Regular

Vaccination
Program
PEDRO V. DUQUE
Faculty
 IS THIS FOX PLAYING TRICKS
ON YOU?
HE IS NOT ALONE…

CAN YOU SEE WHAT

HAUNTING THIS
FOX?
How many wolves can you see
in this illustration?
 MYSTERIOUS LANDSCAPE

Can you spot the

mythical creature
hidden in this
landscape?
POINTING FINGERS

POINTING FINGER

Can you tell which of these two fingers is pointing at

the exact center the vertical line? A or B?
TWO SPHERES

WHICH IS BIGGER?
 Vaccination

 involves exposing an animal to

an antigen derived from an
infectious agents so that an
immune response is stimulated
and the animal acquire
resistance to that infectious
agent before natural infection
occurs.
 Several criteria must be considered to determine
whether vaccination is either possible or desirable in
controlling a specific disease.
 absolute identification of the causal agent.
 It must be established that an immune response can
actually protect against the disease in question.
 Thus, the decision to use vaccines for the control of any
disease must be based not only on the severity of the
problem, but also on the prospects for its control by other
techniques such as removing or reducing the effects of risk
factors.
 A regular vaccination program at least against
economically significant diseases prevalent in a particular
community is therefore recommended.
 This should be instituted in individual smallholder
livestock production systems.
 The program is particularly important in viral diseases,
where effective, safe, and affordable drugs for
prevention and treatment are not yet available, unlike
bacterial and parasitic diseases, where drug prophylaxis
(prevention) and therapy (treatment) are generally
accepted routine procedures.
Technical Basis of
Vaccination

 Classic vaccines can be divided

into two groups according to
the status of the organism or
bioactive agent included as the
antigen – live or killed
(inactivated).
Two Groups of vaccine

 Inactivated vaccines contain whole bacteria or

viruses which have been killed or have been altered,
so that they cannot replicate. Because inactivated
vaccines do not contain any live bacteria or viruses,
they cannot cause the diseases against which they
protect, even in people with severely weakened
immune systems.
 Live attenuated vaccines contain whole bacteria or
viruses which have been “weakened”(attenuated) so
that they create a protective immune response but
do not cause disease in healthy people.
 There are relative advantages and disadvantages of live
and killed vaccines.
 Two of the prerequisites of an ideal vaccine,
 high antigenecity
 absence of adverse side effects

ANTIGEN-a toxin or other foreign substance which induces an

immune response in the body, especially the production of
antibodies.
 Vaccines containing viable infectious agents stimulate
the best immune response but have the potential to
produce disease because of residual virulence, whereas
the antigens in killed vaccines may be relatively poor
immunogens but are usually much safer.
The advantages of live vaccines
include the following:

 strong and long-lasting immunity

 few inoculating doses required
 convenient as they can be given by nonparenteral
routes (e.g., intranasal)
 adjuvants are unnecessary
 less chance of hypersensitivity; and
 viral vaccines may stimulate interferon production.
The advantages of killed
vaccines
 they are unlikely to cause diseases because of residual
virulence or reversion, and
 storage stability.
TYPES OF RENDERING
IMMUNITY
 Passive immunization provides temporary resistance by
transferring antibodies from an animal that possesses
them from a natural infection or vaccination to an
animal that does not. The transfer of colostral
immunoglobulins is an example. The pregnant animal
develops an immune response to these antigens and
produces antibodies that are concentrated in the
colostrums and subsequently transferred to its
offspring.
TYPES OF RENDERING
IMMUNITY
 Active immunization is the result of natural infection
or vaccination, which involves the administration of an
antigen to an animal so that it responds by developing a
protective immune response that may be antibody – or
cell-mediated, or both.
TYPES OF RENDERING
IMMUNITY
 Reimmunization or exposure to infection results in a
secondary immune response.
 Protection is not developed within weeks; however,
once established, it is long-lasting and capable of
restimulation.
Vaccine efficacy

 means prevention of the disease in question or control

at an economic level.
 It could also mean that the vaccine is economical to use
because vaccinated animals may be more profitable
than unvaccinated animals.
 Vaccine must be safe and capable of eliciting a
protective response in the targeted host.
 This could mean protection from clinical disease or
protection from infection by the pathogen.
 A criterion for protective efficacy must be established
for each disease for which a vaccine is to be developed.
Protection

 means that the vaccine constituents elicit reaction to

the immune system to produce enough antibodies that
will combat the disease agent in case the animal is
exposed.
 Protective immunity can be established only by
challenge of the vaccinated host for which the vaccine
is intended with the respective pathogen under
conditions resembling those of natural infection.
 Schedules for vaccination against common
diseases
of livestock and poultry.
Route of
Causative Vaccine Subsequent
Diseases Adminis 1st Dose 2nd Dose Remarks
Agent Types Dose
tration
Cattle and Carabaos
Foot and Aphthovirus Inactivated IM 2-3 4-5 months Every six In FMD
mouth types months months affected
disease A, O, C Phil. areas
Hemorrhagic Pasteurella Bacterin IM 2-3 6-8 months Annually
septicemia multocida months
Anthrax Bacillus Spore IM 4-6 - Annually In anthrax
anthracis vaccine months zones
Black leg / Clostridium Mixed IM 4-6 - Annually In black leg
malignant chauvei/ bacterin months zones
edema septicum
Tetanus Clostridium Tetanus IM - - - Preventive
tetani toxoid during open
castrations
Sheep and Goat

