved
incompressible liquid, streamline
surface, application of surface tension
(steady) flow, non-viscous and
for drops and bubbles.
irrotational liquid - ideal liquid;
derivation of equation; applications of
8. Heat and Thermodynamics
Bernoulli’s theorem atomizer, dynamic
uplift, Venturimeter, Magnus effect etc. (i) Thermal Properties of Matter: Heat,
temperature, thermal expansion; thermal
(c) Streamline and turbulent flow -
expansion of solids, liquids and gases,
examples; streamlines do not intersect
anomalous expansion of water; specific
(like electric and magnetic lines of
heat capacity, calorimetry; change of state,
force); tubes of flow; number of
specific latent heat capacity.
streamlines per unit area α velocity of
flow (from equation of continuity v1a1 = Heat transfer-conduction, convection and
v2a2); critical velocity; Reynold's radiation, thermal conductivity, qualitative
number (significance only) Poiseuille’s ideas of Blackbody radiation, Wein's
formula with numericals. displacement Law, Stefan's law, and
Greenhouse effect.

143
 (a) Temperature and Heat, measurement Second law of thermodynamics: reversible
of temperature (scales and inter and irreversible processes, Heat engine and
conversion). Ideal gas equation and refrigerator.
absolute temperature, thermal
(a) Thermal equilibrium and zeroth law of
expansion in solids, liquids and gases.
thermodynamics: Self explanatory
Specific heat capacity, calorimetry,
change of state, latent heat capacity, (b) First law of thermodynamics.
steady state and temperature gradient. Concept of heat (Q) as the energy that
Thermal conductivity; co-efficient of is transferred (due to temperature
thermal conductivity, Use of good and difference only) and not stored; the
poor conductors, Searle’s energy that is stored in a body or
experiment,(Lee’s Disc method is not system as potential and kinetic energy
required). Convection with examples. is called internal energy (U). Internal
(b) Black body is now called ideal or energy is a state property (only
cavity radiator and black body elementary ideas) whereas, heat is not;
radiation is cavity radiation; Stefan’s first law is a statement of conservation
law is now known as Stefan Boltzmann of energy, when, in general, heat (Q) is
law as Boltzmann derived it transferred to a body (system), internal
theoretically. There is multiplicity of energy (U) of the system changes and
technical terms related to thermal some work W is done by the system;
radiation - radiant intensity I (T) for then Q=∆U+W; also W=∫pdV for
total radiant power (energy working substance - an ideal gas;
radiated/second) per unit area of the explain the meaning of symbols (with
surface, in W/m2, I (T) =σ T4; examples) and sign convention
dimension and SI unit of σ. For carefully (as used in physics: Q>0
practical radiators I =∈. σ T4 when added to a system, ∆U>0 when U
where ∈ (dimension less) is called increases or temperature rises, and
emissivity of the surface material; W>0 when work is done by the system).
∈=1 for ideal radiators. The Spectral Special cases for Q=0 (adiabatic),
α ∆U=0 (isothermal) and W=0
radiancy R(λ). I (T)= ∫ R (λ) dλ. (isochoric).
0

Graph of R(λ) vs λ for different (c) Isothermal and adiabatic changes in a

temperatures. Area under the graph is perfect gas described in terms of PV
I (T). The λ corresponding to graphs; PV = constant (Isothermal)
maximum value of R is called λmax; and PVγ = constant (adiabatic); joule
decreases with increase in and calorie relation (derivation of
temperature. PVγ = constant not required).
Wien’s displacement law; Stefan’s law Note that 1 cal = 4⋅186 J exactly and J
and Newton’s law of cooling. (so-called mechanical equivalent of
[Deductions from Stefan’s law not heat) should not be used in equations.
necessary]. Greenhouse effect – self- In equations, it is understood that each
explanatory. term as well as the LHS and RHS are
in the same units; it could be all joules
(ii) Thermodynamics or all calories.
Thermal equilibrium and definition of (d) Derive an expression for work done in
temperature (zeroth law of isothermal and adiabatic processes;
thermodynamics), heat, work and internal principal and molar heat capacities;
energy. First law of thermodynamics, Cp and Cv; relation between Cp and
isothermal and adiabatic processes.

