Name: Igbigbidje Oghenerukevwe Favour

Matriculation number: ADUN/FS/19/287

Department: Cybersecurity
Course title: SEN 411
Lecturer: Dr Ezekwe Chinwe.

Assignment: Summarize chapter 1 of the Artificial intelligence slides in 2

pages.
Chapter one consist of highlight on what intelligence, the theory of intelligence and the tests of
intelligence, Measuring intelligence, Criticism of intelligence, Distribution of IQ tests entail;
Intelligence does not imply perfect understanding; every intelligent being has limited perception,
memory, and computation. Intelligence is the term usually referring to a general mental
capability to reason, solve problems, think abstractly, learn and understand new material, and
profit from experience. Intelligence draws on a variety of mental processes, including memory,
learning, perception, decision-making, thinking, and reasoning. With the above points about
intelligence, most people have an intuitive notion of what intelligence is, and many words in the
English language distinguish between different levels of intellectual skill: bright, dull, smart,
stupid, clever, slow, and so on. Yet no universally accepted definition of intelligence exists, and
people continue to debate what, exactly, it is. Definition 1 The simplest definition proposed is
that intelligence is whatever intelligence tests measure. Second, many different intelligence tests
exist, and they do not all measure the same thing. The researchers received many different
definitions: Definition 2 Intelligence is general adaptability to new problems in life; Definition 3
Intelligence is the ability to engage in abstract thinking; Definition 4 Intelligence is the
adjustment to the environment; Definition 5 Intelligence is the capacity for knowledge and
knowledge possessed; Definition 6 Intelligence is the general capacity for independence,
originality, and productiveness in thinking; Definition 7 Intelligence is the capacity to acquire
capacity; Definition 8 Intelligence is the ability to judge, to understand, and to reason; Definition
9 Intelligence is the apprehension of relevant relationships, deduction of relationships and
general cognitive ability.
Early test Interest in measuring individual differences in mental ability began in the late 19th
century first by Sir Frances Galton, a British scientist, Alfred Binet, a prominent French
psychologist and colleague Théodore Simon, was the first to develop an intelligence test that
accurately predicted academic success. In 1905 French psychologists Alfred Binet and Théodore
Simon developed one of the first tests to measure intelligence of children with the test Binet and
Simon assumed that all children follow the same course of intellectual development but develop
at different rates. Another American psychologist, Lewis Terman, revised the test by adapting
some of Binet ‘s questions, adding questions appropriate for adults, and establishing new
standards for average performance at each age. Terman converted performance into a single
score, which he called the intelligence quotient, or IQ. Although this formula works adequately
for comparing children, it does not work well for adults because intelligence levels off during
adulthood. During World War I (1914-1918) the United States Army asked educational
psychologists to develop an intelligence test for recruits. The result, known as Examination
Alpha, consisted of a variety of short-answer tests that purported to measure general intelligence.
Which include, Practical Judgment, Arithmetical Problems, Synonym-Antonym, Disarranged
Sentences, Number Series Completion, Analogies. Achievement tests and aptitude tests are very
similar to intelligence tests. Examples of achievement and aptitude tests that are widely used
include the SAT, the Graduate Record Exam (GRE), the California Achievement Test, the Law
School Admissions Test (LSAT), and the Medical College Admission Test (MCAT).
Furthermore, it stated the Critics of intelligence testing argue that IQ tests tend to be
misinterpreted and misused. Because IQ tests reduce intelligence to a single number, many
people mistakenly regard IQ as if it were a fixed, real trait such as height or weight, rather than
an abstract concept that was originally designed to predict performance in school. In recent
years, some psychologists have tried to explain intelligence from a biological standpoint with
theories; General intelligence Charles Spearman 1904 Intelligence is one general mental
capability represented as g. The g factor underlies performance on all intellectual tasks. Primary
mental abilities Louis L. Thurstone 1938 Intelligence consists of seven independent primary
abilities: (1) verbal comprehension, (2) verbal fluency, (3) number or arithmetic ability, (4)
memory, (5) perceptual speed, (6) inductive reasoning, and (7) spatial visualization. Fluid
intelligence and crystallized intelligence Raymond B. Cattell and John Horn 1966 Intelligence
consists of two broad abilities. (1) Fluid intelligence is one's biologically based capacity for
reasoning and memory. (2) Crystallized intelligence is the knowledge and skills acquired through
experience and learning. Multiple intelligences Howard Gardner 1983There are seven kinds of
intelligence*: (1) linguistic intelligence, (2) musical intelligence, (3) logicalmathematical
intelligence, (4) spatial intelligence, (5) bodily-kinesthetic intelligence, (6) intrapersonal
intelligence, and (7) interpersonal intelligence. Most activities draw on several kinds of
intelligence. Triarchic theory of intelligence Robert Sternberg 1985 Intelligence consists of three
major parts. (1) Analytic intelligence is skill in reasoning and in processing information. (2)
Creative intelligence is skill in using past experiences to achieve insight and deal with new
situations. (3) Practical intelligence is skill in everyday living and in adapting to life demands.
American psychologists Peter Salovey and John Mayer, who together introduced the concept in
1990, define emotional intelligence as the ability to perceive, understand, express, and regulate
emotions. will require understanding how the cognitive processes of the brain actually work.