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af0 \loch \af0 {\b1 \fs32 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af4 \hich \af4 \loch \f4 \
lang9 \langnp9 \par }\pard \plain \qc \li0 \ri0 \lisb0 \sa200 \lisa0 \sl276 \
slmult1 \widctlpar \aspalpha \aspnum \adjustright \lin0 \rin0 \itap0 \fs21 \
kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \af0 {\b1 \fs32 \kerning2 \rtlch
\ltrch \dbch \af4 \hich \af4 \loch \f4 \lang9 \langnp9 \par }\pard \plain \qc \
li0 \ri0 \lisb0 \sa200 \lisa0 \sl276 \slmult1 \widctlpar \aspalpha \aspnum \
adjustright \lin0 \rin0 \itap0 \fs21 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af2 \hich \
af0 \loch \af0 {\b1 \fs32 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af4 \hich \af4 \loch \f4 \
lang9 \langnp9 \par }\pard \plain \qc \li0 \ri0 \lisb0 \sa200 \lisa0 \sl276 \
slmult1 \widctlpar \aspalpha \aspnum \adjustright \lin0 \rin0 \itap0 \fs21 \
kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \af0 {\b1 \fs32 \kerning2 \rtlch
\ltrch \dbch \af4 \hich \af4 \loch \f4 \lang9 \langnp9 THE FASHION WORLD OF ENGLAND
IN VICTORIAN ERA}{\b1 \fs32 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af4 \hich \af4 \loch \f4
\lang9 \langnp9 \par }\pard \plain \qc \li0 \ri0 \lisb0 \sa200 \lisa0 \sl276 \
slmult1 \widctlpar \aspalpha \aspnum \adjustright \lin0 \rin0 \itap0 \fs21 \
kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \af0 {\fs22 \kerning2 \rtlch \
ltrch \dbch \af4 \hich \af4 \loch \f4 \lang9 \langnp9 \par }\pard \plain \ql \li0 \
ri0 \lisb0 \sa200 \lisa0 \sl276 \slmult1 \widctlpar \aspalpha \aspnum \
adjustright \lin0 \rin0 \itap0 \fs21 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af2 \hich \
af0 \loch \af0 {\fs22 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af4 \hich \af4 \loch \f4 \
lang9 \langnp9 \par }\pard \plain \ql \li0 \ri0 \lisb0 \sa200 \lisa0 \sl276 \
slmult1 \widctlpar \aspalpha \aspnum \adjustright \lin0 \rin0 \itap0 \fs21 \
kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \af0 {\fs22 \kerning2 \rtlch \
ltrch \dbch \af4 \hich \af4 \loch \f4 \lang9 \langnp9 \par }\pard \plain \qc \li0 \
ri0 \lisb0 \sa200 \lisa0 \sl276 \slmult1 \widctlpar \aspalpha \aspnum \
adjustright \lin0 \rin0 \itap0 \fs21 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af2 \hich \
af0 \loch \af0 {\i1 \fs20 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af0 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \
lang9 \langnp9 \tab }{\b1 \i1 \fs24 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af0 \hich \af0 \
loch \f0 \lang9 \langnp9 Abstract}{\i1 \fs22 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af0 \
hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang9 \langnp9 \par }\pard \plain \qc \li0 \ri0 \lisb0 \
sa200 \lisa0 \sl276 \slmult1 \widctlpar \aspalpha \aspnum \adjustright \lin0 \
rin0 \itap0 \fs21 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \af0 {\i1 \
fs22 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af0 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang9 \langnp9 \
par }\pard \plain \ql \li0 \ri0 \lisb0 \sa200 \lisa0 \sl276 \slmult1 \widctlpar \
aspalpha \aspnum \adjustright \lin0 \rin0 \itap0 \fs21 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \
dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \af0 {\fs20 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af0 \hich \
af0 \loch \f0 \lang9 \langnp9 \tab }{\i1 \fs20 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af0 \
hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang9 \langnp9 In this paper I will analyze the contribution
of Victorian fashion to the development of Great Britain. The Victorian Era marks a
time when British civilization was expanding. The upper class displays its rank,
riches, and social affiliation through clothes. The fact that the clothing of this
century was regarded as iconic, through several changes over time, and had an
impact on current trends makes it easy to comprehend why fashion played such a
large part in the Victorian Era. During this time, the British Empire expanded to
emerge as world's leading industrialized country, generating the majority of the
world's coal, iron, steel, and fabrics. The Victorian period had dramatic advances
inside the arts and sciences, that helped create the society we know today. With
the development and growth of radical groups,\uc1 \u160 ?significantly socialism,
liberalism, and organized feminism, these shifts resulted in numerous changes in
society.}{\i1 \fs20 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af0 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \
lang9 \langnp9 \par }\pard \plain
\ql \li0 \ri0 \lisb0 \sa200 \lisa0 \sl276 \slmult1 \widctlpar \aspalpha \aspnum \
adjustright \lin0 \rin0 \itap0 \fs21 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af2 \hich \
af0 \loch \af0 {\i1 \fs20 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af0 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \
lang9 \langnp9 \par }\pard \plain \ql \li0 \ri0 \lisb0 \sa200 \lisa0 \sl276 \
slmult1 \widctlpar \aspalpha \aspnum \adjustright \lin0 \rin0 \itap0 \fs21 \
kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \af0 {\i1 \fs20 \kerning2 \rtlch
\ltrch \dbch \af0 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang9 \langnp9 \par }\pard \plain \ql \
li0 \ri0 \lisb0 \sa200 \lisa0 \sl276 \slmult1 \widctlpar \aspalpha \aspnum \
adjustright \lin0 \rin0 \itap0 \fs21 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af2 \hich \
af0 \loch \af0 {\fs22 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af4 \hich \af4 \loch \f4 \
lang9 \langnp9 \par }\pard \plain \ql \li0 \ri0 \lisb0 \sa200 \lisa0 \sl276 \
slmult1 \widctlpar \aspalpha \aspnum \adjustright \lin0 \rin0 \itap0 \fs21 \
kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \af0 {\fs22 \kerning2 \rtlch \
ltrch \dbch \af4 \hich \af4 \loch \f4 \lang9 \langnp9 \tab }{\b1 \fs24 \kerning2 \
rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af0 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang9 \langnp9 INTRODUCTION}{\fs24 \
kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af0 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang9 \langnp9 \par }\
pard \plain \ql \li0 \ri0 \lisb0 \sa200 \lisa0 \sl276 \slmult1 \widctlpar \aspalpha
\aspnum \adjustright \lin0 \rin0 \itap0 \fs21 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af2 \
hich \af0 \loch \af0 {\fs24 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af0 \hich \af0 \loch \f0
\lang9 \langnp9 \tab }{\fs24 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af0 \hich \af0 \loch \
f0 \lang9 \langnp9 It is a well-known fact that Queen Victoria ruled the United
Kingdom from 20 June 1837 until her death on 22 January 1901, who credited with
establishing the Victorian Era. Numerous industries, like the fashion industry,
evolved during this time and helped the economy thrive. People's clothing at the
period was a very important means for them to express their social standing,
personal preferences, and family affiliation.}{\fs24 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \
dbch \af0 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang9 \langnp9 \tab }{\fs24 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch
\dbch \af0 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang9 \langnp9 \par }\pard \plain \ql \li0 \ri0 \
lisb0 \sa200 \lisa0 \sl276 \slmult1 \widctlpar \aspalpha \aspnum \adjustright \lin0
\rin0 \itap0 \fs21 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \af0 {\
fs24 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af0 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang9 \langnp9 \
par }\pard \plain \ql \li0 \ri0 \lisb0 \sa200 \lisa0 \sl276 \slmult1 \widctlpar \
aspalpha \aspnum \adjustright \lin0 \rin0 \itap0 \fs21 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \
dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \af0 {\fs24 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af0 \hich \
af0 \loch \f0 \lang9 \langnp9 \tab }{\b1 \fs24 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af0 \
hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang9 \langnp9 CONTENT}{\fs24 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \
af0 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang9 \langnp9 \par }\pard \plain \ql \li0 \ri0 \lisb0 \
sa200 \lisa0 \sl276 \slmult1 \widctlpar \aspalpha \aspnum \adjustright \lin0 \
rin0 \itap0 \fs21 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \af0 {\fs24 \
kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af0 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang9 \langnp9 \tab }{\fs24
\kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af0 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang9 \langnp9 Between the
Regency and the beginning of Victorian fashion, the 1820s and 30s are a fascinating
period. During the Victorian Era, style was unique, ornate, and expensive. The