144
 Cv (Cp - Cv = R). Work done as area of temperature can be obtained as
bounded by PV graph. explained in the next subunit].
(e) Second law of thermodynamics, (b) From kinetic theory for an
Carnot's cycle. Some practical ideal gas (obeying all the assumptions
applications. especially no intermolecular attraction
and negligibly small size of molecules,
Only one statement each in terms of
Kelvin’s impossible steam engine and we get p = (1/3)ρ c 2 or pV =
Clausius’ impossible refrigerator. (1/3)M c 2 . (No further, as temperature
Brief explanation of the law. Reversible is not a concept of kinetic theory).
and irreversible processes, Heat From experimentally obtained gas
engine; Carnot’s cycle - describe laws, we have the ideal gas equation
realisation from source and sink of (obeyed by some gases at low pressure
infinite thermal capacity, thermal and high temperature) pV = RT for one
insulation, etc. Explain using pV graph mole. Combining these two results
(isothermal process and adiabatic (assuming they can be combined),
process) expression and numericals
(without derivation) for efficiency η=1- RT=(1/3)M c 2 =(2/3).½M c 2 =(2/3)K;
T2/T1., Refrigerator and heat pumps. Hence, kinetic energy of 1 mole of an
ideal gas K=(3/2)RT. Average K for 1
9. Behaviour of Perfect Gases and Kinetic molecule = K/N = (3/2) RT/N = (3/2)
Theory of Gases kT where k is Boltzmann’s constant.
So, temperature T can be interpreted as
(i) Kinetic Theory: Equation of state of a a measure of the average kinetic
perfect gas, work done in compressing a energy of the molecules of a gas.
gas. Kinetic theory of gases - assumptions,
concept of pressure. Kinetic interpretation (c) Degrees of freedom and calculation of
of temperature; rms speed of gas specific heat capacities for all types of
molecules; degrees of freedom, law of gases. Concept of the law of
equi-partition of energy (statement only) equipartition of energy (derivation not
and application to specific heat capacities required). Concept of mean free path
of gases; concept of mean free path, and Avogadro’s number NA.
Avogadro's number.
10. Oscillations and Waves
(a) Kinetic Theory of gases; derive p=1/3
(i) Oscillations: Periodic motion, time period,
ρ c2 from the assumptions and frequency, displacement as a function of
applying Newton’s laws of motion. The time, periodic functions. Simple harmonic
average thermal velocity (rms value) motion (S.H.M) and its equation; phase;
crms=√3p/ρ; calculations for air, oscillations of a spring, restoring force and
hydrogen and their comparison with force constant; energy in S.H.M., Kinetic
common speeds. Effect of temperature and potential energies; simple pendulum
and pressure on rms speed of gas and derivation of expression for its time
molecules. period.
[Note that pV=nRT the ideal gas Free, forced and damped oscillations
equation cannot be derived from (qualitative ideas only), resonance.
kinetic theory of ideal gas. Hence,
neither can other gas laws; pV=nRT is (a) Simple harmonic motion. Periodic
an experimental result. Comparing motion, time period T and frequency f,
f=1/T; uniform circular motion and its
this with p = ⅓ ρ c 2 , from kinetic projection on a diameter defines SHM;
theory of gases, a kinetic interpretation displacement, amplitude, phase and
epoch, velocity, acceleration, time

