List of heads of state of

Afghanistan

This article lists the heads of state of Afghanistan since the

foundation of the first modern Afghan state, the Hotak Empire, in
1709.

History
The Hotak Empire was formed after a successful uprising led by
Mirwais Hotak and other Afghan tribal chiefs from the Kandahar
region against Mughal and Safavid Persian rule.[1][2][3]

After a long series of wars, the Hotak Empire was eventually

replaced by the Durrani Afghan Empire, founded by Ahmad Shah
Durrani in 1747.[4][5]

After the collapse of the Durrani Empire in 1823, the Barakzai

dynasty founded the Emirate of Kabul, later known as the Emirate of
Afghanistan. The Durrani dynasty regained power in 1839, during the
First Anglo-Afghan War, when former ruler Shah Shujah Durrani
seized the throne under the British auspices. Shah Shujah was
assassinated in 1842, following the British retreat. Afterwards the
Barakzai dynasty regained power, eventually transformed the
Emirate into the Kingdom of Afghanistan in 1926, and ruled the
country (with an interruption in 1929) until the last king, Mohammed
Zahir Shah, was deposed in the 1973 coup d'état, led by his first
cousin Mohammed Daoud Khan. Despite being part of the Barakzai
dynasty, Daoud Khan departed from tradition and did not proclaim
himself Shah, instead abolished the monarchy and established the
Republic of Afghanistan, with himself as President.[6][7] The Republic
lasted until the PDPA–led Saur Revolution in 1978.[8]

Since 1978, Afghanistan has been in a state of continuous internal

conflict and foreign interventions.

President Hamid Karzai became the first ever democratically elected

head of state of Afghanistan on 7 December 2004. His successor,
Ashraf Ghani, was in power from 29 September 2014 to 15 August
2021, when he fled the country as Kabul fell to the Taliban following
its 2021 offensive.[9]

Upon its recapture of Kabul, the Taliban reinstated the Islamic

Emirate of Afghanistan, and its supreme leader since 2016, Islamic
scholar Hibatullah Akhundzada, de facto succeeded Ghani as head
of state.[10]
List of heads of state
(Dates in italics indicate de facto continuation of office)
Monarchs

Monarch of Afghanistan

‫د افغانستان پاچا‬ (Pashto)

‫پادشاه افغانستان‬ (Dari)

Royal Standard
(1931–1973)

Last to reign:
Mohammed Zahir Shah
8 November 1933 – 17 July 1973

Details

Style His Majesty

First monarch Mirwais Hotak (Emir)

Last monarch Mohammed Zahir Shah (King)

Formation 1709

Abolition 17 July 1973

Residence Kabul:
Bala Hissar
(18th century – 1880)

Arg-e-Shahi
(19th century – 1973)

Appointer Hereditary

Pretender(s) Ahmad Shah Khan, Crown Prince of

Afghanistan

Hotak Empire (1709–1738)

Name Lifespan Reign start Reign end Notes Family Image

Mirwais Hotak
1673–1715 1709 1715 Established the Hotak dynasty in Kandahar. Hotak
Mirwais the Grandfather

Abdul Aziz Hotak Died 1717 1715 1717 Brother of Mirwais Hotak Hotak

Mahmud Hotak 1697 – 22 April 1725 1717 22 April 1725 Son of Mirwais Hotak Hotak

Ashraf Hotak Died 1730 22 April 1725 1730 Nephew of Mirwais Hotak Hotak

Son of Mirwais Hotak

24 March 1738
Hussain Hotak Died 1738 1730 Hotak
(deposed)
Deposed by Nader Shah in Siege of Kandahar

Durrani Empire (1747–1823)

 Name Lifespan Reign start Reign end Notes Family Image

Ahmad Shah Durrani 1720/1722 – 4 4 June Established the Durrani dynasty and the Durrani Empire;
1747 Durrani
the Father of the Nation June 1772 1772 Considered founder of modern Afghanistan

Son of Ahmad Shah Durrani

December 1746 – November 20 May
Timur Shah Durrani Durrani
20 May 1793 1772 1793 Preserved the Durrani Empire following the death of his father
after fighting off civil war in 1772, and multiple rebellions

25 July Son of Timur Shah Durrani

20 May
Zaman Shah Durrani 1770–1844 1801 Engaged in civil war with his brothers after the death of his Durrani
1793
(deposed)
father, later being deposed

Son of Timur Shah Durrani

Mahmud Shah Durrani 13 July
1769 – 18 April 25 July
(1st reign) 1803 Durrani
1829 1801 Engaged in civil war with his brothers after the death of his
Shah Mahmud (deposed)
father, later being deposed