Foot and Aphthovirus Inactivate IM 2 months 4-5 months Every six In FMD
mouth types d months affected
disease A, O, C Phil. areas

Hemorrhagic Pasteurella Bacterin IM 2 months 4 months Annually

septicemia multocida

Anthrax Bacillus Spore IM 4 months - Annually In anthrax

anthracis vaccine zones
Swine
Foot and Aphthovirus Inactivated IM 1-2 3-4 Semi-annually in In FMD
mouth months months case of breeders affected areas
disease and replacement
stock

Hog cholera Pestivirus Modified IM 1-2 2-4 Annually for Do not

live months months breeders before vaccinate
weaning time pregnant
animals

Pseudorabies Porcine herpes Inactivated IM 2-3 3-4 Annually for Vaccine supply
virus weeks weeks breeders before is presently
weaning time regulated by the
BAI-DA
 Route of
Causative Vaccine Subsequent
Diseases Adminis 1st Dose 2nd Dose Remarks
Agent Types Dose
tration
Transmissible Coronavirus Inactivated IM 4-5 6-7 3 weeks For breeders and
gastroenteritis months months before every replacement gilts
farrowing only. Modified
live also
available

Parvovirus Porcin Inactivated IM 4-5 6-7 3 weeks For breeders and

infection parvovirus months months before every replacement gilts
farrowing only

Piglet scours Escherichia Bacterin IM 4-5 weeks 1-2 weeks 2-3 weeks For breeders
coli before before before every only
farrowing farrowing subsequent
farrowing
 Route of
Causative Vaccine Subsequent
Diseases Administra 1st Dose 2nd Dose Remarks
Agent Types Dose
tion
Salmonellosis Salmonella Bacterin IM 2-4 weeks 3-4 - For fattening
cholerasuis usually after months stock, 3rd dose
mixed with weaning may be optional
E. coli and depending on
Pasteurella severity of
sp. enzoitic
infections

Pasteurellosis Pasteurell Bacterin IM 2-4 weeks 3-4 - Repeat dose

multocida usually after months before breeding
mixed with weaning if necessary
E. coli and
Pasteurella
sp.

Leptospirosis Leptospira sp. Polyvalent IM 1 week 3-4 - Semiannual

bacterin before months booster doses in
weaning breeders
Mycoplasma Mycoplasma Inactivated IM 2 weeks or 2-3 weeks - Semiannual
pneumonia or hyopneumoniae older later booster doses in
enzootic breeders
pneumonia
Poultry
Marek’s Herpesvirus Live avirulent SC Day old - - Single dose
disease Turkey only Bivalent
herpes virus types available

New castle Paramyxovirus Live mild and Drinking 1st-2nd 3rd-5th Before start of Boosted when
disease inactivated water, eye week with week lay (in layers, egg production
drop or live and breeders) decreases to
spray vaccines with inactivated below 30%
vaccine

Gumboro Birnavirus Live mild and Drinking 1st week 3rd-5th Before start of Delay 1st and
disease inactivated water with live week lay (in layers 2nd dose in birds
vaccine and breeders) with high
with inactivated maternal
vaccine immunity
Poultry
Infectious Coronavirus Mild live Drinking 1st-2nd 3rd-5th Before start of Vaccine is also
bronchitis monovalent water or week with week lay (in layers incorporated in
or bivalent spray live and breeders) NCD vaccines,
vaccines with inactivated e.g., NCD-IB
vaccine vaccine

Avian Picornavirus Modified live Drinking 1st-2nd 3rd-5th - Cull infected

encephalomye water week week layers, breeders
litis

Egg drop Adenovirus Inactivated Spray or 12-14 18-20 - -

syndrome eyedrop weeks weeks

Viral arthritis Reovirus Modified live Spray or 1-2 weeks 3-4 weeks Before start of -
(leg and eyedrop with live with live lay (in layers
weakness/mal inactivated vaccine vaccine and breeders)
-absorption with inactivated
syndrome vaccine
Poultry
Infectious Fowl herpes Modified live Spray or - - - -
laryngotrachei virus eyedrop
tis