impact of Queen Victoria started in the 1830s and lasted until the early 1900s. The
women of the Bringhurst family were undoubtedly influenced by this, and they
dressed in the most ornate clothes of the Era. The jewellery from that period are
simply wonderful.}{\fs24 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af0 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \
lang9 \langnp9 \par }\pard \plain \ql \li0 \ri0 \lisb0 \sa200 \lisa0 \sl276 \
slmult1 \widctlpar \aspalpha \aspnum \adjustright \lin0 \rin0 \itap0 \fs21 \
kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \af0 {\fs24 \kerning2 \rtlch \
ltrch \dbch \af0 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang9 \langnp9 \par }\pard \plain \ql \fi-
360 \li720 \ri0 \lisb0 \sa200 \lisa0 \sl276 \slmult1 \widctlpar \aspalpha \aspnum \
adjustright \lin720 \rin0 \itap0 \fs21 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af2 \hich \
af0 \loch \af0 {\b1 \fs24 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af0 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \
lang9 \langnp9 Queen Victoria's wedding:}{\b1 \fs24 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \
af0 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang9 \langnp9 \par }\pard \plain \ql \li0 \ri0 \lisb0 \
sa200 \lisa0 \sl276 \slmult1 \widctlpar \aspalpha \aspnum \adjustright \lin0 \
rin0 \itap0 \fs21 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \af0 {\fs24 \
kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af0 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang9 \langnp9 \tab }{\fs24
\kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af0 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang9 \langnp9 In addition
to being a celebration of love, Queen Victoria and Prince Albert's wedding in 1840
served as a public relations occasion. Victoria proposed to her cousin Albert since
she was completly in love with him.}{\fs24 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af0 \hich
\af0 \loch \f0 \lang9 \langnp9 \par }\pard \plain \ql \li0 \ri0 \lisb0 \sa200 \
lisa0 \sl276 \slmult1 \widctlpar \aspalpha \aspnum \adjustright \lin0 \rin0 \
itap0 \fs21 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \af0 {\fs24 \
kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af0 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang9 \langnp9 \tab }{\fs24
\kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af0 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang9 \langnp9 William
Dyce, then-director of the Government School of Design, created the lace, which
Mary Bettans put on a dress composed of white satin. The machine-made cotton net
was embellished with hand-appliqu\uc1 \u233 ?d lace patterns. The gown was
decorated with orange flowers, a fertility symbol, as well as a wreath that
Victoria placed over her veil in place of a tiara. The veil was four yards long and
0.75 yards wide, matching the flounce of the dress: }{\i1 \fs24 \kerning2 \rtlch \
ltrch \dbch \af0 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang9 \langnp9 \uc1 \u8220 ?Victora had
chosen to wear white mostly because it was the perfect color to highlight the
delicate lace.\uc1 \u8221 ? (Julia Braid, 2016:142).}{\fs24 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch
\dbch \af0 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang9 \langnp9 \par }\pard \plain \ql \li0 \ri0 \
lisb0 \sa200 \lisa0 \sl276 \slmult1 \widctlpar \aspalpha \aspnum \adjustright \lin0
\rin0 \itap0 \fs21 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \af0 {\
fs24 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af0 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang9 \langnp9 \
par }\pard \plain \ql \fi-360 \li720 \ri0 \lisb0 \sa200 \lisa0 \sl276 \slmult1 \
widctlpar \aspalpha \aspnum \adjustright \lin720 \rin0 \itap0 \fs21 \kerning2 \
rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \af0 {\b1 \fs24 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \
dbch \af0 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang9 \langnp9 Women's Fashion in Victorian Era}{\
b1 \fs24 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af0 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang9 \langnp9 \
par }\pard \plain \ql \li0 \ri0 \lisb0 \sa200 \lisa0 \sl276 \slmult1 \widctlpar \
aspalpha \aspnum \adjustright \lin0 \rin0 \itap0 \fs21 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \
dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \af0 {\fs24 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af0 \hich \
af0 \loch \f0 \lang9 \langnp9 \tab }{\fs24 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af0 \hich
\af0 \loch \f0 \lang9 \langnp9 Firstly, the Victorian Era was notable for its large
skirts, constricted corsets, and bonnets worn by women. It was against the law for
women to expose even an ankle during this historical period, thus they donned
numerous layers of dresses, blouses, skirts, and coats: }{\i1 \fs24 \kerning2 \
rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af0 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang9 \langnp9 "The ideal woman of
the 1840s was supposed to be quiet, modest, and shy. Modesty was reflected in
clothing styles. Dresses worn in the daytime, which had previously revealed a
woman\uc1 \u8217 ?s shoulders, now covered her whole body, from the neck to the
feet." (Peter Chrisp, 2005:6). }{\i1 \fs24 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af0 \hich
\af0 \loch \f0 \lang9 \langnp9 \par }\pard \plain \ql \li0 \ri0 \lisb0 \sa200 \
lisa0 \sl276 \slmult1 \widctlpar \aspalpha \aspnum \adjustright \lin0 \rin0 \
itap0 \fs21 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \af0 {\fs24 \
kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af0 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang9 \langnp9 }{\fs24 \
kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af0 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang9 \langnp9 \tab }{\fs24
\kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af0 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang9 \langnp9 The women
wore corsets underneath their dresses, which prevented them from moving around much
during the day. Wearing a skirt that is wider than other skirts has come to be seen
as a symbol of prosperity. These garments, which were bought by the upper class
society, were more expensive because more design and labor went into their
creation. The middle class would create their own new clothing because they rarely
wore these expensive garments. The wealthy would donate their used garments to the
underprivileged. Hats and bonnets were fashionable accessories at this period, worn
by women who wore their hair curled in a bun or top knot and complemented their
elaborate and voluminous costumes with them. It was considered stylish to have hats
that were embellished with feathers or birds. Later in the Victorian Era, corsets
were less often worn, and skirts grew fuller in the rear. In this Era, people
viewed these garments as significant examples of fashion as well as a huge show of
riches.}{\fs24 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af0 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang9 \
langnp9 \par }\pard \plain \ql \li0 \ri0 \lisb0 \sa200 \lisa0 \sl276 \slmult1 \
widctlpar \aspalpha \aspnum \adjustright \lin0 \rin0 \itap0 \fs21 \kerning2 \
rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \af0 {\fs24 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \
dbch \af0 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang9 \langnp9 \par }\pard \plain \ql \li0 \ri0 \
lisb0 \sa200 \lisa0 \sl276 \slmult1 \widctlpar \aspalpha
\aspnum \adjustright \lin0 \rin0 \itap0 \fs21 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af2 \
hich \af0 \loch \af0 {\fs24 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af0 \hich \af0 \loch \f0
\lang9 \langnp9 \tab }{\fs24 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af0 \hich \af0 \loch \
f0 \lang9 \langnp9 Hair:}{\fs24 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af0 \hich \af0 \loch
\f0 \lang9 \langnp9 \par }\pard \plain \ql \li0 \ri0 \lisb0 \sa200 \lisa0 \sl276 \
slmult1 \widctlpar \aspalpha \aspnum \adjustright \lin0 \rin0 \itap0 \fs21 \
kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \af0 {\fs24 \kerning2 \rtlch \
ltrch \dbch \af0 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang9 \langnp9 \tab }{\fs24 \kerning2 \rtlch
\ltrch \dbch \af0 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang9 \langnp9 Until the end of the 1840s,
when more straightforward forms once again became popular, the hairstyles had been
getting more and more ornate. The hairstyles were tall, even sculptural, with
precise arrangements, as though the hair were vying for height and attention. A
section of the middle-parted hair was combed up to the crown. The top of the head's
center section was braided, knotted, and looped, while the side parts at the
