UNIT-4 Notes DB - Removed

FUNDAMENTALS OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING (BME-101/201)
UNIT-4 As per
Lec-2 New Syllabus 2022-23
Today’s Target
 Newton’s law of Viscosity.
 Dynamic Viscosity
 Kinematic Viscosity
MST Sir
 TYPES OF FLUID
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Dynamic Viscosity
Cause of Viscosity
 Basic cause of viscosity is cohesive forces between the molecules.
 Because in case of liquid cohesive force is high and in case of gases cohesive force
is very less.
 Therefore viscosity of liquid is very high as compared to viscosity of gases.

Dependency of Viscosity on Temperature
 Viscosity of liquid decreases with increase in temperature.[if T↑ then cohesion ↓]
 Viscosity of gases increases with increase in temperature.[if T↑ then

randomness↑]
Newton’s law of Viscosity.
Kinematic Viscosity
.
Non Newtonian fluids
Ideal and Real fluids
.
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From Google Play store
Link in Description
FUNDAMENTALS OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING (BME-101/201)
UNIT-4 As per
Lec-5 New Syllabus 2022-23
Today’s Target
 Hydraulic Turbines
M S Tomer Sir
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Hydraulic Machines
 Hydraulic machines are defined as those machines which convert either

hydraulic energy into mechanical energy or mechanical energy into hydraulic
energy.
 Hydraulic Energy- Energy possessed by water.
 Mechanical Energy- power produced at shaft of turbine.

Hydraulic Machines
 Turbines
 The hydraulic machines which converts the

hydraulic energy into mechanical energy, are
called as turbines.
 Pumps
 The hydraulic machines which converts

mechanical energy into hydraulic energy , are
called as pump.
Turbine
 Turbines are defined as the machines which convert the hydraulic energy into
mechanical energy.
 This mechanical energy is used in running an electric generator which is directly

coupled to the shaft of the turbine.
 Thus the mechanical energy is converted into electrical energy.
 The electric power which is obtained from hydraulic energy is known as Hydro-
electric power.
General Layout of Hydro-electric power plant
Classification of turbine
The turbines are classified in the following ways:-
1. According to the type of energy available at inlet
(a) Impulse turbine (b) Reaction turbine
If at the inlet of the turbine , only kinetic energy, the turbine is known as
impulse turbine.
e.g. Pelton Turbine.
 If at the inlet of the turbine, water possesses kinetic

energy as well as pressure energy, the turbine is known as reaction turbine.
e.g. Francis turbine, Kaplan turbine.
2. According to the direction of flow of water through runner:
a)Tangential flow turbine (e.g. Pelton Turbine)
b)Radial flow turbine (e.g. Francis Turbine)
c)Axial flow turbine (e.g. Kaplan Turbine)
d)Mixed flow turbine (e.g. Modern FrancisTurbine)

3. According to head available at the inlet of turbine
a) High head turbine e.g. P.T.
b) Medium head turbine e.g. F.T.
c)Low head turbine e.g. K.T
4. According to the specific speed of turbine
a)Low specific speed turbine e.g. P.T.
b) Medium specific speed turbine e.g. F.T.
c)High specific speed turbine e.g. K.T

5. According to the position of shaft of turbine
a) Horizontal shaft turbine
b) Vertical shaft turbine
(Pelton turbine has horizontal shaft whereas the rest have vertical shaft)
6. According to name of originator

a) Pelton Turbine(Pelton Wheel)
b) Francis Turbine
c) Kaplan Turbine
Impulse Turbine (Pelton)
Main parts of Impulse turbine(Pelton) are :-
1. Nozzle and flow regulating Arrangement (Spear)
2. Runner and buckets
3. Casing
4. Breaking jet
1. Nozzle and Flow Regulating Arrangement (Spear)
▪ Nozzle is used to increase the kinetic energy of the water that is going to strike the
buckets or vanes attached to the runner.
▪ The quantity of water that strikes the buckets is controlled by spear. The spear is
installed inside the nozzle and regulates the flow of water that is going to strike on the
vanes of the runner. A nozzle containing spear is shown in the figure .
▪ When the spear is move backward the rate of flow of water increases and when it is
pushed forward the rate of flow of water decreases.
2. Runner and Buckets
• A wheel of the turbine consist of series of buckets/blades/vanes mounted on its