Shah Shujah Durrani Son of Timur Shah Durrani

(1st reign) 3 May
4 November 1785 13 July Engaged in civil war with his brothers after the death of his
Inayat-i-llahi, Shuja ul- 1809 Durrani
– 5 April 1842 1803
Mulk, Muhammad (deposed) father, later being deposed, and making multiple attempts to
Bahadur reclaim his throne

Son of Timur Shah Durrani

Mahmud Shah Durrani
1769 – 18 April 1818
(2nd reign) 3 May 1809 Durrani
1829 (deposed) Exiled to Herat following his deposition during his second
Shah Mahmud
reign

1819
Ali Shah Durrani 1818 Son of Timur Shah Durrani Durrani
(deposed)

Died 1 October 1823

Ayub Shah Durrani 1819 Son of Timur Shah Durrani Durrani
1837 (deposed)

Emirate of Kabul / Emirate of Afghanistan (1823–1926)

 Name Lifespan Reign start Reign end Notes Family Image

Sultan
Mohammad Khan 1826 First ruler of the Barakzai dynasty; Son of Sardar Payendah Khan, brother
1792–1834 1823 Barakzai
Mohammad Khan (deposed) of Dost Mohammad Khan
Telai

Dost Mohammad Son of Sardar Payendah Khan

Khan 23 December 6 August
Summer
(1st reign) 1792 – 9 June 1839 Forged campaigns to re-unite Afghanistan which was divided due to the Barakzai
1826
Amir al-Mu'minin, 1863 (deposed) civil wars between the sons of Timur Shah Durrani. Reign disputed from
Amir-i Kabir 1839–1842 by Shah Shuja Durrani in the First Anglo-Afghan War

Shah Shujah
Durrani
Son of Timur Shah Durrani
(2nd reign) 4 November
7 August 5 April
Inayat-i-llahi, Shuja 1785 – 5 April Durrani
1839 1842 Returned to the throne with the help of the British in the First Anglo-Afghan
ul-Mulk, 1842 War, murdered in the aftermath of the 1842 retreat from Kabul
Muhammad
Bahadur

Akbar Khan
Amīr Akbar Khān,
1816–1847 May 1842 1843 Son of Dost Mohammad Khan Barakzai
Mohammad Akbar
Khān

Son of Sardar Payendah Khan

Dost Mohammad
Khan 23 December Returned to the throne after the British and Shah Shuja were defeated in
9 June the First Anglo-Afghan War. Coined the term "Afghanistan" after an alliance Barakzai
(2nd reign) 1792 – 9 June 1843
1863 with the British. Went on to defeat the remaining powers inside
Amir al-Mu'minin, 1863
Amir-i Kabir Afghanistan[note 1], reunifying the country after a brutal civil war lasting 70
years from 1793–1863 by the time of his death

Sher Ali Khan 1825 – 21 9 June May 1866

Son of Dost Mohammad Khan Barakzai
(1st reign) February 1879 1863 (deposed)

Mohammad Afzal 1815 – 7 7 October

May 1866 Son of Dost Mohammad Khan Barakzai
Khan October 1867 1867

Mohammad 7 October 21 August

1820–1870 Son of Dost Mohammad Khan Barakzai
Azam Khan 1867 1868

9 21
Sher Ali Khan 1825 – 21
September February Son of Dost Mohammad Khan Barakzai
(2nd reign) February 1879
1868 1879

12
1849 – 15 Son of Sher Ali Khan
Mohammad 21 February October
November Barakzai
Yaqub Khan 1879 1879 Deposed during the Second Anglo-Afghan War
1923
(deposed)

Ayub Khan
the Victor of 31 May Son of Sher Ali Khan
1857 – 7 April 12 October
Maiwand 1880 Defeated in the Battle of Kandahar and exiled at the end of the Second Barakzai
1914 1879
the Afghan Prince (deposed)
Anglo-Afghan War
Charlie

Abdur Rahman
1840/44 – 1 31 May 1 October
Khan Son of Mohammad Afzal Khan Barakzai
October 1901 1880 1901
the Iron Amir
 3 June 1872 – 20
1 October
Habibullah Khan 20 February February Son of Abdur Rahman Khan Barakzai
1901
1919 1919

28
20 February February
Nasrullah Khan 1874–1920 Son of Abdur Rahman Khan Barakzai
1919 1919
(deposed)

1 June 1892 – 28 February 9 June

Amanullah Khan Son of Habibullah Khan Barakzai
25 April 1960 1919 1926

Kingdom of Afghanistan (1926–1929)