temples were curled. As a form of support, wire frames were required. Feathers,
gems, and fake flowers were used as decorations. The hairstyles were
straightforward from the 1850s through the 1970s: the hair was parted down the
middle and twisted into many corkscrew curls.}{\fs24 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \
dbch \af0 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang9 \langnp9 \tab }{\fs24 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch
\dbch \af0 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang9 \langnp9 \par }\pard \plain \ql \li0 \ri0 \
lisb0 \sa200 \lisa0 \sl276 \slmult1 \widctlpar \aspalpha \aspnum \adjustright \lin0
\rin0 \itap0 \fs21 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \af0 {\
fs24 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af0 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang9 \langnp9 \
par }\pard \plain \ql \li0 \ri0 \lisb0 \sa200 \lisa0 \sl276 \slmult1 \widctlpar \
aspalpha \aspnum \adjustright \lin0 \rin0 \itap0 \fs21 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \
dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \af0 {\fs24 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af0 \hich \
af0 \loch \f0 \lang9 \langnp9 \tab }{\fs24 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af0 \hich
\af0 \loch \f0 \lang9 \langnp9 Accessories:}{\fs24 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \
af0 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang9 \langnp9 \par }\pard \plain \ql \li0 \ri0 \lisb0 \
sa200 \lisa0 \sl276 \slmult1 \widctlpar \aspalpha \aspnum \adjustright \lin0 \
rin0 \itap0 \fs21 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \af0 {\fs24 \
kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af0 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang9 \langnp9 \tab }{\fs24
\kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af0 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang9 \langnp9 Chatelaine
pockets and purses, such as those made of velvet and embroidered, were fashionable
accessories. Exactly so, drawstring bags of every size and form. Fans were a big
deal. It was common to see folding or palette-shaped fans with painted scenes on
them. The shape of square fans, such those with ebony frames, resembles an opened
envelope.}{\fs24 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af0 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang9 \
langnp9 \par }\pard \plain \ql \li0 \ri0 \lisb0 \sa200 \lisa0 \sl276 \slmult1 \
widctlpar \aspalpha \aspnum \adjustright \lin0 \rin0 \itap0 \fs21 \kerning2 \
rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \af0 {\fs24 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \
dbch \af0 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang9 \langnp9 \tab }{\fs24 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch
\dbch \af0 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang9 \langnp9 Belts appear to have been extremely
popular during the whole Victorian Era, ranging from wide belts with back laces to
tight leather girdles. The handkerchief was a crucial piece of clothing. It had a
lace edging, was perfume-scented, had a monogram or flowers embroidered on it, and
was obviously never really used for colds.}{\fs24 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \
af0 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang9 \langnp9 \par }\pard \plain \ql \li0 \ri0 \lisb0 \
sa200 \lisa0 \sl276 \slmult1 \widctlpar \aspalpha \aspnum \adjustright \lin0 \
rin0 \itap0 \fs21 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \af0 {\fs24 \
kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af0 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang9 \langnp9 \par }\
pard \plain \ql \li0 \ri0 \lisb0 \sa200 \lisa0 \sl276 \slmult1 \widctlpar \aspalpha
\aspnum \adjustright \lin0 \rin0 \itap0 \fs21 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af2 \
hich \af0 \loch \af0 {\fs24 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af0 \hich \af0 \loch \f0
\lang9 \langnp9 \tab }{\fs24 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af0 \hich \af0 \loch \
f0 \lang9 \langnp9 Shoes:}{\fs24 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af0 \hich \af0 \
loch \f0 \lang9 \langnp9 \par }\pard \plain \ql \li0 \ri0 \lisb0 \sa200 \lisa0 \
sl276 \slmult1 \widctlpar \aspalpha \aspnum \adjustright \lin0 \rin0 \itap0 \fs21 \
kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \af0 {\fs24 \kerning2 \rtlch \
ltrch \dbch \af0 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang9 \langnp9 \tab }{\fs24 \kerning2 \rtlch
\ltrch \dbch \af0 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang9 \langnp9 Half-boots and flats were
still used up to the middle of the 19th century; they were fashioned of soft
leather or, for special occasions, silk and satin. These flats might be fastened
with ribbon strapping or slipped on. They had a striking resemblance to Regency
shoes.}{\fs24 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af0 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang9 \
langnp9 \par }\pard \plain \ql \li0 \ri0 \lisb0 \sa200 \lisa0 \sl276 \slmult1 \
widctlpar \aspalpha \aspnum \adjustright \lin0 \rin0 \itap0 \fs21 \kerning2 \
rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \af0 {\fs24 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \
dbch \af0 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang9 \langnp9 \tab }{\fs24 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch
\dbch \af0 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang9 \langnp9 In the 1870s, wearing heels became
in style. The heels have an inward bend and weren't particularly high. Most
footwear had either square or pointy toes. The triangles at the ankles of the pair
of boots in the image above from the Otago Museum in Dunedin are constructed of
elastic material to make it easier to pull the boots on and ensure a better fit.}{\
fs24 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af0 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang9 \langnp9 \
par }\pard \plain \ql \li0 \ri0 \lisb0 \sa200 \lisa0 \sl276 \slmult1 \widctlpar \
aspalpha \aspnum \adjustright \lin0 \rin0 \itap0 \fs21 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \
dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \af0 {\fs24 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af0 \hich \
af0 \loch \f0 \lang9 \langnp9 \par }\pard \plain \ql \fi-360 \li720 \ri0 \lisb0 \
sa200 \lisa0 \sl276 \slmult1 \widctlpar \aspalpha \aspnum \adjustright \lin720 \
rin0 \itap0 \fs21 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \af0 {\b1 \
fs24 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af0 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang9 \langnp9 Men's
Fashion in Victorian England}{\b1 \fs24 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af0 \hich \
af0 \loch \f0 \lang9 \langnp9 \par }\pard \plain \ql \li0 \ri0 \lisb0 \sa200 \lisa0
\sl276 \slmult1 \widctlpar \aspalpha \aspnum \adjustright \lin0 \rin0 \itap0 \
fs21 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \af0 {\fs24 \kerning2 \
rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af0 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang9 \langnp9 \tab }{\fs24 \kerning2
\rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af0 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang9 \langnp9 Secondly, men's
fashion during the late Victorian Era seems to have seen relatively little
alteration to modern eyes. There are slight variations in collar height, how
visible waistcoats (vests) are, and jacket closures. Status was reflected in
clothing. An indication of high breeding, taste, and sense was better dress. The
well-dressed man was regarded as superior to those who were on the lower rungs of
the socioeconomic ladder in every aspect since wealth was an indication of moral
character.}{\fs24 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af0 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang9 \
langnp9 \par }\pard \plain \ql \li0 \ri0 \lisb0 \sa200 \lisa0 \sl276 \slmult1 \
widctlpar \aspalpha \aspnum \adjustright \lin0 \rin0 \itap0 \fs21 \kerning2 \
rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \af0 {\fs24 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \
dbch \af0 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang9 \langnp9 \tab }{\fs24 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch
\dbch \af0 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang9 \langnp9 Men would typically wear vests or
"}{\i1 \fs24 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af0 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang9 \
langnp9 waistcoats" }{\fs24 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af0 \hich \af0 \loch \f0
\lang9 \langnp9 over their shirts. The most varied items in a Victorian man's
clothing were these. Double-breasted waistcoats gained in popularity after 1850.