Fowl pox Avian pox virus Modified live Wing web - - - -

chicken pox stab
virus or
pigeon pox
virus

Fowl cholera Pasteurella Killed IM 8-10 weeks 12 weeks - -

multococida bacterin

Chronic Mycoplasma Live and Spray or SC 1-6 weeks 4 weeks Before start of Do not
respiratory gallisepticum inactivated later lay (in layers medicate
disease or air and breeders) chicken with
sac syndrome with inactivated antibacterial
vaccine drugs 5 days
before or after
vaccination
 Vaccination against all common diseases may not be
economically advisable in a particular setting.
 Also, in an area, there may be only one or two common
diseases.
 With the help of a knowledgeable and experienced
livestock and poultry specialist, the disease profile
should be ascertained first before a vaccination
program is institutionalized.
Injection types/route for cattle, buffalo, sheep, goat, and pig

Intramuscular (IM) Into the muscle  Use a spot on the neck behind and below
the ear.
 Use proper needle size to ensure
medication is deposited in the muscle.
Subcutaneous (SQ) Under the skin  Inject only into clean, dry areas.
 Use flank of young animals.
 Use the loose skin behind the ear of
adults.
 Slide needle under the skin away from
the site of skin puncture before
depositing the compound.

Intravenous (IV) In the vein  Use only upon veterinary instruction and
guidance because serious injury to the
animal can occur.
Features of an Excellent
Vaccine
 The quality of vaccines should not be compromised for a cheaper
price.
 The following are important considerations in the choice of an
ideal vaccine:

 Highly immunogenic
 Affords protection of at least 95% of vaccinates
 Stimulates adequate levels of antibodies detectable by available
assay procedures and can be differentiated from antibodies to
field isolates.
 Stimulates both the humoral and cellular immune responses.
Features of an Excellent
Vaccine
 Safety features
 Does not produce disease in vaccinates
 Does not spread infection to unvaccinated animals
 Does not induce the carrier state in vaccinates
 Does not revert to virulent state
 Does not contain contaminants (other viruses and bacteria)
 Does not cause toxic reactions
 Does not cause disease in man
 Does not cause allergic reactions in vaccinates
 Stable in storage at ambient temperatures.
 Cheap.
Guidelines for
Vaccination/Use of Vaccines
 Vaccines are perishable products.
 Extra care and precautions are necessary in their proper
use.
Guidelines for
Vaccination/Use

of Vaccines
The following guidelines should be observed at all time:

 Vaccinate only healthy animals. Defer vaccination of sick ones until they fully
recover.
 Do not vaccinate during very hot or wet weather.
 Avoid stress on the animal during vaccination. In stressed animals, wait until
they are relaxed/calm.
 Do not buy or use expired vaccines and those with broken seals. Always check
expiration dates and read label instructions. Check contents for any signs of
damage like discoloration, moldy growth, and the like.
Guidelines for
Vaccination/Use

of Vaccines
The following guidelines should be observed at all time:

 Store vaccines (“live” or “killed”) in the refrigerator or at cold temperature

(2o-6oC).
 Transport vaccines in ice chest or covered plastic/Styrofoam containers
packed with ice. Do not place vaccines in your pockets.
 In transporting vaccines, place them in a plastic bag with cracked/cubed ice.
Preferably, place the bag in a bigger bag packed with cracked/cubed ice and
put the bag in a covered plastic container or any appropriate container.
Guidelines for
Vaccination/Use

of Vaccines
The following guidelines should be observed at all time:

 Prepare sterilized syringes and needles in advance. Sterilize them only by

boiling for at least 15 minutes. Do not use chemical disinfectants.
 Clean and wipe dry the surface of the rubber stopper of vaccine vials/bottles
with sterile absorbent cotton before inserting needles.
Guidelines for
Vaccination/Use

of Vaccines
The following guidelines should be observed at all time:

 Use only approved diluents for vaccines. Preferably use the one that comes
with the vaccine. Mix diluents with vaccine only when ready for use. Avoid
more than one-hour interval from mixing to actual use of the vaccine.
 Dispose and burn vaccine containers and unused portions unless it will be
used within an hour from time of reconstitution. In case of bacterin, unused
portions of big quantities may be stored for a few days provided aseptic
precautions have been followed when withdrawing the amount used.
Guidelines for
Vaccination/Use

of Vaccines
The following guidelines should be observed at all time:

 Be ready against allergic reactions. Always have available epinephrine ready

for use within 2-3 minutes in case of anaphylactic shock. Record and report
to immediate veterinary supervisory any untoward reactions of the
vaccinates to vaccine.
THANK YOU

 QUESTION?
QUIZ

 Differentiate vaccination from sanitation

 Two groups of vaccines
 Three types of rendering immunity
 Five features of an ideal vaccine
 Three route or site of injection for cattle, carabao,
goat, sheep and pigs
 Five Tips/guidelines on the use of vaccines