Name Lifespan Reign start Reign end Notes Family Image

14 January 1929
Amanullah Khan 1 June 1892 – 25 April 1960 9 June 1926 Son of Habibullah Khan Barakzai
(abdicated)

17 January 1929
Inayatullah Khan 20 October 1888 – 12 August 1946 14 January 1929 Son of Habibullah Khan Barakzai
(deposed)

Saqqawist Emirate and the 1928–1929 civil war

Name Lifespan Reign start Reign end Notes Family Image

Habibullāh
Kalakāni 19 January 1891 – 17 January 13 October Styled as king and emir [note 3]; contested the throne during the Non-
[note 2] [16] [17]
Bacha-ye 3 November 1929 1929 1929 1928–29 civil war; deposed and executed dynastic
Saqao

Ali Ahmad 1883 – 11 July 17 January 9 February Styled as King; rose in opposition to Kalakāni during the 1928–29
Barakzai
Khan 1929 1929 1929 civil war; captured and executed

Son of Habibullah Khan

Amanullah 1 June 1892 – 25 23 May

March 1929 Former King; returned to Afghanistan to contest the throne during Barakzai
Khan April 1960 1929
the 1928–29 civil war; eventually retreated back into British India;[18]
See also Amanullah loyalism

Kingdom of Afghanistan (restored; 1929–1973)

 Name Lifespan Reign start Reign end Notes Family Image

Mohammed Nadir 9 April 1883 – 8 15 October 8 November Great-nephew of Dost Mohammed Khan
[19]
Barakzai
Shah November 1933 1929 1933
Assassinated by Abdul Khaliq Hazara[20]

Mohammed Zahir
Son of Mohammed Nadir Shah
Shah
15 October 1914 – 23 8 November 17 July 1973
the Father of the Barakzai
July 2007 1933 (deposed) Deposed by first cousin Mohammed Daoud Khan in
Nation the 1973 coup d'état[6]
(from 2004) [note 4]

Local monarchs

Some rulers tried to take advantage of internal conflicts in

Afghanistan to claim the throne. However, their rule was limited only
to certain areas.

Reign
Name Lifespan Reign end Notes Family Image
start

Jehandad May 1912 Non-

Died 1914 May 1912 Styled as Emir; ruled only in Khost during the 1912 rebellion
Khan (deposed) dynastic

30 January Son of Mohammad Yaqub Khan

1897 – 18 February
Abd-al Karim July 1924 1925 Barakzai
1927 Styled as Emir; rule limited to the Southern Province during the
(deposed)
1924–1925 rebellion

c. 1946 Styled as King; rule limited to the Eastern Province during the Non-
Salemai c. 1944
(deposed) 1944–47 tribal revolts dynastic
Non-monarchs
Term of office
Name Portrait Lifespan Took Time in Political affiliation
Left office
office office

Republic of Afghanistan (1973–1978)

Independent
17 July 28 April 4 years,
(until 1974)
1973 1978 285 days
National Revolutionary Party
Mohammed Daoud Khan 1909–1978
President; Member of the Barakzai dynasty (first cousin of Mohammed
Zahir Shah); Assassinated with most of his family during the Saur
Revolution;[21] Supposedly killed for refusing to surrender to the new
authorities.[22][8]

Democratic Republic of Afghanistan (1978–1992)

28 April 30 April People's Democratic Party

Colonel 2 days
1944–2014 1978 1978 (Khalq faction)
Abdul Qadir
Chairman of the Presidium of the Military Revolutionary Council.

14
30 April 1 year, People's Democratic Party
September
1978 137 days (Khalq faction)
Nur Muhammad Taraki 1917–1979 1979

Chairman of the Presidium of the Revolutionary Council; Assassinated by

orders of Hafizullah Amin.

14 27
People's Democratic Party
September December 104 days
(Khalq faction)
Hafizullah Amin 1929–1979 1979 1979

Chairman of the Presidium of the Revolutionary Council; Assassinated by

Soviet special forces during the Operation Storm-333.[23]

27 24
6 years, People's Democratic Party
December November
Babrak Karmal 1929–1996 332 days (Parcham faction)
1979 1986

Chairman of the Presidium of the Revolutionary Council; Dismissed.

24 30
November September 310 days Independent
Haji Mohammad Chamkani 1947–2012 1986 1987

Chairman of the Presidium of the Revolutionary Council; Appointed as part

of the National Reconciliation process.

People's Democratic Party

30
16 April 4 years, (Parcham faction)
September
1992 199 days (until 1990)
Mohammad Najibullah 1947–1996 1987
Homeland Party

President (Chairman of the Presidium of the Revolutionary Council until 30

November 1987); Resigned.
 16 April 28 April
12 days Homeland Party
Abdul Rahim Hatif 1926–2013 1992 1992

Acting President; Deposed.