Typically, lapels were }{\i1 \fs24 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af0 \hich \af0 \
loch \f0 \lang9 \langnp9 "notched," }{\fs24 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af0 \
hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang9 \langnp9 or divided into various degrees. Men could keep
handkerchiefs and pocket watches in the pockets that typically had waistcoats,
which were located on either side of the buttoned center. Finally, a belt or tie at
the back of the waistcoat would keep it tight around the man's middle, emphasizing
his figure much like stays and corsets did at the time for women.}{\fs24 \
kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af0 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang9 \langnp9 \par }\
pard \plain \ql \li0 \ri0 \lisb0 \sa200 \lisa0 \sl276 \slmult1 \widctlpar \aspalpha
\aspnum \adjustright \lin0 \rin0 \itap0 \fs21 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af2 \
hich \af0 \loch \af0 {\fs24 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af0 \hich \af0 \loch \f0
\lang9 \langnp9 \tab }{\fs24 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af0 \hich \af0 \loch \
f0 \lang9 \langnp9 At the start of the monarchy, the frock coat was the standard
coat form for day use. It had a wide waistline and a short full skirt. It may be
double or single chested. It was the most popular coat style in the 1840s and early
1850s, and it remained popular until the end of the century. Its attaching grew
higher in the 1840s, reducing the lapels. By 1850, the double-notched "M" lapel had
fallen out of favor on frock coats. The waist was less defined in the 1860s, and
the sleeves were larger at the shoulder
and tapered towards the wrist.}{\fs24 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af0 \hich \
af0 \loch \f0 \lang9 \langnp9 \par }\pard \plain \ql \li0 \ri0 \lisb0 \sa200 \lisa0
\sl276 \slmult1 \widctlpar \aspalpha \aspnum \adjustright \lin0 \rin0 \itap0 \
fs21 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \af0 {\fs24 \kerning2 \
rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af0 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang9 \langnp9 \par }\pard \plain \ql
\fi-360 \li720 \ri0 \lisb0 \sa200 \lisa0 \sl276 \slmult1 \widctlpar \aspalpha \
aspnum \adjustright \lin720 \rin0 \itap0 \fs21 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af2 \
hich \af0 \loch \af0 {\b1 \fs24 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af0 \hich \af0 \loch
\f0 \lang9 \langnp9 The Industrial Revolution:}{\fs24 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch
\af0 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang9 \langnp9 \par }\pard \plain \ql \li0 \ri0 \lisb0 \
sa200 \lisa0 \sl276 \slmult1 \widctlpar \aspalpha \aspnum \adjustright \lin0 \
rin0 \itap0 \fs21 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \af0 {\fs24 \
kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af0 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang9 \langnp9 \tab }{\fs24
\kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af0 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang9 \langnp9 For
financiers, businessmen and merchants, the Industrial Revolution brought about new
wealth. It introduced a brand-new middle class, who, envious of their position,
flaunted their money in an ostentatious manner. From the mid-century hoop skirts to
the bustle later on in the lovely costumes and fashions of the Victorian Era, women
wore fabric, and lots of it, to express their social position. }{\i1 \fs24 \
kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af0 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang9 \langnp9 "It was
only a matter of time, for example, before the innovations which began in
the cotton industry were adapted to other textile industries. To some
extent it was because they directly stimulated other industries\uc1 \
u8212 ?as iron stimulated coal-mining and}{\i1 \fs24 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch
\dbch \af0 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1033 \langnp1033 }{\i1 \fs24 \kerning2 \rtlch
\ltrch \dbch \af0 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang9 \langnp9 coastal shipping, and
textiles stimulated processing and clothing}{\i1 \fs24 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \
dbch \af0 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1033 \langnp1033 }{\i1 \fs24 \kerning2 \
rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af0 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang9 \langnp9 trades.}{\i1 \fs24 \
kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af0 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1033 \langnp1033 "
(Phyllis Deane 1965:141)}{\fs24 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af0 \hich \af0 \loch
\f0 \lang9 \langnp9 \par }\pard \plain \ql \li0 \ri0 \lisb0 \sa200 \lisa0 \sl276 \
slmult1 \widctlpar \aspalpha \aspnum \adjustright \lin0 \rin0 \itap0 \fs21 \
kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \af0 {\fs24 \kerning2 \rtlch \
ltrch \dbch \af0 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang9 \langnp9 \tab }{\fs24 \kerning2 \rtlch
\ltrch \dbch \af0 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang9 \langnp9 The Industrial Revolution
led to a new urbanization as towns and cities were overpopulated with workers for
the brand-new factories and mills where women labored long hours in filthy, unsafe,
and often deplorable conditions.}{\fs24 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af0 \hich \
af0 \loch \f0 \lang9 \langnp9 \par }\pard \plain \ql \li0 \ri0 \lisb0 \sa200 \lisa0
\sl276 \slmult1 \widctlpar \aspalpha \aspnum \adjustright \lin0 \rin0 \itap0 \
fs21 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \af0 {\fs24 \kerning2 \
rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af0 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang9 \langnp9 \par }\pard \plain \ql
\fi-360 \li720 \ri0 \lisb0 \sa200 \lisa0 \sl276 \slmult1 \widctlpar \aspalpha \
aspnum \adjustright \lin720 \rin0 \itap0 \fs21 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af2 \
hich \af0 \loch \af0 {\b1 \fs24 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af0 \hich \af0 \loch
\f0 \lang9 \langnp9 Textile manufacture during the British Industrial Revolution}{\
b1 \fs24 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af0 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang9 \langnp9 \
par }\pard \plain \ql \li0 \ri0 \lisb0 \sa200 \lisa0 \sl276 \slmult1 \widctlpar \
aspalpha \aspnum \adjustright \lin0 \rin0 \itap0 \fs21 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \
dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \af0 {\fs24 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af0 \hich \
af0 \loch \f0 \lang9 \langnp9 \tab }{\fs24 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af0 \hich
\af0 \loch \f0 \lang9 \langnp9 A large portion of the imported cotton during the
18th and 19th centuries originated from plantations in the American South. But
