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❑The Hebrew Bible (Tanakh) includes no personal
Messiah, and its prophets proclaim an ethical, as

well as ritual, duty to serve God.
❑The Jewish sacred text is called the Tanakh or the
"Hebrew Bible ." It includes the same books as the
Old Testament in the Christian Bible.
❑This holy book also includes a covenant with Noah
that covers all peoples (not just Jews) and a
covenant with Abraham that applies only to Jews.
❑The book concludes with miscellaneous
writings, the largest part of which are the
Psalms, or sacred songs.
1/21/21
Branches of Christianity
The Christian Church essentially the Catholic
Church - was unified until 1054, when a split
or schism occurred between the eastern and
western churches. This split resulted in the
Orthodox communities in Christianity. A later
spilt from Catholicism which occurred in the
sixteenth century, resulted in Protestantism
• The Catholic Church is composed of 24 churches — one
Latin (Roman), which comprises perhaps 98% of all
Catholics worldwide, and 23 "Eastern" or “Oriental”
churches.
• All recognize the authority of the papacy, but within the
parameters of a shared creed, each church has its own
forms of liturgy, devotions, and traditions. Each has its
own hierarchy under a patriarch or archbishop, and
distinctive Eastern legal canons. Liturgy is a defining
aspect of these churches’ identity.
• The term "Eastern" refers to the Eastern half of the
Roman Empire, but these churches developed in
regions from Egypt to Ukraine to India. After the great
schism between East and West of 1054, most of the
churches were aligned with Orthodoxy.
• Beginning in the late 16th century, some clergy and
members of those churches united with the church of
Rome. Today, all but two of these churches - the
Maronite Church and the Italo-Albanian Church - have
counterpart Orthodox churches.
Each of the churches grew out of a particular
geographic place and culture, and has been
generally tied to strong nationalist
sentiment, though these churches have now
spread geographically to many parts of the
globe.
Eastern Churches, are generally grouped in
five liturgical traditions
http://www.gcatholic.org/dioceses/rites.htm
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Why were the early Christians
persecuted severely?
The Roman authorities grew hostile to the new
religion because it attracted the masses.
For them Christians were strange people who
did not exercise Roman practices like
worshipping gods, paying taxes, joining
gladiatorial contests and serving in the army.
So to keep Christianity from spreading, some
emperors launched cruel persecutions.
What is the effect of the persecution
on the early Christians & on the
whole church?
The persecution failed to discourage

the Christians. They stood up in
defense of their FAITH.
A dissension is a disagreement, or
difference of opinion, and the
meaning hasn't changed since the
word first came into use in French in
about the 12th century.
Sometimes a dissension is simply a
brief and easily resolved
disagreement, and at other times it
might last for thousands of years.
A papal bull is a particular type of letters
patent or charter issued by a Pope of the Roman
Catholic Church. It is named after the lead seal
(bulla) that was appended to the end in order to
authenticate it.
Martin Luther’s burning of the Papal Bull excommunicating
him in 1520, led to five centuries of religious division in
Europe.
FACTORS THAT CONTRIBUTED TO THE PROTESTANT
EXPANSION
1. Support and Interest of the Civil Power
2. Luther and other reformers considered to be gifted and passionate
reformers Invention of Printing (in 1436 by John Gutenberg
of Germany) Slogans
3. Slow response of the Catholic Church to heed the call for reform
and convoke a council
NEGATIVE ASPECTS OF THE REFORMATION
1. POLITICAL FIELD - Chaos, revolts, wars, poverty
2. CULTURAL FIELD - Destruction of work of arts
3. MORAL FIELD - Troubled conscience (passage from one
religion to another)
4. RELIGIOUS FIELD
5. Separation from the Catholic Church
6. Rise of Subjectivism, individualism Rise of Christians sects
POSITIVE ASPECTS OF THE
REFORMATION
1. Emphasis on personal and Christ-centered
spirituality
2. Importance of the Holy Spirit
3. Importance of the Word of God (bible)
4. Active participation in the Liturgy
5. Biblical studies
6. Personal relationship with God - Importance of
the Word of God, Common priesthood, grace
etc.
In trying to reform the Catholic Church, Luther
succeeded in starting the Protestant
Reformation. Most Protestant denominations
adopted Luther's doctrines, especially the final
authority of the Bible and justification by faith.
For hundreds of years following this schism,
Roman Catholics and Protestants went their
separate ways. Finally, during the 1960s, a
period in Catholic his y known as Vatican II,
the Catholic Church termed Protestants
"separated brothers," that is, they were no
longer considered enemies of the Church

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❑The Hebrew Bible (Tanakh) includes no personal

Messiah, and its prophets proclaim an ethical, as

The persecution failed to discourage

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