Islamic State of Afghanistan (1992–2002)

28 April 28 June National Liberation Front of

61 days
Sibghatullah Mojaddedi 1926–2019 1992 1992 Afghanistan

Acting President; Resigned.

22
28 June 9 years,
December Jamiat-e Islami
1992 177 days
2001

President; Fled Kabul following its fall to the Taliban on 27 September

Burhanuddin Rabbani 1940–2011 1996;[24] Continued to serve as president in areas controlled by the
Northern Alliance during the 1996–2001 Civil War until being fully
reinstated following the recapture of Kabul on 13 November 2001; Between
1996 and 2001, the Islamic State remained the internationally recognized
government, despite only controlling about 10% of Afghan territory.

22
13 July
December 203 days Independent
2002
Hamid Karzai born 1957 2001

Chairman of the Afghan Interim Administration; Appointed by the 2001

Bonn Conference.[25]

Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan (1996–2001)

27 13
5 years,
September November Taliban
47 days
1996 2001

Supreme Leader; Deposed during the fall of Kabul,[26] and went into hiding
Mullah
died 2013 following the fall of Kandahar on 7 December 2001;[27][28] Continued to
Mohammed Omar
claim the position in rebellion during the Taliban insurgency until his death
on 23 April 2013; Between 1996 and 2001, the Islamic Emirate never
attained widespread international recognition, despite controlling about
90% of Afghan territory.

Transitional Islamic State of Afghanistan (2002–2004)

7
13 July 2 years,
December Independent
Hamid Karzai born 1957 2002 147 days
2004

Transitional President; Appointed by the 2002 loya jirga.

Islamic Republic of Afghanistan (2004–2021)

7 29
9 years,
December September Independent
296 days
Hamid Karzai born 1957 2004 2014

President; First democratically elected head of state; Elected in 2004 and

re-elected in 2009.
 29
15 August 6 years,
September Independent
2021 320 days
Ashraf Ghani born 1949 2014

President; First peaceful transition of power; Elected in 2014 and re-elected

in 2019; Deposed during the fall of Kabul.

Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan (2021–present)

15 August 1 year,
Incumbent Taliban
2021[10] 160 days
Mullah
Supreme Leader; Claimed the position in rebellion during the Taliban
Mawlawi Birth date not known
insurgency from 25 May 2016 until the recapture of Kabul. The Islamic
Hibatullah Akhundzada
Emirate is currently not internationally recognized, despite controlling all
Afghan territory.[29]
Family tree of monarchs
Family tree
 Salim
Khan

Hotak
dynasty

Mirwais A
Khan Hotak
(1)

r. 1709–1715 r.

Mahmud Hussain
Hotak Hotak
(3) (5)

r. 1717–1725 r. 1725–1738 r.

Durrani
dynasty

Ahmad
Shah
Durrani
(1) M
r. 1747–
1772
 Timur
Shah Mohammad
Durrani Khan
(2) (1)

r. 1772– r. 1823–1826
1793

Mahmud Shah
Zaman Shah Shujah Ali Ayub
Shah Durrani Durrani Shah Shah M
Durrani (4) (5) Durrani Durrani A
(3) r. 1801– r. 1803– (6) (7)

r. 1793– 1803, 1809, r. 1818– r. 1819– r.

1801 1809– 1839– 1819 1823
1818 1842

Ali Sardar Hamdan

Ahmad Mohammad Sultana
Mirza Yahya Khan Begum
r.
 Sharaf H
Sardar Sardar
Sultana
Mohammad Mohammad
Hukumat
Yusuf Khan Asif Khan
Begum r.

Mohammed I
Nadir Shah Mah Parwar
(15) Begum
r. 1929–1933

Mohammed
Zahir Shah
(16)

r. 1933–1973

Timeline from 1880

Standards of heads of state

Standard of the King of Afghanistan, 1931–1973.

Standard of the President of Afghanistan, 1974–1978.

 Standard of the President of Afghanistan, 2004–2013.

Standard of the President of Afghanistan, 2013–2021.