during the Revolutionary War and the American Civil War, when there was political
unrest in North America, Britain placed a greater reliance on imports from the
Indian subcontinent to supply its cotton manufacturing sector. Ports on Britain's
west coast, such Liverpool, Bristol, and Glasgow, started to matter when deciding
where the cotton industry would be located.}{\fs24 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \
af0 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang9 \langnp9 \par }\pard \plain \ql \li0 \ri0 \lisb0 \
sa200 \lisa0 \sl276 \slmult1 \widctlpar \aspalpha \aspnum \adjustright \lin0 \
rin0 \itap0 \fs21 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \af0 {\fs24 \
kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af0 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang9 \langnp9 \tab }{\fs24
\kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af0 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang9 \langnp9 Because the
damp weather proved excellent for spinning the yarn, Lancashire became a centre for
the emerging cotton industry. Wool, linen, or fustian had to be employed as the
cotton thread was insufficiently robust to serve as the warp. There was already a
wool hub in Lancashire. Glasgow also benefited from the same humid weather.}{\
fs24 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af0 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang9 \langnp9 \
par }\pard \plain \ql \li0 \ri0 \lisb0 \sa200 \lisa0 \sl276 \slmult1 \widctlpar \
aspalpha \aspnum \adjustright \lin0 \rin0 \itap0 \fs21 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \
dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \af0 {\fs24 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af0 \hich \
af0 \loch \f0 \lang9 \langnp9 \tab }{\fs24 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af0 \hich
\af0 \loch \f0 \lang9 \langnp9 There are over 1,000 children who worked at Quarry
Bank Mill between 1785 and 1847, according to records. Their day had started early.
They normally got up at 5:30, got some bread to eat, and got to work by 6. They
often had oatmeal during their three brief breaks throughout the day, and at 8:30
p.m., when their shift was over, they were given a meal of bread or soup. They got
reading lessons, attended church, and performed duties like tending to the owner's
vegetable gardens on Sundays: }{\i1 \fs24 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af0 \
hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang9 \langnp9 " Most Victorians\uc1 \u8212 ?men, women,
and even children\uc1 \u8212 ?worked long and hard at jobs that required
more physical labor than present-day occupations. There were few laws to
regulate hours, wages, safety, job security, or working conditions. Workers
generally had no contracts, no pensions, and no fringe benefits.}{\i1 \
fs24 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af0 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1033 \langnp1033
" (Sally Mitchell, 1996:39) }{\fs24 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af0 \hich \af0 \
loch \f0 \lang1033 \langnp1033 \par }\pard \plain \ql \li0 \ri0 \lisb0 \sa200 \
lisa0 \sl276 \slmult1 \widctlpar \aspalpha \aspnum \adjustright \lin0 \rin0 \
itap0 \fs21 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \af0 {\fs24 \
kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af0 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1033 \langnp1033 \
par }\pard \plain \ql \fi-360 \li720 \ri0 \lisb0 \sa200 \lisa0 \sl276 \slmult1 \
widctlpar \aspalpha \aspnum \adjustright \lin720 \rin0 \itap0 \fs21 \kerning2 \
rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \af0 {\b1 \fs24 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \
dbch \af0 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1033 \langnp1033 The cotton industry}{\fs24 \
kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af0 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1033 \langnp1033 \
par }\pard \plain \ql \li0 \ri0 \lisb0 \sa200 \lisa0 \sl276 \slmult1 \widctlpar \
aspalpha \aspnum \adjustright \lin0 \rin0 \itap0 \fs21 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \
dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \af0 {\fs24 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af0 \hich \
af0 \loch \f0 \lang1033 \langnp1033 \tab }{\fs24 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af0
\hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1033 \langnp1033 Cotton, an essential raw product and a
staple of the textile manufacturing, has existed for generations and continues to
be one of the most primary commodities today. Cotton has been utilized by humans
from the most early civilizations, but it was not until the Era of exploration and
naval industry that the fiber became widely desired after by Europeans. It was
initially introduced to England in the 1600s, and was made of a combination of
linen and yarn. Cotton fabrics were being manufactured by 1750, and cotton fiber
imports from places like the West Indies were increasing. Cotton's dominance in
society, dress, and fashion was enabled by the effect of Britain's imperial trading
relations. By the seventeenth century, the middle classes were looking for a fabric
that would satisfy their needs for resilience, color, and ease of maintenance;
cotton filled the bill. }{\fs24 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af0 \hich \af0 \loch
\f0 \lang1033 \langnp1033 \par }\pard \plain \ql \li0 \ri0 \lisb0 \sa200 \lisa0 \
sl276 \slmult1 \widctlpar \aspalpha \aspnum \adjustright \lin0 \rin0 \itap0 \fs21 \
kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \af0 {\fs24 \kerning2 \rtlch \
ltrch \dbch \af0 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1033 \langnp1033 \tab }{\fs24 \
kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af0 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1033 \langnp1033 Cotton
clothing was already gaining popularity among the British working class by the
1830s, and it was even the material of choice for poor relief. Beginning in the
late eighteenth century, the expansion of the British cotton textile industry was
largely dependent on the slave estates of the US Deep South, British Guianan, and
French Caribbean: }{\i1 \fs24 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af0 \hich \af0
\loch \f0 \lang1033 \langnp1033 "For the attitudes to work and leisure which
characterize the self-employed individual or the family worker are very
different to those motivating a worker who is a mere wage slave and gets
none of the profits of his activity." (Psyllis Deane, 1965:159). }{\fs24 \
kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af0 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1033 \langnp1033 The
development of Deep South slavery and the growth of British cotton textile
manufacturing were nearly completely synchronized. By the 1850s, Lancashire
received more than 70% of the whole American cotton output; in contrast, by 1860,
Deep South slave cotton accounted for 88% of the cotton used in British textiles.