145
 period; characteristics of SHM; strings and organ pipes, fundamental mode
Relation between linear simple and harmonics, Beats, Doppler effect.
harmonic motion and uniform circular
(a) Transverse and longitudinal waves;
motion. Differential equation of SHM,
characteristics of a harmonic wave;
d2y/dt2+ω2y=0 from the nature of force
graphical representation of a harmonic
acting F=-k y; solution y=A sin
wave. Distinction between transverse
(ωt+φ0) where ω2 = k/m;
and longitudinal waves; examples;
obtain expressions for velocity,
acceleration, time period T and displacement, amplitude, time period,
frequency f. Graphical representation frequency, wavelength, derive v=fλ;
of displacement, velocity and graph of displacement with
acceleration. Examples, simple time/position, label time
pendulum, a mass m attached to a period/wavelength and amplitude,
spring of spring constant k. Derivation equation of a progressive harmonic
of time period of simple harmonic (sinusoidal) wave, y = A sin (kx±ωt)
motion of a simple pendulum, mass on where k is a propagation factor and
a spring (horizontal and vertical equivalent equations.
oscillations) Kinetic and potential (b) Production and propagation of sound
energy at a point in simple harmonic as a wave motion; mechanical wave
motion. Total energy E = U+K requires a medium; general formula
(potential +kinetic) is conserved. Draw for speed of sound (no derivation).
graphs of U, K and E Verses y. Newton’s formula for speed of sound in
(b) Free, forced and damped oscillations air; experimental value; Laplace’s
(qualitative treatment only). correction; variation of speed v with
Resonance. Examples of damped changes in pressure, density, humidity
oscillations (all oscillations are and temperature. Speed of sound in
damped); graph of amplitude vs time liquids and solids - brief introduction
for undamped and damped only. Concept of supersonic and
oscillations; damping force in addition ultrasonic waves.
to restoring force (-ky); forced
oscillations, examples; action of an (c) Principle of superposition of waves;
external periodic force, in addition to interference (simple ideas only);
restoring force. Time period is dependence of combined wave form, on
changed to that of the external applied the relative phase of the interfering
force, amplitude (A) varies with waves; qualitative only - illustrate with
frequency (f) of the applied force and it wave representations. Beats
is maximum when the frequency of the (qualitative explanation only); number
external applied force is equal to the of beats produced per second =
natural frequency of the vibrating difference in the frequencies of the
body. This is resonance; maximum interfering waves. Standing waves or
energy transfer from one body to the stationary waves; formation by two
other; bell graph of amplitude vs identical progressive waves travelling
frequency of the applied force. in opposite directions (e.g.,: along a
Examples from mechanics, electricity string, in an air column - incident and
and electronics (radio). reflected waves); obtain
(ii) Waves: Wave motion, Transverse and y= y1+y2= [2 ym sin (kx)] cos (ωt) using
longitudinal waves, speed of wave motion, equations of the travelling waves;
displacement relation for a progressive variation of the amplitude A=2 ymsin
wave, principle of superposition of waves, (kx) with location (x) of the particle;
reflection of waves, standing waves in nodes and antinodes; compare

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 standing waves with progressive 3. Determine radius of curvature of a spherical
waves. surface like watch glass by a spherometer.
(d) Laws of vibrations of a stretched 4. Equilibrium of three concurrent coplanar
string. Obtain equation for forces. To verify the parallelogram law of
fundamental frequency f0=(½l) T/m ; forces and to determine weight of a body.
sonometer. 5. (i) Inclined plane: To find the downward force
acting along the inclined plane on a roller
(e) Modes of vibration of strings and air
columns (closed and open pipes); due to gravitational pull of earth and to
standing waves with nodes and study its relationship with angle of
antinodes; also in resonance with the inclination by plotting graph between force
periodic force exerted usually by a and sin θ.
tuning fork; sketches of various modes (ii) Friction: To find the force of limiting
of vibration; obtain expressions for friction for a wooden block placed on
fundamental frequency and various horizontal surface and to study its
harmonics and overtones; mutual relationship with normal reaction. To
relations. determine the coefficient of friction.
(f) Doppler effect for sound; obtain general 6. To find the acceleration due to gravity by
expression for apparent frequency when measuring the variation in time period (T) with
both the source and listener are moving, effective length (L) of a simple pendulum; plot
 v ± vL  graphs of T νs √L and T2 νs L. Determine
given as f L = f r   which can be effective length of the seconds pendulum from
 v ± vr 
T2 νs L graph.
reduced to any one of the four special
cases, by using proper sign. 7. To find the force constant of a spring and to
study variation in time period of oscillation
PAPER II with mass m of a body suspended by the
spring. To find acceleration due to gravity by
PRACTICAL WORK- 20 Marks
plotting a graph of T against √m.
Given below is a list of required experiments.
8. Boyle's Law: To study the variation in volume
Teachers may add to this list, keeping in mind
the general pattern of questions asked in the with pressure for a sample of air at constant
annual examinations. temperature by plotting graphs between p and
1 and between p and V.
V
In each experiment, students are expected to record
their observations in a tabular form with units at the 9. Cooling curve: To study the fall in temperature
column head. Students should plot an appropriate of a body (like hot water or liquid in
graph, work out the necessary calculations and calorimeter) with time. Find the slope of the
arrive at the result. curve at four different temperatures of the hot
body and hence, deduce Newton's law of
Students are required to have completed all cooling.
experiments from the given list (excluding
demonstration experiments): 10. To study the variation in frequency of air
column with length using resonance column
1. To measure the diameter of a spherical body apparatus or a long cylindrical vessel and a set
using Vernier calipers. Calculate its volume of tuning forks. Hence, determine velocity of
with appropriate significant figures. Also sound in air at room temperature.
measure its volume using a graduated cylinder
and compare the two. 11. To determine frequency of a tuning fork using
a sonometer.
2. Find the diameter of a wire using a micrometer
screw gauge and determine percentage error in 12. To determine specific heat capacity of a solid
cross sectional area. using a calorimeter.

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