See also
President of Afghanistan
Supreme Leader of Afghanistan
Prime Minister of Afghanistan
Chief Executive (Afghanistan)
Politics of Afghanistan
History of Afghanistan
List of Pashtun empires and dynasties
Name of Afghanistan
 Afghan (ethnonym)

Notes
1. Most notably Herat (see Herat campaign of 1862–63) and Qandahar.
2. Most sources list 17 January 1929, the day that Kalakāni captured Kabul,
as the date that his reign began.[11][12] However, he had been formally
claiming the title of emir since 14 December 1928.[13]
3. Kalakāni referred to himself as both "king"[14] and "emir".[15]
4. "The late King was always fondly referred to by all Afghans, cutting
across ethnic boundaries, as "Baba-e-Millat" or 'Father of the Nation', a
position given to him in the country's Constitution promulgated in
January 2004, about two years after the collapse of Taliban rule. The title
of the 'Father of the Nation' dissolves with his death." "Last King of
Afghanistan dies at 92" (https://web.archive.org/web/20070930210732/
http://www.zeenews.com/articles.asp?aid=384525&archisec=WOR&arch
isubsec=) . Archived from the original (http://www.zeenews.com/article
s.asp?aid=384525&archisec=WOR&archisubsec=) on 30 September
2007.

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2. Otfinoski, Steven (2004). Afghanistan (https://books.google.com/books?
id=fbXmk-EauHIC&pg=PA7) . Infobase Publishing. p. 7. ISBN 0-8160-
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 7. Barfield, Thomas (25 March 2012). Afghanistan: A Cultural and Political
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Afghanistan. Here's what that looked like last time" (https://www.wa
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11. Qassem, Dr Ahmad Shayeq (28 March 2013). Afghanistan's Political
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(https://books.google.com/books?id=vg5uAAAAMAAJ) . A.K. Wazir.
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(1999). Kabul Under Siege: Fayz Muhammad's Account of the 1929
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1/18/archives/rebel-becomes-king-in-afghanistan-exwater-boy-revolution
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18. "Amanullah Hungry in Flight to India" (https://www.nytimes.com/1929/0
5/26/archives/amanullah-hungry-in-flight-to-india-former-ruler-of-afghani
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2021.
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21. "There was, therefore, little to hinder the assault mounted by the rebel 4th
Armored Brigade, led by Major Mohammad Aslam Watanjar, who had
also been prominent in Daoud's own coup five years before. Watanjar
first secured the airport, where the other coup leader, Colonel Abdul
Qadir, left by helicopter for the Bagram air base. There he took charge
and organized air strikes on the presidential palace, where Daoud and the
presidential guard were conducting a desperate defense. Fighting
continued the whole day and into the night, when the defenders were
finally overwhelmed. Daoud and almost all of his family members,
including women and children, died in the fighting. Altogether there were
possibly as many as two thousand fatalities, both military and civilian." p.
88 of Ewans, Martin (2002) Afghanistan: A Short History of Its People
and Politics HarperCollins, New York, Page 88 (https://books.google.co
m/books?id=rpS-j5uSetAC&pg=RA1-PA88&sig=QtdTpTnFrys0BuZxn37-R
dB8QEU) ISBN 0-06-050507-9
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25. "Bonn Agreement" (https://peacemaker.un.org/sites/peacemaker.un.org/
files/AF_011205_AgreementProvisionalArrangementsinAfghanistan%28e
n%29.pdf) (PDF). United Nations Department of Political and
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Abandon Capital Without a Fight" (https://www.nytimes.com/2001/11/1
3/international/asia/taliban-troops-abandon-capital-without-a-fight.htm
l) . The New York Times. Retrieved 30 March 2022.
27. David S. Rohde with Norimitsu Onishi (8 December 2001). "TALIBAN
ABANDON LAST STRONGHOLD; OMAR IS NOT FOUND" (https://www.nyti
mes.com/2001/12/08/world/nation-challenged-last-stronghold-taliban-a
bandon-last-stronghold-omar-not-found.html) . The New York Times.
Retrieved 4 November 2022.
28. Dam, Bette (2019). "The Secret Life of Mullah Omar" (https://static1.squa
respace.com/static/5bf5692f4611a019a7c69ea6/t/5c77f4fdeef1a10b1
7f2abda/1551365379168/Secret+Life+of+Mullah+Omar-FINAL3.pdf)
(PDF). Zomia Center. Retrieved 29 June 2022.

29. Trofimov, Yaroslav (13 September 2021). "As Taliban Seek International
Acceptance, Countries Seek to Engage—but Stop Short of Recognition" (h
ttps://www.wsj.com/articles/as-taliban-seek-international-acceptance-co
untries-seek-to-engagebut-stop-short-of-recognition-11631548841) .
Wall Street Journal. ISSN 0099-9660 (https://www.worldcat.org/issn/009
9-9660) . Retrieved 20 September 2021.
External links
Presidency of Afghanistan (15 August 2021 archive) (https://web.
archive.org/web/20210815124034/https://president.gov.af/en/)

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title=List_of_heads_of_state_of_Afghanistan&oldid=1132692406"

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