The number of hired slaves, which eventually reached three million, increased in
direct proportion to the number of textile wage employees in Britain, which by the
1860s had grown to 460,000.}{\fs24 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af0 \hich \af0 \
loch \f0 \lang1033 \langnp1033 \par }\pard \plain \ql \li0 \ri0 \lisb0 \sa200 \
lisa0 \sl276 \slmult1 \widctlpar \aspalpha \aspnum \adjustright \lin0 \rin0 \
itap0 \fs21 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \af0 {\fs24 \
kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af0 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1033 \langnp1033 \
par }\pard \plain \ql \fi-360 \li720 \ri0 \lisb0 \sa200 \lisa0 \sl276 \slmult1 \
widctlpar \aspalpha \aspnum \adjustright \lin720 \rin0 \itap0 \fs21 \kerning2 \
rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \af0 {\b1 \fs24 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \
dbch \af0 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang9 \langnp9 The Sewing Machine and Victorian
Technology:}{\b1 \fs24 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af0 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \
lang9 \langnp9 \par }\pard \plain \ql \li0 \ri0 \lisb0 \sa200 \lisa0 \sl276 \
slmult1 \widctlpar \aspalpha \aspnum \adjustright \lin0 \rin0 \itap0 \fs21 \
kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \af0 {\fs24 \kerning2 \rtlch \
ltrch \dbch \af0 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang9 \langnp9 \tab }{\fs24 \kerning2 \rtlch
\ltrch \dbch \af0 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang9 \langnp9 Fashion saw significant
changes in the 1850s with the introduction of synthetic dyes and the widespread
production of sewing machines. Previously, natural dyes were used to hand-sew
garments. The scaled paper pattern and devices that could cut several pattern
pieces simultaneously were other recent innovations. Now, clothing may be made fast
and affordably:}{\i1 \fs24 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af0 \hich \af0 \loch \
f0 \lang9 \langnp9 "The practical sewing machine is not the result of one man\
uc1 \u8217 ?s genius, but rather the culmination of a century of thought, work,
trials, failures, and partial successes of a long list of inventors. History is too
quick to credit one or two men for an important invention and to forget the work
that preceded and prodded each man to contribute his share." (Grace Rogers Cooper,
1968:VII).}{\i1 \fs24 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af0 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \
lang9 \langnp9 \par }\pard \plain \ql \li0 \ri0 \lisb0 \sa200 \lisa0 \sl276 \
slmult1 \widctlpar \aspalpha \aspnum \adjustright \lin0 \rin0 \itap0 \fs21 \
kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \af0 {\fs24 \kerning2 \rtlch \
ltrch \dbch \af0 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang9 \langnp9 \tab }{\fs24 \kerning2 \rtlch
\ltrch \dbch \af0 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang9 \langnp9 The French Empress Eugenie,
the Empress Elizabeth of Austria, and Queen Victoria all wore outfits designed by
Charles Worth, a clothes designer based in Paris, France, around 1860. Worth rose
to prominence and earned the title }{\i1 \fs24 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af0 \
hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang9 \langnp9 "Father of Haute Couture" }{\fs24 \kerning2 \
rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af0 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang9 \langnp9 (high fashion). Worth
first produced an overskirt in 1864 that had buttons and tabs to lift and hold it
back.}{\fs24 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af0 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang9 \
langnp9 \par }\pard \plain \ql \li0 \ri0 \lisb0 \sa200 \lisa0 \sl276 \slmult1 \
widctlpar \aspalpha \aspnum \adjustright \lin0 \rin0 \itap0 \fs21 \kerning2 \
rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \af0 {\fs24 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \
dbch \af0 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang9 \langnp9 \tab }{\fs24 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch
\dbch \af0 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang9 \langnp9 Fashion and good behavior were of
utmost importance to those moving up the middle classes as circumstances changed
and new social classes developed. Possessions and apparel that demonstrated riches
signaled social advancement.}{\fs24 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af0 \hich \af0 \
loch \f0 \lang9 \langnp9 \par }\pard \plain \ql \li0 \ri0 \lisb0 \sa200 \lisa0 \
sl276 \slmult1 \widctlpar \aspalpha \aspnum \adjustright \lin0 \rin0 \itap0 \fs21 \
kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \af0 {\fs24 \kerning2 \rtlch \
ltrch \dbch \af0 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang9 \langnp9 \par }\pard \plain \ql \fi-
360 \li720 \ri0 \lisb0 \sa200 \lisa0 \sl276 \slmult1 \widctlpar \aspalpha \aspnum \
adjustright \lin720 \rin0 \itap0 \fs21 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af2 \hich \
af0 \loch \af0 {\b1 \fs24 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af0 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \
lang1033 \langnp1033 Feminism in Victorian Era}{\fs24 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch
\af0 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1033 \langnp1033 \par }\pard \plain \ql \li0 \ri0 \
lisb0 \sa200 \lisa0 \sl276 \slmult1 \widctlpar \aspalpha \aspnum \adjustright \lin0
\rin0 \itap0 \fs21 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \af0 {\
fs24 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af0 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1033 \
langnp1033 \tab }{\fs24 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af0 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \
lang1033 \langnp1033 Starting in the mid-nineteenth century, dress reform played a
significant role in questioning gender stereotypes and cultural pressures for
women, particularly those from the middle and upper classes. The fight for dress
reform continued well into the twentieth century. Constricting corsets, tight-
fitting long sleeves, long and broad hooped skirts, and tight-fitting, narrow shoes
were all part of traditional women's dress.}{\fs24 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \
af0 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1033 \langnp1033 \par }\pard \plain \ql \li0 \ri0 \
lisb0 \sa200 \lisa0 \sl276 \slmult1 \widctlpar \aspalpha \aspnum \adjustright \lin0
\rin0 \itap0 \fs21 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \af0 {\
fs24 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af0 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1033 \
langnp1033 \tab }{\fs24 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af0 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \
lang1033 \langnp1033 Women's clothes restricted their mobility and the hobbies they
could participate in. Women had medical issues as a result of their dress as well.