periphery.
▪ The buckets are designed in such a way that the jet of water strikes the buckets,
deflected through 160 degree to 170 degree.
▪ The buckets of the Pelton turbine are made up of cast iron, cast steel bronze or
stainless steel.
3. Casing:
The outer covering of this turbine is called casing. The Pelton turbine with the
casing is shown in the figure.
• It is used to avoid accident and prevents the splashing of water.
• It does not perform any hydraulic function.
• The pressure throughout the turbine from inlet to outlet is atmospheric in case
Impulse turbine.
• Cast iron or fabricated steel plates are used to make the casing of the Pelton
Turbine.
4. Breaking jet
▪ When the jet of water is completely closed by pushing the spear in the forward
direction than the amount of water striking the runner becomes zero.
▪ But still, the runner keeps moving due to the inertia of the runner.
▪ In order to stop the runner in the shortest possible time, a small nozzle is provided
which directs the jet of water at the back of the vanes.
▪ This jet of water used to stop the runner of the turbine is called breaking jet.
Reaction Turbine(Francis)
Main parts of reaction Turbine(Francis) are :-
1. Spiral Casing
2. Guide Vanes
3. Runner Blades
4. Draft tube
1. Spiral Casing
• Spiral casing is the inlet medium of water to the turbine.
• The water flowing from the reservoir or dam is made to pass through this pipe with
high pressure.
• The blades of the turbines are circularly placed, which mean the water striking the
turbines blades should flow in the circular axis for efficient striking.
• So the spiral casing is used, but due to circular movement of the water, it looses its
pressure.
• To maintain the same pressure the diameter of the casing is gradually reduced, so as to
maintain the pressure uniform, thus uniform momentum or velocity striking the
runner blades.
2. Guide Vanes
• The guide vanes allow the water to strike the fixed blades on the runner without shock
at inlet.
• Guide vanes are not stationary, they change their angle as per the requirement to
control the angle of striking of water to turbine blades to increase the efficiency.
• They also regulate the flow rate of water into the runner blades thus controlling the
power output of a turbine according to the load on the turbine.
3. Runner Blades
• These are the fixed blades mounted on its periphery of runner.
• The performance and efficiency of the turbine dependent on the design of the runner
blades. I
4. Draft tube
• The pressure at the exit of the runner of Reaction Turbine is

generally less than atmospheric pressure.
• The water at exit cannot be directly discharged to the tail race.
• A tube or pipe of gradually increasing area is used for discharging

water from the exit of turbine to the tail race.
• This tube of increasing area is called Draft Tube.
• One end of the tube is connected to the outlet of runner while the
other end is sub-merged below the level of water in the tail-race.
• Pressure head is increased by decreasing the exit velocity.
• Overall efficiency and the output of the turbine can be improved.

Applications of Francis Turbine
● Francis turbine is the most widely used turbine in hydro-power plants to

generate electricity.
● Mixed flow turbine is also used in irrigation water pumping sets to pump water
from ground for irrigation.
● It is efficient over a wide range of water head and flow rate.
● It is most efficient hydro-turbine we have till date.

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FUNDAMENTALS OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING (BME-101/201)

For more Subjects

 Therefore viscosity of liquid is very high as compared to viscosity of gases.

 Viscosity of gases increases with increase in temperature.[if T↑ then

For more Subjects

 Hydraulic machines are defined as those machines which convert either

 Hydraulic Energy- Energy possessed by water.

 Mechanical Energy- power produced at shaft of turbine.

 The hydraulic machines which converts the

 The hydraulic machines which converts

 This mechanical energy is used in running an electric generator which is directly

 Thus the mechanical energy is converted into electrical energy.

The turbines are classified in the following ways:-

1. According to the type of energy available at inlet

(a) Impulse turbine (b) Reaction turbine

 If at the inlet of the turbine, water possesses kinetic

a)Tangential flow turbine (e.g. Pelton Turbine)

b)Radial flow turbine (e.g. Francis Turbine)

c)Axial flow turbine (e.g. Kaplan Turbine)

d)Mixed flow turbine (e.g. Modern FrancisTurbine)

a) High head turbine e.g. P.T.

b) Medium head turbine e.g. F.T.

c)Low head turbine e.g. K.T

4. According to the specific speed of turbine

a)Low specific speed turbine e.g. P.T.

b) Medium specific speed turbine e.g. F.T.

c)High specific speed turbine e.g. K.T

6. According to name of originator

• A wheel of the turbine consist of series of buckets/blades/vanes mounted on its

• It does not perform any hydraulic function.

Main parts of reaction Turbine(Francis) are :-

• The pressure at the exit of the runner of Reaction Turbine is

• The water at exit cannot be directly discharged to the tail race.

• A tube or pipe of gradually increasing area is used for discharging

• This tube of increasing area is called Draft Tube.

• Pressure head is increased by decreasing the exit velocity.

• Overall efficiency and the output of the turbine can be improved.

● Francis turbine is the most widely used turbine in hydro-power plants to

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