The women \uc1 \u8217 ?s organization\uc1 \u160 ?and the dress reform movement all
tried to improve women's health and well-being by reforming their clothing.}{\
fs24 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af0 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1033 \
langnp1033 \par }\pard \plain \ql \li0 \ri0 \lisb0 \sa200 \lisa0 \sl276 \slmult1 \
widctlpar \aspalpha \aspnum \adjustright \lin0 \rin0 \itap0 \fs21 \kerning2 \
rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \af0 {\fs24 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \
dbch \af0 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1033 \langnp1033 \tab }{\fs24 \kerning2 \
rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af0 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1033 \langnp1033 A tight waist
was required for the ideal silhouette of the time, which was achieved by
restricting the stomach with a linked corset. The designs were heavy, despite the
fact that the shape was attractive and the dresses themselves were frequently
finely intricate creations. At best, they restricted women's mobility; at worst,
they harmed women's health. Corsets produced various medical difficulties,
according to doctors, including pressure of the chest, limited respiration, organ
dislocation and\uc1 \u160 ?poor circulation.}{\fs24 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \
af0 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1033 \langnp1033 \par }\pard \plain \ql \li0 \ri0 \
lisb0 \sa200 \lisa0 \sl276 \slmult1 \widctlpar \aspalpha \aspnum \adjustright \lin0
\rin0 \itap0 \fs21 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \af0 {\
fs24 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af0 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1033 \
langnp1033 \tab }{\fs24 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af0 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \
lang1033 \langnp1033 Women ruled the family, carried the babies, and worked as
nurses, mothers, wives, relatives, neighbors, and educators, but they had little
social position.}{\fs24 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af0 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \
lang1033 \langnp1033 \par }\pard \plain \ql \li0 \ri0 \lisb0 \sa200 \lisa0 \sl276 \
slmult1 \widctlpar \aspalpha \aspnum \adjustright \lin0 \rin0 \itap0 \fs21 \
kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \af0 {\fs24 \kerning2 \rtlch \
ltrch \dbch \af0 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1033 \langnp1033 \tab }{\fs24 \
kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af0 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1033 \langnp1033 \
par }\pard \plain \ql \li0 \ri0 \lisb0 \sa200 \lisa0 \sl276 \slmult1 \widctlpar \
aspalpha \aspnum \adjustright \lin0 \rin0 \itap0 \fs21 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \
dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \af0 {\fs24 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af0 \hich \
af0 \loch \f0 \lang1033 \langnp1033 \par }\pard \plain \ql \li0 \ri0 \lisb0 \
sa200 \lisa0 \sl276 \slmult1 \widctlpar \aspalpha \aspnum \adjustright \lin0 \
rin0 \itap0 \fs21 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \af0 {\fs24 \
kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af0 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1033 \langnp1033 \tab }
{\b1 \fs24 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af0 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1033 \
langnp1033 CONCLUSION}{\fs24 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af0 \hich \af0 \loch \
f0 \lang1033 \langnp1033 \par }\pard \plain \ql \li0 \ri0 \lisb0 \sa200 \lisa0 \
sl276 \slmult1 \widctlpar \aspalpha \aspnum \adjustright \lin0 \rin0 \itap0 \fs21 \
kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \af0 {\fs24 \kerning2 \rtlch \
ltrch \dbch \af0 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1033
\langnp1033 \tab }{\fs24 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af0 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \
lang1033 \langnp1033 In conclusion, advancements across every field throughout this
Era led to a series of huge transformations that substantially benefited Great
Britain's growth, which we are still witnessing now, in manufacturing, finances,
politics, and so much more. Consequently, it was a time of great cultural, social,
and economic revelations that offered the entire world a new perspective. As a
result, the changes and reforms of the Victorian Era helped shape the present and
the world as we see them today. }{\fs24 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af0 \hich \
af0 \loch \f0 \lang1033 \langnp1033 \par }\pard \plain \ql \li0 \ri0 \lisb0 \
sa200 \lisa0 \sl276 \slmult1 \widctlpar \aspalpha \aspnum \adjustright \lin0 \
rin0 \itap0 \fs21 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \af0 {\fs24 \
kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af0 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1033 \langnp1033 \
par }\pard \plain \ql \li0 \ri0 \lisb0 \sa200 \lisa0 \sl276 \slmult1 \widctlpar \
aspalpha \aspnum \adjustright \lin0 \rin0 \itap0 \fs21 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \
dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \af0 {\fs24 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af0 \hich \
af0 \loch \f0 \lang1033 \langnp1033 \par }\pard \plain \ql \fi-360 \li720 \ri0 \
lisb0 \sa200 \lisa0 \sl276 \slmult1 \widctlpar \aspalpha \aspnum \adjustright \
lin720 \rin0 \itap0 \fs21 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \af0
{\b1 \fs24 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af0 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1033 \
langnp1033 Key words:}{\fs24 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af0 \hich \af0 \loch \
f0 \lang1033 \langnp1033 \par }\pard \plain \ql \li0 \ri0 \lisb0 \sa200 \lisa0 \
sl276 \slmult1 \widctlpar \aspalpha \aspnum \adjustright \lin0 \rin0 \itap0 \fs21 \
kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \af0 {\fs24 \kerning2 \rtlch \
ltrch \dbch \af0 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1033 \langnp1033 Clothing, Victorian,
corsets, sewing, slavery, industry, textiles.}{\fs24 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \
dbch \af0 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1033 \langnp1033 \par }\pard \plain \ql \li0 \
ri0 \lisb0 \sa200 \lisa0 \sl276 \slmult1 \widctlpar \aspalpha \aspnum \
adjustright \lin0 \rin0 \itap0 \fs21 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af2 \hich \
af0 \loch \af0 {\fs24 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af0 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \
lang1033 \langnp1033 \par }\pard \plain \ql \li0 \ri0 \lisb0 \sa200 \lisa0 \sl276 \
slmult1 \widctlpar \aspalpha \aspnum \adjustright \lin0 \rin0 \itap0 \fs21 \
kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \af0 {\fs24 \kerning2 \rtlch \
ltrch \dbch \af0 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1033 \langnp1033 \par }\pard \plain \
ql \li0 \ri0 \lisb0 \sa200 \lisa0 \sl276 \slmult1 \widctlpar \aspalpha \aspnum \
adjustright \lin0 \rin0 \itap0 \fs21 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af2 \hich \
af0 \loch \af0 {\fs24 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af0 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \
lang1033 \langnp1033 \par }\pard \plain \ql \li0 \ri0 \lisb0 \sa200 \lisa0 \sl276 \
slmult1 \widctlpar \aspalpha \aspnum \adjustright \lin0 \rin0 \itap0 \fs21 \
kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \af0 {\fs24 \kerning2 \rtlch \
ltrch \dbch \af0 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1033 \langnp1033 \par }\pard \plain \
ql \li0 \ri0 \lisb0 \sa200 \lisa0 \sl276 \slmult1 \widctlpar \aspalpha \aspnum \
adjustright \lin0 \rin0 \itap0 \fs21 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af2 \hich \
af0 \loch \af0 {\fs24 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af0 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \
lang1033 \langnp1033 \par }\pard \plain \ql \li0 \ri0 \lisb0 \sa200 \lisa0 \sl276 \
slmult1 \widctlpar \aspalpha \aspnum \adjustright \lin0 \rin0 \itap0 \fs21 \
kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \af0 {\fs24 \kerning2 \rtlch \
ltrch \dbch \af0 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1033 \langnp1033 \par }\pard \plain \
ql \li0 \ri0 \lisb0 \sa200 \lisa0 \sl276 \slmult1 \widctlpar \aspalpha \aspnum \
adjustright \lin0 \rin0 \itap0 \fs21 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af2 \hich \
af0 \loch \af0 {\fs24 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af0 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \
lang1033 \langnp1033 \par }\pard \plain \ql \li0 \ri0 \lisb0 \sa200 \lisa0 \sl276 \
slmult1 \widctlpar \aspalpha \aspnum \adjustright \lin0 \rin0 \itap0 \fs21 \
kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \af0 {\fs24 \kerning2 \rtlch \
ltrch \dbch \af0 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1033 \langnp1033 \par }\pard \plain \
ql \li0 \ri0 \lisb0 \sa200 \lisa0 \sl276 \slmult1 \widctlpar \aspalpha \aspnum \
adjustright \lin0 \rin0 \itap0 \fs21 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af2 \hich \
af0 \loch \af0 {\fs24 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af0 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \
lang1033 \langnp1033 \par }\pard \plain \ql \li0 \ri0 \lisb0 \sa200 \lisa0 \sl276 \
slmult1 \widctlpar \aspalpha \aspnum \adjustright \lin0 \rin0 \itap0 \fs21 \
kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \af0 {\fs24 \kerning2 \rtlch \
ltrch \dbch \af0 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1033 \langnp1033 \par }\pard \plain \
ql \li0 \ri0 \lisb0 \sa200 \lisa0 \sl276 \slmult1 \widctlpar \aspalpha \aspnum \
adjustright \lin0 \rin0 \itap0 \fs21 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af2 \hich \
af0 \loch \af0 {\fs24 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af0 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \
lang1033 \langnp1033 \par }\pard \plain \ql \li0 \ri0 \lisb0 \sa200 \lisa0 \sl276 \
slmult1 \widctlpar \aspalpha \aspnum \adjustright \lin0 \rin0 \itap0 \fs21 \
kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \af0 {\fs24 \kerning2 \rtlch \
ltrch \dbch \af0 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1033 \langnp1033 \par }\pard \plain \
ql \fi-360 \li720 \ri0 \lisb0 \sa200 \lisa0 \sl276 \slmult1 \widctlpar \aspalpha \
aspnum \adjustright \lin720 \rin0 \itap0 \fs21 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af2 \
hich \af0 \loch \af0 {\b1 \fs24 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af0 \hich \af0 \loch
\f0 \lang1033 \langnp1033 Bibliography:}{\fs24 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af0 \
hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang9 \langnp9 \par }\pard \plain \ql \li0 \ri0 \lisb0 \
sa200 \lisa0 \sl276 \slmult1 \widctlpar \aspalpha \aspnum \adjustright \lin0 \
rin0 \itap0 \fs21 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \af0 {\fs24 \
kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af0 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang9 \langnp9 \par }\
pard \plain \ql \li0 \ri0 \lisb0 \sa200 \lisa0 \sl276 \slmult1 \widctlpar \aspalpha
\aspnum \adjustright \lin0 \rin0 \itap0 \fs21 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af2 \
hich \af0 \loch \af0 {\fs24 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af0 \hich \af0 \loch \f0
\lang1033 \langnp1033 Baird, J. (2016) }{\i1 \fs24 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \
af0 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1033 \langnp1033 Victoria: The Queen: An Intimate
Biography of the Woman Who Ruled an Empire. }{\fs24 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \
af0 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1033 \langnp1033 Hardcover-Deckle Edge}{\fs24 \
kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af0 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1033 \langnp1033 \
par }\pard \plain \ql \li0 \ri0 \lisb0 \sa200 \lisa0 \sl276 \slmult1 \widctlpar \
aspalpha \aspnum \adjustright \lin0 \rin0 \itap0 \fs21 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \
dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \af0 {\fs24 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af0 \hich \
af0 \loch \f0 \lang1033 \langnp1033 Chrisp, P (2005) }{\i1 \fs24 \kerning2 \rtlch \
ltrch \dbch \af0 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1033 \langnp1033 The Victorian Age. }{\
fs24 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af0 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1033 \langnp1033
Hardcover}{\fs24 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af0 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \
lang1033 \langnp1033 \par }\pard \plain \ql \li0 \ri0 \lisb0 \sa200 \lisa0 \sl276 \
slmult1 \widctlpar \aspalpha \aspnum \adjustright \lin0 \rin0 \itap0 \fs21 \
kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \af0 {\fs24 \kerning2 \rtlch \
ltrch \dbch \af0 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1033 \langnp1033 Grace, R. C. (1968) }{\
i1 \fs24 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af0 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1033 \
langnp1033 The Invention of the Sewing Machine. }{\fs24 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \
dbch \af0 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1033 \langnp1033 The Smithsonian Institution
Press}{\i1 \fs24 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af0 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \
lang1033 \langnp1033 \par }\pard \plain \ql \li0 \ri0 \lisb0 \sa200 \lisa0 \sl276 \
slmult1 \widctlpar \aspalpha \aspnum \adjustright \lin0 \rin0 \itap0 \fs21 \
kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \af0 {\fs24 \kerning2 \rtlch \
ltrch \dbch \af0 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1033 \langnp1033 Mitchell, S. (1996) }{\
i1 \fs24 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af0 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1033 \
langnp1033 Daily life in Victorian England. }{\fs24 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \
af0 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1033 \langnp1033 Greenwood: Publishing Group}{\fs24 \
kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af0 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1033 \langnp1033 \
par }\pard \plain \ql \li0 \ri0 \lisb0 \sa200 \lisa0 \sl276 \slmult1 \widctlpar \
aspalpha \aspnum \adjustright \lin0 \rin0 \itap0 \fs21 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \
dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \af0 {\fs24 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af0 \hich \
af0 \loch \f0 \lang1033 \langnp1033 Phyllis, D (1965) }{\i1 \fs24 \kerning2 \
rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af0 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1033 \langnp1033 The first
industrial revolution }{\fs24 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af0 \hich \af0 \loch \
f0 \lang1033 \langnp1033 Cambridge University Press}{\i1 \fs24 \kerning2 \rtlch \
ltrch \dbch \af0 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1033 \langnp1033 \par }\pard \plain \
ql \li0 \ri0 \lisb0 \sa200 \lisa0 \sl276 \slmult1 \widctlpar \aspalpha \aspnum \
adjustright \lin0 \rin0 \itap0 \fs21 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af2 \hich \
af0 \loch \af0 {\fs28 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af0 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \
lang9 \langnp9 \par }\pard \plain \ql \li0 \ri0 \lisb0 \sa200 \lisa0 \sl276 \
slmult1 \widctlpar \aspalpha \aspnum \adjustright \lin0 \rin0 \itap0 \fs21 \
kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \af0 {\fs28 \kerning2 \rtlch \
ltrch \dbch \af0 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang9 \langnp9 \tab }{\fs28 \kerning2 \rtlch
\ltrch \dbch \af0 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang9 \langnp9 \par }\pard \plain \ql \
li0 \ri0 \lisb0 \sa200 \lisa0 \sl276 \slmult1 \widctlpar
\aspalpha \aspnum \adjustright \lin0 \rin0 \itap0 \fs21 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \
dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \af0 {\fs28 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af0 \hich \
af0 \loch \f0 \lang9 \langnp9 \tab }{\fs28 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af0 \hich
\af0 \loch \f0 \lang9 \langnp9 \par }\pard \plain \ql \li0 \ri0 \lisb0 \sa200 \
lisa0 \sl276 \slmult1 \widctlpar \aspalpha \aspnum \adjustright \lin0 \rin0 \
itap0 \fs21 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \af0 {\fs28 \
kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af0 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang9 \langnp9 \par }\
pard \plain \ql \li0 \ri0 \lisb0 \sa200 \lisa0 \sl276 \slmult1 \widctlpar \aspalpha
\aspnum \adjustright \lin0 \rin0 \itap0 \fs21 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af2 \
hich \af0 \loch \af0 {\fs28 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af0 \hich \af0 \loch \f0
\lang9 \langnp9 \par }\pard \plain \ql \li0 \ri0 \lisb0 \sa200 \lisa0 \sl276 \
slmult1 \widctlpar \aspalpha \aspnum \adjustright \lin0 \rin0 \itap0 \fs21 \
kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \af0 {\fs28 \kerning2 \rtlch \
ltrch \dbch \af0 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang9 \langnp9 \tab }{\fs28 \kerning2 \rtlch
\ltrch \dbch \af0 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang9 \langnp9 \par }\pard \plain \ql \
li0 \ri0 \lisb0 \sa200 \lisa0 \sl276 \slmult1 \widctlpar \aspalpha \aspnum \
adjustright \lin0 \rin0 \itap0 \fs21 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af2 \hich \
af0 \loch \af0 {\fs24 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af0 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \
lang9 \langnp9 \par }}